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      • Open Access Article

        1 - جداسازی عوامل قارچی توکسین زا و غیر توکسین زا از جیره های غذایی گاوداریهای استان قم
        محمد دخیلی علیرض خسروی تقی زهرایی صالحی علیرضا باهنر اصغر زارعی
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      • Open Access Article

        2 - Comparison of antifungal effects of essential oils of zataria multiflora boiss, cuminum cyminum and eugenia caryophyllata with formalin on aflatoxin-producing fungus aspergillus parasiticus
        نرجس سنچولی، مصطفی غفاری، احمد قرایی .
        Dangers of synthetic drugs and synthetic food preservatives, increased bacterial infections resistance to antibiotics, Due to the important fungal diseases Such as aspergillosis and Mycotoxicosis, and also mold decay of agricultural products and the capacity of essentia More
        Dangers of synthetic drugs and synthetic food preservatives, increased bacterial infections resistance to antibiotics, Due to the important fungal diseases Such as aspergillosis and Mycotoxicosis, and also mold decay of agricultural products and the capacity of essential oils against microorganisms has provided fertile ground for research. To this end, antifungal activity of essential oils of three herbs Cuminum cyminum, Zataria multiflora Boisis, and Eugenia caryophyllata, Compared with the formalin on the growth Aspergillus parasiticus was studied. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils and mean diameter of fungal growth, and the percentage inhibition of essential oils, poisoning solid medium was used. The results showed that essential oils tested, have Inhibitory effect at all concentrations and ability to inhibit the growth of fungal oils was more than chemical fungicides (formalin). The highest and lowest diameter of fungal growth for concentrations 125 μl/l after 8 days of incubation was associated with formalin and Eugenia caryophyllata respectively 62.8 and 14.1 mm. Eugenia caryophyllata and Cuminum cyminum essential oils with concentration of 250 μl/l and Zataria multiflora Boisis essential oil and formalin with concentration of 500 μl/l were able to inhibit completely the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus. So the essences of Eugenia caryophyllata and Cuminum cyminum with a high percentage of inhibitor, respectively, as the best essential oils for controlling the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus instead of chemical fungicides, recommended. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - Molecular identification of Aspergillus parasiticus and flavus in forage samples by Duplex PCR method and comparison with culture and direct examination
        ناهید پدرام، منصور بیات، محمدحسن شاه‌حسینی، سعید بکائی، محمد قهری .
        Aspergillosis is one of infectious disease that it causes difficulties for human and poultry. The main aim of this study is the diagnosis of Aspergillus parasiticus and flavus in forage samples by Duplex PCR method and comparison with culture and direct examination. Aft More
        Aspergillosis is one of infectious disease that it causes difficulties for human and poultry. The main aim of this study is the diagnosis of Aspergillus parasiticus and flavus in forage samples by Duplex PCR method and comparison with culture and direct examination. After extracting DNAs of standard strains of Aspergillus parasitcus and flavus along with primers of each fungus and PCR testing, genes of each fungus were amplified and PCR product was cloned using TA cloning by pTZ57R plasmid. After optimizing Duplex PCR (D-PCR) monoplex PCR tests, 50 forage samples by Duplex PCR method, culture and direct were tested.In the optimized PCR test, 343bp and 413bp products of Aspergillus parasiticus and flavus were respectively amplified. Fifty samples of forage by Duplex PCR method, culture and direct were tested. 13 samples were positive only by Duplex -PCR and 15 samples by both tests direct and culturing were positive and 26 samples were negative with three methods.  Results of McNemar's test is equal about the three methods tests for diagnosing Aspergillus parasiticus and flavus (p=0.824). Molecular methods such as D-PCR are faster techniques than direct testing and culturing for diagnosis of Aspergillus parasiticus and flavus but there aren't difference between three methods for diagnosing Aspergillus parasiticus and flavus but with D-PCR we could diagnosis Aspergillus parasiticus.    Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - Evaluation of the effects of cold argon plasma jet on the clearance of Ochratoxin A produced by different isolates of Aspergillus nigri
        Hassanpour, S., Bayat, M., Chaichinosrati, A., Ghorannevis, M., Hashemi, S.J. .
        Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of the fungi, and often arrange as cyclic hydrocarbons structurally. The aim of this study was an evaluation of the effects of cold argon plasma jet on the clearance of Ochratoxin A produced by isolates of Aspergillus nigri. food sou More
        Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of the fungi, and often arrange as cyclic hydrocarbons structurally. The aim of this study was an evaluation of the effects of cold argon plasma jet on the clearance of Ochratoxin A produced by isolates of Aspergillus nigri. food sources including corn, wheat, oatmeal, rice and flour products were sampled of Iran. The fungal species were cultured for identification on CHAPK medium and also on (SB + YE) and (SB + ME) media for obtaining Ochratoxin A. The mean initial concentration of Ochratoxin A in ME + SB medium was 22.23 μg / kg and at 60 and 360 seconds reached to 38.36 and 4.82 μg / kg concentrations respectively, and in the YE + SB medium being at 38 / 34 μg / kg reached to 25.88 and 2.47 mg / kg concentrations, respectively. In comparison with Log / Lin with Lin / Log, the initial concentrations of Ochratoxin A in ME + SB medium was 39.224 μg/kg and at 60 and 360 seconds reached 22.26 and 8.414 μg / kg, respectively, and in the YE + SB medium from 31.50 to 22.68 and 8.95 μg / kg concentrations, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant reduction of Ochratoxin changes produced by fungal isolates. This change was significant until the increase of 360 seconds with Plasma jet treatment in the environment (YE + SB), a decrease in the amount of Ochratoxin. Therefore, the jet plasma system can be used to eliminate fungal mycotoxins in order to increase the quality of food. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        5 - Study of the antifungal effects of nanoemulsion and essential oils of Trachyspermum ammi on the Aspergillus niger and the survey of it,s antioxidant effects on shelf life of hamburger
        , P Naeim حامد Ahari. , M Ataei
        Hamburger is one of the most sensitive protein foods that can be a proper environment for the growth of bacteria, yeasts and fungi. Hence, the potential risk of food poisoning and possibility of contamination of this product is high. In the present study, the antifungal More
        Hamburger is one of the most sensitive protein foods that can be a proper environment for the growth of bacteria, yeasts and fungi. Hence, the potential risk of food poisoning and possibility of contamination of this product is high. In the present study, the antifungal effects of Trachyspermum ammi essential oils and nanoemulsion of essential oils on the hamburgers that contaminated with Aspergillus niger were compared with MIC (Minimum Inhibitance Concentration) and MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) that was determined by microdilution method. Based on the results of the tests, essential oil and nanoemulsion had an inhibitory effect on the growth of the fungal species tested on the hamburger in all days of the experiment, and the essential oil of nanoemulsion significantly increased the antifungal effect of the essential oil. (P<0.05) In the TBARS test, it was shown that the essential oil and nano-azaance reduced the TBA index in this test, which indicates the antioxidant effect in the hamburger. There was no significant difference between essential oil and nano-essential oils in the test. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        6 - Comparison of CYP51A gene expression of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates against fluconazole and nano-fluconazole
        Sarrafha Sarrafha, S.J. Hashemi Hazaveh S. Rezaei M. Bayat,
        Aspergillosis is an opportunistic fungal infection in animals. The disease is mainly respiratory, but other disease manifestations also occur in poultry. Researchers have shown that, one of the reasons for the increase in drug resistance in Aspergillus species is the ov More
        Aspergillosis is an opportunistic fungal infection in animals. The disease is mainly respiratory, but other disease manifestations also occur in poultry. Researchers have shown that, one of the reasons for the increase in drug resistance in Aspergillus species is the overexpression of the CYP51A gene. This study compared CYP51A gene expression of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from poultry against fluconazole and nano-fluconazole. Fluconazole liposomal-nanoparticles were prepared by the thin layer hydration method. We dissolved 5.12 mg of fluconazole powder in 1 ml of sterile distilled water and 6 ml of chloroform-methanol organic solvent. We added 51 mg of lecithin and 5 mg of cholesterol to it. The size of nanoparticles was 88.9±12.1 nm and the surface charge of these nanoparticles was -20.12±1.88 mv. We also used a Scanning-Electron Microscope to study the structure of nanoparticles. Thirty samples of A. fumigatus were collected from poultry lung nodules. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed by standard Broth Microdilution method according to NCCLS-M38A2 to evaluate the MIC of fluconazole and nano-fluconazole against isolates. We selected two high-resistance isolates to fluconazole and used them to determine the CYP51A gene expression level by real-time PCR. The results showed that nano-fluconazole had a lower MIC than fluconazole and in lower concentrations of the drug inhibited the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates. CYP51A gene expression was increased in fluconazole and nano-fluconazole-treated isolates compared to the untreated state. Conversely, a decrease in CYP51A gene expression was observed in the exposure to nano-drug compared with the normal drug. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - Use of Enzyme Extract from Lactobacillus casei, Aspergillus niger & Aspergillus oryzae for Production of Enzyme-Modified Cheese
        M. Moosavi-Nasab Z. Tahsiri S. Monavar
        Introduction: The demand for cheese flavours has increased due to consumer request for convenience food that possesses cheese flavour. The best method for producing economic and consistent cheese flavours is through enzyme-modified cheeses production. The aim of this st More
        Introduction: The demand for cheese flavours has increased due to consumer request for convenience food that possesses cheese flavour. The best method for producing economic and consistent cheese flavours is through enzyme-modified cheeses production. The aim of this study was to produce enzyme extracts from Lactobacillus casei, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae and measure the activity of lipase and proteinase of the produced enzyme extracts and employ them in cheese production.Materials and Methods: Lactobacillus casei, Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus niger are three kinds of microorganisms that were used in this study for the production of EMC. Solid state fermentation has been used for the production of lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes to preparation enzyme from molds and cells of L.casei were disintegrated by sonication and Lysozyme. In order to produce EMC, cheese-slurry was provided and incubated at 37ºC for 48h with crude enzyme and then assessment of proteolysis and lipolysis in the EMCs were investigated.Results: The results indicated that L.casei has lipase and protease enzyme activities of about 103 and 80U/ml respectively, while the lipase enzyme activities was about 240 U/ml for A.niger and protease enzyme activities was about 155U/ml for A.oryzae. Assessment of proteolysis and lipolysis in the EMCs were investigated by the determination of soluble nitrogen ,tricholoracetic acid soluble nitrogen, total free amino acids and GC. The greatest levels of proteolysis and lipolysis were observed in the EMC3. No statistical difference was observed between the overall acceptability of EMC3 and commercial Cheddar cheese asjudged by the sensory evaluation panel members.Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the mixture of enzyme extract can be very effective on proteolysis and lipolysis in Iranian white cheese and also they can be used to produce EMC in much shorter ripening period and with improved flavor. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        8 - A Study Concerned with the Factors Affecting the Fungal Growth and Aflatoxin Production During Storage of Pistachio in Kerman Province
        محمد Moradi حسین Hokm Abadi S. R Fani
        Introduction: Aflatoxin contamination might occur due to the improper storage conditions ofharvested pistachios. Different environmental factors affect the fungal growth and mycotoxinproduction as the harmful secondary metabolites. Improved storage conditions can beeffe More
        Introduction: Aflatoxin contamination might occur due to the improper storage conditions ofharvested pistachios. Different environmental factors affect the fungal growth and mycotoxinproduction as the harmful secondary metabolites. Improved storage conditions can beeffective to prevent the contamination of pistachios.Materials and Methods: Environmental factors consisting of kernel moisture content,relative humidity, temperature, water activity and fungi and pests might affect thecontamination of pistachio. These were studied in 47 stores and warehouses in the cities ofKerman, Sirjan, Zarand and Rafsanjan regions at three month intervals for the storage periodof 12 months.Results: The levels of water activity and kernel moisture content in this study ranged from0.12 to 0.46 and 3.1 to 5.3 (%), respectively. In most stores, the average of relative humidityranged from 24 to 26 % with minimum and maximum values of 13.7 and 36.5 respectivelyand average temperature of 23.3 to 26.1 ZC. On the other hand, observed low levels of kernelmoisture content and water activity remained at a constant level for most sampling times.These results indicated that equilibrium moisture content was not in favor of Aspergillusflavus growth and aflatoxin production. The observation also showed that the frequency ofstorage pest contamination was less than 1% and Aspergillus contamination varied fromundetectable to 1 %.Conclusion: The stores or warehouses conditions concerned with pistachio in Kermanprovince are not in situations to create and promote fungal growth and aflatoxin production. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        9 - The Role of Early Splitting in Contamination of Pistachio Nuts by Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxin in Kerman Province
        seyed reza fani mohammad moradi ali tajabadipour roza dargahi mansoureh mir abolfathi
        Introduction: Early splitting Pistachio nuts in is one of the critical sources of aflatoxin contamination before and during harvest. In this research work physical characteristics,fungal, pest and aflatoxin contaminations were evaluated in early splitting pistachios.Mat More
        Introduction: Early splitting Pistachio nuts in is one of the critical sources of aflatoxin contamination before and during harvest. In this research work physical characteristics,fungal, pest and aflatoxin contaminations were evaluated in early splitting pistachios.Materials and Methods: Physical characteristics, fungal contamination and aflatoxin content were assessed in pistachio nuts employing advanced methods. This study was carried-out using three varieties of commercial nuts consisted of Ohadi, Kalleghoochi and Ahmadaghaii.The data was analyzed in a randomized complete block design using Mstatc statistical analysis software.Results: The highest levels of Aspergillus infection was observed in early splitting pistachios with dry and semi-dry hull. These pistachios also had the highest levels of carob moth infestation and shell staining as well as low kernel weights. In early splitting pistachios with soft hull the fungal infection, carob moth and shell staining were 0.75-10.3%, 1.5- 9.5% and 21.5- 44.1% respectively. This indicates the critical effects of early splitting pistachios as well as the risk of aflatoxin formation. The results showed that the levels of Aspergillus infection are increased by the presence of carob moth and ants, while there was low kernel weight. Aflatoxin was not detected in pistachio with healthy hulls. On the other hand, shell and kernel of early splitting pistachios contain different levels of aflatoxins (P<0.05). Aspergillus flavus isolates was alike to produce 67% aflatoxins B1 and B2 and 24% aflatoxins B1 and 9% were nontoxigenic.Conclusion: Sorting out early splitting pistachios based on physical and appearance characteristics would reduce the levels of aflatoxins during or after processing. Early peaking is a critical factor to reduce fungal and aflatoxin contaminations. About 95% and 5% of aflatoxin contents were related to kernel and shell, respectively. Therefore, assessing the risk of contamination should be based on kernels. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        10 - جداسازی و شناسایی مولکولی گونه‌های آسپرژیلوس خوراک دام
        سمیرا رنجبر راظیه نظری میترا نوری
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      • Open Access Article

        11 - بررسی جدایه های قارچی جدا شده از کیسه ملتحمه چشم سالم در اسب ترکمن( تیره یموت)
        امیر بهداد عبداله عراقی سوره
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      • Open Access Article

        12 - بررسی میزان آلودگی کره های سنتی عرضه شده در شهر گرمسار به برخی از قارچ های مهم آلوده کننده مواد غذایی در فصول پاییز و زمستان
        طناز موسوی سید هابیل کیوان هاشمی مهدی منصوری
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      • Open Access Article

        13 - سنتز بیولوژیکی نانوذره نقره از قارچ آسپرژیلوس فومیگاتوس و بررسی سمیت سلولی و خواص آنتی اکسیدانتی آن
        فاطمه جلالیان لیلا پیشکار صاحبعلی منافی
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        14 - Isolation & Identification of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus, isolated from Rafsanjans, Pistachio by molecular study of nor-1 gene expression effective in the Aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway
        مژگان سقازاه
        Aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolites and have been detected in various food commodities including pistachio nuts. Since Iran is one of the largest producers of pistachios in the world, the aim of this study is investigation of the ex More
        Aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic secondary fungal metabolites and have been detected in various food commodities including pistachio nuts. Since Iran is one of the largest producers of pistachios in the world, the aim of this study is investigation of the expression of nor-1 gene, one of the most essential genes for producing of Aflatoxin, by molecular method in Aspergillus flavus isolated from Rafsanjan’s Pistachio. Randomly, 1000 Pistachios, were collected from 10 dried fruits wholesales in Rafsanjan city. The species of A. flavus were identified morphologically (Macroscopy & Microscopy). In the next step RNA of the A. flavus was extracted. RT-PCR technique was used for amplifying of nor-1 gene. Consequently, 41 Aspergillus flavus species were isolated from pistachioes. Overall, 9 samples (21.4%) were positive for nor-1 gene expression. Aflatoxin contamination in different kinds of foods have been reported in different part of the world. It is a threat for public health, so using surveillance methods, with molecular techniques is necessary to reduction of food contamination specially nuts with toxigenic fungi. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        15 - Molecular study of aflR gene in the Aspergillus flavus, isolated from Pistachios of Rafsanjan by RT-PCR
        مژگان سقازاه بیتا نجمی
        Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced primarily by the fungal species Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Foods and feeds especially in warm climates, are susceptible to invasion by aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species and the subsequent pr More
        Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced primarily by the fungal species Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Foods and feeds especially in warm climates, are susceptible to invasion by aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species and the subsequent production of aflatoxins during preharvesting, processing, transportation or storage. Since Iran is one of the largest producers of pistachios in the world, the aim of this study is investigation of the expression of aflR gene, one of the most essential genes for producing of Aflatoxin, by molecular method in toxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolated from Rafsanjan’s Pistachio, First time in Iran. Randomly, 1000 Pistachios, were collected from 10 dried fruits wholesales in Rafsanjan city. The species of A. flavus were identified morphologically. In the next step RNA of the A. flavus was extracted. RT-PCR technique was used for amplifying of aflR gene. Consequently, 41 Aspergillus flavus species were isolated from pistachioes. Overall, 9 samples (21.4%) were positive for aflR expression gene. Toxigenic fungus like Aspergillus flavus can grow on nuts which appropriately stored, such as pistachio, corn, peanuts, nuts, wheat and etc. So a molecular method is necessary for exact and rapid detection of these toxigenic fungi. The genes which participate in toxin maturity pathway, like aflR, can be used for valid probing and also were used for this study. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        16 - Antibacterial effects of Aspergillus crude metabolite isolated from citrus on Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 13813)
        Azam Ghrbannia Delavar Sayed Benyamin Momeni Sayed Masoud Hashemi Karoii Issa Gholampour azizi
        Objective: Discovering species of microorganisms that have antimicrobial effects opened a new window to fight against microorganisms. Aspergillus fungus is one of these microorganisms that is very effective in fighting against pathogenic microbes. All species of Aspergi More
        Objective: Discovering species of microorganisms that have antimicrobial effects opened a new window to fight against microorganisms. Aspergillus fungus is one of these microorganisms that is very effective in fighting against pathogenic microbes. All species of Aspergillus do not have appropriate and similar antimicrobial effects, and it is important to identify and isolate species with antimicrobial effects.Materials and methods: In this research, moldy citrus fruits were sampled and Aspergillus was isolated and identified from them. 3 species of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger isolate 1 and Aspergillus niger isolate 2 were isolated. After that, the crude metabolites of these molds were prepared in the liquid culture medium of Sabro dextrose broth in Shikardar incubator. Finally, the effect of these metabolites on Staphylococcus aureus was done on this bacterium through disc diffusion by determining the diameter of the growth inhibition halo of each of these metabolites, and then MIC and MBC were calculated.Findings: The average MIC of Aspergillus flavus metabolite on Staphylococcus aureus was calculated to be 208.33 μl/ml and its average MBC on this bacterium was 416.66 μl/ml. The average MIC of Aspergillus niger metabolite on Staphylococcus aureus was calculated to be 166.66 μl/ml and its average MBC was determined to be 333.33 μl/ml. Around the disks with 150, 165 and 180 microliters of Aspergillus niger metabolite, the average diameter of growth inhibition halo was 8, 8 and 8.33 mm, respectively.Conclusion: The metabolite of each Aspergillus produces different effects in preventing the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        17 - Optimization of lipase enzyme activity and variables of fermentation conditions containing grape juice substrate in Aspergillus niger culture medium
        Nima Zargaran Reza Habibipour Narges Ghobadi
        Objective: Lipase enzyme is one of the important enzymes in food, detergent and textile industries. Also, today, industries related to this enzyme such as processing of organic materials, synthesis of biosurfactants, beverages and cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food indus More
        Objective: Lipase enzyme is one of the important enzymes in food, detergent and textile industries. Also, today, industries related to this enzyme such as processing of organic materials, synthesis of biosurfactants, beverages and cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries have expanded significantly. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to optimize the activity of lipase enzyme and the variables of fermentation conditions containing grape juice substrate in Aspergillus niger culture medium. Materials and methods: In this research, for the first time, in order to achieve the maximum activity of the enzyme in the culture medium containing the carbon source of grape juice, the effective variables in the fermentation process of Aspergillus niger, i.e. temperature, acidity, concentration of grape juice and nitrogen source (yeast extract-peptone) with the help of Design Expert software was optimized. Findings: The acidity equal to 7.5, the amount of concentration of grape juice and the combination of yeast extract and peptone (with a ratio of two to one) were obtained with 1.5 and 0.75%, respectively. Lipase activity after optimizing the conditions of the culture medium was equal to 17.694 U/ml. Conclusion: Aspergillus niger records significant lipase activity in the culture medium with the factors of temperature, concentration of grape juice and yeast extract and peptone in its optimal amount and acidity equivalent to 7.5. Therefore, the carbon and nitrogen sources used in this research are suitable sources for use in the culture medium of this microorganism to produce lipase enzyme. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        18 - The inhibitory effect of water ozonation on reduction of Aspergillus parasiticus growth during wheat tempering
        sasan rezaie
        Introduction and Objectives: Food and feed spoilage moulds cause great economic losses worldwide. Wheat is important cereal in Iran and very sensitive to mould contamination specially aflatoxigenic moulds. Ozone recognized as a strong disinfection substance since before More
        Introduction and Objectives: Food and feed spoilage moulds cause great economic losses worldwide. Wheat is important cereal in Iran and very sensitive to mould contamination specially aflatoxigenic moulds. Ozone recognized as a strong disinfection substance since before 1997. It decomposes rapidly to molecular oxygen without leaving a residue.Materials and Methods: In order to study the effect of ozonated water on growth of Aspergillus parasiticus, wheat samples inoculated with spore suspension (10, 102,104 spore/gr wheat) of Aspergillus parasiticus and incubated at 25-30◦Cfor 10 days. Contaminated samples incubated at <20, 25,40◦C for 24h,after tempering with ozonated water to concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 2.5 mg ozone/l. For evaluate of ozone effectiveness on reduction of Aspergillus parasiticus, weighing of mould mycelium method was used after drying.Then fungal mycelia were weighted to evaluate the effect of ozone on Aspergillus parasiticus growth. Result: Results indicated that ozonated water can reduce Aspergillus parasiticus growth and this the reduction can be increased due to increasing of ozone concentration. Tempering with ozonated water had significant effect on A. parasiticus growth (P< 0.001) . Conculusion: Therefore the ozonated water usage in wheat tempering can be caused reduction of Aspergillus parasiticus growth.Key words: Wheat, ozonation, tempering, Aspergillus parasiticus Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        19 - The inhibitory effect of water ozonation on reduction of Aspergillus parasiticus growth during wheat tempering
        matin mohamadi kochesfehani mahmoud ali mohamadi gholamreza jahed khaniki ramin nabizadeh noudehi zeynab aghamohseni maryam moazeni sasan rezaie
        Food and feed spoilage moulds cause great economic losses worldwide. Wheat is important cereal in Iran and very sensitive to mould contamination aflatoxigenic moulds. Ozone recognized as a strong disinfection substance since before 1997. It decomposes rapidly to molecul More
        Food and feed spoilage moulds cause great economic losses worldwide. Wheat is important cereal in Iran and very sensitive to mould contamination aflatoxigenic moulds. Ozone recognized as a strong disinfection substance since before 1997. It decomposes rapidly to molecular oxygen without leaving a residue. In order to study the effect of ozonated water on growth of Aspergillus parasiticus, wheat samples inoculated with spore suspension (10, 102,104spore/gr wheat) of Aspergillus parasiticus and incubated at 25-30◦Cfor 10 days. Contaminated samples incubated at <20, 25, 40◦C for 24h, after tempering with ozonated water to concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 2.5 mg ozone/l. For evaluate of ozone effectiveness on reduction of Aspergillus parasiticus, weighing of mould mycelium method was used after drying.Then fungal mycelia were weighted to evaluate the effect of ozone on Aspergillus parasiticus growth. Results indicated that ozonated water can reduce Aspergillus parasiticus growth and this the reduction can be increased due to increasing of ozone concentration. Tempering with ozonated water had significant effect on A. parasiticus growth (p Aspergillus parasiticus growth. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        20 - Antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Masske, camel dough, and local yogurt against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger
        A. Nasrollahzadeh M. Khomeiri A. Sadeghi M. Mahmoudi M. Ebrahimi
        10.30495/jfh.2020.670898
        In animal and food products, different types of chemical preservatives and antibiotics are used to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus and other toxicogenic fungi. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated fro More
        In animal and food products, different types of chemical preservatives and antibiotics are used to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus and other toxicogenic fungi. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Masske, Chal, and local yogurt against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. For this purpose, isolates previously tested for antibacterial effects were used. The isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum B38, Enterococcus faecium 8C and Lactobacillus ramonosus Y89 with the highest inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria were selected and their antifungal effects against toxin-producing molds were evaluated using the overlay method. The results showed that lactic acid isolates at the end of the fourth day prevented the growth of Aspergillus niger and Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus plantarum showed 70.84%, 37.65% and 43.31% of inhibitory activity, respectively. The results also showed that Lactobacillus rhamnosus had the highest (62.35%) inhibitory effect on Aspergillus niger (p < 0.05). The results of the study on the effect of lactic acid isolates on the growth of Aspergillus flavus showed that all tested bacteria had inhibitory properties on the molds and Lactobacillus rhamnosus with 83.8% had the highest inhibitory effect on Aspergillus flavus (p < 0.05). Consequently, due to the inhibitory ability of the lactic acid bacteria, they can be used as bio-preservatives along with synthetic preservatives in the food industry. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        21 - Effects of Calcium Oxide and Radiation on Aspergillus flavus Population and Aflatoxins Concentrations in Corn Grains
        E. Baigane ابوالفضل Fadavi H. koohsari
        10.30495/jfh.2020.671221
        < p >Aspergillus flavus is one of the hazardous fungi which appear in poor storage conditions. This mold produces dangerous toxins of aflatoxins in corn grains. Hence the investigation of reduction possibility of its growth and toxins is important. In this researc More
        < p >Aspergillus flavus is one of the hazardous fungi which appear in poor storage conditions. This mold produces dangerous toxins of aflatoxins in corn grains. Hence the investigation of reduction possibility of its growth and toxins is important. In this research the effects of calcium oxide (0, %0.5 and %1) and gamma ray (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 KGy) on growth of Aspergillus flavus and levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1 and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) were investigated. Analysis of variance showed significant effects of irradiation (p < 0.0001), calcium oxide (p < 0.001) and their interactions (p < 0.0001). Aspergillus flavus and AFB1 and AFB2 toxins decreased with increasing irradiation. Further reduction of AFB1 and AFB2 toxins was observed during accompaniment of 0.5% calcium oxide with irradiation. However, simultaneous application of 1% calcium oxide with radiation prevented and reduced more Aspergillus flavus. AFG1 and AFG2 toxins were not detected in any of the samples. Consequently, with considering 10 KGy standard food irradiation limits, it is recommended that 0.5% calcium oxide concentration before storage and irradiation intensity of 10 KGy after storage were applied for corn grains to control mold growth and production of aflatoxin toxins. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        22 - Total phenolics, flavonoids content and antioxidant capacities of grape pomace fermented by Aspergillusoryzae
        رقیه Ashrafi Yorghanloo محمد Alizadeh Khaledabad محمود Rezazad Bari لطیفه Pour Akbar
           Antioxidants due to the extensive biological properties and their role in preventing of various diseases, are considered as components of health. Grape pomacevitisviniferacv.rish baba contains high amounts of antioxidant compounds. Fermentation of grape pom More
           Antioxidants due to the extensive biological properties and their role in preventing of various diseases, are considered as components of health. Grape pomacevitisviniferacv.rish baba contains high amounts of antioxidant compounds. Fermentation of grape pomace by Aspergillusoryzae increases the extraction of these compounds. Ultrasound – assisted extraction is the most important methods for the extraction of valuable compounds from plant sources and accelerates the rate of extraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate of various factors effect on the extraction of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant properties of grape pomace fermented by Aspergillusoryzae and using response surface methodology. The variables were temperature (55-67°c), time (24-32 min), solvent concentration (37-49%) and whey powder content (10-50gr). The highest rate of phenolic compounds and flavonoids were obtained at 64°c for 30 min and the solvent concentration of 46%. The highest level of DPPH and FRAP were obtained at 58°c for 30 min and the solvent concentration of 46%. With increasing extraction time phenolic compounds, flavonoids, DPPH and FRAP were ascending. Obtained results proved that fermentation by Aspergillusoryzae and using ultrasound – assisted extraction was a suitable method for the extraction of biological material from grape pomace with benefites such as high extraction rate, reducing the amount of solvent, temperature and time required. Manuscript profile
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        23 - Optimization of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger
        H.R Samadlouie Sh Gharanjik
        Among the various fungal strains screened for citric acid production, Aspergillus niger is known to produce considerable amounts of citric acid and other organic acids when cultivated in submerge fermentation. In this study, optimization of the medium components was car More
        Among the various fungal strains screened for citric acid production, Aspergillus niger is known to produce considerable amounts of citric acid and other organic acids when cultivated in submerge fermentation. In this study, optimization of the medium components was carried out using "one-factor-at-a-time" and response surface methods (RSM). One-factor-at-a-time indicated that the amount of citric acid production was increased along with the increasing of agitation speed (from 150 to 200 rpm), raising the incubation temperature (from 17 to 32) and decreasing pH value (to 2). Moreover, in comparison with the other groups, citric acid production in the treatment containing soy bean powder and minerals revealed a significant increase (up to 25 g/l). The results showed that application of ultrasonic wave during the growth phase could remarkably enhance the production of citric acid. Based on the results of one-factor-at-a-time, sucrose and soy bean powder were the selected additives to test their effect on citric acid production using RSM. The two variables were identified to have significant effects on citric acid production and the maximum citric acid production of 58 g/l was resulted from the combination of 230.87 g/l sucrose and 200.81 g/l soy bean powder. In this study, the significant increase in the production of citric acid in the optimal conditions indicated the using of appropriate statistical methods and also the correct levels of selected variables. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Isolation and identification of the conjunctival fungal flora in healthy Holstein cattle in Urmia district
        M. Soodi A. Araghi-Sooreh
        Fungi are considered as normal inhabitants of the ocular surface of healthy animals, however under certain conditions such as eye trauma could cause disease. This study was conducted with the purpose of identifying  the fungal isolates of healthy eyes from Holstein More
        Fungi are considered as normal inhabitants of the ocular surface of healthy animals, however under certain conditions such as eye trauma could cause disease. This study was conducted with the purpose of identifying  the fungal isolates of healthy eyes from Holstein cattle in Urmia district . Conjunctival swabs were taken from both eyes of 40 healthy Iranian Holstein cattle and cultured onto Sabouraud dextrose agar and malt extract agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C for 14 days. Effect of host age and sex on prevalence of isolates were analyzed by mann whitney and fisher’s exact tests using SAS software. Overall, 34 filamentous fungi were isolated from 24 (60%) cattle and 27 (33.75%) eyes. The isolated fungal genera in order of frequency were Aspergillus (44.12%), Curvularia (20.59%), Penicillium (14.7%), Pseudallescheria (14.7%), Fusarium (2.97%) and Scopulariopsis (2.97%). Isolation rate of fungi in older cattle (p=0.04) and male cattle (p=0.032) was significantly higher. This is the first report of ocular fungal flora in Iranian Holstein cattle.  Manuscript profile
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        25 - Isolation and identification of normal conjunctival fungal flora in the Persian Kurd horse
        saber Mamaghani abdollah Araghi Sooreh majid Ebrahimi Hamed mehdi fattahi hamid Akbari
           This study was conducted to identify the fungi isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Persian Kurd horses of Tabriz, north western Iran and to determine the effect of sex and age variations on the frequency of isolates. Forty horses (17 females More
           This study was conducted to identify the fungi isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Persian Kurd horses of Tabriz, north western Iran and to determine the effect of sex and age variations on the frequency of isolates. Forty horses (17 females and 23 males), aged 2-30 years, without clinical evidence of external ocular inflammation were selected and divided into two age groups (less than 10 years and over 10 years). Samples were taken from both conjunctival sacs of horses and seeded on the sabouraud dextrose agar and malt extract agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, Fisher's exact and Kendall Tau tests using SAS 9.1. Filamentous fungi and yeasts comprised 82.35% and 17.65% of total isolates, respectively. The most frequent isolate was Aspergillus species (38.82 %) followed by Penicillium spp (14.12%), Fusarium spp (8.24%), Chladosporium, Mucor and Scopulariopsis spp (5.88%), Pseudallescheria, Rhodotorula and Trichoderma spp (1.18 %). Gender had a significant effect on frequency of fungal isolation (p<0.05). Isolation of fungi decreased with increasing age but there was no significant correlation between them (p= 0.064, r= - 0.225). In conclusion, the frequency of fungal species isolated from conjunctival sac of clinically normal Kurd horses was influenced by gender. Generally, the fungal species isolated in our study are comparable with similar studies performed on horses in other regions.   Manuscript profile
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        26 - Effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Pinus eldarica on inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger in corn biomass under in vitro conditions
        بهروز Valipour Barenji رامین Salamatdoust Nobar
        This experiment was conducted as completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement (4×3) including three levels of extract and four incubation times (10, 20, 30 and 40 days) to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of pine tree leaves under in vitro More
        This experiment was conducted as completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement (4×3) including three levels of extract and four incubation times (10, 20, 30 and 40 days) to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of pine tree leaves under in vitro conditions to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus Niger on the biomass of wet corn. Pine tree leaves were collected in autumn and their extract prepared using ethanol and used at concentrations of 0, 1 and 2 percent. Mass commercial corn was purchased from the factory. Ten grams of corn were mixed with 90 ml of saline solution and stirred several times, then serially diluted and the volume of 0.1 ml was placed on the culture medium.  The samples were incubated at 25oC for one week and the growth of fungi were checked every 24 hours from the second day of incubation. The fungus colonies were counted visually. The results indicated that 1 and 2% of pine leaf extract effectively reduced the number of fungi colonies at days 10 and 20 of incubation and the growth of fungi were completely inhibited on days 30 and 40 of incubation. The results were similar for both species of fungi. According to the results, pine leaf extract at the level of 1% is recommended for inhibition of fungi growth.   Manuscript profile
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        27 - بررسی اثر پلاسمای تخلیه سد دی الکتریک تک قطبی در میکروب زدائی و کیفیت پودر سیر
        اشرف السادات حسینی سهیلا عبدی مریم مصلحی شاد
        Manuscript profile
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        28 - Isolation of Aflatoxin-producing Species Based on Detection of afl R and ver 1 Genes and Sspecies Identification by Determination of ITS Sequences in Edible Rice of Mashhad, Khorasan
        Hamed Faraji Farideh Tabatabaee Yazdi Nematollah Razmi
        10.30495/jfst.2022.1959801.1801
        Manuscript profile
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        29 - Isolation Acinetobacteria spp. from frozen food and study them effects on some pathogenic fungi
        fatemeh shahdadi sedigheh kariminejad
        In recent years, producing new antifungal drugs has been considered due to the resistance of fungal toxins and their pathogenicity. In this research, the effect of inhibitory growth of Acinetobacter isolated from frozen foods against pathogenic fungi of Aspergillus nige More
        In recent years, producing new antifungal drugs has been considered due to the resistance of fungal toxins and their pathogenicity. In this research, the effect of inhibitory growth of Acinetobacter isolated from frozen foods against pathogenic fungi of Aspergillus niger (A.niger) and A. flavus has been investigated. A total of 15 frozen food samples were collected from Jiroft city stores and tested for isolation and identification of potential Acinetobacter. A total of 28 bacterial isolates were obtained from frozen food that, from these, two isolates were identified Acinetobacter by biochemical methods. These bacteria were isolated from frozen hamburger and vegetables. The pathogenic fungi of Aspergillus niger and A. flavus were prepared from the center of the Iranian fungus and bacterial collection center. Then, the antagonistic effects of two isolates of Acinetobacter on these fungi were investigated. The results showed no inhibition of A. niger growth by two isolates of Acinetobacter isolated from frozen hamburger and vegetables, but isolates of frozen vegetables showed an inhibitory effect on A. flavus, and its inhibition zone was 11 mm. Finally, the inhibitory bacteria were selected for molecular identification. Based on the results of sequencing blast and phylogenetic tree drawing, the isolate studied was Acinetobacter baumannii. Manuscript profile
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        30 - Studying the antifungal effects of graphene nanoparticles on Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum
        Nader Habibi Maryam Aliasghari Asad Rokhzadi
        This study was conducted to study the antifungal effects of graphene nanoparticles on Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum. Different concentrations of graphene nanoparticles were investigated to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum fu More
        This study was conducted to study the antifungal effects of graphene nanoparticles on Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum. Different concentrations of graphene nanoparticles were investigated to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and inhibition zone diameter. The results showed that the concentration of graphene nanoparticle which inhibited the growth of Penicillium mold was statistically more than that of Aspergillus niger. On the other hand, there was no difference between the concentrations of MFC for these two fungi. The MIC results for Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum were 10388.9 and 10527.8 μg/ml respectively. Evaluation of the growth inhibition zone showed that up to 10500 ppm, there was no difference between the inhibition zones diameter of two microorganisms. However, with an increase in the concentration of graphene nanoparticle, the difference between the zone diameters in the two molds increased, so that the diameter of the inhibition zone of Aspergillus niger in higher nanoparticle concentrations was more than that of Penicillin citrinum. According to the results of this study it can be concluded that the effect of graphene nanoparticles on Aspergillus niger was higher than that of Penicillin citrinum. Manuscript profile
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        31 - Evaluation of anti-fungal effects of Iranian Oak Fruit Flour against Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus niger molds
        Foroud Khaledi Mehdi Hassanzadeh Roghayeh Sokoutifar
        Numerous studies have demonstrated antimicrobial properties Iranian acorn. The fruit can be used as a natural preservative to increase shelf life of food. Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus niger are mold important food spoilage, including bread, fruit and vegetables. More
        Numerous studies have demonstrated antimicrobial properties Iranian acorn. The fruit can be used as a natural preservative to increase shelf life of food. Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus niger are mold important food spoilage, including bread, fruit and vegetables. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of anti-fungal activity of Iranian acorn flour on mold Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus niger. For this purpose, sabouraud dextrose agar medium (SDA) by adding the value of 0.5 and 1 percent of flour (flour oak and wheat flour) and no flour is individually prepared. The fungal suspension containing Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus nigermolds growing on it and the results were recorded. This study showed that Aspergillus nigeris highly sensitive to the flour oak and even in the presence of 0.5 percent of it, was not able to grow and activities. But Penicillium expansum mold could well on medium containing 0.5 percent of oak flour, its growth, but with the amount of flour in medium to 1%, its growth was strongly influenced and its activity is greatly reduced in comparison with control. The results of this study indicate that Iranian oak fruit is strong anti-fungal compounds. Therefore, it can control the growth of Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus niger very well and it can be used to control food spoilage, including bakery products offered.   Manuscript profile
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        32 - Effect of Echinacea pupurea essential oil on growth and Aspergillus flavous mycotoxin production
        Arezoo Malakouti Anousheh Sharifan Alireza Basiri
        Foodborne diseases contaminated with mycotoxins are a concern for human health. The use of bioactive compounds to improve food safety and preservation has been considered to reduce the economic losses and risks of these factors. The aim of this study was to use purple c More
        Foodborne diseases contaminated with mycotoxins are a concern for human health. The use of bioactive compounds to improve food safety and preservation has been considered to reduce the economic losses and risks of these factors. The aim of this study was to use purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) essential oil as a bio preservative to control the growth of Aspergillus flavus and to prevent the production of aflatoxin B1. For this purpose, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were calculated using a disk diffusion method and then the effect of different concentrations of the essential oil on aflatoxin B1 production was evaluated. The amount of aflatoxin B1 production in the YES (yeast extract sucrose) culture media was measured by HPLC. The results of this study showed that MIC and MFC were 10000 ppm and 15000 ppm, respectively. The results of the growth inhibition zone showed that increasing concentration of the essential oil significantly (p<0.05) increased the diameter of the inhibition zone. It was also founded that aflatoxin B1 production was significantly (p<0.05) dependent on purple coneflower concentration so that by increasing of the essential oil concentration the aflatoxin production significantly (p<0.05) decreased. Accordingly, the aflatoxin B1 production by A. flavus was prevented using concentration of 15000 ppm of purple coneflower essential oil. Overall, it can be concluded that purple coneflower essential oil can control the production of aflatoxin by A. flavus to an acceptable level Manuscript profile
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        33 - Evaluation of the effect of Cuminum ciminum and Satureja hortensis nano essences on isolated Aspergillus species from fish meal produced by factories in Mazandaran Province, Iran
        Mahsa Enayati Alireza Mokhtari Mansour Bayat Afshin Mohsenifar Reza Khansari
        Abstract The fungi producing mycotoxins reduce production of agricultural crops and cause irreparable loses to public health. Aspergillus is one of the most important fungi in the environment being capable to grow in nearly all compounds and organic materials and their More
        Abstract The fungi producing mycotoxins reduce production of agricultural crops and cause irreparable loses to public health. Aspergillus is one of the most important fungi in the environment being capable to grow in nearly all compounds and organic materials and their conidia are substantially scattered in the water, soil and air. Cuminum ciminum and Satureja hortensis are Iranian herbal medicines having many therapeutic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Cuminum and Satureja nano essences on Aspergillus species isolated from fish meal produced by factories in Mazandaran Province. Twelve Aspergillus species isolated from 89 fish meal samples and inhibitory effect of Cuminum and Satureja nano essences were evaluated by micro dilution. The highest and least numbers were related to Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus nidulance, respectively. The MIC and MFC foe different species was in the range of 1.56-6.25 and 3.12-25 μg ml-1. The results revealed the high effectiveness of the nano essence on Aspergillus species. Manuscript profile
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        34 - بهینه سازی تولید آلیزارین توسط محرک های زیستی مختلف در گیاه روناس با روش تحریک-اینفیلتراسیون
        سونا اعیادی طیبه سلیمانی
        مقدمه و هدف: روناس با نام علمی Rubia tinctorum، یکی از شناخته شده‌ترین گیاهان دارویی هست که آلیزارین و دیگر آنتراکینون‌ها که مواد رنگی مهمی با اثرات دارویی هستند، از آن استخراج می‌شوند. هدف از این تحقیق بهینه‌سازی و افزایش تولید آلیزارین در گیاه کامل روناس با القای محرک More
        مقدمه و هدف: روناس با نام علمی Rubia tinctorum، یکی از شناخته شده‌ترین گیاهان دارویی هست که آلیزارین و دیگر آنتراکینون‌ها که مواد رنگی مهمی با اثرات دارویی هستند، از آن استخراج می‌شوند. هدف از این تحقیق بهینه‌سازی و افزایش تولید آلیزارین در گیاه کامل روناس با القای محرک‌های زیستی می‌باشد. روش تحقیق: جهت افزایش تولید آلیزارین، محرک‌های باکتریایی (استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس و باسیلوس اورئوس در غلظت-های نیم و یک مک فارلند) قارچی ( فوزاریوم اگزوسپوریوم و آسپرژیلوس فومیگاتوس در غلظت‌های mg total sugar/mL 2/0 و 4/0) به گیاه کامل روناس به طور مستقیم با استفاده از سوزن‌های بسیار نازک انسولین می‌باشد، تزریق شد که این روش elicitation-infiltration نام دارد. سپس مقدار آلیزارین این نمونه‌ها با استفاده از روش استاندارد افزایشی توسط روش UV-Visible مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج و بحث: استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس (1 مک فارلند) موثرترین محرک در افزایش زیست توده بود. علاوه بر این، در بین محرک‌های قارچی، آسپرژیلوس فومیگاتوس با غلظت mg total sugar/mL 4/0 مهم‌ترین کمک را در افزایش زیست توده آشکار کرد. به کارگیری محرک‌های باکتریایی افزایش محسوسی را در مقدار آلیزارین در همه غلظت‌ها ایجاد کرد. بیشترین افزایش (5 برابری) را نیم مک فارلند باسیلوس سرئوس داشته است. علاوه بر این، فوزاریوم اگزوسپوریوم نتایج برجسته-ای را در افزایش تولید آلیزارین از خود نشان داده است. توصیه کاربردی صنعتی: طبق اطلاعات به دست آمده، کاربرد روش elicitation-infiltration برای افزایش تولید آلیزارین برای اولین بار مورد استفاده قرار گرفته شده است و طبق نتایج ، این روش می تواند روش موثری برای بررسی های بیشتر در مورد بهینه سازی تولید متابولیت های ثانویه در گیاهان دیگر نیز به کار گرفته شود. Manuscript profile
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        35 - تأثیر تعدادی از عصاره های گیاهی بر روی رشد دو گونه از قارچ آسپرژیلوس
        سیما یحیی آبادی الناز زیبانژاد منیر دودی
        مقدمه و هدف: در سال های اخیر استفاده از فرآورده های گیاهی در ممانعت عوامل بیماری­زا از جمله ویروس­ها، باکتری­ها، قارچ ها و انگل ها به­طور گسترده مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. برخی از قارچ ها از جمله عوامل بیماری­زا هستند که می­توانند در انسان، جانورا More
        مقدمه و هدف: در سال های اخیر استفاده از فرآورده های گیاهی در ممانعت عوامل بیماری­زا از جمله ویروس­ها، باکتری­ها، قارچ ها و انگل ها به­طور گسترده مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. برخی از قارچ ها از جمله عوامل بیماری­زا هستند که می­توانند در انسان، جانوران و گیاهان مختلف ایجاد اختلال نمایند. عصاره های گیاهی از جمله موادی هستند که به عنوان فرآورده های ضد قارچی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته اند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثرات ضد قارچی عصاره های آبی  شوید (Anethum graveolens)، آویشن (Thymus vulgaris)، گشنیز (Coriandrum sativum) و گل محمدی (Rosa damascena) برروی سویه های استاندارد و جداسازی شده­ی ( آسپرژیلوس فلاووس) و ( آسپرژیلوس فومیگاتوس) است. روش تحقیق: از روش چاهک جهت بررسی ممانعت از رشد عصاره های گیاهی استفاده شد و هاله ی عدم رشد غلظت های مختلف عصاره ها به طور جداگانه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. حداقل غلظت مهارکنندگی رشد قارچ ها (MIC) به روش رقت سازی تعیین شد و در نهایت اثرات عصاره های آبی گیاهان نام­برده با اثرات نیستاتین مقایسه گردید. نتایج و بحث: نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که در مورد آسپرژیلوس فلاووس استاندارد (PTCC 5006 )، نیستاتین، عصاره های آبی شوید، آویشن و گشنیز به میزان برابر و در نهایت گل محمدی دارای بیشترین اثرات ضد قارچی بودند. در مورد سویه ی جداسازی شده­ی این قارچ از محیط، نیستاتین، عصاره های آبی آویشن، گشنیز و سپس عصاره ی آبی شوید و در نهایت گل محمدی بیشترین اثرات ضد قارچی را داشتند. در مورد آسپرژیلوس فومیگاتوس استاندارد (PTCC 5009)، موثرترین ترکیبات ضد قارچی بررسی شده به ترتیب شامل نیستاتین، عصاره های آبی شوید، آویشن، گل محمدی و گشنیز بودند. در مورد سویه ی جداسازی شده ی این قارچ، موثرترین ترکیبات ضد قارچی به ترتیب شامل نیستاتین، عصاره های آبی شوید، آویشن، گشنیز و در نهایت گل محمدی بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که در تمامی موارد عصاره ها موجب کاهش رشد کلنی قارچ ها گردید که در این میان با افزایش غلظت عصاره های آبی شوید، آویشن، گشنیز و گل محمدی این اثر افزایش می یابد. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: با اثبات اثر بخش بودن عصاره های آبی برگ گیاهان شوید، آویشن، گشنیز و گل گیاه گل محمدی بر روی رشد دو گونه از قارچ آسپرژیلوس شامل آسپرژیلوس  فلاووس و آسپرژیلوس  فومیگاتوس،  می توان امیدوار بود که بتوان در آینده با تخلیص ماده ی موثر گیاهان فوق و انجام تحقیقات بیشتر، به تولید صنعتی ترکیبی با اثرات ضد قارچی قابل قبول و عوارض جانبی کم برای درمان عفونت های قارچی دست یافت. Manuscript profile
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        36 - اثر مکمل جیره‌ای آسپرژیلوس زایلاناز روی عملکرد جوجه‌های گوشتی
        سی.ای. اُییگو وی. ملامبو وی. موچنج یو. ماروم
        اثر مکمل آسپرژیلوس زایلاناز (ASXYL) در جیره‌های غذایی ذرت سویا روی آسپارتات آمینوترانسفراز سرم، آلانین آمینوترانسفراز سرم، تست میکوبی، صفات رشد، خصوصیات لاشه و صفات کیفیت گوشت جوجه‌های گوشتی بررسی شد. 300 جوجه گوشتی یکروزه جنس مختلط Cobb 500 به 5 جیره‌ غذایی با 5 تکرار More
        اثر مکمل آسپرژیلوس زایلاناز (ASXYL) در جیره‌های غذایی ذرت سویا روی آسپارتات آمینوترانسفراز سرم، آلانین آمینوترانسفراز سرم، تست میکوبی، صفات رشد، خصوصیات لاشه و صفات کیفیت گوشت جوجه‌های گوشتی بررسی شد. 300 جوجه گوشتی یکروزه جنس مختلط Cobb 500 به 5 جیره‌ غذایی با 5 تکرار هرکدام 12 پرنده اختصاص یافت. تیمارها شامل، ASXYL0 (0 g/kg)، ASXYL10 (1 g/kg)، ASXYL15 (1.5g/kg)، ASXYL20 (2g/kg) و ASXYL25 (2.5 g/kg) بودند. پرنده‌های تغذیه شده با ASXYL20 بیشترین وزن بدن (05/0P<) با ضریب تبدیل بهبود یافته (FCR) و مقادیر بالاتری برای ران، سینه، بال و عملکرد لاشه داشتند. وزن گردن برای پرندگان تغذیه شده با ASXYL0، ASXYL15 و ASXYL20 بالا بود (05/0P<). مقدار ران مرغ رکورد برداری شده بالاتر (05/0P<) برای پرندگان تغذیه شده با ASXYL20 اگرچه، مشابه با ASXYL10، ASXYL15 و ASXYL25. از دست دادن آب میان بافتی و کیفیت پخت و پز با افزایش سطوح مکمل ASXY کاهش داشت (05/0P<) اگرچه نیروی برشی همراه با افزایش مکمل ASXYL افزایش داشت. اوره، آسپارتات آمینوترانسفراز و آلانین ترانسفراز با افزایش سطوح مکمل ASXYL کاهش داشت اگرچه سطح گلوکز با افزایش سطوح مکمل ASXYL افزایش داشت. مکمل ASXYL تکثر شمار لاکتوباسیلوس‌ها در ایلئوم و سکوم را تحت تأثیر قرار داد اگرچه هیچ تفاوتی (05/0<P) روی جمعیت بیفیدوباکتریا و اشرشیاکلی هم در ایلئوم هم در سکوم جوجه‌های گوشتی در پایان آزمایش تغذیه‌ای مشاهده نشد. نتیجه گرفته شده که جیره ASXYL20 وزن بدن بهبود یافته بیشتر و مقادیر برشی جزئی تولید می‌کند. به‌علاوه، نشان‌گرهای زیستی نشان دادند که ASXYL وضعیت سلامتی جوجه‌های گوشتی را بهبود داده و آنزیم آزمون شده بر محیط روده تأثیر مثبت گذاشت. Manuscript profile
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        37 - The Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizer Managing on Morphological Traits and Yield of Corn (Zea mays L.) in Ramhormoz- Iran
        Shahin Akbari Mahroo Mojtabaie Zamani
            In order to evaluate the effect of integrated application of the combined chemical -farmyard manure and bio-fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn (S.C.703), in summer 2016, an experiment was conducted as split plot in randomized complete bo More
            In order to evaluate the effect of integrated application of the combined chemical -farmyard manure and bio-fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn (S.C.703), in summer 2016, an experiment was conducted as split plot in randomized complete bock design with three replications in Ramhormoz - Iran. The main plots were consisting of four levels of chemical fertilizer (100, 50 and 25% of recommended NPK and no chemical fertilizer application (use of farmyard manure), and sub plots were consisting of three levels (no-inoculation; inoculation of seeds with biofertilizers containing growth-promoting bacteria and phosphate and potassium Solubilizing Bacteria (Azeto Barvar+Phosphate Barvar+Peta Barvar); seed inoculation with biofertilizers containing bacteria+Aspergillus fungus). The highest grain yield belonged to the 100% NPK, but between the two levels of 100 and 50% NPK consumption in terms of plant leaf number, ear length, ear diameter, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row and 1000-grain weight there was no significance difference. Grain yield and yield components were affected by biofertilizer application and there was no significant difference between the two levels of seed inoculation with biofertilizers containing bacteria and seed inoculation with biofertilizers containing bacteria+Aspergillus. In case of non-inoculation of seeds, with 50% reduction of NPK consumption, grain yield decreased by about 24%. However, by inoculation of seeds with biofertilizers containing bacteria and 50% reduction of NPK consumption, grain yield compared to 100% NPK consumption without inoculation Seeds was decreased about 12%. Therefore, co-inoculation of seeds with Azeto Barvar, Phosphate Barvar and Peta Barvar biofertilizers in combination with 50% of the recommended consumption of NPK chemical fertilizer is considered suitable for corn cultivation in Ramhormoz region due to reducing the cost of chemical inputs and preventing environmental pollution Manuscript profile
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        38 - Comparison of the effect of watery and alcoholic Celery ( Apium graveolens) extraction on the growth of Aspergillus flavus,Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans : in vitro
        robab ebrahimibarough seyed jamal hashemi roshanak daei Sadegh Khodavisi peghah ardi shima parsay
        Nowadays, a large number of antifungal drugs are produced in the world, but the main issue of drug resistance to these treatments is BASHDV, therefore, new findings or materials that have antifungal effect have always been considered for researchers in different fields. More
        Nowadays, a large number of antifungal drugs are produced in the world, but the main issue of drug resistance to these treatments is BASHDV, therefore, new findings or materials that have antifungal effect have always been considered for researchers in different fields.Therefore, this study the antifungal effects of celery extract on the yeast fungi of Candida albicans, Dermatophyte (Trichophyton rubrum) and sproblons (Aspergillus flavus) have been investigated in laboratory conditions. In this experimental study, watey and alcoholic extracts of celery were prepared by maceration method.Antifungal activity of alcoholic and watery extract of the celery plant was evaluated using application diffusion in disk and well diffusion for 3 types of Aspergillus flavus, Trichophyton, and Candida albicans with three replications. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MFC) by Microdilishin method were determined. The results were analyzed using one-way anova. The results showed that the alcoholic extract of the celery plant in comparison with the watery extract has a more inhibitory effect on the laboratory conditions. As a result, the alcoholic extract of the celery plant has a greater antifungal effect. Manuscript profile
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        39 - Macroscopic and microscopic study of antifungal effects of alkaloids, phenol and essential oil of Fumaria vaillantii on Aspergillus flavus and A. niger
        Monir Mohseni Azra Ataei Azimi Babak Delnavaz Hashemloian Mozhgane Farzami sepehr
        10.30495/jdb.2021.686357
        Fumaria vaillantii belongs to the Fumariaceae family, is a plant rich in secondary compounds with medicinal effects. Alkaloids, phenols and essential oil were extracted to measure antifungal activity. Crude extract with ethanol was obtained from plant shoots. Crude extr More
        Fumaria vaillantii belongs to the Fumariaceae family, is a plant rich in secondary compounds with medicinal effects. Alkaloids, phenols and essential oil were extracted to measure antifungal activity. Crude extract with ethanol was obtained from plant shoots. Crude extract was used to separate the alkaloid and phenol fractions. Alkaloids were extracted in four fractions. The essential oil was extracted with a Clevenger apparatus. Aspergillus flavus and A. niger were prepared from Pasture Institute in Iran. Aspergillus specimens (disc diameter 5 mm) were cultured in the potato dextrose agar media with different amounts of phenolic, alkaloid and essential oil extracts. Aspergillus hyphae were studied under control and after treatment with phenolic, alkaloid and essential oil extracts by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anti- Aspergillus effects of the phenolic, alkaloid and essential oil extracts of F. vaillantii against A. flavus, and A. niger were severe. Two concentrations of all three extracts inhibited fungal growth. The results of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that the F. vaillantii extracts affected on the fungus cell structure. They cause thinning and breaking of walls, plasmolysis and vesiculation of cells of some filaments, inhibiting the growth and induction of fungal death. Phenolic, alkaloid extracts and essential oils of F. vaillantii had similar antifungal activity on both species of Aspergillus. F. vaillantii, is a plant rich in phenolic compounds, alkaloids and essential oils with antifungal effects. Manuscript profile
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        40 - Biocontrol activity optimization of low-fermenting yeast isolates against Aspergillus niger to remove toxin from grape juice
        Arash Babaei Mohsen Duzbakhshan Hadis Tavafi
        Background & Objectives: Grapes infected with Aspergillus can produce ochratoxin A (OTA) in the processing of beverages such as wine or grape juice. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal biological potential of two low-fermenting native yeast isolates (A01 G01 More
        Background & Objectives: Grapes infected with Aspergillus can produce ochratoxin A (OTA) in the processing of beverages such as wine or grape juice. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal biological potential of two low-fermenting native yeast isolates (A01 G01) and three standards (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida guilliermondii, Metschnikowia agaves) yeast isolates against Aspergillus niger and their ability to remove OTA in grape juice and its products, without any considerable alcohol production during the process. Material & Methods: Two native yeast isolates (A01 and G01) were obtained from Malayer apples and grapes, respectively, and inoculated on the PDA culture medium. Native isolates were identified by sequencing D1 and D2 and ITS 1 and ITS2 regions of the ribosomal DNA gene.Results: The results of DNA sequencing identified both native isolates as Saccharomyces. All strains showed a significant ability in inhibition of A. niger growth both on grape berries and in culture media. Meanwhile, yeast isolates produced a trace amount of alcohol.Conclusion: Biological control of A. niger and OTA-decontamination using yeast is proposed as an approach to meet the Islamic dietary laws regarding the absence of alcohol in halal beverages. Manuscript profile
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        41 - Comparison and optimization of antioxidant compounds produced by autochthonous and allochthonous Aspergillus strains
        Fatemeh Moshki Nafiseh Sadat Naghavi Masoud Fouladgar
        Background & Objectives: Antioxidants reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and stroke and prevent the development of cancer by neutralizing free radicals. The present study aimed to produce and optimize the production of antioxidant compounds by Aspergillus s More
        Background & Objectives: Antioxidants reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and stroke and prevent the development of cancer by neutralizing free radicals. The present study aimed to produce and optimize the production of antioxidant compounds by Aspergillus strains.Materials & Methods: Fungi samples were collected from different regions of Isfahan province or obtained from the Persian Type Culture Collection. Purified fungi samples were inoculated to the Czapek medium to produce antioxidant compounds. Screening and comparison of antioxidant properties of the selected strains were carried out using four assays including free DPPH (Diphenyl pycryle-Hydrazyl) radical reduction, iron radical recovery, and total phenol content and flavonoid content assays. Fungi antioxidant activity was optimized in terms of pH, temperature, and type of carbon and nitrogen sources by single factor and detailed factorial (Taguchi) designed experiments.Results: The highest antioxidant activity was observed in Aspergillus niger isolated from the soil of the Iron melting factory and the highest amount of flavonoid content was shown by Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from greenhouse soil. DPPH radical reduction rate by Aspergillus niger was 89.9% in the optimum condition (pH 6, the temperature of 25°C, sucrose as carbon source and potassium nitrate as nitrogen source). Optimization by Taguchi designed experiments resulted in a 10-15 percent increase in antioxidant compounds production.Conclusion: Autochthonous isolated fungi had high potential to produce antioxidant compounds and can be proposed to related industries. Manuscript profile
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        42 - Simulation of the production process of Aspergillus niger single cell protein base on un-structured kinetic models
        Fatemeh Ardestani Roxana Kasebkar
        Background & Objectives: Design of the production of single cell proteins depends on definition of the growth template of the producer microorganisms. This study was aimed to evaluate the production of Aspergillus niger single cell protein and simulation of cell bio More
        Background & Objectives: Design of the production of single cell proteins depends on definition of the growth template of the producer microorganisms. This study was aimed to evaluate the production of Aspergillus niger single cell protein and simulation of cell biomass production based on several un-structured models. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, the fermentative process of single cell protein production was conducted in batch submerged culture with optimum culture medium formulation at 250C, pH 6 and 300 rpm for 200 h in an incubator shaker. At the end of process, the content of shaker flasks was used to analysis glucose concentration, cell dry weight and protein content in cell biomass.  Results: The result simulation by Monod, Moser and Logistic models showed 92% 63% and 83% similarity, respectively. Increase in the pH from 3.5 to 6 caused 71% enhancement in protein content in cell biomass. However, pH more than 6 led to decrease in the cell biomass protein content and this values reached to 29% a pH 7. Increases in the initial glucose concentration from 10 to 50 g. L-1 did not show considerable effects on the cell biomass protein content. Cell biomass protein content of the media containing 50 g. L-1 initial glucose was only 5.67% more than the medium contained of 10 g. L-1 initial glucose. Conclusion: The Monod kinetic model was proposed as a suitable model to simulate A. niger behaviour. Furthermore, pH of the media affects cell biomass protein content. However, initial glucose concentration in the media did not show significant effects on the cell biomass protein content. Manuscript profile
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        43 - Assessment of antifungal activity of Rosemary oil extract and its effect on AFL1 gene expression in Aspergillus flavus by Real-Time PCR
        Mojtaba Mohammadi Seyyed Jamal Hashemi Sasan Rezaei Mansour Bayat
        Background & Objectives: Rosemary is a very important medicinal herb which its effect on toxin-causing and pathogenic fungi is not studied very well. This study was aimed to investigate the antifungal effect of the extract of Rosemary extract on various fungal group More
        Background & Objectives: Rosemary is a very important medicinal herb which its effect on toxin-causing and pathogenic fungi is not studied very well. This study was aimed to investigate the antifungal effect of the extract of Rosemary extract on various fungal groups including Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccussom, Trichophyton verrucosum and its effect on AFL1 gene expression in A. flavus using real-time PCR method. Achieving an effective herbal medicine can be significant due to the limited amount of antifungal drugs and the prevalence of antifungal drug resistance.   Materials & Methods: First of all A. flavus and C. albicans were cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) media and T. verrucosum and E. floccosum were cultured on Mycocell agar media with 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard. Antifungal property of the rosemary extract was investigated using disk diffusion test. Then, the effective Rosemary extract concentration was evaluated using 10 standard tubes and sabouraud dextrose broth. Finally, the effect of Rosemary extract on AFL1 gene expression was examined.   Results: Our results indicated that Rosemary extract has an inhibitory effect on various types of fungi so that the mean diameter of the inhibition zone was measured as about 16 to 18 mm. The effective MCI for C. albicans was observed as approximately 4 to 6 mg / L, for A. flavus as 3 to 5 mg /L and for E. floccosum and T. verrucosum as 4 to 6 mg /L. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the inhibitory effect of Rosemary extracts on aflatoxin- producing  AFL1 gene expression at the molecular level, very well.   Conclusion: The extract of Rosemary can have a considerable inhibitory effect on fungal growth,  AFL1 gene expression and aflatoxin production in A. flavus.   Manuscript profile
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        44 - Biodegradation of high-molecular-weight aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons by Aspergillus calidoustus
        Hassan Ghorbannezhad Hamid Moghimi Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Dastgheib
        Background & Objectives: It is now realized that fungi, specifically molds, have the potential to eliminate a variety of compounds, especially toxic and heavy hydrocarbons. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of native mold isolates in biodegradatio More
        Background & Objectives: It is now realized that fungi, specifically molds, have the potential to eliminate a variety of compounds, especially toxic and heavy hydrocarbons. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of native mold isolates in biodegradation of petroleum pollutants and also the effect of surface active compounds on the removal efficiency. Material & Methods: Plenty of mold strains were isolated from an oil-contaminated area in Sarkhoon area of Hormozgan state. The capability of these isolates in petroleum biodegradation was studied in a salt-based medium containing one percent crude oil. The superior strain was selected and characterized by Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequencing analysis. Biodegradation rate of 500 ppm pyrene (heavy aromatic hydrocarbons) and 1% tetracosane (heavy aliphatic hydrocarbons) by selected strain was investigated. Finally, biodegradation rate of these pollutants in the presence of rhamnolipid (0.01%) and tween 80 (0.2%) was studied. Results: Among 40 different fungal isolates of this study, the F11 strain was selected as the superior one, base on crude oil biodegradation rate. The molecular identification showed 99.52% similarity of F11 strain to Aspergillus calidoustus. In 21 days, A. calidoustus could degrade crude oil, pyrene, and tetracosane about 54.59%, 51.43%, and 58.84%, respectively. Furthermore, crude oil, tetracosane, and pyrene biodegradation were increased to 70.97%, 79.44%, and 62.77%  in the presence of rhamnolipid and to 66.78%, 74.74%, and 60.16%, in the presence of tween 80, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, A. calidoustus has a great ability in biodegradation of heavy hydrocarbons. Also, it was shown that surfactants can increase the rate of hydrocarbons degradation, with much effect on aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as tetracosane, than aromatic compounds like pyrene. Manuscript profile
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        45 - Kinetic study of starch enzymatic hydrolysis by Aspergillus niger and ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
        Masoud Hatami-manesh Mousa Nazari
        Background & Objectives: The use of biological processes and optimizing them in order to produce biofuels such as ethanol is very important due to economic and environmental issues. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the kinetic model of starch enzym More
        Background & Objectives: The use of biological processes and optimizing them in order to produce biofuels such as ethanol is very important due to economic and environmental issues. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the kinetic model of starch enzymatic hydrolysis by Aspergillus niger and ethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Materials & Methods: The study was performed on a laboratory scale. The effect of different parameters such as pH and temperature on starch enzyme hydrolysis by A. niger was investigated. Also, the Michaelis-Menten’s model was used to assess the Kinetic model of the enzymatic hydrolysis process. In order to produce ethanol from the hydrolyzed starch, S. cerevisiae (yeast) was used at the temperature of 25 °C and pH of 4.5.Results: The results showed that the pH of 5 and the temperature of 35 °C have the highest effect on glucose production by A. niger. In addition, assessment of the kinetics and the constants of the model measured Vmax and Km as 10.41 and 73.23, respectively. Comparison between the experimental data and those predicted from the rate model indicated good agreement (R2= 0.93). The results of ethanol production by S. cerevisiae on hydrolyzed medium with glucose initial concentration of 32 g/l showed the maximum ethanol production and cell dry weight as 10.04 g/l  and 3.08 g/l, respectively.Conclusion: According to the results of this study Michaelis–Menten kinetics model is able to predict enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. Furthermore, hydrolyzed starch can be used as an appropriate substrate for ethanol production. Manuscript profile
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        46 - Optimization of citric acid production by Aspergillus niger in the presence and absence of SR63
        Sayyid Rasool Tayyeb Mohammad Mahdi Motaghi Babak Kheirkhah
        Background & Objectives: Citric acid is one of the most important organic acid, which is used wildly in different industries, and this demand has been growing every year. This study was aimed to investigate the optimal conditions for the production of citric acid by More
        Background & Objectives: Citric acid is one of the most important organic acid, which is used wildly in different industries, and this demand has been growing every year. This study was aimed to investigate the optimal conditions for the production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger in the presence and absence of SR63. Materials & Methods: In this study, we used different environmental samples such as air, soil, water and leaves to isolate the fungus. Colonies with the ability to growth on czapek dox agar medium were screened. To increase the production efficiency, SR63 was added to fermentation liquid medium. Also, optimising of fermentation condition, temperature of medium and time of fermentation were examined. Result: Overall, 10 colonies were isolated from different environment, which one of them had the best citric acid production ability in compare to the others. The best result was achieved in 30°c for 6 days into a medium with 0.0125g/L SR63 at pH 5. Conclusion: Regarding the results, SR63 could increase the production of citric acid by inhibition of overgrowth of A. niger fungal thread. Manuscript profile
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        47 - Evaluation of activity and stability of laccase produced by native Aspergillus strain isolated from olive oil waste
        Fatemeh Kheirollahi Masoumeh Anvari mahdi Shahriarinour shahab Shariati
        10.30495/jmw.2021.690453
        Background & Objectives: Laccases are enzymes that belong to the group of oxidases that have different applications in various industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity and stability of the laccase enzyme produced by a native Aspergillus spp. is More
        Background & Objectives: Laccases are enzymes that belong to the group of oxidases that have different applications in various industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity and stability of the laccase enzyme produced by a native Aspergillus spp. isolated from olive oil waste. High inducer phenolic compounds content of these wastes is main reason of their selection as substrate.  Materials & Methods: In this study, 12 different fungal strains were isolated from olive oil wastes and the best strains with the highest enzyme activity was selected as the best strain and was     identified based on phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Enzyme purification was           performed using dialysis and zymographic analysis methods. Finally, the effect of various       physic-chemical factors such as incubation time (6-216 h), temperature (20-40 C) and pH (5, 6, 7 and 8) on the enzyme stability and activity was evaluated. Results: The results showed that the best productive strain belongs to the genus Aspergillus spp. The highest enzyme activity was observed at 30 °C (1.57 IU/ml), pH = 6 (1.86 IU/ml) and after 6 days (1.53 IU/ml). Stability studies showed that the enzyme activity was stable for 6 minutes at  30-35 °C and pH = 6-7 and about 90% of the enzyme activity was maintained under the above conditions. Conclusion: The laccase enzyme with significant activity and stability produced by a native strain of Aspergillus spp. isolated from olive oil waste due to its high activity and stability can be an  acceptable candidate for industrial use.   Manuscript profile
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        48 - Relationship between aflO and aflQ gene expression with aflatoxin B1 by Aspergillus species isolated from animal feed
        Nooshin Sohrabi Morteza Taghizadeh
        10.30495/jmw.2023.1979612.2052
        Background & Objectives: Aflatoxins are produced as toxic secondary metabolites by some  Aspergillus species. Since these fungal species can contaminate food and animal feed, microbial contamination monitoring and control is important. In the current study, the More
        Background & Objectives: Aflatoxins are produced as toxic secondary metabolites by some  Aspergillus species. Since these fungal species can contaminate food and animal feed, microbial contamination monitoring and control is important. In the current study, the correlation between expression of two aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes aflO and aflQ and was investigated. Materials & Methods: Sixty-seven different isolates of aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus species selected and the presence. expression of aflO and aflQ gene sequences were assayed by PCR and quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR methods, respectively. In addition, the amount of aflatoxin B1 by high-performance reverse chromatography (RP-HPLC) using a fluorescent detector. Results: Forthy one, out of 67 isolated species had both aflO and aflQ genes. Seventeen samples out of 26 (65%) had aflatoxin B1 levels higher than 5 ng/g and 6 samples (23%) produced high levels of this toxin (more than 100 ng / g) as well. Conclusion: Considering the relative correlation between the expression of selected aflatoxin genes and AFB1 produced in feedstuffs, it seems that the investigation of other aflatoxin-producing genes can lead to a better correlation and complete the results of this study.   Manuscript profile
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        49 - Identification and optimization of fungal pectinase isolated in screening stage for fruit juice industry
        Azam Nouri Goushki Mohammad Kargar Javid Amini Mohammad Mehdi Motaghi
        Background & Objectives: Pectinolytic enzymes or pectinases are a heterogeneous group of related enzymes that hydrolyze the pectic substances. The main industrial application of pectinases is the extraction and clarification of fruit and vegetable juices. The aim of More
        Background & Objectives: Pectinolytic enzymes or pectinases are a heterogeneous group of related enzymes that hydrolyze the pectic substances. The main industrial application of pectinases is the extraction and clarification of fruit and vegetable juices. The aim of this present study was identification and optimization of fungal pectinase isolated in screening stage for fruit juice industry.                                                                                                              Materials & Methods: This study was performed on 50 samples of apple in decay, soil and juice concentrate factories wastewater that isolated from different provinces of Iran, periodic random. First, isolated fungi were investigated from enzyme activity by measuring the clear zone on pectin medium and enzyme production in submerged medium containing pulp and pectin apple as the sole carbon sources. The best strain was selected for enzyme activity. Then, were studied kinetic various factors of pectinase. Results: 80 fungal were isolated from these sources that 13 of these fungi were positive pectinase activity with creation a clear zone around the colonies. The pectinase activity of the 13 (%16) isolates was assayed using apple pomace and pectin as the sole carbon sources in submerged culture fermentation. The most pectinase activity (0.4 U/ml) was related to the Aspergillus niger AN64 that was identified by morphological characterization. Giving the highest enzyme production rate in 72h. optimum temperate and PH for pectinase activity and stability were 30° C, pH 5. Temperature (20-50) and pH (3-7) ranges were obtained for pectinase stability. Ag1+ , Mg2+, Mn2+ and surface active detergents such as ammonium sulphate, yeast extract, EDTA and citric acid enhanced the pectinase activity. Conclusion: This strain of A. niger AN64 can be used in fruit juice industry because tolerance in a wide range of the acidic pH and various temperatures. Manuscript profile
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        50 - Evaluation the Antifungal Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Petroselinum crispum, Acimum basilicum, Anethum graveolens, Mentha viridis on Aspergillus parasiticus
        Fatemeh Noorbakhsh Sassan Rezaie Marjan Arab
        Background and objective: In this study, the antifungal effects of the extracted oil of Petroselinum crispum, Acimum basilicum, Anethum graveolens, Mentha viridis on Aspergilus parasiticus ATCC 15517 was evaluated. Also, the chemical compositions of the vegetables were More
        Background and objective: In this study, the antifungal effects of the extracted oil of Petroselinum crispum, Acimum basilicum, Anethum graveolens, Mentha viridis on Aspergilus parasiticus ATCC 15517 was evaluated. Also, the chemical compositions of the vegetables were determined.  Materials and methods: The essential oils were obtained using hydrodestillation of  dried plant material. Their compositions and Minimum inhibitory concenteration (MIC) were determined by GC-MS and serial dilution method, respectively. Results: The main component of the essential oils was detected as follow: Mentha viridis: Benzen bromophenoxy-methyl dimethyl, Acimum basilicum: Ethyldecaborane, Anethum graveolens:Decarbadecaborane- dimethyl and Petroselinum crispum: Methyl anthracene. Minimum Inhibitory concenteration of the essential oils determined by serial dilution method. MIC for Mentha viridis, Anethum graveolens, Acimum basilicum, Petroselinum crispum were 1.5,1.5,3 and 4 µl/ml, respectively. The antifungal power of assayed essential oils was different, depending on their concentration. This effect in Mentha viridis and Anethum graveolens was identical and stronger than two others.  Conclusion: These results indicate that the mentioned essential oils had great antifungal activities and could be used as preservatives and fungicides in food in order to preventing of food pollution. Manuscript profile
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        51 - Evaluation and identification of allergenic bands caused by A. alternata, P. citrinum and A. fumigatus in the asthmatic patients using immunoblotting approaches
        Azar Sabokbar Amir Bakhtiari Mojgan Saghazadeh
        Background & Objectives: Several studies have shown that fungi can cause allergenic asthma in the susceptible persons. Among these fungi, Alternaria, Penicillium and Aspergillus species are more common in this cases. This study was performed to detect and to compare More
        Background & Objectives: Several studies have shown that fungi can cause allergenic asthma in the susceptible persons. Among these fungi, Alternaria, Penicillium and Aspergillus species are more common in this cases. This study was performed to detect and to compare allergenic bands in A.alternata, P.citrinum and A.fumigatus. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 48 patients afflicted to asthma and 22 healthy controls. The fungi were grown and their extract crude were obtained using the liquid nitrogen. The protein fractions were isolated by SDS-PAGE and after electrotransfering and transfer of the bands into the nitrocellulose membrane, the proteins were used for immunoblotting against the sera obtained from patients and controls. Results: Based on the immunobloting test, 6 protein allergenic bands for A. alternata (49-115 kDa), 4 protein bands for A. fumigatus (57-112 kDa) and 5 protein bands for P. citrinum (37-127 kDa) are detected in these samples. Conclusion: The highest amount of allergic band belonged to A. alternate. The bands with higher molecular weights were more effective in stimulation of IgE. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        52 - Comparison the level of Aflatoxin in different varieties of internal and imported rice in different collection seasons and effect of cooking methods on the level of toxins
        Mahmood Najafian
        Background and Objectives: Nowadays, rice is the foodstuff for half the populations, worldwide. Rice is exposed to fungal and aflatoxin contaminations like other cereal. This study was aimed to investigate and to compare the amount of aflatoxin in rice samples in Rasht More
        Background and Objectives: Nowadays, rice is the foodstuff for half the populations, worldwide. Rice is exposed to fungal and aflatoxin contaminations like other cereal. This study was aimed to investigate and to compare the amount of aflatoxin in rice samples in Rasht city and effects of cooking on the level of toxin. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 72 samples of consumed rice from domestic and imported productions bought from six stores in Rasht city in both summer and winter. At first aflatoxin was extracted using 80% methanol in three different types of samples including raw, boiled and water cooked. Then aflatoxin content was determined in each sample using the ELISA technique. Results: Domestic samples were less contaminated than imported ones. Samples collected in the summer were less contaminated than winter. Also, in all cases, the cooked rice was less contaminated than seen in raw rice. This reduction rate of contamination was more effective in cooked water rice than in boiled. Conclusion: The results showed that all rice was contaminated in different levels. Therefore the needs for constant control and supervision over the contamination of rice must be considered. Since the contamination rate of imported rice was more than domestic one, for the purpose of reduction imported rice, the basic steps in order to increase domestic production of rice should be supported. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        53 - Fungal profile of the normal ocular microflora in Kurd horse
        Abdullah Araghi-Sooreh saber mameghani
        Knowledge of resident fungal species on the normal ocular surface may influence selection of antifungal agents for the treatment of keratomycosis. In this study conjunctival fungal flora of 40 Kurd horses with normal eyes (n = 80) from Tabriz was identified using horses More
        Knowledge of resident fungal species on the normal ocular surface may influence selection of antifungal agents for the treatment of keratomycosis. In this study conjunctival fungal flora of 40 Kurd horses with normal eyes (n = 80) from Tabriz was identified using horses of both genders and aged 2-30 years old. Samples were taken from the lower conjunctival sac of both eyes with a dry cotton swab, seeded in Sabouraud's dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, and incubated at 25 °C for 21 days. Thirty-one (77.5%) horses and 49 (61.25%) eyes were culture positive. The most commonly isolated fungi were Aspergillus species (38.82 %). Other isolates in order of frequency were Candida spp, Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp, Cladosporium spp, Mucor spp, Scopulariopsis spp, Pseudallescheria sp, Rhodotorula sp, and Trichoderma sp. Yeast genera represented 18.82% of the total isolates. Sex of horse had significant effect on the frequency of certain fungi. Fungal contamination of eyes decreased with increase of horse age but correlation between them was not significant (r = -0.255; P = 0.064). The fungal species isolated are comparable with those reported for horses in other areas. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        54 - The inhibitory effect of mistletoe extract on the growth and sporulation of Aspergillus flavus in laboratory conditions
        Siamak Salahi
        10.22034/aej.2021.708296
        Nearly 20 to 45 percent of the world's grains were exposed to mycotoxins produced by the fungus. Aspergillus flavus is one of the fungi that cause widespread contamination of crops and warehouse products. In this research, the antifungal activity of different extracts o More
        Nearly 20 to 45 percent of the world's grains were exposed to mycotoxins produced by the fungus. Aspergillus flavus is one of the fungi that cause widespread contamination of crops and warehouse products. In this research, the antifungal activity of different extracts of the semi-parasitic mistletoe (Viscum album) plant on the growth and sporulation of Aspergillus flavus in laboratory conditions based on completely random design with three replications was evaluated. Various solvents including acetone, ethanol, methanol and water were used to extract mistletoe leaves and buds. Antifungal activity of the extracts was performed by diffusion method on the surface of agar. Each of the extracts including 0 (control), 2, 20, 200 and 2000 microliters per 20 milliliters were added to medium and colony growth and sporulation of fungi were evaluated. All experimental treatments showed a significant effect on mycelium growth and sporulation of Aspergillus flavus compared to control at 5% level. Methanol extract in 2000 microliters had the most effect on fungi growth and sporulation, and mistletoe water extract showed the least effect. Moreover, acetone extract in 2000 microliters, inhibited sporulation by 99 %. It can be concluded that the methanol extract of mistletoe can be a more effective antifungal agent to inhibit the growth and sporulation of Aspergillus flavus than other solvents Manuscript profile

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