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Open Access Article
1 - بررسی ناهنجاریهای اقلیم با استفاده از مدل ریز مقیاس نمایی SDSM در شهرستان طبس
رضا قضاوی سید محمد مهدی موسویان -
Open Access Article
2 - Analysis of the effect of desert tourism on rural areas, Case Study: Rural Areas of Jarghouyeh Olya and Bon Rood of Isfahan Township
nargis vazin hamid barghi mohammad tabatabaeeThe study evaluates effects of desert tourism on sustainable development of rural areas. The study is of descriptive-analytical . The method for data collection is literature review and survey (questionnaire). The statistical population of the study was consisted of hos MoreThe study evaluates effects of desert tourism on sustainable development of rural areas. The study is of descriptive-analytical . The method for data collection is literature review and survey (questionnaire). The statistical population of the study was consisted of host community (rural households), with a sample size of 5540 households in the studied areas. The questionnaires were analyzed using the statistical software of SPSS. For analysis of data and testing of hypothesis used statistical tests of one sample T-test and factor analysis. In addition, its validity is 0.73. The impact of desert tourism on sustainable rural development in the study area analyzed by using of factor analysis and 29 variables, that variables reduced to four factors. The first factor as economic development with variance of 30.61 percent was recognized as the most important factor, that it was affected by desert tourism in rural areas in the studied area. The explanation of the relationship between desert ecotourism and sustainable rural development, the result showed the development of desert ecotourism with a coefficient of 0.621 on economic development, with a coefficient of 0.521 on social development, and with a coefficient of 0.304 on physical-environmental development affected in villages in the studied area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF DEDESERTIFICATION OPTIMUM ALTERNATIVE IN FRAMWORK OF ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (case study in area of Yazd khezr abad)
حسن Ahmadi Gh.R Zehtabian M.H Sadeghi RooshanThe data gathered from multi criteria decision making methods are usually inapplicableand changing , therefore an important step in applying a multi criteria decision-makingproblem (MADM) Such as Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP),is Sensitivity Analysis onout coming da MoreThe data gathered from multi criteria decision making methods are usually inapplicableand changing , therefore an important step in applying a multi criteria decision-makingproblem (MADM) Such as Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP),is Sensitivity Analysis onout coming data's .In this essay in order to make sensitivity analysis on criteria ofdecision making and showing the final values of dedesertification solutions it is tried touse triantaphyllou statistics method.Generally in this method . at first sensitivity analysis process was done on criteria andalternatives and after determination of the most sensitive criterion and alternative the newweights of alternative on the basis of the most sensitive criterion and alternative wasreplaced in decision making matrix and calculating weight average of each line ofnormalized ,corrected Matrix, the priority degree or find weight of alternative wasachieved. meanwhile in order to achieve applicable, read and practical results, khezrabadregion in yazd was considered as a typical region in the point of desertification view. theout coming results of applying of sensitivity analysis on the basis of triantaphylloumethod in the khezrabad desert region in order to determine the corrected and find weightof effective criteria and alternative in desertification and dedesertification shows the highability of this model. In a way that after analysis of sensitivity of criteria and alternativeand finding the most sensitive criterion and alternative the priority of criteria did notchange and still the criterion of proportion and adjustment with environment(C1)with themultiple sensitivity of 0.3222 was estimated as the most sensitive criterion which after being normalized the said criterion with the preference degree of 32.6 percent was placedas the first alternative coming to this results indicates the attention of desert managementExperts to the matter of environment and the problems--- in destroying the environment .At the same time the order of alternatives did not change and the livestock grazingcontrol alternative (A4) with the sensitivity multiple of 0.1381 was estimated as the mostsensitive alternative which after calculating the new weight of the most sensitivealternative.the improper land usage Alternative (A2) with the preference degree of 23.45percent style in first place and finally by calculating the final priority order or correctedalternative it was observed that alternative A2 with the preference degree of 22.7 Pct .wasstill in the first place. and at the same time. the order of alternatives was a little changedfrom the previous form as the final priority of livestock grazing control alternative (A4)was replaced with regulating of taking water from under ground sources .(A5) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Road Construction and Geomorphic Instability in Deserts
سیدرضا HosseinzadehVest parts of the central and eastern of Iran are covered by mountain basin-rangedeserts. These deserts have developed during the quaternary alternating between dryand wet climatologically conditions, and now that earth is going through aninterglacial age, they are pass MoreVest parts of the central and eastern of Iran are covered by mountain basin-rangedeserts. These deserts have developed during the quaternary alternating between dryand wet climatologically conditions, and now that earth is going through aninterglacial age, they are passing through a dry period. In such conditions, when thedesert landforms seem to be stabilized for short periods; rapid changes take place indesert geomorphic systems due to human-induced changes in the environment.Road construction has a great impact in deserts than the other human activities. Thisarticle, using air photos and satellite images and, particularly, field data, discusses theeffect of road construction on geomorphic instability of alluvial fan surfaces, playa anddesert pavements. The results show that:1. Road construction operations carried out on the surface of dry alluvial fans changethe equilibrium profile of main and secondary channels, resulting in intense verticalerosion;2. Road construction carried out in playa environments disrupt the balance of waterand sediments of surface streams and the terminal basin, bringing about changes inlandform boundaries.3. Road construction operations carried out on desert pavements in the resumption ofdeserts, causing wind deflation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Potential Tourism in Desert and Semi Desert Area
Majid Vali Shariatpanahi Mohsen Ranjbar Alireza EstelajiA vast part of Iran is covered with desert- semi desert area that in first glance theyare useless and it seems that any kind of investment on them will be confronted withfailure. But this unfertile region that due to its unique geographic condition prospers anunsteady e MoreA vast part of Iran is covered with desert- semi desert area that in first glance theyare useless and it seems that any kind of investment on them will be confronted withfailure. But this unfertile region that due to its unique geographic condition prospers anunsteady ecosystem has some specification that if it's in the optimum operation, canhelp to the country development. One of the existing abilities of this area is its uniquetourism attraction that not only bright up the internal tourism but also can attract manyforeign tourists will be lead to the economic and social extension of the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Spatial distribution of desertification hazard in Sabzevar using IMDPA model
Esmaeil Silakhori majid ownegh amir sadoddinBackground and Objective: Desertification is a global issue with serious implications worldwide on biodiversity, eco-safety, poverty eradication, socio-economic stability, and sustainable development. The most efficient methods for assessing desertification intensity ar MoreBackground and Objective: Desertification is a global issue with serious implications worldwide on biodiversity, eco-safety, poverty eradication, socio-economic stability, and sustainable development. The most efficient methods for assessing desertification intensity are experimental methods. The aim of this study was to assess desertification hazard in Sabzevar using the GIS and IMDPA model. Method: The IMDPA model was applied to evaluate the desertification intensity in Sabzevar. For this purpose, first the land unit map (geomorphologic facies) was created using slope, geology, vegetation cover, land use, Landsat 5 and Google Earth satellite images in 4 units, and 10 types and 96 facies were identified. Then, in each work unit, all the criteria were valued based on the selected indices which resulted in the qualitative mapping of each criterion based on the geometric mean of the indices. The mapping of each group was done based on the geometric mean of the studied criterion. Then, the desertification intensity map of the region was obtained using a geometric average of all groups. Findings: The results showed that water, irrigation, and erosion have the most severe impact on desertification with weighted means of 2.94 and 2.72, respectively. Sabzevar was divided into two classes of moderate (II) and intensive (IV) classes, with the largest area covered by the moderate class (85.07 %) Discussion and Conclusion: Sabzevar has a diverse variety of geomorphologic terrains from high mountains to Playa, and dividing it into two classes indicates the simplicity of the IMPDA in preparing desertification. The reason for this peculiarity is the diverse features, geometric mean and unbalanced classification. The mentioned hazard map along with key factors in desertification can be used by the related managers for combating desertification and moving towards sustainable development in Sabzevar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Evaluation of Combat Desertification Alternatives by Using Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) (Case study of Khezerabad region in Yazd Province)
mohammad hassan sadeghi ravesh Bahare JabalbareziBackground and Objective: Today, desertification is considered as a severe problem in most countries of the world, including the developing ones. Despite the serious environmental, social and economical impact of desertification phenomenon, few studies have been done to MoreBackground and Objective: Today, desertification is considered as a severe problem in most countries of the world, including the developing ones. Despite the serious environmental, social and economical impact of desertification phenomenon, few studies have been done to provide optimal alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alternatives for combating desertification in order to achieve optimal alternatives in the context of the sustainable management of deserts. Method: To achieve this goal, the Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) has been applied in the context of Multi-Attribute Decision-making (MADM) models. In order to determine the weights of criteria and alternatives, it was used the modified Delphi and Shannon entropy techniques, while the final rating of alternatives was performed using the Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) function. The model was applied to evaluate the efficiency in providing the optimal alternatives in Khezerabad Region of Yazd Province. Findings: The results showed that, the alternatives of prevention of unsuitable land use changes (A18) by a utility factor of 0.7429, vegetation cover development and reclamation (A23) by a utility factor of 0.6573 and modification of ground water harvesting (A31) by a utility factor of 0.3184 respectively were identified as the most important alternatives for combating desertification in the region. Discussion and Conclusion: These results might able the managers to properly and efficiently use the limited available facilities and funds in order to control the desertification. In addition, achieveing better results, this might prevent the waste of national resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - A look at the provisions of international law in order to combat with desertification in the middle east region
manijeh ganjalinejad Ali Zaree seyed ganjalinejadFollowing the drought and famine of the early seventies in Africa, the issue of desertification as a global problem has arisen.Operational and educational measures were taken to combat desertification across the four continents of Asia , Africa ,Latin America and Europe MoreFollowing the drought and famine of the early seventies in Africa, the issue of desertification as a global problem has arisen.Operational and educational measures were taken to combat desertification across the four continents of Asia , Africa ,Latin America and Europe.on June 17, 1994, the text of the convention was finalized. Less developed countries, especially African and Middle Eastern countries, are more likely to be affected by drought and desertification issues such as poverty, health, inadequate nutrition and migration issues. Implementation measures have been taken to combat desertification but these actions were not fit with the needs of the international community.It cannot be a fundamental solution to the problem of desertification. But the fact is that there is a serious weakness in the field of legal documents. In other words, countries that are somehow involved with this phenomenon ,They have not taken effective practical measures to compile and approve binding documents to reduce desertification. Middle East countries are more affected by the consequences of drought and desertification than any other country in the world. And its effects are also evident in the dust phenomena that have plagued the area for many years. Of course, this shortage of countries is rooted in many issues, including political, economic, social and cultural. In this way, The paper seeks to examine international legal instruments related to the desertification problem using analytical-descriptive methods and identify an existing legal bugs in issues. Although many international documents have been compiled in the field of desertification and many efforts have been made to deal with desertification, But looking at these documents and other international efforts, we can understand that if legal documents could be decisively solving problems, there would be no need for a new solution. And it seems that in order to avoid the conflicts of the regional governments in the conferences, they should reach a binding agreement to deal with desertification that can be implemented. Because the conventions either do not guarantee implementation or have a weak implementation guarantee, and as a result, we face problems in implementation A regional treaty between the countries affected by this situation should be formed and it needs to be specific to the Middle East region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Investigation and Preparation of Desertification Map Based on Iranian Model of Desertification Potential (IMDPA) with an emphasis on two criteria of soil and vegetation (Case study: Faryab-Kerman Province)
Ehsan Kamali Maskooni Mohammad Amin Kamali Ali KhanamaniBackground and Objective: According to the concept of desertification, which is land degradation in dry areas, the semi-arid, and dry sub-humid due to many factors such as climate change and human activities, this phenomenon has long been known as a serious problem in t MoreBackground and Objective: According to the concept of desertification, which is land degradation in dry areas, the semi-arid, and dry sub-humid due to many factors such as climate change and human activities, this phenomenon has long been known as a serious problem in terms of economic, social, and environmental in many countries. The purpose of this study was to study the desertification of Faryab city in southern Kerman province using Iranian IMDPA method. Method:The aim of this study was assessed desertification potential of Faryab region in the arid region of south of Kerman province by using the Iranian model of desertification potential assessment (IMDPA) on soil and vegetation cover indicators.Each criterion was assessed based on the selected indices which result in qualitative mapping of each criterion cased on geometric average of the indices. Thematic databases, with a scale of 1:50000 were integrated and elaborated in Arc GIS 9.3. By laminate of thematic databases layers and using this formula DM=(VQI×SQI)1/2 to Calculate the geometric mean Criteria. Then Desertification intensity map was obtained with analysis IMDPA Model. Findings: Results indicated that 14.53% of study area classified as low class, 33.69% is classified as moderate class and 51.78% of area classified as a severe class of desertification. Analysis of desertification criteria in Faryab region showed that among study criteria, regeneration of vegetation of vegetation cover is a major problem with a geometric average of 3.82. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this research, which indicates the importance of vegetation in desertification, it is suggested that a deeper investigation of the appropriate methods of remediation and improvement of the rangelands of the region be undertaken by the Natural Resources Department. In the case of lack of attention from the authorities, about 50% of other (medium and low desertification classes) will be subject to severe destruction, which will lead to damage to other elements of the ecosystem, including wildlife, and so on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Investigation of the Relationship Between Soil Salinity Trend, Land Use and Climatic Factors Change (Case Study: Shadegan, Khuzestan)
Donya Amini Mohsen Tavakoli Marzban faramarziBackground and Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between trend of soil salinity, land use and climatic factors in the region of Shadegan, Khuzestan. Method: In this study, using principal component analysis and 54 samples of soil, s MoreBackground and Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between trend of soil salinity, land use and climatic factors in the region of Shadegan, Khuzestan. Method: In this study, using principal component analysis and 54 samples of soil, soil salinity maps were prepared for the years 1990, 2006 and 2015. In the next step, land use maps of the region for the mentioned years have been prepared using satellite images and trend changes are determined. On the other hand, changes in climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) for the period of 1990-2015 were evaluated. Findings: Results showed that, reducing precipitation and increasing temperature caused increasing soil salinity during 25 years and also agricultural land and irrigation by saline water increases the salinity of the soil. Discussion and conclusion: Locating Hoor al-Azim wetland in the western part of the region, although it has fresh, brackish and saline water, it may have negative effects on soil salinity of the area because of using in agriculture irrigation. Finally, it can be concluded that soil salinity of the land might change land use and it can cause desertification in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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حسن احمدی نعمت اله خراسانی محمود کرمی سید محمد آذرکار -
Open Access Article
12 - Assessment of de-desertification alternatives using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP): Case study of Khezrabad region in Yazd
Mohammad Hassan Sadeghi Ravesh Hassan KhosraviIn order to enhance the efficiency of control plans, reclamation and restoration of destroyed lands andprevention of limited capitals loss are necessary. Absence of a method for covering various criteriaand alternatives and proposing the optimal solutions based on a sys MoreIn order to enhance the efficiency of control plans, reclamation and restoration of destroyed lands andprevention of limited capitals loss are necessary. Absence of a method for covering various criteriaand alternatives and proposing the optimal solutions based on a systematic structure and collectiveview has been always noticed in de-desertification plans. It has been always observed that thealternatives are proposed based on the expert’s partial, nonsystematic and non-holistic view while heor she has no experience in application of systematic models, such as Multiple Attribute DecisionMaking (MADM), in de-desertification. Therefore, in this study, the systematic Fuzzy AnalyticalHierarchy Process (FAHP) model has been used for proposing optimal solutions to de-desertification.In this study, opinions of experts about the priority of criteria and alternatives were assessed by FuzzyDelphi method and Pirewise comparisons. Then, the final priority of alternatives was obtained byusing fuzzy decision making matrix and FAHP model. This model was employed for assessing theefficiency of proposing optimal alternatives in Khezrabad region in Yazd province. According to theobtained results, modification of groundwater withdrawal, with an average weight of 93%, wasidentified as the optimal de-desertification alternative in the study area, and other alternatives werefound to have an insignificant role in control of desertification Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Analyzing the Criteria Influencing Identification of Suitable Regions for Ecotourism Development in Desert Areas (Case study: Varamin County, Tehran province)
Roshaideh Amirian Jamal Ghodusi Ali MohammadiBackground and Objective: Tourism is one of the key economic sectorsbenefit would be more than other economic sectors, if appropriate investment is done. Tourism and its different branches, especially ecotourism and geotourism play an important role in different aspects MoreBackground and Objective: Tourism is one of the key economic sectorsbenefit would be more than other economic sectors, if appropriate investment is done. Tourism and its different branches, especially ecotourism and geotourism play an important role in different aspects of cultural, social and economic sectors in the world. The aim of this study was to identifiy the criteria influencing ecotourism development in desert areas. Method: In this studythe criteria effective on introducing the potential areas to attract tourists were classified into two groups. These two groups included the critera related to environmental and climatic characteristics and to recreational services infrastructures. Each criteria included some sub-criteria. Results: In this study, using a multi-criteria decision systems and geographic information systems (GIS), the identified criteria and sub-criteria related to the target area were weighted and combined. Conclusion: According to the obtianed results, the study area has a high potential for ecotourism development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Analyzing the Development Levels of Combating Desertification Operations Using Scalogram Model (Case Studies: Cities of Yazd Province)
Mohammad Hassan Sadeghi RaveshOne of the main goals of de-desertification projects are reducing poverty and removing discrimination between different regions. Determination and analysis of current status of desertification in different regions is the first step in processing of regional sustainable MoreOne of the main goals of de-desertification projects are reducing poverty and removing discrimination between different regions. Determination and analysis of current status of desertification in different regions is the first step in processing of regional sustainable development, and determination of deficiencies and problems. For this aim this analytical study was conducted to determine the development levels of desertification indices of Yazd province using Scalogram model. And after the formation of the matrix of terrain mapping units and estimate the ultimate value, the first, layers were provided by ArcView, and the results of ranking of cities were presented in the form of development map. The results showed that the cities of Abarkooh, Bafgh have almost the best condition respectively, and Yazd, Taft, Mehriz and Khatam are the poorest cities. With regard to the distribution of effective potential sources there is a large gap between cities of Yazd province from view point of planning and implementation of desertification projects. Therefore, it is suggested that the obtained results and ranking should be considered in budgeting and planning process for future cities development in terms of desertification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Compare Desert Environments Soil Physical and Chemical Characteristics with Different Vegetation (Case Study: Southwestern of Sistan Region)
Mansour Jahantigh Moien JahantighObjective: The objective of the study was to compare the desert environments soil physical and chemical characteristics with different vegetation types. This study has done in southwestern of Sistan region (Tasoki and Torsh Ab). Study Method: The study areas were disti MoreObjective: The objective of the study was to compare the desert environments soil physical and chemical characteristics with different vegetation types. This study has done in southwestern of Sistan region (Tasoki and Torsh Ab). Study Method: The study areas were distinguished based on geologic maps in scales of 1:50,000 and field observations, and global positioning system (GPS). Four soil samples were taken from the 0-45 cm depth at each location and analyzed for pH, EC, organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, CaCO3, ESP, potassium, moisture, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, sodium adsorption ratio, chlorine and texture. Dates were analyzed using SPSS software. Findings: The data indicated that there are no statistically significant differences between soil properties including: pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, moisture, magnesium, and silt, at the 0.05 levels (p> 0.05). But, there are statistically significant differences between soil properties including: organic matter, organic carbon, CaCO3, ESP, potassium, sodium adsorption ratio, calcium, clay and sand were statistically significant at the 0.05 levels (p< 0.01). Concluded: Concluded that the study area soil no limits to incrase of vegetation cover. The studies concluded that there were no soil limite for incrase of vegetation cover in study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Investigation of human population pressure on environment Case study: Masile basin of Qazvin
Saeed Rashvand Jamal MosaffaieOne of the main causes of land degradation or desertification is pressure of human population onnatural environment for resolve of economic and social problems in short term. For this reason, in thisresearch, human population and its pressure on environment was studied. MoreOne of the main causes of land degradation or desertification is pressure of human population onnatural environment for resolve of economic and social problems in short term. For this reason, in thisresearch, human population and its pressure on environment was studied. The base of research methodwas national project by title" Investigation and mapping of desertification in the Namak lake byrepaired method of FAO & UNEP ". In this method one of the factors affecting land degradation ishuman population pressure on environment that its quality and quantity was studied in sub basin ofQazvin Masile. For study the trend of population of Masile in 1956 and 2006 years (Oldest and newestpopulation data) in the 50 years period were collected and analyzed. Results shows increase area ofsever desertification class and decrease area of low desertification class. Continuing changes in thehuman population can make increase area of very sever desertification degree. Using the results,managers and planners can have appropriate assesment of the population pressure on the environmentand for Sustainable development, they can alter environmental management specially management ofquality and quantity of water resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Assessment and Providing Map of the Desertification Risk in Abu-Ghoveyr Plain, Dehloran, Ilam Province
Zahedeh Heidarizadi haji karimi SeyedAbdolhossein Arami Farzad AzadniaDesertification is a global phenomenon which can occur in any place and cause significant damages. Therefore, classification and generation of desertification intensity and risk map is a reasonable basis for planning. The present study aims to evaluate desertific MoreDesertification is a global phenomenon which can occur in any place and cause significant damages. Therefore, classification and generation of desertification intensity and risk map is a reasonable basis for planning. The present study aims to evaluate desertification risk in the Abu Ghoveyr Plain in Ilam province, using general risk equation. To this end, first, desertification hazard map was prepared using the Iranian 9-criteria model of IMDPA. For preparing this map, working units map (geomorphologic facies) was created using slope, geology, and land use maps. Using this method, working units were considered as the main unit of desertification then a map was generated for each index according to assigned weights, such that the qualitative map of the desired factors were obtained using the geometric mean of indicators. Then, through integration and determining the geometric mean of layers obtained from indices and finally classification of the obtained maps, map of the current status of desertification in the studied area was generated. Then, elements at hazard in each working units were identified and were transformed to a map. Considering the hazard class of elements, degree of vulnerability of elements was determined. Finally, desertification risk was prepared in 4 classes by combining the risk intensity map, frequency, and the degree of vulnerability of elements. The results suggested that 49.73% of the area was in the high and very high damage classes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Silk and Mat
mir jalaedin kazaziAbstract In this paper,Persian language , from the view of the nature and structure has been compared with other languages; and scholarly argument , its pureness andelegance , expunction and simplicity, dynamics and advanced linguistic isdemonstratedobviously and firml MoreAbstract In this paper,Persian language , from the view of the nature and structure has been compared with other languages; and scholarly argument , its pureness andelegance , expunction and simplicity, dynamics and advanced linguistic isdemonstratedobviously and firmly; and subsequently,it is spoken abouttheharmsand damages that can threaten Persian languagedue to its mixture with other languages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - studying and analyzing the Quranic discourses
Mohammad Goodarzi Rahmatallah moazamyGoodarziFrom the very beginning of the revelation of the Quran to our time, some groups always have tried to turn off the guiding light of Quran in their belief ignorantly and rancorously. Todays, some groups of dissidents in Islamic societies try to limit this holy book MoreFrom the very beginning of the revelation of the Quran to our time, some groups always have tried to turn off the guiding light of Quran in their belief ignorantly and rancorously. Todays, some groups of dissidents in Islamic societies try to limit this holy book to time and space barrier of peninsula in prophetic mission of Islam prophet(phuh) according to stated interpretation and mode of Quran. As a result they tried to call its audiences just Bedouin arabs of ignorant period. Unaware of this fact that everything they are emphasized on it is one of the aspects of miracle of holy Quran. The present research by the title of “studying and analyzing the Quranic discourses” attempted to give rational answer to secularism theory that tries to secularize the Quranic concepts based on Quranic interpretations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - بررسی اثر پوسته های زیستی (Biological crusts) بر برخی خصوصیات خاک
جلال امیدی سمانه عبدالمحمدی -
Open Access Article
21 - Identification of volatile compounds and investigation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects of Tribulus longipetalus Viv
Aliakbar ImaniObjectives: The objective of the present study was to identify volatile compounds and investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects of Tribulus longipetalus Viv.Materials and methods: In this research, the Tribulus longipetalus Viv, which is an annua MoreObjectives: The objective of the present study was to identify volatile compounds and investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects of Tribulus longipetalus Viv.Materials and methods: In this research, the Tribulus longipetalus Viv, which is an annual herbaceous plant, has many branches, lies on the ground, and has stems with soft hairs. The geographical spread of this plant is in the long sand dunes of Aran and Bidgol deserts. Biological properties, including free radical scavenging activity, total amount of phenolic compounds, antimicrobial properties and cytotoxic properties were investigated. Since the whole plant extract showed a high level of inhibition in the saltwater shrimp cell toxicity test (nearly 70 μg/liter), in order to obtain the effective components, solvent extraction using a decanter funnel was on the agenda. The three obtained components of hexane, ethyl acetate and water were analyzed separately. Also, by using a polystyrene divinylbenzene chromatography column, the effective component with higher inhibition ability was isolated. Among the effective components, except ethyl acetate, it had a relatively high inhibitory power, which was identified with the help of Hplc device.Findings: Comparing the antimicrobial power of Tribulus longipetalusViv with antibiotics, showed that this plant has good antimicrobial properties. Also, considering that LC50 was determined as 70 μg/ml. This value indicates the good cytotoxic power of Tribulus longipetalus Viv. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The Effects Resistance Elements in the poems of Saeid Biabanaki
Kheironnesa Mohammadpour azadeh hoseinzadehSaeed Biabanaki is one of the contemporary poets of the field of sustainability literature, whose poems are full of sustainability issues. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate and analyze the poems of Saeed Biabanaki in terms of sustainability literature wit MoreSaeed Biabanaki is one of the contemporary poets of the field of sustainability literature, whose poems are full of sustainability issues. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate and analyze the poems of Saeed Biabanaki in terms of sustainability literature with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on library resources and to show the audience what role did he play in awakening and informing the people and provoking them to fight foreign enemies and oppression? To what extent did the national and Islamic values of the poet help the poet in terms of effective expression of resistance poetry? The findings of the research show that the thought of Mahdism, the love of the homeland, thepraise of freedom and liberty, the invitation to fight, stability and unity, hostility, support for the resistance of the Palestinians and the oppressed peoples of other countries, reflecting the uprising of Ashura, Hosseini, and other important subjects. Sustainable Literature in Poems by Saeed Biabanaki In addition, he shows that his poem reflects human pain in a simple, unpretentious language. Poetry of Saeed Biabanaki is, at the same time, a vivid, committed and influential poem, in which the victory and hope for a bright future will be on the rise. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Analysis of Ashura`s sonnets in Jame-Daran
Katauon Habibi koobra nodehi Ashura event is a great epic in human history. The poets always have explained the different aspects of these event and have impressed their sensations about it. One of these poets in persian literature is Saeed Biabanaki from contemporary period. In More Ashura event is a great epic in human history. The poets always have explained the different aspects of these event and have impressed their sensations about it. One of these poets in persian literature is Saeed Biabanaki from contemporary period. In this study, his sonnets about Ashura have been investigated in terms of artistic techniques based on " Jamedaran " book. Studying this anthology indicated that poet have illustrated some concepts such as Imam Hossein's wronged, martyrdom and thirst using imager factors; while symbolism and metaphor are topsides. In this study the sonnets of this poet about Ashura have been investigated based on Jamedaran book. Assessments of this book show that Biabanaki have dedicated most of his poem to Aba'abdollah anh his companions innocence and martyrdom. The most outstanding of Ashura's sonnet themes in Jamedaran book are about Aba'abdollah which these themes are based on historical events. The poet have presented the wisely analysis of Ashura event using arctic tricks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Review and critique of epic and mythological parables in Mohammad Beyabani 's poetry
Sayyede Fatemeh Mahdavi Mortazavi Seyed Ahmad Hosseini Kazerooni Abdollah RezaeiMohammad Beyabani, a modern contemporary poet, has a special look at allegory, and in his poems he has tried to add to the effect and beauty of his words using his expressive elements, especially the parable. Hence, in this descriptive-analytic study, the epic and mytho MoreMohammad Beyabani, a modern contemporary poet, has a special look at allegory, and in his poems he has tried to add to the effect and beauty of his words using his expressive elements, especially the parable. Hence, in this descriptive-analytic study, the epic and mythological parables used in Beyabani poetry and the purposes and methods of their use in these poems are explored and described. The purpose of this research is to find out how the poet used these epic and mythological parables, with what goals in his poems, and how these gestures and mental proportions have influenced the development of the poet's meanings and concepts. To this end, we have classified these mythical concepts and narrative gestures in three sections of the Iranian epic and mythological parables, Islamic references and Islamic symbols, among which the Iranian epics and myths have been very impressive in poetry poems. These epic and mythological parables have been used for various purposes in Beyabani,poetry; the poet has used them to foster their meanings and concepts and often to express their social and political issues. The use of these epic and mythological parables also distinguished his poetic language and expression, and increased the power of influence and induction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Assessment of efficiency of artificial neural network in predicting the trend of desertification processes by using GIS (Case study: Dehloran plain, Ilam)
Soraya Yaghoobi Marzban Faramarzi Haji Karimi Javad SarvarianDesertification is recognized as a main problem in the arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, identification and prediction of the effective factors in development of desertification are very important for better management of these areas. The main purpose of this study w MoreDesertification is recognized as a main problem in the arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, identification and prediction of the effective factors in development of desertification are very important for better management of these areas. The main purpose of this study was evaluating the accuracy of an artificial neural network model for predicting the desertification process and selects the most effective criteria on desertification in the Dehloran plain by using the Iranian model for desertification potential assessment (IMDPA). In IMDPA model, water and climatic were selected as effective factors in desertification. In this model, three indicators for climate criteria; annual precipitation, drought index (Standardized precipitation index; SPI and continued drought and for water criteria; ground water table depletion, sodium absorption ratio, Cl, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids were evaluated. Each index was rated using of IMDPA model. Then desertification intensity and criteria maps were prepared using a geometric average for predicting period in ArcGIS®9.3. Final data were entered into neural network to predict. The results showed that the neural network model has a high efficiency for predicting the desertification process in the study area. The accuracy of the model was about 80% and mean square error (MSe) was less than one. In addition, the climate factor and the index of EC were found the most effective variables for predicting the desertification process. In 2015-2016 predicted the most important probable criteria affecting the intensity of desertification were climate and water with weighted average 2 (moderate in sub-class1, 2 and 3), 1.84 (moderate in sub-class 1and 2), respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Assessment of desertification intensity using IMDPA method (Case study: Dashte Abbas, Ilam)
Maryam Mombeni Abdol Ali Karamshahi Farzad Azadnia Parviz Garaee Kamran KarimiThe aim of this study was assessed desertification potential of the Dashte Abbas in the semiarid region of Ilam provience18028.8 hectares by using the Iranian model of desertification potential assessment (IMDPA) on soil and vegetation cover indicators. The geometric av MoreThe aim of this study was assessed desertification potential of the Dashte Abbas in the semiarid region of Ilam provience18028.8 hectares by using the Iranian model of desertification potential assessment (IMDPA) on soil and vegetation cover indicators. The geometric average for each index including effective soil depth, soil texture, electrical conductivity of soil, percent of gravel, the operation of the plant, the revitalization of vegetation and vegetation condition was obtained using ArcGIS®9.3 and the status map of each criteria was prepared. Finally, by combining and determination of geometric mean desertification intensity map was obtained. The desertification intensity map based on soil criteria demonstrated that over 4843 hectares (28.86% of the total area) and 13185 hectares (73.13% of the total area) has been taken in low and moderate classes, respectively. Also the obtained results from geometric average of vegetation cover criteria indices showed that 7005.99 hectares (38.86% of the total area) in the lower classes and 407.45 hectares (2.26% of the total area) and 10615.35 hectares (58.88% of the total area) has been taken in moderation and Severe classes, respectively. The results of the assessment the considered Catteries indicating that vegetation cover criteria with values of 2.6 is the most influential criteria in the severity of desertification in the study area. Accordingly, it can be said that the quantitative value of the desertification intensity of the total area has been taken in moderate class. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Evaluate the sensitivity of ecoregion to desertification in the Lorestan province in the framework of life cycle assessment
Somayeh Heydarnezhad Abolfazl Ranjbar Fordoei Sayed Hojat Mousavi Rohollah MirzaeiLand degradation and desertification has intensified by the interaction of climatic factors, land use change and human pressure in recent decades. Awareness that desertification is taking place in which ecosystems, the most important step to control and deal with this p MoreLand degradation and desertification has intensified by the interaction of climatic factors, land use change and human pressure in recent decades. Awareness that desertification is taking place in which ecosystems, the most important step to control and deal with this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to determine sensitivity to desertification Lorestan province ecoregions using life cycle assessment. For this purpose, the study area was classified into six ecoregions in terms of climate and dominant type of vegetation. Then selected indicators of drought, water erosion and excessive extraction of groundwater as the evaluation criteria. Indicators were prepared using geographic information systems. Finally, combined with variable selection and ecoregion map. Calculation of the characterization factors for each of these factors using geographic information systems, and characterization factors were obtained from the sum of the factors, a total characterization factor. Results indicated that there is the greatest sensitivity 5 ecoregion (dry/Astragalus adscendens Boiss) with characterization factors 1.29 and the lowest sensitivity to desertification 1 ecoregion (dry sub humid/Quercus brantii) with characterization factors 0.29. The results showed that aridity with 2.69 value, is the most effective factors to increasing the sensitivity of the area to desertification. Therefore, should pay attention serious to this problem in planning, managing and Combating desertification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Assessment of Desertification using the MEDALUS model (Case study: the lands of west Ahvaz)
Abdol-Reza Kazeminia Kazem Rangzan Mehdi Mahmoud AbadiAccording to the concept of desertification, which is land degradation in dry areas, the semi-arid, and dry sub-humid due to many factors such as climate change and human activities, this phenomenon has long been known as a serious problem in terms of economic, social, MoreAccording to the concept of desertification, which is land degradation in dry areas, the semi-arid, and dry sub-humid due to many factors such as climate change and human activities, this phenomenon has long been known as a serious problem in terms of economic, social, and environmental in many countries. In this study, by using a MEDALUS model the severity of land desertification in the western regions of Ahvaz was evaluated. Climate, vegetation, soil, and land use data are used as effective criteria in determining the severity of desertification. According to the MEDALUS model, each criterion entered the GIS environment as an information layer and after the data is processed, these criteria are weighted. By combining these criteria in raster formats, using geometric averaging, the Environmentally Sensitive Areas Index (ESAI) of the area is obtained. The results show that based on the MEDALUS model the area of the study contains four divisions; (C1) low, (C2) moderate, (C3) high, and (C4) very high critical. The results also showed that 11% of the area was in a low critical class, 30% in the moderate, 25% in high, and 29% of the very high critical class. A climate criterion with the index value of 2.6 has the greatest impact, which is due to strong winds and increasing number of storms and dusty days. Land use criterion with the index value of 1.5 has the minimal impact, which is due to inappropriate land use and implementation of desertification projects in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Monitoring of spatio-temporal indices on desertification in arid regions of south of Khorasan Razavi province
Soroor Davari Alireza Rashki Morteza Akbari Aliasghar TalebanfardDesertification is one of the most complex environmental threats with negative effects on the socioeconomic that play an increasing role in the severity of land degradation over the times. This study was carried out to monitoring the spatiotemporal variability of the cr MoreDesertification is one of the most complex environmental threats with negative effects on the socioeconomic that play an increasing role in the severity of land degradation over the times. This study was carried out to monitoring the spatiotemporal variability of the criteria and indices effective on desertification in an arid region in the south of Khorasan Razavi province. Primary data, such as climatic parameters, vegetation, geology, soil, groundwater and surface water, agriculture and socioeconomic data were collected and introduced into the GIS environment, and a geobiofacies unit map was prepared. Then, desertification intensity was calculated by using the Iranian Model for Desertification Potential Assessment (IMDPA). Evaluations of indices were done based on available data and maps, expert opinions and satellite imagery in a GIS environment. The results showed the desertification severity being in two classes of medium and severe with 77% and 22%, respectively. Periodic monitoring of the effective indices on desertification also showed that low precipitation over the past 25 years 1984-2009 has caused increasing drylands and droughts. Assessment of land use changes during 10 years 2001-2011 indicated decreasing 6% in rangelands and an increase in agriculture, which was mainly due to 1.5% population growth rate during the years 1986 to 2011. The excessive removal of groundwater aquifers also caused a 10% drop in the wells water levels, resulting in increased land salinity as well as an increase in wind erosion in more than 93% of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Assessment of desertification status in Sefiddasht-Boroujen (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) watershed using MEDALUS model
Fatemeh Nafar Ataollah Ebrahimi Ali Asghar NaghipourBackground and Objective The degradation of resources in many parts of the world is a serious threat to humanity due to its growing trend. Desertification, which is one of the manifestations of this degradation, has affected most countries and has been introduced as the MoreBackground and Objective The degradation of resources in many parts of the world is a serious threat to humanity due to its growing trend. Desertification, which is one of the manifestations of this degradation, has affected most countries and has been introduced as the third challenge of the 21st century after the two challenges of climate change and freshwater scarcity. Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid areas. This situation is caused by a series of important processes, the most important of which are the two factors of human activity and climate change. Several methods have been developed to determine the process of desertification, one of which is widely used, the Medalus method. Assessing the status of desertification processes (land degradation) in a village, region or country is important because it provides the opportunity to make informed decisions about the financial dimension and the amount of investment needed to control it. Considering the development of the desertification phenomenon in the Sefiddasht-Borujen region and the need to pay attention to the importance of the results of this destructive phenomenon in the future. The purpose of this study is to evaluate desertification using the Madalus model in the Sefiddasht-Borujen watershed with an area of 92565 hectares, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.Materials and Methods Land use changes were investigated and detected using the distance measurement model. For this purpose, the images of 1998, 2009, and 2018 were used. The amount of changes during this period was determined, and the points where the most changes occurred were selected. Then using these points, in the Medalus model, the factors affecting desertification and its current situation were considered. Then, the effective parameters in desertification were studied in these points separately and the Medalus model was implemented in them. According to the Medalus method, effective factors in the desertification of the region were identified and each factor including climate, vegetation, soil, groundwater, and management and policy was considered as a criterion. Then, the characteristics of the mentioned criteria that were effective in the desertification of this region were considered as indicators. After each indicator received weight in relation to its impact on desertification and by evaluating them, their impact of them on the desertification process was determined. Finally, using the indicators of these criteria, the criteria map and finally, the desertification map were obtained from their geometric mean n order to study the climate criteria, three indices of rainfall, direction, and drought index were considered. The study of the climate was evaluated from 3 sample points in the meteorological and water weight stations of the province, which are harvested as points. To evaluate the soil condition, some physical and chemical properties such as soil texture, acidity, electrical conductivity, and the amount of organic matter were selected. To determine the soil properties, the first 170 sampling points were identified in the study area, and from 0 to 20 cm soil level, sampling was performed and transferred to the laboratory.Results and Discussion The results showed a score of climatic criteria calculated at 1.80 was determined in two classes and had the most role in desertification in the region. The score of management and policy, vegetation, and soil criteria respectively were calculated at 1.76, 1.71, and 1.55 and was determined into two classes severe and very severe. Also, water criteria were calculated at 1.33 and were determined in the middle class. Based on the Medalus model, the current desertification score was estimated to be 1.63. According to this map, the desertification situation of the region was divided into two classes, severe and very severe. Finally, it was calculated that 56% of this area is faced with severe and 44% of it very severe desertification. The result showed that the northern part of the study area is highly vulnerable, while the southern part of the region is less vulnerable to desertification. However, this region has high desertification intensity. The foretold sensitivity of this region to the phenomenon of desertification was consistent. In this model, climate, soil, vegetation, groundwater, management, and policy criteria were selected. According to the results, climate, management, policy, vegetation, soil, and groundwater criteria, respectively, had the greatest impact on desertification of this region due to the low precipitation, drought in recent years, illegal excavation of wells, and uncontrolled extractions more than the capacity of groundwater aquifers in Sefiddasht has caused the drying of most wells in this area. Also, the drying of Dehno Wetland is another reason for the intensity of desertification in the study area.Conclusion According to the obtained results, the phenomenon of desertification in this region is accelerating and would cause a destructive consequence. The study area, according to the proposed definition of desertification, has both natural and human desertification conditions. Natural factors such as unfavorable climatic conditions such as lack of rainfall, successive droughts, limited water resources, on the one hand, and destructive human factors such as traditional agricultural system, overgrazing, overexploitation of groundwater, conversion of pastures to land Agriculture, industries, mines and facilities, destruction of vegetation and shrubs, on the other hand, have led to the destruction of pastures and natural resources and accelerated desertification in the region. Evidence shows that in this region water table is lower than in other areas and as a consequence desertification is accelerated. Among the ways to deal with desertification in the region, it is possible to use the pastures and pastures in principle, according to their capacity at the right time, to permanently enclose the region under biological and mechanical desertification activities, proper exploitation of groundwater and prevents land use change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Determining the desertification intensity based on spectral indices using Sentinel-2 images (Case study: Sistan and Baluchestan province)
Farhad Zolfaghari Vahideh AbdollahiBackground and Objective Different vegetation covers have different albedo levels. On the other hand, surface albedo is one of the most important components of surface radiation balance, which can be used to identify severely degraded and desertified regions. Vegetation MoreBackground and Objective Different vegetation covers have different albedo levels. On the other hand, surface albedo is one of the most important components of surface radiation balance, which can be used to identify severely degraded and desertified regions. Vegetation can be considered as one of the most important key components in arid regions to reduce the effects of erosion and desertification due to the effects of vegetation for land surface stability. Expansion of desertification and also changes in vegetation cover, could be change the surface Albedo. The purpose of this study is to determine the desertification intensity based on spectral indices, Albedo, Topsoil Grain Size Index (TGSI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using remote sensing technology. Identification the damaged areas with the lowest cost in the shortest time, using Sentinel-2 images with a spatial resolution of 10 meters is one of the objectives of this study. Also, this study will introduce the best indicator for monitoring desertification intensity in arid regions for the first time in the Sistan and Baluchestan region based on spectral indices using Sentinel-2 images.Materials and Methods The following steps were performed to evaluate the intensity of desertification and identify the appropriate indicator in order to mapping the desertification intensity: 1) Selection the images and perform image preprocessing operations using SNAP software; 2) Calculation of TGSI, NDVI and Albedo indices; 3) Investigation the correlation between indices using SPSS®24 software. 4) Preparation of desertification intensity map of the region and obtaining the equation of desertification intensity using ArcGIS®10.3 software. In the first step of this research, Sentinel-2A satellite data related to MSIL-1C sensor was selected on August 20, 2020. The images were selected in such a way that the growing season of the plants is not annual and temporary, and also the day was selected when there is no cloud cover. The required images were downloaded and used from the URL address: http://scihub.copernicus.eu/. Results and Discussion The results of linear regression between NDVI and Albedo indices showed that, these two indices had negative correlation, and the correlation coefficient in Souran and Zabol was 0.76 and 0.63, respectively. The results showed that with increasing NDVI, decreased of the albedo index occurred. Also, the results of linear regression model showed strong and positive relationship between TGSI and Albedo indices, as the correlation coefficient of Souran and Zabol was 0.78 and 0.81, respectively. The results showed that the TGSI and the albedo simultaneously decreased or increased. Desertification intensity in the study areas was determined based on the equation I= a × Index ± Albedo and also by using Natural Breaks (Jenks) method in ArcGIS software, desertification intensity of study areas classified to 5 degrees, 1. Without desertification, 2. Low desertification, 3. Moderate desertification, 4. Severe desertification, and 5. Extremely desertification. In this study Albedo, NDVI and TGSI indices were extracted based on Sentinel-2 satellite data. The results of linear regression between NDVI and Albedo showed that there is strong negative relationship between these indices that was consistent with the results of similar studies. The high and negative correlation, means that any increase in the vegetation cover will lead to decrease the Albedo. On the other hands the areas with high Albedo, indicate degradation of vegetation cover and bare soil. In the regions with sever desertification intensity, the value of surface Albedo was high and the vegetation cover was low. Classification of desertification intensity in Sistan region based on Albedo-NDVI model showed that 27.73% of the area were in the class of without desertification intensity, 18.03% in the low class, 32.92% in the moderate class, 20.3% were in the severe class and only 1.02% of the area were in the very severe desertification intensity class. Also, the classification of desertification intensity in Souran based on Albedo-NDVI model showed 4.82% of the area without desertification, 8.44% in low class, 50.97% in moderate class, 34.48% in severe class and 1.3% of the area were in very severe desertification class. The highest percentage of desertification intensity of the area were in the moderate class. The results of linear regression between TGSI and Albedo indices also showed that there is a positive and strong relationship between these indices. The results showed that the relationship between TGSI and Albedo indices was stronger than the relationship between NDVI and Albedo indices and in both regions the correlation coefficient was higher. One of the main reasons for this is the dispersion of vegetation cover in arid areas. The relationship between TGSI and Albedo better shows the spatial characteristics of vegetation-free areas as well as areas with very low vegetation cover to determine the intensity of desertification. The TGSI index reflects the coarse particle size of the topsoil, which has a positive relationship with the fine sand content of the topsoil. Whatever the larger particle size of the topsoil, will have the greater desertification intensity. In the areas where the content of fine sand in the topsoil is high, the high range of TGSI index will be seen.Conclusion In this study, using Sentinel-2 multispectral images and remote sensing technique, we extracted the intensity of desertification in different arid regions of the Sistan and Baluchestan province, for the first time in Iran. Based on the spectral reflection that occurred from the ground and the spatial resolution of 10 meters, we studied the intensity of desertification in two areas. Based on the results of this research, we suggest to use the combination of Albedo-NDVI and Albedo-TGSI models in order to monitoring the desertification intensity in arid regions of Iran. The results of this study showed that areas without desertification and low intensity of desertification are better identified based on Albedo-TGSI model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Assessment of land degradation using Landsat satellite data in the period 2011-2021 (Case Study: Isfahan city)
Hadi Eskandari Damneh Hamed Eskandari Damaneh Hassan Khosravi Meysam Cheraghi Mohsen Adeli SardooeiBackground and Objective Land degradation is one of the destructive phenomena that threaten the stability and security of ecosystems, especially in arid areas. Land degradation can lead to reduced soil fertility and productivity, population migration and displacement, f MoreBackground and Objective Land degradation is one of the destructive phenomena that threaten the stability and security of ecosystems, especially in arid areas. Land degradation can lead to reduced soil fertility and productivity, population migration and displacement, food insecurity, and ecosystem destruction. Despite widespread efforts to combat land degradation, this problem has not only not diminished in recent decades but has gradually intensified. Therefore, monitoring land degradation and revealing its characteristics is essential for land management and recovery, and this monitoring in arid areas facilitates proper management and control of this phenomenon. Monitoring of land degradation in these areas is possible using remote sensing data so that this science will be widely used to monitor land degradation in areas. Considering the importance of land degradation and the need for land monitoring, this study was performed to understandthe degradation situation in Isfahan city properly. Also, this study tries to create appropriate and timely management for the spread of degradation using modeling of environmental indicators obtained from satellite data in the period 2011-2021.Materials and Methods In this study, Landsat satellite imagery, TM, and OLI sensors were used to study the trend of land-use change. In addition, the data from field visits were also used as ancillary information. Satellite images were processed and analyzed in ENVI software environment. The supervised maximum classification method was used to prepare a map of land-use changes. Then, all land uses in the study area were divided into agricultural lands, rangelands, barren and saline lands, and urban and man-made areas. Finally, the obtained layers were transferred to ArcGIS software to calculate the land use area and prepare a suitable output map. After investigating land-use changes, SI soil salinity indices and Albedo climatic index, NDVI, and the LSM vegetation index were designed using the maximum likelihood method. SI soil salinity index is one of the main indicators of land degradation assessment. This index extracted from satellite images can assess soil salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, calculated using Equation SI=√(ρ_Blue×ρ_Red ) (ρBlue and ρRed, are the red and blue bands on the TM and OLI sensors, respectively). The surface albedo index obtained from remote sensing data is a physical parameter that expresses the sun's surface reflection characteristics and short wavelengths. This physical parameter is affected by vegetation, soil moisture, and other surface conditions. Therefore, by studying the changes in Albedo, it is possible to look at the changes in the ground surface and the result of land degradation. Equation AIbedo = 0.356 ρ_Blue + 0.130ρ_Red +0.373ρ_NIR+0.085ρ_SWIR1+0.072ρ_SWIR2-0.018 (The ρ band corresponds to the Landsat TM and OLI sensor images) was used to calculate the surface albedo in TM and OLI sensors in this study. The NDVI index, which is obtained from Landsat satellite images, TM and OLI sensors, was used to study the vegetation in this study. This index is most sensitive to changes in vegetation and is less susceptible to the effects of climate and soil, except in cases where vegetation is low. Another important parameter for land degradation is soil moisture content, which was studied using changes in the LSM index. Finally, the primary component analysis (PCA) method between Albedo, SI, NDVI, and LSM indices was used to estimate land degradation (LD) in 2011, 2016, and 2021. First, the desired indicators were normalized, and then the amount of land degradation for each year was estimated. So that large amounts of land degradation indicate the maximum land degradation.Results and Discussion The trend of land-use changes in Isfahan city in four uses of agricultural lands, rangelands, barren and saline lands, and urban and man-made areas in the period of 2011-2021 showed that between 2011-2016, agricultural lands and rangelands have decreased by 5.7 and 5.06, respectively. In contrast, barren and saline lands and urban and man-made areas increased by 10.45% and 1.51%, respectively. On the other hand, from 2016 to 2021, agricultural lands and rangelands have decreased by 0.75 and 1.25 percent, respectively, and barren and salty lands, urban and man-made areas have increased by 1.51 and 0.5 percent, respectively. Also, from 2011 to 2021, agricultural lands and rangelands decreased by 6.45 and 6.32 percent, respectively, and land use of barren and salty lands, urban and man-made areas increased by 11.96 and 0.8 percent, respectively. The study of the trend of land use changes showed that in this period of 10 years, the trend of destruction of agricultural lands and rangelands was decreasing, and barren and saline land and urban and man-made areas were increasing. The changes in desertification classes showed that the medium, high, and very high desertification classes have increased. The area of desert lands rose from 3428, 2817, and 1340 in 2011 to 4079, 4276, and 4302 Km2 in 1400, respectively. Low and very low classes have changed from 2826 and 5295 in 2011 to 574 and 2475 Km2 in 2021. These changes indicate an increase in desertification in Isfahan, which is due to land-use changes, especially the conversion of rangelands into agricultural lands and frequent droughts and drying of the Zayanderud River, which abandoned agricultural lands and turned them into barren and salty lands. On the other hand, with the dryness of the air, frequent droughts, and drying of the Zayanderud River, the soil moisture has decreased, which has caused salinization of the soil and increased unusable quality lands of this city. Also downstream of the Zayanderud River is Gavkhoni Wetland, one of the most important wetlands in Iran. Due to the reduction of incoming water, the surrounding beds have become barren and saline lands, which indicates the increasing desertification of this wetland.Conclusion It can be concluded that by using the indicators estimated from remote sensing images, it is possible to monitor the destruction and desertification process with reasonable accuracy and put the necessary measures to deal with this destructive phenomenon on the agenda. In this study, the process of land degradation in Isfahan city was estimated over time, based on which the necessary programs and policies can be applied to deal with this phenomenon. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Vegetation Vulnerability Probability Index: A Method for Determining Desertification Risk
Esmail Heydari Alamdarloo Pouyan Dehghan Rahimabadi Hassan Khosravi Javad Rafie Sharifabad Hassan BarabadiDetermining desertification risk can be a good way to prioritize an area for management and control of the desertification process. One determinant of desertification risk is the use of the Probability of Vegetation Vulnerability Index (PVVI). For this purpose, in this MoreDetermining desertification risk can be a good way to prioritize an area for management and control of the desertification process. One determinant of desertification risk is the use of the Probability of Vegetation Vulnerability Index (PVVI). For this purpose, in this study, LST and EVI of MOD11A2 and MOD13A2 products, respectively, from MODIS sensors were used to calculate TCI and VCI to estimate VHI in Yazd province from 2001 to 2019. VHI, which indicates the severity of drought, was classified into five classes. Then, the probability of occurrence for each class was calculated and multiplied by the weight of each class, which was between zero and 4 based on the severity of the drought. Finally, by adding the values obtained for each class, PVVI was calculated. The results showed that in the western, eastern, and southern parts of Yazd province, the risk of vegetation degradation and consequent desertification is generally higher than in other areas. The highest probability of Non-drought class occurs in Abarkooh (VHI = 68.34) and the lowest is in Ardakan (VHI = 53.59). Abarkooh with 14.03% and Ardakan with 46.02% have the lowest and the highest areas in the high class of PVVI. Also desert areas and uncovered lands, such as Abarkuh, were at low risk of desertification, which could be due to the ecological inability of this area to regenerate the vegetation cover. In general, the evaluation of the results obtained in this study showed that PVVI can distinguish real deserts from the areas that are at risk of desertification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Quantitative assessment of desertification status using MEDALUS model and GIS (Case study: Shamil Plain – Hormozgan province)
Amir Palham Abbasi Habibollah Amani Mojtaba ZareianDesertification is a major problem in many parts of the world. Nowadays different methods are used to assess and map desertification. One of these methods is Medalus. In this study, the desertification severity of Shamil Plain in the northeastern of Bandar Abbas w MoreDesertification is a major problem in many parts of the world. Nowadays different methods are used to assess and map desertification. One of these methods is Medalus. In this study, the desertification severity of Shamil Plain in the northeastern of Bandar Abbas was evaluated using Medalus model. This area is one of the major agricultural areas in the Hormozgan province. For this purpose, four criteria (climate, soil, vegetation, and management) and regional groundwater, an effective criterion on the process of desertification were selected. Indicators for each criterion are defined in the model Medalus. Indicators for each criterion were prepared using geographic information systems with software ArcGIS®9.3 .These indicators were ranked according to Medalus model. The geometric mean was then calculated and map was produced for each criteria. Desertification status map of the study area was finally prepared using the geometric mean criteria. Results showed that 68.27%, 30.07%, and 1.02% of study area are located in critical regions (C), (B), and (A) respectively; and 0.67% of the regions is located in fragile class (C). Besides climate was determined as the most inappropriate criteria and vegetation quality was measured as the most appropriate criteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Manifestation of Mystical and Mythological Allusions in Mohammad Kheiyabani’s Poems
Seyedeh Fateme Mahdavi mortazavi Seyed Ahmad Hoseinikazerooni Abdolah RezaiiPersian poetry is influenced by historical, mystical, mythological supports. The influence of these elements in the poems of contemporary poets can be seen more than other periods, and the reason for this is the popularity of today's poetry. Poetry is tied to the myth, MorePersian poetry is influenced by historical, mystical, mythological supports. The influence of these elements in the poems of contemporary poets can be seen more than other periods, and the reason for this is the popularity of today's poetry. Poetry is tied to the myth, and the myth contributes to the flourishing of poetry and multiplicity of the work; in the Holy Quran, many concepts are expressed in the form of symbols and allegories. The presence of these parables, in fact, makes the concepts more understandable to the mind of the audience. The mystical stories, which are often pseudo-allegorical or narrative, have benefited from this Qur'anic style, especially in interpreting the Qur'anic stories. The most famous mysterious stories in the Holy Qur'an are the prophets' stories that the poets have paid attention to in their works and have explicitly or unambiguously decoded. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the manifestation of mystical and mythological references in the works of Mohammad Biabani. Biabani involves streaks of mysticism in his works, in this normative and anti-Semitic process. Besides the fate of authenticity and decency and the tradition of being Iranian, his poetry takes on the color and the smell of modernity and clarity and novelty. His concepts, themes and messages are fresh even with mystical elements. This paper deals with the mystical forms of Biabani's poetry in a descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Art Paintings in the Ashura`s sonnets of Saeed Biabanki
katauon habibi kobra nodehiAshura has always been the focus of writers and poets. After the Islamic Revolution poets paid more attention to Ashura poetry. Among these poets, Saeed Biabanki can be named in the contemporary era. The present study investigates, analyzes and critiques the Ashura poet MoreAshura has always been the focus of writers and poets. After the Islamic Revolution poets paid more attention to Ashura poetry. Among these poets, Saeed Biabanki can be named in the contemporary era. The present study investigates, analyzes and critiques the Ashura poetry of this poet from the point of view of artistic and thematic images based on descriptive-analytic method in order to express its images and themes. Familiarity with prominent contemporary Ashura poets, identification of prominent post-revolutionary Ashura sonnets, and the use of visual language to explain the concepts of Ashura in the form of sonnets, are important in this research. The study of this collection shows that the poet portrayed the concepts of thirst, martyrdom and oppression of Sayyid al-Shohada (AS) and his loyal companions by utilizing imaginative factors on the horizontal axis, with symbol and metaphor at the top. The method used in this study is detailed analytical (library). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Climatic color in the poetry of Mohammad Biabani
mohammad moradi pooran yosefipoor Fatemeh Ghafuri Mehdi abadThe poet Mohammad Biabanizadeh is from the southern climate. A climate that has sided with the sea and the land and is inextricably linked to the scorching heat. He was born in Bushehr and spent his childhood in the same city. The living environment and natural climate MoreThe poet Mohammad Biabanizadeh is from the southern climate. A climate that has sided with the sea and the land and is inextricably linked to the scorching heat. He was born in Bushehr and spent his childhood in the same city. The living environment and natural climate seem to have an ineffective effect on Asnan. Which examine these effects in the works of poets and writers under the title of climatic or local color. Local color or climatic character is a term that expresses these effects in the poetry of poets. It is with nature that in contemporary Iranian poetry, it first appeared in Nima's poetry and then in the poems of poets after him, it was noticed and welcomed. This research seeks to answer the question of why and to what extent Mohammad Biabani was able to reflect the southern climate in his poetry through the method of analytical-descriptive library study. And the results indicate that besides Boom His poems are full of climatic colors in all of his poems and the most prominent linguistic feature of his poems after Vazgani Archaism is the prominence of the color of climate and southern nature and his fondness and interest in his ecology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Detection Understanding in Poems by Saeed Bibiabanaki
amene rostami mohsen zolfagharyThe poem,s of biabanaki is wild, explicit, critical and committed; In fact, his poetry is a response to the world around him, his ideas, developments, and relationships around him. A significant part of his poetry serves the devoted literature, especially sacred literat MoreThe poem,s of biabanaki is wild, explicit, critical and committed; In fact, his poetry is a response to the world around him, his ideas, developments, and relationships around him. A significant part of his poetry serves the devoted literature, especially sacred literature and sacred defense.Using linguistic and linguistic constructs and creating linguistic abnormalities in different ways, his poetry is distinct from the poetry of his contemporaries. And it's a personal and personal style in his poems. In this research, with a structural approach and descriptive-analytic method, he examines the paraphernalia of his poetry in order to determine what the style in his poem is. In conclusion, the result of this research is that his point of view is to acquaint himself with the way of making new combinations, the use of folk and craft structures that create a sense of humor and critique in his words. And the skill and mastery in securing the poetry of other poets are important components in determining the style of his poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - The Concept of "Escape" in Desert, A Novel by Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio
Elham SajadiThe heroes of Le Clezio novels escape from themselves and the unfavorable conditions around them each in some way; an escape not for reaching the pleasant materialistic and living conditions rather they wish wholeheartedly to return to their own essence & origin &nd MoreThe heroes of Le Clezio novels escape from themselves and the unfavorable conditions around them each in some way; an escape not for reaching the pleasant materialistic and living conditions rather they wish wholeheartedly to return to their own essence & origin – to their source and first home i.e. their own "self". And by this excuse they wish again to find refugee in the origins from which they had escaped. The identity crisis is one of the main axis of all Le Clezio's novels. The heroes of his novels hate their alien identity and the mask which wear on their face and are looking for their real identity each in some way. In the present paper, we try to fall in step with "Lalla", the hero of "Desert"; and we enter her world with herself. She who is annoyed, sick and tired of living amidst the stone, steel and asphalt, busy streets, high buildings and skyscrapers finds the only way of freedom and peace in returning to the desert. By studying the feelings, memories and loneliness of the hero and other characters and their sorrow in exile, we understand the concept of "escape from oneself" for them. It's noteworthy that today returning to the self is one of the important issues for the thinkers and researchers. In this query we try to examine different aspects of "Escape" for Le Clezio especially in his novel "Desert". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Investigation and comparison of peripheral and psychic states in the poems of Alaadullah Biabanki
, Saeed Karkabadi, mashoor Parvin Dokht, Farzad, Abbasi Mahboubeh Zia KhodadadianOne of the issues that the mysticism of all nations revolves around is the issue of discovery and intuition. In general, mystical revelations in the Divan of Ala al-Dawla Biyabanki can be divided into two categories: formal and spiritual discovery and intuition, and eac MoreOne of the issues that the mysticism of all nations revolves around is the issue of discovery and intuition. In general, mystical revelations in the Divan of Ala al-Dawla Biyabanki can be divided into two categories: formal and spiritual discovery and intuition, and each of them has its types. These formal and spiritual revelations in some respects with the theory of W.T. Stacey is applicable to discovery and intuition. In this research, the revelations of Ala al-Dawlah based on formal and spiritual conditions have been studied and then their common features such as feeling of trust, objectivity, happiness, etc. have been explained. Of course, in some of these cases, Stacey's view differs or is not compatible with some of the characteristics of Islamic revelation. In addition, the specific characteristics of formal and spiritual states have been studied, and we have finally come to the conclusion that the revelations of Ala 'al-Dawlah, in addition to conforming to some patterns of Western mysticism, are unique in their kind and in some ways superior to Western mysticism. In this research, the author also tries to answer the question of descriptive-analytical method and library method whether the poems of Ala Al-Dawlah, in spite of their abundance, expressions related to discovery and intuition, adaptability and classification in the field of literary type "Literature" Does it have "prophecies and revelations" or not? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Survey of desert tourism ( case study :Garmsar city. Iran)
farshad aghwamiGeo tourism phenomena are one of the most important resources and national capitals, which if properly planned to exploit their benefits, can bring many material and spiritual benefits to the country, considering that most of the peri-urban space of the cities of Semnan MoreGeo tourism phenomena are one of the most important resources and national capitals, which if properly planned to exploit their benefits, can bring many material and spiritual benefits to the country, considering that most of the peri-urban space of the cities of Semnan province is in the territory of the regions. It is located in a dry and desert area, accurate and basic understanding of the capabilities of deserts and deserts and ways of exploiting them is one of the essential requirements for the economic and social development of the province. It has desert tourism land, which is called both as an opportunity and as a threat to development. The share of tourists and those interested in the historical cultural attractions of the city is higher (about 47 percent), which requires sustainable tourism management and planning for the historical cultural attractions. It is. Garmsard desert areas and sites are located in the south and west of the city, the most important geo-sites of desert eco-tourism in the city can be mentioned in the desert national park, mines and different forms of salt, Varig Jen sand dunes, paved road and desert caravanserais. . In general, the tourism potential of mines and salt formations in the region is well evaluated, the adaptation of tourism characteristics and tourism destinations of Garmsar desert indicates the motivation and type of desert tourism, scientific and adventurous tourism with the interest and proportion of average tourists and matching with the tourism model in the exploration stage. (Butler) In the stage of interest and strategic framework for the desert national park, Crouch and Ritchie's strategy is proposed, for salt mines, Porter's strategy and for sand dune, Poon's strategy is proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Environmental assessment of desertification in Shahr Isfahan watershed using Medalos model and remote sensing data.
mohammad ebrahim afifi khali alinejad Marziyeh MogholiDestruction of the land is a global process that ultimately leads to a decrease in soil fertility, and if we consider its concept as a kind of instability and imbalance in the relationship between man and the environment, it should be accepted that a large part of the w MoreDestruction of the land is a global process that ultimately leads to a decrease in soil fertility, and if we consider its concept as a kind of instability and imbalance in the relationship between man and the environment, it should be accepted that a large part of the world and the country of Iran are dealing with this environmental problem. is facing Dealing with the phenomenon of land destruction and desertification requires evaluating and monitoring the type and intensity of land destruction, determining the causes of the destruction, and taking necessary measures to face the problem, as well as checking the integrity of the projects mentioned. Remote sensing technology has a very valuable role in the evaluation and monitoring of land degradation and desertification in local, regional and global scales and has led to the creation of a new approach in studies related to the evaluation and monitoring of desertification. Considering the importance of the destruction issue, in this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the desertification of Isfahan watershed by using remote sensing data and Medalos model. In the first step, based on the situation of the region, six parameters of climate, soil, vegetation, underground water and management and policy were considered to evaluate the amount of destruction. The indices were quantified based on their effect on the destruction process and each of them was given a score between 0.5 and 1.5 according to the fuzzy method, and they were studied in the pixel scale. The obtained results indicate that 4% of the area is in the mild category, 10% of the area is in the moderate category, and 86% of the area is in the severe category of desertification. In terms of the range's sensitivity to destruction, 4% of the total area of the range is in the potential class, 22% in the fragile class A, 50% in the fragile class B, 20% in the fragile class C and 3% in the critical class. Therefore, about 92% of the area of the region is in the fragile layer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Evaluate the effect of climate and water criteria on desertification intensity in Abughover plain using IMDPA model
Zahedeh Heidari Haji Karimi Abdolhossein Arami Farzad AzadniaDesertification is a global phenomenon that is the outcome of natural factors and improper human exploits. Therefore, classification and generation of desertification intensity map, as an efficient tool, plays a significant role in evaluation of the environmental capabi MoreDesertification is a global phenomenon that is the outcome of natural factors and improper human exploits. Therefore, classification and generation of desertification intensity map, as an efficient tool, plays a significant role in evaluation of the environmental capabilities, prevention of desertification, and restoration and rehabilitation of degraded areas. The present study aims to evaluate the desertification hazard and determine the effective criteria affecting desertification in Abu-Ghuyer Plain in Ilam Province, using the IMDPA model. To this end, different indices of climate and water criteria were used and a map was generated for each index according to assigned weights, such that the qualitative map of the desired criteria were obtained using the geometric mean of indicators. Then, through integration and determining the geometric mean of layers obtained from criteria and finally classification of the obtained maps, map of the current status of desertification in the studied area was prepared. The obtained results indicated. Also, among the evaluated indices, amount of annual rainfall in climate criterion and the electrical conductivity in water criterion had the highest impact, with weighted averages of 2.24 and 3.04, respectively. Also, the quantitative value of severity of desertification was calculated to be 1.78 for the entire area, which was in the medium class. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Evaluation and prediction of future vegetation status in Dasht-e Fahleh region of Fars province using Markov model
Mohammad Javad Behi Mohammad Hossein Mokhtari Gholamhossein Moradi Mohammad Ali Saremi NaeiniThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation in Mullah Fahleh of Firoozabad region of Fars province. The standard vegetation index data of Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellites, the precipitation data and Palmer index, which are availa MoreThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation in Mullah Fahleh of Firoozabad region of Fars province. The standard vegetation index data of Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellites, the precipitation data and Palmer index, which are available as a remote sensing product, were extracted for 1992 to 2020 from the Google Earth Engine. Markov chain method was used to predict future vegetation changes. Using data from 1992 and 2002, the model was first run for 2020 and based on its acceptable performance (the kappa index of 75%), prediction was extended to 2030. The results showed an improving trend in vegetation status, so that the dense cover will increase from 4% in the initial period to 19% in 2030. The results of this study can help rangeland managers in the region to better exploit the region's natural resources and prevent the destruction of this ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - آشکارسازی تغییرات پوشش سطح زمین ناحیه شمال غرب ایران به عنوان نمایه ای از بیابان زایی
قاسم کیخسروی زینب محمدیبیابان زایی مشتمل بر فرایندهایی است که در نتیجه عوامل طبیعی و عملکرد نادرست انسان ایجاد می گردد. در این پژوهش جهت بررسی روند بیابان زایی شمال غرب ایران، ابتدا تصاویر ماهواره ای سنجنده مادیس مرتبط با محصول پوشش زمین(MCD12Q1)، در فواصل زمانی 2001 تا 2013 دریافت گردید. برا Moreبیابان زایی مشتمل بر فرایندهایی است که در نتیجه عوامل طبیعی و عملکرد نادرست انسان ایجاد می گردد. در این پژوهش جهت بررسی روند بیابان زایی شمال غرب ایران، ابتدا تصاویر ماهواره ای سنجنده مادیس مرتبط با محصول پوشش زمین(MCD12Q1)، در فواصل زمانی 2001 تا 2013 دریافت گردید. برای تبدیل به فرمت نقشه های پوشش زمین از استاندارد IGBP و الگوریتم های Decision tree و Change Detection استفاده گردید در مرحله بعد نیز سطح تراز ارتفاعی دریاچه ارومیه از سنجنده های TOPEX،Jason-1 ، OSTM و JASON-3 دریافت شد. بر اساس استاندارد IGBP، در طی این 13 سال در منطقه حدود 14 طبقه پوششی زمین تشخیص داده شد. بیشترین مساحت منطقه را پوشش های گیاهی پراکنده، مراتع، زمین های زراعی و نواحی آبی تشکیل می دهند. با این وجود که پوشش منابع آبی 64 درصد وسعت خود را از دست داده است. اما وسعت پوشش های گیاهان پراکنده 57 درصد، مراتع 4 درصد و پوشش زمین های زراعی حدود 9 درصد نسبت به سال 2001 افزایش یافته است. نتایج تغییرات پوشش سطح زمین بر اساس الگوریتم Change Detection بیانگر آن است که 8 طبقه پوششی در طی 13 سال درچار تغییر در نوع پوشش گردیده اند. که این طبقات شامل(طبقه بوته زارها، طبقه زمین های زراعی،طبقه پوشش های گیاهی پراکنده،طبقه جنگل های برگ ریز پهن برگ ، طبقه جنگل های مخلوط، طبقه پوششی مراتع،طبقه پوششی ساوانا و طبقه پوششی آب) می باشند، که بخشی از مساحت این طبقات تبدیل به پوشش های از قبیل زمین های زراعی، مراتع، پوشش های گیاهی پراکنده و .... شده اند. بنابراین با توجه به تغییرات پوششی شمال غرب ایران می توان اینگونه نتیجه گرفت که فقط 9 درصد مساحت منطقه( عمدتاً در اطراف دریاچه ارومیه) دچار دگرگونی در نوع پوشش گردیده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Assessing the state of desertification in the Shahrbabak plain watershed using Medalus model and remote sensing data
mohammad ebrahim afifi vahid sohrabiResearch problem: Land destruction is a global process that ultimately leads to a decrease in soil fertility, and if we consider its concept as a kind of instability and imbalance in the relationship between humans and the environment, it should be accepted that a large MoreResearch problem: Land destruction is a global process that ultimately leads to a decrease in soil fertility, and if we consider its concept as a kind of instability and imbalance in the relationship between humans and the environment, it should be accepted that a large part of the world and the country of Iran are dealing with this problem. The environment is facing. Dealing with the phenomenon of land destruction and desertification requires evaluating and monitoring the type and severity of land destruction, determining the causes of the destruction and taking the necessary measures to face the problem, as well as checking the accuracy of the said projects. The aim of desertification evaluation is Babak Shahr Plain. Remote sensing technology plays a very valuable role in the evaluation and monitoring of land degradation and desertification at local, regional and global scales and has led to the creation of a new approach in studies related to the evaluation and monitoring of desertification. Considering the importance of the destruction issue, in this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the desertification of the Shahrbabak watershed using remote sensing data and Medalus model. In the first step, based on the situation of the region, six parameters of climate, soil, vegetation, underground water and management and policy were considered to evaluate the level of destruction. The indicators were quantified based on their effect on the destruction process and each of them was given a score between 0.5 and 1.5 according to the fuzzy method and were studied in pixel scale. The obtained results indicate that 4% of the area is in the mild category, 10% of the area is in the moderate category, and 86% of the area is in the severe category of desertification. In terms of the area's sensitivity to destruction, 4% of the total area of the area is in the potential class, 22% in the fragile class A, 50% in the fragile class B, 20% in the fragile class C and 3% in the critical class; Therefore, about 92% of the area of the region is in the fragile layer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Investigation of arid vegetation compatibility toward precipitation variation with NDVI index (a case study, Ardakan-Aghda plain)
منیرالسادات Tabatabaii Zadeh فاطمه Hadian S.Z Hosseini جلال Barkhordari حسن KhosraviDrought monitoring is a important management program, but have some limitation as economical, huge and arduous natural areas. Then nowadays have been used satellite images for drought monitoring and management of areas as fastest and low cost method. In this research ha MoreDrought monitoring is a important management program, but have some limitation as economical, huge and arduous natural areas. Then nowadays have been used satellite images for drought monitoring and management of areas as fastest and low cost method. In this research have been used NOAA satellite images and annual/seasonal precipitation data during 2005-1982 then studied effect of Precipitation on vegetation cover in a part of Yazd province (Ardakan- Aghda area). The 92 precipitation maps have been prepared For determination of precipitation value in every vegetation type by using climate data and classified by distance weighting interpolation method. The results show an alone vegetation index could not define vegetation cover of study area that necessary to used multi-regression methods with other climatic factors. Furthermore, this index is not useful for arid area because have very low correlation between INDVI index and precipitation then is necessary to use other indexes and satellite images with more quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Evaluation of increasing the production through selection of appropriate species of range and the influence of different planting methods on the amount of their production (case study: Shoorab ranges of Kashan)
morteza abtahiThe aimes of this research are increase rangeland production of desertes of central Iran and modification of the prevailing conditions fragile wilderness areas through proper identifying the species and planting them in came into force. In this study, three species: Se MoreThe aimes of this research are increase rangeland production of desertes of central Iran and modification of the prevailing conditions fragile wilderness areas through proper identifying the species and planting them in came into force. In this study, three species: Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Nitraria schoberi and Zygophyllum eichwaldii by planting potted seedlings treated without operation rippering (breaking the hard layer) was conducted in a split plot based on randomized complete block design. Rainfed culture was conducted in March and only in the first year of planting and irrigation was 3 times per year. Traits within 3 years of the project, including survival, height growth, vegetation canopy and production. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the effect of ripper stay survival, height growth on Seidlitzia rosmarinus meaningless and maximum vegetation canopy diameter (121.7cm) and production (978 gr) were treated without treatment. Nitraria schoberi was not affected by the plant survival ripper, but the highest growth in height (63.7 cm), vegetation canopy diameter (100 cm) and production (1413.3 gr) was treated ripper. Ripper treatment on Zygophyllum eichwaldii consists of all the characters and most survival (86%), high (63.4 cm), vegetation canopy diameter (73.4 cm) and production (287 gr) treated with ripper has been made. Therefore, Manysurvival and vegetation canopy rate, priority of culture in the region Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Nitraria schoberi and Zygophyllum eichwaldii, respectively. The ripper do not effected on growth and survival of Seidlitzia rosmarinus but effected on survival, height growth, canopy and the production of the Nitraria schoberi and Zygophyllum eichwaldii species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Monitoring of the soil salinity in Kashan plain
abtahi mortezaKashan plain located in central of Iran and its climate is arid. Population growth and increasing demand new sources, it is endangering the fragile ecosystems. Reduced agricultural production, abandoned agricultural land and desertification phenomena which appear in Kas MoreKashan plain located in central of Iran and its climate is arid. Population growth and increasing demand new sources, it is endangering the fragile ecosystems. Reduced agricultural production, abandoned agricultural land and desertification phenomena which appear in Kashan plain is clearly visible, the evidence for this claim. In this study, the factors affecting the spread of undesirable process in which water and soil have been studied. Changes in soil salinity and alkalinity in the Kashan plain area by drilling 8 profiles over 5 years. The results showed that increasing salinity changes at three sites, two fixed sites and 3 sites is decreasing. Therefore, increasing the salinity and soil degradation in the 5/37% of the area of Kashan plain is about to happen. The maximum EC of soil and water respectively was observed 30.1 and 17.73 dS/m site in Saleh Abad and least equal to 2.7 and 2.98 dS/m at the Mohammadia site. In order to maintain the status quo, changing the irrigation, cultivation of plants with low water needs, the use of alternating high and low water quality, flood spreading systems for the use of water in the upstream and prevent the drilling deep and uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater is proposed to Kashan plain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - The survey of the essential oil composition of Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. from Brzok of Kashan at the first report
Hosain Batoli Abdulrasul Haghir-Ebrahimabadi Eman Karimi Asma MazoochPulicaria Gaerth. is belongs to Asteraceae family with more than 100 species in the world , it had 5 shrub species in Iran. In this investigation the aerial parts of Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. in blooming were collected from Brzok in Kashan region-1900m in sum MorePulicaria Gaerth. is belongs to Asteraceae family with more than 100 species in the world , it had 5 shrub species in Iran. In this investigation the aerial parts of Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss. in blooming were collected from Brzok in Kashan region-1900m in summer 2014 and dried in the shade at room temperature. The essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation method (Clevenger-type apparatus) and were analysed by using GC and GC-MS. The essential oil yield of plant was obtained 0.045 % (w/w) which had 36 components. The oxygenated monoterpens such as: 1,8-cineole (22.93%), amorpha-4,9-dien-2-ol (8.36%) and myrtenol (8.13%) were the major components of the plant essential oil, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Comparison of the essential oils of medicinal plant populations of Eryngium noeanum Boiss. and Eryngium iranicum Mozaff in Iran
Abdolbaset Mahmoudi Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi Mahdi AyyariIn this study Eryngium noeanum Boiss. from four different regions of Alamot (AL) (Qazvin province), Ahuan Col (AH) (Semnan), Razaqan (RZ) (Markazi province), and Bashm Col (BA) (Semnan) and also, Eryngium iranicum Mozaff. from Nikpey village (NP) (Zanjan) at elevations MoreIn this study Eryngium noeanum Boiss. from four different regions of Alamot (AL) (Qazvin province), Ahuan Col (AH) (Semnan), Razaqan (RZ) (Markazi province), and Bashm Col (BA) (Semnan) and also, Eryngium iranicum Mozaff. from Nikpey village (NP) (Zanjan) at elevations of 1600, 1980, 2450, 2150, and 1400 m above the sea level were collected during the summer 2018. The shade-dried plant materials were hydro-distillated by a clevenger apparatus. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the essential oils were carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-FID, respectively. The essential oil contents were obtained as 0.3, 0.4, 0.55, 0.2, and 0.1% (w/w) for AL, AH, RZ, BA, and NP, respectively. The main components of essential oils were amorpha-4,11-diene (14.0, 17.6, 9.0, and 13.6%), δ-selinene (21.5, 40.5, 23.1, and 35.7%), spathulenol (4.6, 0.7, 6.4 and 5.5%), eudesm-7(11)-en-4-ol (3.4, 0.5, 6.7, and 4.4%), and cis-falcarinol (20.3, 1.0, 20.0, and 15.2%) for AL, AH, RZ, and BA, respectively. Also, the main components of the essential oils in NP sample were n-octanal (12.8%), myrtenol (12.5%), and cis-falcarinol (13.5%). The main compounds in different populations of E. noeanum and E. iranicum essential oils were sesquiterpenes (about 70-90%) and non-terpene (56%), respectively. Eryngium noeanum Boiss. is a medicinal rangeland and native plant of Iran, has not been given due attention. Despite prickly appearance, it has a big aerial part with considerable essential oil contents including valuable sesquiterpenes and polyacetylenic compounds ranking it among the highly commercial essential oils worldwide. This calls for many research studies in different fields as extensive biological studies on the essential oil components of this plant can greatly help determine and standardize its quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Sustainable revival of TvanmndyHay population centers by using economic and tourism in desert areas of Iran (Case Study: Isfahan Province)
مراد دلالت مصطفی هاشمی وحید بارانی پسیانThis study is an applied research and methods considered in the project is a combination of the analytical method Isfahan province.. Expert-Choice-V11 for calculating and standards as well as the importance of software Arc GIS 10 for integrating layers and final map was MoreThis study is an applied research and methods considered in the project is a combination of the analytical method Isfahan province.. Expert-Choice-V11 for calculating and standards as well as the importance of software Arc GIS 10 for integrating layers and final map was produced. To better understand the current situation in terms of SWOT techniques have been used.s. The researchers sought to take advantage of the rich potential of the economy, especially tourism, paves the way for the revival of empty areas, especially villages populated by immigrants have not.The number of settlements in terms of number of 30276 people occupy the status quo; that in 9158 households in the province have been distributed. While this amount is included 16442 women and 18664 men. In addition to the settlement, the researchers zoning desired range into 5 levels, very good, good, average, poor, very poor, is based on tourism and economic criteria based on the existing capabilities identified in the province. The areas of the northwest and the southern half of the province best scope to create or strengthen settlements and settlements are available. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Individual and Social Factors Affecting Desert Sports Tourism Acceptance (A case of Mazandaran University Students)
elahe kahdouei farzam farzan mahbobe Abedi SamakoshGiven that a significant portion of Iran comprises desert landscapes, desertification presents an opportunity for local businesses and economic activities to thrive. Consequently, this research aims to investigate the individual and social factors influencing the adopti MoreGiven that a significant portion of Iran comprises desert landscapes, desertification presents an opportunity for local businesses and economic activities to thrive. Consequently, this research aims to investigate the individual and social factors influencing the adoption of desert sports tourism among students at Mazandaran University. The research employed the Alam Talab questionnaire (2014) as its primary tool, the validity of which was established through the input of sports tourism experts, and its reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS version 26 and PLS version 4. The results indicated that the model, with a coefficient of determination (R-squared) value of 0.114, fits as a weak model, suggesting that individual and social factors do not significantly influence the adoption of desert sports tourism among Mazandaran University students. To enhance the appeal of desert sports tourism, it is recommended to engage in effective media advertising, improve safety and security measures, offer tours with suitable and affordable amenities, and enhance the overall attractiveness of desert sports tourism to potential participants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - اثر تنش خشکی بر برخی صفات فیزیولوژیک و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی بومادران بیابانی (Achillea tenuifolia Lam)
شیما غریبی بدرالدین ابراهیم سید طباطبایی قدرت الله سعیدی سید امیرحسین گلی مجید طالبیمقدمه و هدف: تنش های اسمزی در گیاهان باعث تولید رادیکال های آزاد شده و گیاهان برای پاکسازی این رادیکال های سمی راهبرد های گوناگونی را در پیش می­گیرند که از مهم ترین آن­ها تولید و تجمع متابولیت های ثانویه می باشد. امروزه این موضوع محققین را بر آن داشته است که از Moreمقدمه و هدف: تنش های اسمزی در گیاهان باعث تولید رادیکال های آزاد شده و گیاهان برای پاکسازی این رادیکال های سمی راهبرد های گوناگونی را در پیش می­گیرند که از مهم ترین آن­ها تولید و تجمع متابولیت های ثانویه می باشد. امروزه این موضوع محققین را بر آن داشته است که از تنش های محیطی به خصوص تنش خشکی برای افزایش ترکیبات مهم ثانویه مانند فنول ها و آنتی اکسیدان­ها بهره بگیرند. از جمله گیاهان دارویی ارزشمند، گیاه بومادران بیابانی (Achillea tenuifolia) می­باشد که گیاهی است چند ساله که دارای بسیاری از خواص دارویی است.روش تحقیق: به منظور بررسی اثر تنش خشکی، چهار تیمار مختلف (25%، 50%، 75%و 100 % تخلیه رطوبتی بر اساس ظرفیت مزرعه) با سه تکرار در گلدان های پلاستیکی واقع در گل­خانه اعمال شد و پس از 30 روز، برگ نمونه ها برداشت و آزمایشات اندازه گیری کل ترکیبات فنولیک، فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی با سه مدل سیستم DPPH، قدرت احیا کنندگی آهن و روش بی رنگ شدن بتاکاروتن اندازه گیری شد. غلظت مالون دی آلدهید و میزان تجمع پرولین نیز در برگ گیاه محاسبه گردید.نتایج و بحث: تنش خشکی در گیاه بومادران بیایانی توانست به صورت معنی داری میزان ترکیبات فنولیک و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی آنها (در دو مدل سیستم DPPH و بی رنگ شدن بتاکاروتن) را افزایش دهد. میزان پرولین و مالون دی آلدهید نیز با افزایش شدت تنش افزایش یافت. در حالی که بر اساس مدل قدرت احیا کنندگی، اختلاف معنی داری میان سطوح 25% و 50% ظرفیت مزرعه مشاهده نشد.توصیه کاربردی/صنعتی: با توجه به نتایج حاصل از تحقیق حاضر می توان سطح 50% ظرفیت مزرعه تخلیه رطوبتی خاک یعنی تنش ملایم را سطحی مناسب جهت تحریک بیشتر تولید ترکیبات فنولیک در این گیاه توصیه نمود. در پایان، مطالعات بیشتری در خصوص اثر تنش خشکی بر مقدار سایر ترکیبات مهم موثره در این گیاه پیشنهاد می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - .
mohamadreza enrasool -
Open Access Article
56 - Analysis of dust formation process based on desertification factors in the southeast of Ahvaz in Khuzestan province
mozhdeh keramatzadeh hadi moazed ahmad fathiThe dust crisis in Khuzestan province is an environmental crisis that is currently one of the main centers of dust production in the desert areas of southern Ahvaz and the destroyed parts of Shadegan wetland. Destruction of vegetation in arid areas is the cause of deser MoreThe dust crisis in Khuzestan province is an environmental crisis that is currently one of the main centers of dust production in the desert areas of southern Ahvaz and the destroyed parts of Shadegan wetland. Destruction of vegetation in arid areas is the cause of desertification, which is the biggest cause of dust production. In this study to evaluate the criteria and indicators effective in desertification of the region, with the help of the model (IMDPA) which includes 9 criteria that Two criteria, climate and vegetation, each of which contains 3 specific indicators, have been selected. The numerical value of each criterion is obtained from the geometric multiplication of its indicators and finally the total desertification of the region is obtained from the geometric multiplication of two criteria. Finally, the intensity of desertification in the region was calculated to be 1.99 based on the selected criteria, which was in the medium desertification class according to the model scoring table. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Processes and Consequences of Desertification
taghi tavousiThe concept of ‘desertification’ is credited to Aubreville (1949), who used it to describe the change of productive land into desert as a result of man’s activity in the tropical forest zone of Africa. Global attention was drawn to the desertification MoreThe concept of ‘desertification’ is credited to Aubreville (1949), who used it to describe the change of productive land into desert as a result of man’s activity in the tropical forest zone of Africa. Global attention was drawn to the desertification concept when a series of droughts began in the late 1960s in several Sahelian countries. The United Nations Conference on Desertification, held in Nairobi in 1977,not only launched the desertification issue into the political arena but also triggered a great deal of scientific interest and controversy. Desertification was defined at UNCCD (1994),as ‘Land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic and human activities’. desertification should be considerd as a phenomenon which strongly threatens the environment and our economic life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - A study of vegetation in Sistan region through satellite data
H. Shafei S. M. HosseiniDesertification means land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid areas, which happens due to changes in climatic conditions and human activities. Sistan plain is a dry area in the eastern part of Iranthat is suffering from desertification as the main problem. T MoreDesertification means land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid areas, which happens due to changes in climatic conditions and human activities. Sistan plain is a dry area in the eastern part of Iranthat is suffering from desertification as the main problem. The main purpose of this two-year study is to assess changes in the vegetation of the region within the time period from1990 to 2006. Field sampling, satellite images, and related software were used to conduct the present study. First of all, field sampling method was randomly and systematically performed in 26 well-known sites. For each site, nine 10×10 m plots were recorded. In the next stage, the required processes were conducted on the satellite images and vegetation indices were generated. Correlation analysis was performed between data related to land coverings and spectral values of corresponding pixels. The highest correlations obtained among 83 estimated indicators were related to indices of WDVI, NDVIab, TSAVI2 and MSAVI1, respectively. The obtained images were classified into two coverage and non-coverage groups. Then the precision of plots were evaluated and the highest precision of 83.27% was related to the plot taken for WDVI which had the highest correlation coefficient (p<0.01 and R2 =0.89) as well. Based on these plots, vegetation rate was determined as 101247 acre for 1990 which decreased to 26475 acres for 2006. ایج این آزمایش نشان داد در شرایط شور استفاه از رقم اکبری و بذرمالی+محلولپاشی اسید سالیسیلیک مناسبترین تیمار جهت حصول عملکرد مطلوب بود. م در هکتار بیشترین وزن تر را داشت. در بین الگوهای کاشت مورد مطالعه، الگوی کاشت یک طرفه بیشترین وزن تر را با 13519 کیلوگرم در هکتار و بیشترین میزان بیوماس را با 7200 کیلوگرم در هکتار به خود اختصاص داد. در بین تراکم های آزمایش شده، بیشترین وزن تر با 13084 کیلوگرم در هکتار، بیشترین میزان بیوماس با 44/2467 کیلوگرم در هکتار و بیشترین تعداد میوه با 4/13450 میوه از تراکم 80000 بوته در هکتار بدست آمد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Species diversity of ants in steppe and desert regions of Damghan
ویدا حجتی امید پاک نیا حاجی قلی کمی محمدصفا گل محمدیAnts have strong impacts on ecosystems especially in arid regions. However there is poor knowledge about ants of the steppes and deserts of Iran. In this study we provide a small scale study of antsandrsquo; communities of steppe and desert regions of Damghan. We collec MoreAnts have strong impacts on ecosystems especially in arid regions. However there is poor knowledge about ants of the steppes and deserts of Iran. In this study we provide a small scale study of antsandrsquo; communities of steppe and desert regions of Damghan. We collected 698 ants by pitfall traps at two sites, steppe and desert during spring 2006. In total we identified 23 species of ants from 12 genera of three subfamilies. We collected 14 species from steppe region and 12 species from desert region. Observed species diversity, estimated species diversity, alpha index and Shannon index of diversity was higher in steppe but Simpson index of diversity was higher in desert region than steppe region. As rainfall and productivity are higher in steppe region than desert region, they could be main reasons of high species diversity, alpha and Shannon indices in steppe region. Simpson index was higher in desert region because in desert there were more species with high abundance. Cataglyphis nodus was the most common species in steppe region and Monomorium kusenzovi was the most common species in desert region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - The study of the woman’s role in Herman Hesse’s Steppenwolf with a glance at his other works
Sayyed Masoud Salami Laily Mesgarzadeh AghdamHerman Hesse is a writer who is regarded a symbol for young generation and certainly other generations of the twenties in Germany. Some important themes in his works are the criticism of the bourgeois world and attempt to reveal the different aspect of man’s MoreHerman Hesse is a writer who is regarded a symbol for young generation and certainly other generations of the twenties in Germany. Some important themes in his works are the criticism of the bourgeois world and attempt to reveal the different aspect of man’s character, the study of the structure of dream and the individual’s transformation in the heart of the modern world with the help of fictional narrative. One can add to this list, his admiration for the Goethe’s style, also the Romanticism of the 19th century and his passion for social sciences under the influence of the famous analyst of myths and legends Carl Gustave Jung. In this article, the role of woman and Hesse’s view towards woman which is one of his central themes is analyzed. His approach with regard to the outstanding psychology of the characters he has portrayed necessitates drawing upon introversion and confrontation with feelings and emotions. What is of prime importance in this novel, is the second by second experiences of “self” in the path of self-realization. Manuscript profile
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