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Open Access Article
1 - Identifying the empowering components of greenhouse activists with an emphasis on the role of the pillars of the knowledge and information system of agriculture using the phenomenological approach (a case study of Razavi Khorasan Province)
Samira Adib Asadollah Zamanipour Seyed Mahmoud HoseiniOne of the most important strategies offered for agricultural development is the empowerment and participation of farmers and greenhouse owners in various dimensions. Undoubtedly, the activities of the pillars of the agricultural knowledge and information system can pla MoreOne of the most important strategies offered for agricultural development is the empowerment and participation of farmers and greenhouse owners in various dimensions. Undoubtedly, the activities of the pillars of the agricultural knowledge and information system can play a significant role in this empowerment. Considering the importance of the topic, the present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the components of the empowerment of greenhouse workers, emphasizing the role of the pillars of the agricultural knowledge and information system, using the phenomenological approach in Razavi Khorasan province. The statistical population of the research consists of agricultural Jihad experts, academic experts, private sector experts and managers of greenhouses in Razavi Khorasan province. Informed people were collected by snowball method and data were collected by in-depth interview and direct observation. Data analysis was done based on Claysey's model. The initial coding process was done by identifying the evidence from the written interviews for 30 interviews, and the result of this step is the identification of 149 primary codes. In the second stage, 21 formulated meanings were obtained, and by categorizing them, the research theme, which is the factors affecting the empowerment of greenhouse owners, was identified. As a result of the analysis of the findings, six main themes of the achievements and consequences of the agricultural knowledge and information system with emphasis on the ability of greenhouse farmers, drivers, strategies and strategies, moderating conditions (supportive and supportive policies), background conditions, Achievements and consequences were obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Explaining the Distinctive Professional Competencies Performance of Greenhouse Managers Production units in Southern Khorasan Province
Mohammad Motamedi Koroush roosta Asadullah Zamanipour Malihe FalakiPresent study conducted with the aim of explaining the distinctive Professional competencies performance of managers in greenhouse production units in Southern Khorasan. The research method was applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-correlational in terms of colle MorePresent study conducted with the aim of explaining the distinctive Professional competencies performance of managers in greenhouse production units in Southern Khorasan. The research method was applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-correlational in terms of collecting data. The study was conducted through the survey method. The statistical population of the study was 141 greenhouse owners from greenhouse cucumber production Units who were selected through the census method due to the limited statistical population. The instrument used for collecting data in this study was a questionnaire. At the time of research, 117 active greenhouses and information were collected and the statistical analysis was using of the discriminant analysis. The results of the analysis showed that out of the 23 independent variables examined, only 8 variables including observing the technical principles of growing operation, observing ethical beliefs, observing managerial competencies, observing the basic/generic competencies, the method of preparing the planting bed, the number of extension-training courses, the method of preparing the terrace and the planting operation, and the experience in greenhouse cultivation could maximally differ between successful and unsuccessful managers of greenhouse cucumber production Units in order of priority based on focal correlation coefficient.Explaining the Distinctive Professional Competencies Performance of Greenhouse Managers Production units in Southern Khorasan Province Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Effect of Climate Change on SoilOrganic Matter and Biological Activity
Arash Mohammadzadeh Yaser AzimzadehClimate change phenomenon is one of the most important global challenges for mankind in providing sufficient and healthy food for the ever-increasing world population. The leading factors of climate change, such as increasing temperature, changing precipitation patterns MoreClimate change phenomenon is one of the most important global challenges for mankind in providing sufficient and healthy food for the ever-increasing world population. The leading factors of climate change, such as increasing temperature, changing precipitation patterns, and increasing the frequency and intensity of weather events, affect soil characteristics, especially in the ecosystems of arid and semi-arid regions. These changes can directly affect the growth and production of crops. The amount of soil organic matter is one of the most important indicators of soil quality and health, which affects many physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil and is directly and indirectly affected by climatic factors such as temperature and rainfall. On the other hand, the balance of input and output of organic carbon to the soil is effective on the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and thus on global warming and the climate change phenomenon. The results of many forecasts show that in arid and semi-arid regions, climate change will lead to an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall. Therefore, considering that the amount of organic matter in the soil decreases with the increase in temperature and decrease in humidity, it seems that the phenomenon of climate change will have adverse effects on the amount of soil organic matter and biological activity, and then on the production of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, it is very important to use the necessary solutions to mitigate these adverse effects and adapt to the upcoming conditions. Mitigation refers to methods that lead to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide; But the goal of adaptation is to mitigate the inevitable effects of climate change. Based on the results of various publications, compliance with the principles of the conservation agriculture system is considered one of the most important mitigation and adaptation solutions in dealing with the consequences of climate change in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the fact that the climate change phenomenon is an inevitable event and its adverse effects and consequences in human life are felt more and more intense day by day, it is necessary for the management of soil resources to have the necessary foresight regarding the results of this phenomenon on the quality of the soil and the potential of producing agricultural products, especially in Arid and semi-arid areas should be considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The Effect of Climate Change on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Arid and Semi-Arid Soils
Arash Mohammadzadeh Yaser AzimzadehClimate change is one of the most significant global challenges threatening food security now, in the near and far future. This mainly occurs in the form of increasing temperature, change in rainfall pattern, and increase in extreme we MoreClimate change is one of the most significant global challenges threatening food security now, in the near and far future. This mainly occurs in the form of increasing temperature, change in rainfall pattern, and increase in extreme weather events. There are strong evidences demonstrating the vulnerability of agriculture sector in arid and semi-arid regions to climate change. This may directly impact on crops growth and production or indirectly impact on their environments. The ability of soil to produce a crop depends on its physical and chemical properties and these properties are directly and indirectly affected by climatic factors such as temperature and rainfall. Most predictions show that in arid and semi-arid regions, including many regions of Iran, climate change will lead to an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall. Therefore, considering the importance and role of temperature and humidity in physical and chemical quality indicators of soil and production stability, it seems that the phenomenon of climate change will have adverse effects on soil and then on crop production. Therefore, it is very important to use the necessary solutions to mitigate these adverse effects and adapt to the upcoming conditions. In this article, by reviewing and summarizing the research on the effects of climate change on the characteristics of arid and semi-arid soils, an attempt has been made to provide some kind of foresight of possible changes in the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil due to climate change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Effect of Drought Stress and a Combination of Organic Cocopeat and Mineral Perlite Cultivation Substrates on Black Cherry Tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum)
Mehrnaz Tahmasabi Mahboboh MazhariBackground and objectives: One of the most important factors of soilless cultivation systems is the cultivation bed. Plants need adequate water and elements to grow and function well. But today, a mixture of cocopeat and perlite is used in some greenhouses, which gives MoreBackground and objectives: One of the most important factors of soilless cultivation systems is the cultivation bed. Plants need adequate water and elements to grow and function well. But today, a mixture of cocopeat and perlite is used in some greenhouses, which gives better results and is suitable for the production of tomatoes outside the season. Currently, cocopeat is the main substrate used in most hydroponic systems for tomato production in the country, which is an expensive imported material. It is important to carry out new researches to investigate the effect of stress and the integration of cultivation media to produce as many black cherry tomatoes as possible. The effect of the type of cultivation medium on different plants is different. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of drought stress and the integration of organic and inorganic cultivation medium on the chemical characteristics of several raw materials that can be used as black tomato growing medium. Materials and methods: For this purpose, in order to investigate the possibility of reducing the effects of drought stress by combining cocopeat and perlite, a factorial research was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. In this research, two factors of drought stress (Fc100%, Fc50%, Fc25%, Fc12.5%) and different percentages of the cultivation bed (Cocopeat 0% + Perlite 100%, Cocopeat 25% + Perlite 75%, Cocopeat 50% + Perlite 50%, Cocopeat 75% + Perlite 25%, Cocopeat 100% + Perlite 0%) were investigated. The studied traits included the number of fruits, fresh and dry weight of the shoot, root length, relative moisture content of the leaves, the amount of chlorophyll a and b, and total. Results: Based on the results of the treatment combinations, cocopeat 75-perlite 25 and cocopeat 100- zero perlite had the highest performance, especially under severe stress of dehydration, and the lowest efficiency in the treatment combinations Co0Pe100+FC12.5%, Co25Pe75+FC12.5%, and Co50Pe50+FC12. 5% and Co100Pe0+FC12.5% were obtained. Also, FC100% treatment with the highest amount of total chlorophyll (3.10 mg per gram of fresh tissue) in the statistically superior group and FC12.5% treatment with the lowest amount of total chlorophyll (2.22 mg per gram of fresh tissue) were included in the weakest statistical group. In other words, maintaining soil moisture at the level of agricultural capacity increased the amount of total chlorophyll by 39.63% compared to the decrease in moisture at the level of 12.5% of agricultural capacity. Conclusion: Based on the results, the substrates containing richer foods provided better results. By adding cocopeat to the substrate, the negative effects of drought stress can be controlled. The reason for this superiority is the amount of nutrients in this substrate due to its ability to store more nutrients and water. The use of perlite in hydroponic culture beds is useful because it has large and small pores that improve the culture bed's ventilation. One of the negative effects of drought stress is the reduction of chlorophyll. As a result, the photosynthesis system of the plant will be damaged, and with the increase in the amount of proline, chlorophyll will decrease because the amounts of chlorophyll and proline have an inverse relationship with each other. Lack of water will cause a decrease in growth, leaf surface, wet and dry weight, destruction of cell membranes, destruction and reduction of proteins and enzymes, accumulation of amino acids, reduction of growth enhancers, damage to pigments and plastids, and reduction of root growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Experimental Study of the Effect of Using Fin on the Fire Tube of Gas Pressure Reduction Station Heater on Thermal Efficiency and and Reducing the Emission of Greenhouse Gas
Saeed Rastegar Hadi Kargarsharifabad Nader Rahbar Mohammad Behshad Shafii,Background and Objective: The pressure of the natural gas at the pressure reduction station is reduced by the regulator and by the general law of the gases, the gas temperature is reduced by decreasing in constant volume. If the gas temperature falls below the dew point MoreBackground and Objective: The pressure of the natural gas at the pressure reduction station is reduced by the regulator and by the general law of the gases, the gas temperature is reduced by decreasing in constant volume. If the gas temperature falls below the dew point temperature, it can form hydrates, freeze, and eventually blockage and clogging of the gas passage. Therefore, indirect water bath heater is used to increase the gas temperature before the pressure reduction. At present, the thermal efficiency of these heaters is very low and a large amount of fuel is wasted in the heaters. Material and Methodology: In this paper, using fin in the gas pressure reduction station heater fire tube on its thermal efficiency and greenhouse gas investigated experimentally and and the thermodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of the heater are compared in the usual case and in the fin state. Findings: The results showed that using fin in the heater fire tube increased the thermal efficiency of the heater and the heat transfer coefficient by 14% and 19%, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: If the results of the increasing in efficiency were applied to all gas pressure reduction station heaters, the energy saving and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions over one year were estimated to be 40 million cubic meters and 76.75 thousand tons, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Impact of Renewable Energies on Green Economy
Somayeh Daneshvari Parvaneh Salatin Mohammad khalilzadehBackground and purpose: As the world's population grows and energy resources are limited, all countries face energy problems. The crises that threaten countries and communities are the lack of non-renewable sources of energy (fossil fuels), as well as the increase of en MoreBackground and purpose: As the world's population grows and energy resources are limited, all countries face energy problems. The crises that threaten countries and communities are the lack of non-renewable sources of energy (fossil fuels), as well as the increase of environmental pollution caused by excessive consumption of fossil fuels which shows the necessities and importance of using renewable energy resources. The close link between the economic and environmental issues has raised new approaches to the field of international environmental law, one of the most prominent of which is the green economy, and since one of the main goals of the green economy is reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the use of renewable energy sources is a quick way to achieve a green economy. In this regard, the main objective of this study is to review the comparative effect of renewable energy on green economy in two groups of selected countries that produce and consume renewable energy with high and middle income. Methodology: This study is an applied research and inferential research method. The method and tool for collecting information and statistical resources are written documents, electronic information and taking notes. Findings: The results of model estimation in the selected countries with Fixed Effects Method during the period of 2005-2016 showed that the use of renewable energy has a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions as an indicator of the green economy in the selected countries. Also, the effect of renewable energy on the green economy in the group of selected middle income countries is higher than that of high-income countries. Other results showed that economic growth and openness had a positive and significant impact, human capital, ICT and rule of law had a negative and significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions as an indicator of green economy in the group of selected countries. Discussion and Conclusion: Renewable energies are clean, abundant and reliable and if properly developed, can play a significant role in achieving sustainable development goals as sustainable sources of energy. The main reason for the emphasis on the use of renewable energies, in addition to helping to solve environmental problems and preventing the loss of fossil fuels, is the conservation of natural resources for future generations, which undoubtedly renewable energy, given their simplicity of technology, plays a significant role in the green economy and sustainable economic development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Identifying and Ranking Environmental Destructive Economic Sectors Based on the Amount of Greenhouse Gas Emission by Shannon Entropy -VIKOR Approach (Case study: Iran: 1388-1392)
nahid dorostkar Ali DehghaniBackground and Objective: Today environmental issues and avoid irregular greenhouse gas emission has become one of the most important concerns of each country. This study has been done with the aim of determining the amount of greenhouse gas emission in different MoreBackground and Objective: Today environmental issues and avoid irregular greenhouse gas emission has become one of the most important concerns of each country. This study has been done with the aim of determining the amount of greenhouse gas emission in different industries and ranking these industries based on the most destructive greenhouse gas including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur dioxide and Sulfur trioxide. Method: In this study after identifying the most pollutant greenhouse gases based on the literature review and using the average of five recent year's data from the Iranian Statistics Center, the weight of each greenhouse gas were determined based on Shannon entropy and by using VIKOR technique and MATLAB software, the most pollutant sector was determined. Findings: Based on Shannon entropy, Co with the weight of 0.3 has the highest coefficient of importance among pollutant greenhouse gases. Based on VIKOR technique, transportation sector based on utility measure, Vikor measure and regret measure was determined as the most pollutant sector. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the result of study, transportation sector has played a major role in greenhouse gas emissions and identified as the most pollutant sector. So, attention to structural and cultural components associated to transportation field has become more important than the past. Using green transportation technologies, investing in public transportation and providing infrastructure for non- motorized vehicles can be introduced as suggestion for reducing pollution in this sector. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The Concentration of Lead and Cadmium in Some Greenhouse Products and its Effect on Human Health
Saleh Sanjari Naser Boroomand Mojtaba MoghbeliBackground and Objective: Regarding the importance of using the healthy vegetables, it is important to control the concentration of heavy metals in order to provide the health of consumers. Therefore, this study was done with the aim of investigating the evaluation of t MoreBackground and Objective: Regarding the importance of using the healthy vegetables, it is important to control the concentration of heavy metals in order to provide the health of consumers. Therefore, this study was done with the aim of investigating the evaluation of the risk of heavy metals on human health trough consumption of greenhouse products.Material and Methodology: Samples included eggplants, tomatoes, greenhouse cucumbers and strawberries, were collected randomly from Jiroft greenhouses and the concentration of lead and cadmium in leaves and fruits of these plants were measured. The amount of EDI was defined for each product according to daily consumption.Findings: The average concentration of lead and cadmium in samples were different. The highest and the lowest amount of cadmium respectively belonged to tomatoes and greenhouse cucumbers. The results showed that levels of lead and cadmium in most of the products were more than the standard range recommended by the institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran and the FAO-WHO.Discussion and Conclusions: The results showed that the amount of lead and cadmium exceeded the standard index, However the amount of EDI was less than or equal to PTDI reported by Standards Institute's of Iran. Overall, according to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the consumption of these products has not any negative effects on the consumers' health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Investigation the amount of Zinc pollution on soil resources and the feasibility of its removal with Phragmites australis plant using its extraction cellulose in the greenhouse conditions
Malihe Amini Atena Naeimi Hana EtemadiBackground & Objective: Heavy metals cases are threatening the health of ecosystems. Accumulation of metals in the soil allows them to plant crops and thus increases the risk of agriculture crops health. The goal of this research was conducted to evaluate zinc stres MoreBackground & Objective: Heavy metals cases are threatening the health of ecosystems. Accumulation of metals in the soil allows them to plant crops and thus increases the risk of agriculture crops health. The goal of this research was conducted to evaluate zinc stress resistance for Pharagmites australis in greenhouse conditions.Material and Methodology: Experimental design was performed in an entirely randomized plan having two factors and three replications, 2016 at University of Jiroft. Digestion and preparation of samples were done by dry burning method and then Zinc concentration was measured by atomic absorption.Findings: Greenhouse experiments results showed that with increasing in metal concentration treatments, its absorbing with shoot and root were increased. However, impressive accumulation of zinc was in root and its translocation and accumulation in shoot has been reported much less.Discussion & Conclusions: With absorb and accumulate of metals in root, ability of plant growth was decreased with changes in physiological characteristics. Results of regression analysis showed concentration increasing of zinc in P. australis organs under these metal stress condition were fitted as a quadratic function with R2 >90 (p<0.01). In summary results of this research show high relatively resistant of P. australis to zinc stress as necessary metal in plants, high accumulation capacity for metal in its root organ and low heavy metal translocation factor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Management of energy carrier’s consumption and emission of pollutants using the Leap model in Lea Industrial Park of Qazvin province
mohammadsaied mohammadi Seyed Mostafa Khezri Alireza VafaeinejadBackground and Objective: Industrial-economic development in developing countries has created a double need for greater access to energy carriers compared to developed countries. In addition, improving living standards in developing societies in recent decades has led t MoreBackground and Objective: Industrial-economic development in developing countries has created a double need for greater access to energy carriers compared to developed countries. In addition, improving living standards in developing societies in recent decades has led to an increase in the demand for energy carriers for access to greater facilities and amenities. In this study, the effect of applying different policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and energy savings in Iranian industries has been investigated and evaluated by the energy planning model. Material and Methodology: First the input values of various energy sources such as gas, electricity and fossil fuels in the industrial production process were investigated. Then, the factors affecting the production of greenhouse gases in industries were identified, then the past trend and the current state of Iranian industries and government policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as well as the development of new energy efficiency technologies in industry were used to estimate energy demand. In line with this goal, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in a baseline scenario in accordance with the continuation of the current trend (BAU) in current industries and also to determine the current and future demand of Iranian industries during the years 2019 to 2035 has been studied. Findings: four alternative scenarios of energy saving technologies and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions were considered, including industry development and capacity building, possible increase in fuel and electricity prices, implementation of fuel consumption standards, and use of CHP technologies for a period of 15 years. Therefore, the combined implementation of these two policies will lead to a reduction of 8 million tons of emissions (equivalent to a 13% reduction in emissions) equivalent to total CO2. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that the total CO2 emissions equivalent to the industry will increase from 61 million tons in the baseline scenario to 53 million tons in the 2035 emission reduction scenario. However, due to the implementation of the fuel change policy, the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions has been reduced to 58 million tons (equivalent to 4.9% reduction) and also the implementation of energy efficiency policy has led to the emission of 55 million tons (equivalent to 9.8% reduction) equivalent CO2 will run until 2035. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - CO2 emissions reduction by using local mineral pozzolan as part of cement in concrete with a pollution reduction approach
Mojtaba Rangrazian Rahmat Madandoust Reza Mahjoub Mehdi RaftariBackground and Objective: Global warming is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, mainly (CO2). Reducing greenhouse gases and monitoring the environment are important goals of today's mankind. Cement factories are the main producers of greenhouse gases. The main g MoreBackground and Objective: Global warming is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, mainly (CO2). Reducing greenhouse gases and monitoring the environment are important goals of today's mankind. Cement factories are the main producers of greenhouse gases. The main goal of this research is to find a material with cement properties (pozzolan) that can be replaced in a part of concrete cement with the aim of reducing cement consumption and reducing CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. The local mineral pozzolan under research has similar properties to world-famous pozzolans and has the relevant standards.Material and Methodology: To find the optimal amount of pozzolan in the concrete, In Sep. 2021, four cases of 5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight was studied and its effect on concrete compressive strength and CO2 emissions and its ability to reduce pollution Environmental was evaluated in comparison with conventional cement concrete. Findings: Experiments showed that the best amount of replacement of this pozzolan to cement in concrete is 15% by weight and increases the strength by 2.4%. Also, this pozzolan emits less CO2 than normal cement concrete equal to 15.20 kg/m3.Discussion and Conclusion: Considering the favorable effects of this pozzolan in strengthening the structure and reducing the consumption of cement in concrete, it can be introduced as a cement-reducing and environmentally friendly material. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Long-term energy planning in industrial towns for the establishment of CHP projects (Lia industrial town case study)
mohammadsaied mohammadi Seyed Mostafa Khezri ali reza vafainezhadBackground and Objective: In recent decades, the improvement of living standards in developing societies has led to an increase in the demand of energy carriers (gas and electricity) in order to access more facilities and welfare. This study has been carried out with th MoreBackground and Objective: In recent decades, the improvement of living standards in developing societies has led to an increase in the demand of energy carriers (gas and electricity) in order to access more facilities and welfare. This study has been carried out with the aim of long-term energy planning in industrial cities for the establishment of CHP[1] projects, reducing energy consumption, using the heat resulting from energy consumption in different parts of production and the effect of different policies to reduce carbon dioxide. Material and Methodology: In line with the implementation of the study, firstly, the input values of different fuels in the industries and the effective factors in the consumption and heat demand in the industries were investigated based on the reference scenario, then the plans of the industries and government policies to reduce fuel consumption and the use of production heat. In line with this goal, the amount of fuel consumed in a base scenario (BAU)[2] in the existing industries in Leya industrial town (Qazvin province) was investigated during the years 2016 to 2019. Findings: The current and future productions in the country's industries and the investigation of energy consumption and usable heat generation during the use of fuel in the country's industries were determined by the LEAP[3] model in the base scenario. Then, the alternative methods of energy saving and the use of produced heat and the use of CHP technologies have been investigated for a period of 15 years. In 1414, about 30% of electricity and heat consumption is provided by CHP. Due to the replacement of CHP systems, the consumption of natural gas in the industrial sector will increase by 3% and the price of crude oil and petroleum products will decrease. Discussion and conclusion: The result of the simulation in the exploitation of the CHP system resource usage scenario for the next 15 years (1414), by LEAP software, shows that all the primary energy carriers in Lea Industrial City will reach the reference state and in the year 1414 with a reduction of about 30% in domestic electricity consumption from the public electricity network and its production by CHP systems 4- Combined Heat and Power 5- Business as Usual 6- Lang – Rang Energy Alternatives Planning System Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Preparation of a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) plan for wood &Paper Iran Industry utilizing Proporm software within PIN forms formatting
Kobra Verij Kazemi Abdolreza Karbassi Parvin Nasiri Mohammad Sadegh SekhavatjouBackground and Objective: Undoubtely, concentration of green house gases increased in the atmosphere, so this caused an increasing in the earth temperature average.The best way in reducing of green house gases is the implement optimization of consuming energy and renewa MoreBackground and Objective: Undoubtely, concentration of green house gases increased in the atmosphere, so this caused an increasing in the earth temperature average.The best way in reducing of green house gases is the implement optimization of consuming energy and renewable energy and so Clean Development Mechanism. Method: This study implements perform software to consider five scenarios for the wood exploited in Iran Wood& Paper Industry. Essential economic analysis has been performed and efficiency of the optimization proceedings in diminishing greenhouse gasses has been evaluated. Also PIN reports regarding to this industry have been prepared. Findings:Results show that by replacing boilers currently in use with boilers with higher efficiency, an approximate 6360*1012 Joules saving in energy consumption in project’s 12year duration would be attained. During the same period, emission of greenhouse gases would decrease about 360 kilo tons, which is equivalent to a 30 kilo tons reduction per year. Discussion and Conclution: by Considering project’s investment requirement of 385 thousand dollars and its 13 year outcome of diminishing 360 kilo tons of greenhouse gas emission. Reduction amid low expenditures should support such projects so it could sell its supplemental. Coupons for 35 to 45 dollars per each ton of carbon dioxide in global markets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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مجید عباس پور فریده عتابی پونه سعیدی -
Open Access Article
16 - Technical and environmental evaluation of 24-hour heating and cooling storage system for1 year in non-residential buildings using underground pipes
Isa Khaknezhad ashkan abdalisousanBackground and Objective: Considering the demands on constructing high energy performance buildings, technical solution is needed to be used for decreasing and improving the energy consumption. One of this solutions is underground energy storage that is considered based MoreBackground and Objective: Considering the demands on constructing high energy performance buildings, technical solution is needed to be used for decreasing and improving the energy consumption. One of this solutions is underground energy storage that is considered based on short-term or long-term usage. Method: In this study, a hospital in Tehran city, as a high energy performance building, was investigated. Fluid and heat transfer calculation for heat and cold storage in the building was simulated using MATLAB software for underground pipes. Also heating and cooling loads of the building was calculated by HAP4.5 software and the results were imported to MATLAB software. Then the volume and quality of the 24-hour and seasonal systems and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions were compared. Findings: Heating storage system does not reduce the heating and cooling demand of the building, but application of an underground storage can decrease the amount of bought energy and the subsequent environmental damage. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that application of a 24-hour storage system with 15 lines of steel pipes with the length of 600 m and nominal diameter of 3 inches placed in a ground depth of 3 m, yields 67% heating load and 34% cooling load and reduce CO2 emissions by 127 tons per year. However, application of a 1-year storage system with 45 lines of steel pipes with the same specification placed in a ground depth of 5 m, yields 98% heating load and 39.5% cooling load and reduces CO2 emissions by 169.2 tons per year. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Application of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) for GHGs Emission Reduction in Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Factory
Elham Kazemi Farideh Atabi Nematollah Khorasani Seyed Mohammadreza HeibatiBackground and Objective: Energy consumption in food industries is high and increasing due to the growing population, inadequacy of cultivating farms, and life condition improvement. This growing consumption is a threat to the environment and human’s health. Sugar MoreBackground and Objective: Energy consumption in food industries is high and increasing due to the growing population, inadequacy of cultivating farms, and life condition improvement. This growing consumption is a threat to the environment and human’s health. Sugarcane industries are considered as high consuming industries which have a tangible impact on the environment and emission of greenhouse gases. Sugarcane industrial energy consumption share among other industries is 4.3% and more than 70% in total energy of food industry consumption. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of CMD application on the reduction of fossil fuel energy consumption and GHGs emission reduction in Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Factory. Method: The results of the factory energy auditing indicated that one of the proper methods to benefit from CMD is to replace the old boiler which has low efficiency with a new boiler. Pre-feasibility assessment of the environmental and economical aspects of implementing the project has been calculated using “Proform” software. It ran through three scenarios assuming the investment, installation, and maintenance costs; the new boiler consumption rate with higher efficiency and cost-effectiveness of replacing the new system with the old one having lower efficiency. Calculation was based on carbon credit value in global market. Results: As results show in case if scenario C is applied, the Net Present Value (NPV) will equal 21,000,000 dollars and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) will become 39.18%. Carbon credit was considered 20 dollars based on the reduction of CO2 equivalent which was calculated by carbon supply and demand market for CERs of CDM projects that are sold and purchased in carbon exchange market. IRR is higher than 16% discount rate; consequently, it proves that implementing such a project is cost-effective. Provided that the new high efficient boiler is used, the emission of CO2 equivalent during implementing the project-25 years- will reduce to 763,353 ton equal to CO2 equivalent; furthermore, 13,607,000 GJ is saved on consumption of natural gas. Conclusion: Considering the boilers with high energy consumption and low efficiency in this factory, the replacement of old boiler with the new one through CDM project is cost effective Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Evaluation of municipal solid waste final disposal scenarios through life cycle assessment and analytic hierarchy process methods (Case study: Tehran)
Somayeh Khan Pouraghdam Mehdi Ghanbarzadeh Lak Mehrdad Mohtadi Mohammad Reza Sabour Background and Objective: An integrated model of life cycle assessment and hierarchical analysis was developed to determine the best practical method for municipal solid waste disposal. The model used for environmental and technical assessments of scenarios inclu More Background and Objective: An integrated model of life cycle assessment and hierarchical analysis was developed to determine the best practical method for municipal solid waste disposal. The model used for environmental and technical assessments of scenarios included (A) landfilling of wastes without energy extraction; (B) waste incineration with energy recovery and ash burial; and (C) production of compost from the organic components and landfilling other wastes. Method: In order to conduct environmental assessments, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) was estimated by life cycle of the disposal method. Technical evaluations were carried out based on the hierarchical analysis method and a survey of experts. In order to analyze the results of the proposed model, Tehran city in Iran was selected as a case study. Findings: The highest greenhouse gas emissions occurred in scenario A, and the lowest was associated with scenario B. Maximum discounts on emissions from burning putrescible wastes, paper and cardboards were obtained in scenario B. In contrast, landfilling of such wastes in scenarios A and C was the main source of methane production. Although the incineration of plastic wastes might lead to more energy extraction in scenario B, the generation of non-biological CO2 had an incremental effect on GHG emissions. Scenarios A and C had a relatively high superiority over scenario B from the perspective of most technical criteria, but the probability of leachate in these scenarios reduced their technical advantages. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the combination of evaluations, the method of landfilling without energy extraction is the most inappropriate option, and waste incineration with energy extraction leads to the lowest greenhouse gas emissions and is technically acceptable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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نسترن رحیمی -
Open Access Article
20 - Application of nonparametric method for optimization of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission in wheat production
Morteza Taki Yahya Ajabshirchi Ahmad GhobadifarBackground and Objective: Nowadays, increase of energy consumption in agricultural section has lead to some environmental problems and increase of final costs. In this study, the non-parametric method of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to estimate the energy eff MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, increase of energy consumption in agricultural section has lead to some environmental problems and increase of final costs. In this study, the non-parametric method of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to estimate the energy efficiency and greenhose gas emission in the irrigated wheat farms in Silakhor plain of Lorestan province. Method: Data were collected through both questionnaire and interwiew surveys using 150 farmers. Results showed that the energy consumption for 0.1 up to 2, 2.1 up to 5 and over 5 hectares were 22134, 24128 and 25078 MJ/ha respectively, and the sum of grain, fertilizer and pesticides had the highest share of energy consumption in all levels. The results of DEA showed that technical, pure technical and scale efficiencies in the third level were 88, 93 and 94%and higher than the same amounts obtained in other levels. Results: Energy saving ratios in these levels were 6.83, 8.11 and 6.54 respectively. This indicates that 1512, 1957 and 1640 MJ/ha of total input energy can be saved, if the mentioned method is used. The results of greenhouse gas emission showed that diesel fuel has the highest share in the environmental pollutants. Optimization of energy consumption can totally decrease 6516.67 kg CO2 produced in wheat production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Investigation on Regulations and Commitments of the Climate Change Convention and Assessment of their Implementation in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Farideh Atabi Mehrdad Nazemi Amir Abbas Sedighi Narmin TavakoliClimate change has been one of the main concerns of societies in the world during the last two decades. Hence, the international community has taken some measures to solve this problem. Such measures include developments of the UN Framework Convention on the Climate Cha MoreClimate change has been one of the main concerns of societies in the world during the last two decades. Hence, the international community has taken some measures to solve this problem. Such measures include developments of the UN Framework Convention on the Climate Change (UNFCCC) to maintain the current concentration levels of the green house gases in the atmosphere in order to minimize the anthropogenic impacts on the climate. The convention has envisioned common but different responsibilities for all parties. Iran is also a party to the Convention and has developed the Empowerment Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran to meet its commitments with financial support of the Global Environmental Facilities (GEF) and the UNDP Office located in the Department of the Environment in Iran. In the present study, after reviewing climate change and green house phenomenon, the steps to form the UNFCCC, its goals and the commitments of member countries towards the Convention as well as its status in Iran, have been investigate. Although Iran has honored most of its commitments, the major drawbacks are weak regulations, lack of research and mismanagement of activities. The inadequate coordination amongst different sections of Iran and ineffective environmental laws are the major challenges to the implementation of the Climate Change Convention in Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential by Optimizing Energy Consumption in Office Building in Tehran Using Energy Plus Software
Saeed Shajari Azita Behbahaninia Ashkan Ebdali SusanBackground and Aim: Energy consumption in the country's buildings is about two to four times the average energy consumption in other countries of the world. Also in the construction sector, public and government buildings account for 70% of this energy consumption. The MoreBackground and Aim: Energy consumption in the country's buildings is about two to four times the average energy consumption in other countries of the world. Also in the construction sector, public and government buildings account for 70% of this energy consumption. The limited energy resources and the effects of losses on its excessive consumption make a suitable and optimal plan necessary from the perspective of energy consumption. The purpose of this study is to investigate and change the pattern of energy consumption in office buildings in order to reduce greenhouse gases.Methods: In order to perform optimization in the studied building, the amount of energy consumption and details related to the heating, cooling and lighting systems of the selected building were measured, collected and measured through field visits with the help of a luxury meter. In this study, using energy plus software, energy consumption for the building, which is in the group of buildings with high energy consumption, was simulated. It should be noted that the values of energy loss, comfort level and energy consumption indicators in the building. The selection was also calculated.Results: The results show that effective optimization measures in the building can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and reduce energy consumption by 14 to 20 percent annually.Conclusion: According to calculations, an average of 50% of annual energy consumption is wasted, which can be reduced to 30% by performing audit measures and thermal comfort, which is sometimes calculated to be more than 60% in certain seasons in the building increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Location of greenhouses for optimization in agriculture with sustainable development approach (Case study: Asadabad plain)
Abouzar Ramezani Moslem Darvishi Davod NejatBackgeround and Objective: Greenhouse refers to a limited space that has the ability to control the appropriate environmental conditions for the growth of plants in different areas during different seasons of the year. Rapid economic and cultural growth, population grow MoreBackgeround and Objective: Greenhouse refers to a limited space that has the ability to control the appropriate environmental conditions for the growth of plants in different areas during different seasons of the year. Rapid economic and cultural growth, population growth, soil and water constraints, the community's need for food, the existence of large consumer markets and the interest in producing off-season crops in recent years have led to the development of greenhouse crops. But choosing the wrong place to build a greenhouse leads to a waste of capital and the failure of these goals. The purpose of this study is to find the optimal location of the greenhouse in Asadabad plain with a sustainable development approach. Material and Methodology: Due to the existence of numerous and effective parameters –for the performance of greenhouses, the technique of multi-criteria analysis has been used to find a suitable location. Also, due to the uncertainty in the behavior of natural parameters, fuzzy logic has been used to model the effect of the parameters. Findings: The results show that of the total area of Asadabad plain, 10% are in a very good condition, 39% are in a good condition (suitable with restrictions) and 51% are in a bad condition in terms of greenhouse construction. Discussion and Conclusion: Relying on spatial analysis can reduce the investment risk for greenhouses and lead to environmental sustainability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Investigation on Aspects of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and its Position in Iran’s Electricity Industry
Kioumars Heydari Masoud Kasraee NezhadBackground and Objective: After the scientific community warning, in the united nation framework convention on climate change, principles to avoid emissions was agreed and under the Kyoto protocol was accomplished as the Clean Development Mechanism. In this paper, while MoreBackground and Objective: After the scientific community warning, in the united nation framework convention on climate change, principles to avoid emissions was agreed and under the Kyoto protocol was accomplished as the Clean Development Mechanism. In this paper, while reviewing the dimensions of this mechanism, the situation of Iran's electricity industry was examined from its perspective. Analysis methodology: In this, after reviewing Iran’s situation in the greenhouse gas emissions the elements of CDM including the history, benefits and barriers, economic aspects, methodology and patterns of environmental assessment power plant was reviewed. Then environmental risks of power industry and Iran’s position in that were discussed. Findings: Per capita CO2 emission growth caused by energy consumption, electricity and heat production, in addition central electricity system and the lack of sufficient focus on distributed generation represents not so bright future of power industry from the perspective of environmental indicators in Iran, which of course has been considered by energy and environmental policymakers in recent years. Discussion and Conclusions: To develop clean electricity, this paper recommends: updating systems, focusing on distributed generation and regional power generation, investing in education Clean Development Mechanism and the development of cogeneration power plants (as a successful experiment in increased efficiency and lower emissions in the power generation process in other countries). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Assessment of the Geographic Location of Photovoltaic Power Plants on their CO2 Emission Reduction Using Ret Screen Software
Neda E Niknam Seyed Alireza Mirzaye hosseini Ali Mohammadi Lobat TaghaviIncreasing greenhouse gases emissions and limited fossil fuel resources, are two of the most important challenges of the century. Thus, the use of renewable energy is quickly developing and progressing in most countries. One of the appropriate resources for supplying el MoreIncreasing greenhouse gases emissions and limited fossil fuel resources, are two of the most important challenges of the century. Thus, the use of renewable energy is quickly developing and progressing in most countries. One of the appropriate resources for supplying electricity is solar energy. Photovoltaic systems have several unique advantages including pollution-free industrial processes, small off-grid applications, and low cost of repair and maintenance.In this study, two photovoltaic power plants, each with 30 KW capacities, in Kerman and Sari cities were selected and their economic and environmental analysis were conducted based on climatic conditions and local solar radiation using Ret Screen software.Kerman City located in the best radiation zone of Iran with 5/2 Kwh/m2/day energy reception and Sari City situated in the least appropriate sun radiation zone with 3/9 Kwh/m2/day energy reception were selected in this study.Results revealed that the use of photovoltaic power plant would reduce CO2 emissions in Kerman and Sari by 36 and 9 tons per year, respectively. Also the payback period in Kerman and Sari would be 7/3 and 11/2 years. According to this research, the geographical location of the photovoltaic power plant is also very important. Thus, the payback period for Kerman was 4 years less than sari and the amount of Reduction CO2 emission in Kerman was 4 times higher than Sari. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Technical, Environmental and Financial Feasibility Study of Solar Power Plants by Retscreen, according to the Targeting of Energy Subsidies (Case Study: Photovoltaic Plant of Tehran Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University)
Majid abbaspour Ali reza Mirzayehosseini Taraneh TaheriThe energy consumption growth in the country has been increased so much that it has made us an importer of energy instead of being a major exporter.In order to face such a threat, implementing strategies to optimize energy production and consumption,modif MoreThe energy consumption growth in the country has been increased so much that it has made us an importer of energy instead of being a major exporter.In order to face such a threat, implementing strategies to optimize energy production and consumption,modifying energy consumption patterns and utilization of renewable energies is necessary. In this regard Iran Azad University, as one of the first pioneers of utilization of renewable energies incampuses, has established a 12 kW photovoltaic power plant in Tehran science and Research Branch of it.In this study, we have taken advantage of The RETScreen International Photovoltaic Project Model in order to evaluate the energy production, life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas emissions reduction and finally analyze the financial viability.In this study, based on new electricity tariffs, three scenarios have been developed, according tothe targeting of energy subsidies and we have also dedicated one of our scenarios to the reduction ofgreenhouse gasses. In the first case the electricity price was set to 450 Rial/kWh and no credit was assigned to the reduction of greenhouse gasses (GHG), therefore equity payback (Return positive cash flow) has been 12.1 year. In the second case the electricity price was set to 2100 Rial/kWh, therefore equity payback (Return positivecash flow) was 8 year. Finally in the last scenario by considering a credit to the reduction of greenhouse gasses and electricity price being 2100 Rial/kWh and applying solar panels with high efficiency and suitableatteries(DOD=60%), equity payback(Return positive cash flow) will be reached within6 years. In conclusion, we can say that by applyingnew technologies and establishing supportive policiesof the government payback time can be reducedremarkably Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - راهکارهای مقابله با تاثیرات تغییرات آب و هوایی و گازهای گلخانهای بر محیط زیست ایران از منظر حقوق بین الملل و حقوق ایران
مرتضی صادقی غزاله کبیرآبادی هاشم امیری -
Open Access Article
28 - اثر تغییر اقلیم و نوسانات الگوی گردشهای جوی بر روی رودخانه مرزی ارس
محمد حسن نامی مهدی خزایی -
Open Access Article
29 - تاثیر نوع محصول (گندم و پسته) و خصوصیات خاک (عمق، بافت و محتوای نیتروژن) بر مقدار ترسیب کربن
احد مدنی مجتبی حسن زاده نسرین صداقتی -
Open Access Article
30 - Predicting the effects of the climate change on the geographical distribution of Astragalus verus Olivier in the Central Zagros region
Sima Teimoori Asl Ali Asghar Naghipour Mohammad Reza Ashrafzadeh Maryam Haidarian Aga KhaniBackground and ObjectiveClimate, soil characteristics, topography, land use, and biological relationships at various scales are the most important influencing factors on distribution and ecological niches of species. The climate is one of the most important determinants MoreBackground and ObjectiveClimate, soil characteristics, topography, land use, and biological relationships at various scales are the most important influencing factors on distribution and ecological niches of species. The climate is one of the most important determinants of plant distribution. Therefore throughout the past ecological history, climate change has had profound consequences on the current conditions of the world's ecosystems, including the existing distribution of species. Changes in the distribution of one species in a given geographical area due to the climate change can lead to shifting the presence regions of that species toward higher elevation that leads up to vegetative restriction or even extinction of the species. Shifting, or changing the geographical distribution of species is a strategy to be resistant to the climate change. Therefore, in order to protect the key ecological and valuable plant species, it is necessary to determine suitable habitats via identifying the most important environmental and human factors affecting the species presence in the current and future conditions. Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) is a genus widely distributed throughout the temperate regions. The Astragalus verus Olivier is a small, valuable shrub with many branches. In addition to its protective role from the point of view of the soil, this species has medicinal and industrial values. In recent decades, the geographical range of the A. verus variety has been significantly declined due to factors such as land degradation and over utilization. Despite the national importance of the Astragalus genus, so far little research has been done on the consequences of the climate change on the distribution of species of this genus. The present study was conducted to accomplish the following objectives; 1) To identify suitable habitats and determin the geographical distribution of A. verus in Central Zagros in the current situation; 2) to predict of the consequences of climate change by 2050 and 2070 under different scenarios on geographical distribution of A. verus; 3) to determin the most important factors affecting the distribution of this species. distribution of A. verus; 3) to determin the most important factors affecting the distribution of this species. Materials and Methods This study was carried out in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in an area about 1.65 million hectare thai is totally located in Central Zagros region. Extensive field studies were integrated to collect geographical coordinates of the presence point (112 points) of this species by using Global Positioning System (GPS) throughout Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Bioclimatic (bio1–bio19), Physiographic variables (elevation, aspect, and slope) and land cover/land variables were used for modeling. Before modeling, two methods of Pearson correlation analysis and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) were used to check out the correlation between the various environmental variables. In order to model, 19 environmental variables including bioclimatic variables, physiography and land cover / land use were applied to model the distribution based on correlation analysis. Variables with Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r2<±0.8, VIF<3) were selected. Finally and after the omission of the layers having high correlation, nine variables were used for modeling. In order to predict the distribution of the suitable habitats of the Astragalus verus Olivier, Biomad2 software package in R environment (3.1.2 version) was used. In this study, ensemble methods including Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Generalized Boosting Method (GBM), the Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Flexible Discriminant Analysis (FDA), Random Forest (RF) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) were used to estimate the suitable habitats. We used 80% of the occurrence points as training data for model calibration and 20% of the rest of the data set to evaluate the predition of the models. Prediction of the geographical distribution of the Astragalus verus Olivier in the future (years 2050 and 2070) was made based on four scenarios of the increase in the greenhouse gases (Representative Concentration Pathways; RCPs) RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, RCP8.5 in general circulation model MRI-CGCM3. Model performance was assessed by using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) and the true skill statistic (TSS). Results and Discussion Our results revealed that the most effective variables in desirability of the study species habitat were the isothermality, mean temperature of the wettest season of the year and seasonal precipitation variables respectively. In keeping with the findings, the Astragalus verus Olivier mostly exists in habitats with Isothermality (bio3) from + 36.8 to + 39.7 °C, Mean Temperature of the Wettest season of the year (bio8) from - 2 to + 3.5 °C, and seasonal precipitation variables (bio15) from 100 to 112 mm and the Annual Precipitation of 280 mm to 490 mm. Based on the results of modeling of current conditions, in comparison to the other regions, northeast and east of the province had the most habitat importance for the Astragalus verus Olivier. Our findings show that about 27.43% of the study area was identified as suitable habitats for the Astragalus verus Olivier. Prediction of the geographical distribution of the Astragalus verus Olivier in the future (years 2050 and 2070) was made based on four scenarios of the increase in the greenhouse gases (Representative Concentration Pathways; RCPs) RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, RCP8.5 in general circulation model MRI-CGCM3. Based on the future projections were made for the year 2050 and 2070 with four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenario (2.6, 4.5, 6 and 8.5) and general circulation model MRI-CGCM3. In keeping with our findings, climate change can have significant consequences for the Astragalus verus Olivier suitable habitats in the study area. Based on various senarios, about 45.70 percent (year 2050, RCP2.6) to 89.88 percent (year 2070, RCP8.5) of the current habitats for the Astragalus verus Olivier will be unsuitable due to the climate change by 2050 and 2070. While in the same period of time, about 1.58 (RCP8.5, 2050) to 13.19 percent (RCP2.6, 2070) may be added to the suitable habitats of this species in areas with higher elevation. According to all scenarios, the suitable habitats of this species will decrease in all habitats, especially in areas with lower elevation. The climate change consequences especially the probability of decling and shifting the geographical range of the plant species in various habitats of Iran especially in the central Zagros and also in Central Iran range are predicted. Assessments showed that the models had acceptable accuracy and Random Forest model was determined as the most reliable model to predict the distribution of this species. Conclusion Generally, this study indicated that ensemble model might predict the potential distribution of the Astragalus verus Olivier with a relatively high accuracy (AUC= 0.92 and TSS= 0.79). The scenarios used in this study predict the probability of the shift of the geographical range of the studied species under climate change scenarios of 2050 and 2070. According to the results, it seems that the suitable habitat extent of the Astragalus verus Olivier in the study area has been decreased and will shit toward the higher elevation. Although land degradation and over utilization may be considered as two important factors in habitat degradation of this species but this study highlights the importance the effects of climate change on the distribution of the Astragalus verus Olivier. As a result of the severe and inappropriate harvest of the Astragalus verus Olivier, the range of its distribution and density has decreased in some areas, which has increased the intensity of phenomena such as soil erosion. This issue requires a double attention of the managers and experts of natural resources to the Astragalus verus Olivier and the other species with similar performance in ecosystems having importance from the view point of economic productivity as well as their ability to conserve the soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Feeding potential and survival of predator, Chrysoperla carnea on greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporarium in laboratory conditions
Zinat Ahmadzadeh Bijan HatamiFeeding potential and survival of predator, Chrysoperla carnea on nymphal population of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporarium were studied in lab conditions. Daily consumption rate of larval different stages of green lacewing on pest nymphs was 16.04±1.74, MoreFeeding potential and survival of predator, Chrysoperla carnea on nymphal population of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporarium were studied in lab conditions. Daily consumption rate of larval different stages of green lacewing on pest nymphs was 16.04±1.74, 21.5±2.56 & 22.3±1.92 for 1st instar, 2nd instar and 3rd instarrespectively and predator consumpted 215 different stsge nymphs of greenhouse whitefly totally. Survival percent reduced from egg(85%) to 3rd instar(4%) so that not convert to pupariom stage anyone and died. So in spite of enough population of pest, the predator could not complete it, s development. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Antagonistic effects of Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici causal agent of tomato wilt
Hesamadin RamezaniIn this study, the mycoparasitism inhibitory effects of five Trichoderma species (T. harzianum, T. koningi, T. longiconis, T. hamatum and T. viride) on the growth of the causal agent of tomato Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici) were investigated by dua MoreIn this study, the mycoparasitism inhibitory effects of five Trichoderma species (T. harzianum, T. koningi, T. longiconis, T. hamatum and T. viride) on the growth of the causal agent of tomato Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici) were investigated by dual culture in laboratory condition. In this step, the maximum and minimum inhibitory effect was caused by T. harzianum and T. viride. In the greenhouse, the comparison of the efficacy of disease decrease was carried out between soil and seed treatments affected by T. harzianum spores. Results showed that seed treatment did not cause disease decrease but soil treatment caused disease decrease by 92%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Diazinon residue in greenhouse cucumber of Tehran fruit and vegetable markets
Yahya Ostadi Gholamreza Yavari Mahmoud Shojaei Seyyed Mehdi Mirdamadi Sohrab ImaniTo evaluate Diazinon residue in greenhouse cucumber in fruit and vegetable markets in Tehrans, 90 samples were conducted from 59 area selected by stratified sampling method. First the samples divided by two groups ,washed samples and not washed samples , then each of th MoreTo evaluate Diazinon residue in greenhouse cucumber in fruit and vegetable markets in Tehrans, 90 samples were conducted from 59 area selected by stratified sampling method. First the samples divided by two groups ,washed samples and not washed samples , then each of them divided by three types peeled , not peeled and only peelings. The residues measured in all of the type samples extracted by solid phase extraction method and extracts analyzed by GC and GC/MS systems. Results showed that in two samples there were residue higher than the Maximum Residual Levels , and the amount of residue were 1.2 ppm in washed and notpeeled sample (washed cucumber) and 10.4 ppm in not washed peel sample. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Comparison toxicity of some botanical and chemical pesticides on greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) in laboratory and greenhouse and semi-field condition
A. Moazeni M. R. Bagheri B. Amiri-Besheli M. R. ShahsavariThe effect of three botanical insecticides (sirinol, palizin and tondexir) and one chemical insecticide (imidacloprid) on Trialeurodes vaporariorum has been investigated in laborarory and greenhouse conditions.The four insecticides were used with different doses of 0.5, MoreThe effect of three botanical insecticides (sirinol, palizin and tondexir) and one chemical insecticide (imidacloprid) on Trialeurodes vaporariorum has been investigated in laborarory and greenhouse conditions.The four insecticides were used with different doses of 0.5, 0.9, 1.8 and 3 ml/lit respectively. The leaf-dip assay for nymph and glass tube assay for adult were used. Also the effect of these insecticide on tomato plants in green house was studied. There were significant differences among used insecticides and interaction between doses and insecticides on all nymphal stages and adults of the greenhouse whitefly (GW). The mortality rate increases with increasing doses and decreases with increasing nymphal age. There were not significant differences among different doses of Imidicloprid and Tondexir (3 ml/l) on the first, second and third instar nymph of GW in leaf-dip assay. The imidicloprid (3 ml/l) had the highest mortality on fourth instar nymph of GW and was categorized in separate group. Also in pot experiment the highest mortality in all of nymphal instars was for Imidicloprid 3 ml/l, however the tondexir 3ml/l had similar affect on second instar nymph. The highest mortality in adults (with no significant differences) occurred using Imidicloprid was obtained with Imidicloprid (3 ml/l), Tondexir (3 ml/l), Palizin (3 ml/l), Imidicloprid (1.8 ml/l) and Sirinol (3 ml/l) with 98.03, 96.07, 96.07, 96.07 and 94.11 % mortality respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Investigation on the effect of some botanical and chemical insecticides on the predatory bug Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera:Miridae) the predator of greenhouse whitefly
A. Moazeni M. R. Bagheri B. Amiri-Besheli M. R. ShahsavariOne of the common methods for controlling of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum in tomato greenhouses is use of chemical and botanical insecticides. To evaluate the effects of these insecticides on adult female of predatory bug Macrolophus caliginosus these r MoreOne of the common methods for controlling of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum in tomato greenhouses is use of chemical and botanical insecticides. To evaluate the effects of these insecticides on adult female of predatory bug Macrolophus caliginosus these research was carried out using botanical insecticides (Sirinol, Palizin and Tondexir) and chemical insecticide (Imidacloprid) in 0, 0.5, 0.9, 1/8 and 3 ml/l in three methods; glassy tubes in laboratory, pot and greenhouse experiments on tomato plant. There were significant differences between treatments, doses and interaction of doses and treatments. The mortality was increased with increasing the doses. 48 hours after spraying, highest and the least mortality was caused by Imidichloprid (3 ml/l.) with 100% and Palizin (0.5 ml/l.) with 23.8 % mortality, respectively. In pot method, the highest mortality of predatory bug was caused by Imidichloprid (3, 1.8 ml/l.) with 97.23 and 94.34%, and the least mortality was caused by Palizin (0.5 and 0.9 ml/l.) with 20.17 and 21.14 %. Imidichloprid (3, 1.8 ml/l.) had the highest mortality with 94.46 and 92.66 % and Palizin (0.5 and 0.9 ml/l.) had the least mortality with 17.5 and 18 % on predatory bugs in greenhouse condition. In all three methods, there were significant difference between Imidichloprid (all doses) and the other botanical insecticides. These results show that the botanical insecticides could be used as natural products in IPM programs to protect the natural enemies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Investigation of the effect of silica nanoparticles with the pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood
SEYYED KAZEM Vahedi A. Hoseinzadeh Akbar Ghassemi-KahrizehIntroduction: Greenhouse whitefly, as an economic pest, has a wide and ubiquitous host range and causes great damage to many crops, including greenhouse plants. Due to the morphological characteristics and potential of resistance to chemical toxins, it is necessary to f MoreIntroduction: Greenhouse whitefly, as an economic pest, has a wide and ubiquitous host range and causes great damage to many crops, including greenhouse plants. Due to the morphological characteristics and potential of resistance to chemical toxins, it is necessary to find suitable and compatible compounds for integrated control of this pest by increasing the effect and minimizing the adverse effect on the pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana.Methods: In this study, the effect of pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana alone and in combination with silica nanoparticles against second instar seeds and nymphs of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood and germination power of pathogenic fungi using probit analysis, one-way analysis of variance and ANOVA SPSS software was examined.Results: LC50 values obtained from probit degradation as a result of the effect of different concentrations of silica nanoparticles and Beauveria bassiana against eggs after 7 days and against second instar nymph after 72 hours (643.97 mg / L and 170399 conidia/ ml) and (602.952 mg / L and 78379 conidia/ ml) were obtained, respectively.Results: According to the results of the present study, silica nanoparticles alone have higher toxicity than other treatments and in combination with B. bassiana can be used in integrated control of the important greenhouse whitefly pest. The most important advantage of using these compounds is their compatibility with the environment and the lack of resistance to insects against them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - The Effect of Greenhouse Size on Energy Balance in Greenhouse Cucumber Production of Tehran (Cucumis sativus)
Bardia Bayat Mohammad Hossein Ansari Marjan Diyanat Ali Mohammadi TorkashvandThe energy balance of greenhouse cucumbers was calculated during a research in the east of Tehran province for one year (2016-2017). The results showed that the size of greenhouses is very influential in the energy balance, so that in large-scale greenhouses, electricit MoreThe energy balance of greenhouse cucumbers was calculated during a research in the east of Tehran province for one year (2016-2017). The results showed that the size of greenhouses is very influential in the energy balance, so that in large-scale greenhouses, electricity consumption has the largest share of input energy with 43.2%, but in medium-scale greenhouses, this amount is only 34.7% and Small scale is 1.32% of the input energy and it is next in the consumption of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) which share of this factor in large, medium and small scale greenhouses is 15.9%, 18.9%, and 20% of the input energy respectively. Input and output energy also change significantly with the size of greenhouses, so that in large, medium and small scale greenhouses, these values are equal to (325,222 and 173,136 MJ/ha), (231,802 and 147,801 MJ/ha), and (210,491 and 133,040 MJ/ha) respectively. After this the energy balance of large-scale greenhouses was calculated as 0.532, medium-scale 0.638 and small-scale 0.632. , produced the lowest possible yield, which is the reason for the inefficiency of this level of cultivation. After that, the energy balance of large-scale greenhouses was calculated as 0.532, medium-scale 0.638, and small-scale 0.632. Meanwhile, large-scale greenhouses produced the lowest possible yield by spending the most input energy, which is the reason for inefficiency. This is the level of cultivation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Application of Genetic Algorithm for Optimization of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transport and cooling Supply Chain Costs
rasoul rezaei Davood Gharakhani Reza Ehtesham RasiThe cooling supply chain, due to its high energy consumption and refrigerant emissions, has high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and is one of the largest carbon emitters. In the cold supply chain, products should be stored at low and near or below freezing points. F MoreThe cooling supply chain, due to its high energy consumption and refrigerant emissions, has high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and is one of the largest carbon emitters. In the cold supply chain, products should be stored at low and near or below freezing points. For this purpose, refrigerated warehouses and refrigerated trucks are essential. Therefore, this research aims to design a linear multi-objective decision-making model for supply chain management Which aims to reduce the overall supply chain cost, including the cost of capacity, transportation, inventory as well as costs associated with the effects of global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions. To analyze the research problem, a mathematical model for optimizing the supply chain has been designed and genetic algorithm has been used to solve this problem. The results of the first function test indicate that the model is high in the number of customers, and when the distributor's number is equal to the number of producers, the best one is possible. The second function analysis concludes that reducing the restoration time of the facility is effective in minimizing the first function, reducing costs and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, according to the stated contents and the results obtained in this research, it can be pointed out that by optimizing the vehicles and also the proper use of the optimal number of means of transport, it can be expected that the pollution and proliferation of gases The greenhouse is at least possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Evaluation of Abamectin (Agrimec Gold® SC 8.4%) in control of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch and its preharvest interval in greenhouse cucumber
Fariba Ardeshir Peyman Namvar Ghasem Askari Yazdi Ahmad Heidari Vahideh MahdaviThe effect of acaricide Abamectin (Agrimec Gold® SC, 8.4%) was investigated to control the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on cucumber in greenhouses in Yazd and Jiroft. Abamectin (Agrimec Gold®) at two doses of 0.185 and 0.200 ml/lit was compared by MoreThe effect of acaricide Abamectin (Agrimec Gold® SC, 8.4%) was investigated to control the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on cucumber in greenhouses in Yazd and Jiroft. Abamectin (Agrimec Gold®) at two doses of 0.185 and 0.200 ml/lit was compared by Tetradifon (Tedion® EC, 2 ml/lit) and Sperimesifen (Oberon® SC, 0.5 ml/lit). Sampling and counting of live mites on the lower surface of the leaves were done at one day before and 3, 7 and 14 days after spraying respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS software with randomized complete block design. Results in both cities showed Abamectin had high mortality of mites at 3, 7 and 14 days after spraying and the effect of Sperimesifen was higher than Tetradifon. In Yazd province Abamectin treatment at doses of 0.185 and 0.200 ml/lit showed 100 percent mortality on mites at 3, 7 and 14 days after spraying and in Jiroft, efficacy of two doses were 92.79-99.48 % of mortality. In Yazd, efficacy of the sperimesifen was 66.1-99.5 percent but in Jiroft on day 3 Sperimesifen had caused 100 % of mite mortality and then decreased to 98.78% on day 14 after spraying. Investigation of preharvest interval of Abamectin at doses of 0.185 and 0.200 ml/lit in cucumber samples showed that 7 days after spraying is acceptable according to the Syngenta company claim, so based on efficiency test, it is recommended to use a dose of 0.185/lit of this acaricide to control TSSM in greenhouse cucumbers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - The Measurement of Technical Efficiency and Effective Factors in Cucumber Greenhouse (Case Study: Eastern Azarbayjan Province)
B. Abdollahi H. Raheli M. Taghizadeh M. Kasrani B. NajaflouThe purpose of this study was to estimate technical efficiency of cucumber greenhouses in Eastern Azarbayjan. In economic literature, it means the ratio of maximum output to the inputs. The objective of this research was to determinate the effective factors influencing MoreThe purpose of this study was to estimate technical efficiency of cucumber greenhouses in Eastern Azarbayjan. In economic literature, it means the ratio of maximum output to the inputs. The objective of this research was to determinate the effective factors influencing it's inefficiency. The method of determination of deterministic and stochastic technical efficiency is corrected ordinary least squares (COLS) and maximum likelihood (ML) respectively. The average of technical efficiency in province’s cucumber greenhouse is approximately about 57 and 93 percent for deterministic and stochastic frontier method respectively. Production types had positive influence on technical inefficiency whereas experience of manager have negative influence on technical inefficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Determination of copper and cadmium concentration in greenhouse tomatoes produced in Hamadan province during 2012
مهرداد Cheraghi مژگان Sohrabi کامران ShayestehExcessive accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils not only leads to environmental pollution, but also results in increased uptake of heavy metals by plants, which in turn affects the quality and safety of the foods. Cadmium and copper are considered as the ma MoreExcessive accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils not only leads to environmental pollution, but also results in increased uptake of heavy metals by plants, which in turn affects the quality and safety of the foods. Cadmium and copper are considered as the major pollutants of greenhouse soils that stem from agricultural techniques and chemical materials. This is a study aimed to investigate the contamination of greenhouse tomatoes crop with copper and cadmium in Hamadan province. A total of 72 samples were obtained from 18 greenhouses (4 samples from each) located in 6 cities of the province. Following preparation procedure, the concentrations of the elements were measured using atomic emission. According to the results, the concentrations of cadmium and copper in tomato samples were estimated at the range of 0.08–5.25 and 0.01–9.25 mg/kg, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a correlation between cadmium and copper concentrations. Moreover, comparing the results with the approved level of these elements revealed that the concentration of cadmium and copper in some of the greenhouse tomatoes were above the acceptable level. That is to say, the concentration of cadmium in all of the samples was determined as health threatening level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Comparative study of the effect of some types of nitrogen fertilizers on growth, alkaloid content and some physiological traits of the ornamental-medicinal plant Agave Americana cv marginata under greenhouse cultivation
Ebrahim Jokar Aryan Sateei Mehdi Ebadi Mazeyar Ahmadi GolsefidiIn the present study, the effect of three types of nitrogen fertilizers under potting and greenhouse cultivation on growth rate, total nitrogen content, protein, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids and leaf nitrate reductase activity in American agave cultivar MoreIn the present study, the effect of three types of nitrogen fertilizers under potting and greenhouse cultivation on growth rate, total nitrogen content, protein, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids and leaf nitrate reductase activity in American agave cultivar Marginata was investigated.Fertilizers including urea (46%), NPK compound fertilizer of type 20 20 20, and Dr. Bio biofertilizer (containing Azotobacter) were applied in two concentrations each, and their effects were compared with the effects ofsoil without fertilizer as a control. Increasing fertilizer in all cases, and especially in the case of biofertilizer, reduced the nitrate reductase activity of the leaves and also changed the overall nitrogen content of the root in favor of increasing it in the leaves. Urea increased wet and dry weight, total protein content, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids. Biofertilizer significantly increased fresh and dry weight and leaf protein content, fresh weight and content of free amino acids and root protein. This fertilizer had no significant effect on the alkaloid content of leaves and roots. Increasing the NPK fertilizer also increased the fresh and dry weight and free amino acids of the leaves and the content of total proteins and alkaloids in the leaves and roots and decreased the fresh weight and free amino acids of the roots. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Effect of Bio-stimulator Fosnutren and Humiforte on some morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under water deficit
Elham Danaee Vahid AbdossiWater stress is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the growth and yield of plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. To investigate the effects of low water stress (25, 50, 75 and 100% of field capacity) and bio-stimulants of Fosnutren and MoreWater stress is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the growth and yield of plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. To investigate the effects of low water stress (25, 50, 75 and 100% of field capacity) and bio-stimulants of Fosnutren and Humiforte (5 ml) on some morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of thyme, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 12 treatments and 3 replications in 2020 performed in greenhouse conditions. Therefore, the seedlings obtained from seed cultivation after two weeks of transfer to the pot, were exposed to dehydration stress treatments. Foliar application of plants with Fosnutren and Humiforte was performed three times and once every 15 days. The desired traits were evaluated 15 days after the last treatments. The results showed that increasing the levels of low water stress (25 and 50% of field capacity) caused a significant decrease in growth indices, chlorophyll content, total antioxidant percentage and essential oils and increase in proline content. Simultaneous treatment of drought and bio-stimulants of Fosnutren and humiforte with significantly reduced oxidative stress due to dehydration improved the evaluated traits except the amount of proline. The highest percentage of essential oil (2.34%) in Fosnutren foliar spraying and was obtained at 75% field capacity. In general, foliar application of Fosnutren and Humiforte reduced the negative effects of dehydration in thyme. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - مقایسه تأثیر کودهای ورمیکمپوست، کود دامی و کود شیمیایی بر عملکرد و کیفیت گوجه فرنگی گلخانهای (Solanum lycopersicum L. var Hamra)
آفاق ویسی اکرم بیناییان زری صالحی نیا -
Open Access Article
45 - Design and Implementation of a Web-based Greenhouse Remote Monitoring System with Zigbee Protocol and GSM Network
Abdolhamid Tabatabaeifar Mohammad Ali Shafieian Hamed Banizaman Seyed Ali TorabIn modern and big greenhouses, it is necessary to measure several climate parameters to automate and control the greenhouse properly. Monitoring and transmitting by cable may lead to an expensive and stiff measurement system. Since, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a di MoreIn modern and big greenhouses, it is necessary to measure several climate parameters to automate and control the greenhouse properly. Monitoring and transmitting by cable may lead to an expensive and stiff measurement system. Since, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a distributed system that consists of small-size wireless sensor nodes equipped with radio and one or several sensors; it is a low cost option to build the required monitoring system. In this paper, we introduce and implement an intelligent monitoring system based on WSN by using Xbee modules. The Xbee Series 2 hardware uses a microchip from Ember Networks that enables several different flavors of standards-based ZigBee mesh networking. All gathered information by sensors, are sent to a remote center in form of GPRS packets through a GSM network and viewed by monitoring software. The proposed system has low power consumption, low cost and simple driver circuits. Furthermore, it can support various types of digital and analog sensors Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - راهکارهای مقابله با تاثیرات تغییرات آب و هوایی و گازهای گلخانهای بر محیط زیست ایران از منظر حقوق بین الملل و حقوق ایران
مرتضی صادقی غزاله کبیرآبادی هاشم امیری -
Open Access Article
47 - اثر تغییر اقلیم و نوسانات الگوی گردشهای جوی بر روی رودخانه مرزی ارس
محمد حسن نامی مهدی خزایی -
Open Access Article
48 - Feasibility Study of Using Photovoltaic Systems in Water and Wastewater Industry (Case Study: Tehran Water and Wastewater Company)
Ensieh Ozgoli Younes Noorollahi Reza Arjmandi Ali MohammadiSince water and wastewater companies are one of the significant energy consumers in urban industries, there is a substantial share to increase electricity demand and as a result, increasing the power plants load. The purpose of this study is to present a new evaluation MoreSince water and wastewater companies are one of the significant energy consumers in urban industries, there is a substantial share to increase electricity demand and as a result, increasing the power plants load. The purpose of this study is to present a new evaluation approach for using solar energy in the water and wastewater industry. Therefore, while consideration of the energy consumption in the six regions of Tehran Water and Wastewater Company, requirements for the installation and operation of photovoltaic systems in this company has been investigated. In the present study, the objective functions are energy consumption costs and greenhouse gas emissions; Also, solar energy potential, increasing population rate and water consumption are the most important independent variables and forecasted electricity consumption, carbon tax, and electricity sales price are also dependent variables. The results of this study, which can be based on using the regression model, show that the increase in electricity consumption and costs are 1.5 and 3 times in this period, respectively. To calculate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, the three scenarios are implemented and compared with the replacement of 5, 20, and 30% of the company required electricity by photovoltaic systems. The reduction in CO2 emissions due to the production of 30% of electricity consumption with solar energy, amounted to 26,712 thousand tons. On the other hand, taxing more than $ 10 per ton of CO2 emissions changes the consumption pattern and reduces the cost of electricity consumption in this industry by $ 5,987,086. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Optimization of petroleum condensate supply chain using mathematical modeling and simulation
Hamidreza Mahmoudi Morteza Bazrafshan Mohadeseh AhmadipourIn this research, a framework for optimizing the oil condensate supply chain is designed using mathematical programming and simulation. Based on this framework, investment and operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions for oil and gas transmission lines can be minimiz MoreIn this research, a framework for optimizing the oil condensate supply chain is designed using mathematical programming and simulation. Based on this framework, investment and operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions for oil and gas transmission lines can be minimized to meet pressure and transmission network needs. We can also minimize the production of pollutants in the related parts of the chain. By applying a real case study, all possible decisions are taken into account to consider the environmental aspects of the supply chain. Therefore, the structure and decisions of the supply chain are generally based on two objective functions, including the reduction of transportation and maintenance costs and pollution in treatment plants and distribution centers. The results showed that using the proposed model reduces costs by 31% and greenhouse gas emissions by 51%. There will also be an 8% increase in the capacity of fields and refineries and a 65% increase in exports. Using the results obtained from solving the model, it is possible to determine the share of each oil product in the total price and each part of the chain in the production of greenhouse gases. According to the results, oil is the most expensive and oils are the least expensive. In addition, refineries have the most impact and storage tanks have the least impact on environmental pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - ارزیابی شاخصهای مدیریتی در گلخانه تولید گلهای زینتی
یوسف روحی جعفر عزیزیکشت­های گلخانه­ای با توجه به فراهم نمودن شرایط مصنوعی تولید و با خنثی کردن متغیرهای محیطی اهمیت ویژه­ ای در پیشبرد فرآیند توسعه کشاورزی دارند .بدیهی است برنامه­ریزی مناسب در جهت توسعه این نظام تولیدی با توجه به شرایط ویژه آن، نیازمند شناخت متغیرها اثرگذا Moreکشت­های گلخانه­ای با توجه به فراهم نمودن شرایط مصنوعی تولید و با خنثی کردن متغیرهای محیطی اهمیت ویژه­ ای در پیشبرد فرآیند توسعه کشاورزی دارند .بدیهی است برنامه­ریزی مناسب در جهت توسعه این نظام تولیدی با توجه به شرایط ویژه آن، نیازمند شناخت متغیرها اثرگذار و محدودکننده است. براین اساس تحقیق حاضر در سال ۱۳۹۷ با هدف کلی ارزیابی شاخص­های مدیریتی واحدهای گلخانه­ای گل­های زینتی در استان گیلان انجام شده است. این مطالعه از نوع کاربردی است که به روش پیمایشی و با استفاده از ابزار پرسشنامه برای گردآوری داده­ها استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل۱۰۷ واحد گلخانه­ای منتخب که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و به روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده ۸۴ نمونه انتخاب شده­اند. در راستای بررسی و ارزیابی داده­های آماری از روش­های میانگین، انحراف استاندارد، روش رگرسیون خطی، آزمون کولموگروف اسمیرونف و آزمون t تک نمونه­ای در نرم افزار SPSS.21 استفاده شده است. نتایج بدست آمده از آزمون فرضیه ­ها که با استفاده از آزمون t تک نمونه­ای صورت گرفت، نشان داد که بین دانش مهارتی افراد و مدیریت بهینه واحدهای گلخانه­های منتخب رابطه مثبت و معنی­دار وجود دارد. همچنین بین نگرش افراد نسبت به توسعه پایدار و مدیریت بهینه واحدهای گلخانه­های منتخب و نیز بین شاخص­های فنی و حرفه­ای مدیران و عملکرد مطلوب واحدهای گلخانه­های منتخب، رابطه مثبت معنی­داری وجود دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - جدول زیستی کنه شکارگر Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) روی Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) ، Carpoglyphus lactis Linnaeus (Acari: Carpoglyphidae) و Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
اصغر حسینی نیا محمد خانجانی مهدیه اسدی جلال سلطانیکنه شکارگر Amblyseius swirskiiیکی از رایج­ترین عوامل کنترل بیولوژیک روی کنه­های مختلف، حشرات آفت از جمله کنه تارتن دونقطه­ای و سفید بالک می­باشد. برای ارزیابی نقش بالقوه این عامل کنترل بیولوژیک، در این مطالعه جدول زیستی کنه A. swirskii روی تخم­ Moreکنه شکارگر Amblyseius swirskiiیکی از رایج­ترین عوامل کنترل بیولوژیک روی کنه­های مختلف، حشرات آفت از جمله کنه تارتن دونقطه­ای و سفید بالک می­باشد. برای ارزیابی نقش بالقوه این عامل کنترل بیولوژیک، در این مطالعه جدول زیستی کنه A. swirskii روی تخم­های کنه T. urticae ، کنه C. lactisو سفید بالک گلخانه T. vaporariorum در شرایط آزمایشگاهی (25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 5% RH and 16 L: 8D) بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد این کنه شکارگر قادر به تغذیه و تکمیل کردن رشد و نمو خود روی سه گونه یاد شده می­باشد. این شکارگر دارای ظرفیت بالای رشد جمعیت خود هنگام تغذیه از کنه تارتن و کنه میوه خشک می­باشد. بنابراین اثر کنترلی روی این آفات در باغ و گلخانه وجود دارد. در تغذیه از سفید بالک T. vaporariorum از آن دو گونه دیگر دارای رشد و نموضعیف­تری­ است و به­طور معنی­داری زمان قبل از تخم­گذاری و مدت زمان طول یک نسل آن افزایش و دوره تخم­گذاری و زادآوری آن کاهش یافت. به­علاوه پارامترهای جدول زندگیاین شکارگرازجمله r، λ وR0 هنگام تغذیه از تخم سفید­بالک به­طور معنی­داری کاهش یافت. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که کنه شکارگر دارای توانایی بالایی به­عنوان یک عامل کنترل بیولوژیکی موثر برای T. urticae ، C. lactis و تاثیر قابل­توجهی در کنترل بیولوژیک T. vaporariorum نیز دارا می­باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - تاثیر سایبان های توری رنگی بر تغذیه و رشد گیاه دیفن باخیا Dieffenbachia amoena رقم "استارلایت"
علی محبوب خمامی محمد نقی پاداشت مرضیه علی دوست طاهره رادفر رضا علی پوربرای کنترل نور خورشید در هوای آزاد و گلخانه ها در ایران، شبکه های سایه بان ضروری است. استفاده از توری های سایه بان می تواند دمای هوا را در منطقه تحت پوشش کاهش دهد. نشان داده شده است که انتخاب تورهای سایه با رنگ مناسب نقش مهمی در رشد گیاهان زینتی در شرایط مشابه دارد. به Moreبرای کنترل نور خورشید در هوای آزاد و گلخانه ها در ایران، شبکه های سایه بان ضروری است. استفاده از توری های سایه بان می تواند دمای هوا را در منطقه تحت پوشش کاهش دهد. نشان داده شده است که انتخاب تورهای سایه با رنگ مناسب نقش مهمی در رشد گیاهان زینتی در شرایط مشابه دارد. به منظور دستیابی به این هدف، آزمایشی برای بررسی تأثیر توری سایهدار در سایههای آبی، سفید و سبز (در سطح سایه 50 درصد) بر رشد گیاهان شاخ و برگ زینتی Dieffenbachia amoena انجام شد. طرح پایه آزمایش شامل بلوک های کامل تصادفی بود. در طول دوره رشد اقتصادی پنج ماهه در شرایط گلخانه، ارتفاع بوته، قطر و شاخص کلروفیل هر دو هفته یکبار اندازهگیری شد. در پایان رشد، وزن تر و خشک برگ، وزن تر و خشک ساقه، شاخص رشد گیاه و عناصر غذایی برگ اندازه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که دیفنباخیا که در زیر شبکههای سایه آبی رشد میکند دارای ارتفاع، شاخص رشد، وزن خشک ریشه و آهن بالاتری نسبت به آنهایی است که در زیر شبکههای سایهدار سفید و سبز رشد میکنند. از آنجایی که اکثر گلخانه های ایرانی این گیاه زینتی را زیر توری های سایه سبز تولید می کنند و با توجه به اینکه این دو توری رنگی دارای قیمت های مشابهی هستند، توصیه می شود دیفن باخیا تحت شبکه های سایه آبی تولید شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - مدلسازی انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای تولید گندم در سیستم های کشت آبی و دیم در استان خراسان رضوی، ایران
سید مسعود معتمد الشریعتی حسن صدرنیا محمد حسین آق خانی مهدی خجستهپورکشاورزی یکی از بخش­های مهم تولیدکننده گازهای گلخانهای محسوب میگردد. یراین اساس، این مطالعه به ارزیابی انتشار گازهای گلخانهای تولید گندم در نظامهای کشت آبی و دیم پرداخته است. داده­ها از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبه حضوری با 116 کشاورز گردآوری شد. نتایج نشان داد که Moreکشاورزی یکی از بخش­های مهم تولیدکننده گازهای گلخانهای محسوب میگردد. یراین اساس، این مطالعه به ارزیابی انتشار گازهای گلخانهای تولید گندم در نظامهای کشت آبی و دیم پرداخته است. داده­ها از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبه حضوری با 116 کشاورز گردآوری شد. نتایج نشان داد که مجموع انتشار گازهای گلخانهای برای تولید گندم در نظامهای کشت آبی و دیم به ترتیب kg CO2 eq 8/637 و 12/65 بود. نهاده سوخت دیزل با 33 درصد، بیشترین انتشار گازهای گلخانهای تولید گندم در نظام کشت آبی را داشت. همچنین این نهاده بیشترین انتشار گازهای گلخانهای در تولید گندم در نظام دیم را به خود اختصاص داد. نتایج استفاده از تابع کاب-داگلاس نشان داد که برای تولید گندم در نظام کشت آبی، تأثیر نهادههای نشردهنده گازهای گلخانهای ماشینها، سوخت، الکتریسیته و کود حیوانی بر روی عملکرد مثبت و تأثیر نهادههای کودهای شیمیایی و سموم شیمیایی بر روی عملکرد گندم منفی بود. این در حالی است که تأثیر تمام نهادههای انرژی بر روی عملکرد گندم در نظام کشت دیم مثبت بود. نتایج تحلیل حساسیت ورودیهای نشردهنده گازهای گلخانهای نشان داد با افزایش یک کیلوگرم معادل دیاکسیدکربن نهادههای کودهای شیمیایی و سموم شیمیایی عملکرد گندم در نظام کشت آبی به ترتیب به میزان 28/0 و 17/0 کیلوگرم کاهش یافت. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - تجزیه و تحلیل امرژی نظام کشت خیار گلخانهای منطقه سیستان
شیرعلی کوهکن احمد قنبری محمدرضا اصغری پور براتعلی فاخریدستیابی به پایداری کشاورزی و کاهش فشار زیست محیطی دو هدف عمده مدیریت آگرو اکوسیستمها در قرن حاضر است که عدم کارایی مناسب انرژی، آنرا با چالش مواجه نموده است. در این راستا در پژوهش حاضر تلاش شده یکی از مهمترین نظامهای کشت منطقه سیستان با استفاده از رهیافت تحلیل امرژی ا Moreدستیابی به پایداری کشاورزی و کاهش فشار زیست محیطی دو هدف عمده مدیریت آگرو اکوسیستمها در قرن حاضر است که عدم کارایی مناسب انرژی، آنرا با چالش مواجه نموده است. در این راستا در پژوهش حاضر تلاش شده یکی از مهمترین نظامهای کشت منطقه سیستان با استفاده از رهیافت تحلیل امرژی ارزیابی گردد. در این مطالعه تمام ورودیها اعم از ورودیهای تجدید پذیر شامل نور خورشید، باد و باران؛ تجدید ناپذیر شامل خاک؛ نهادهها و خدمات خریداری شده شامل ماشینآلات، سوختهای فسیلی، الکتریسیته، پلاستیک، تاسیسات، نیروی انسانی، کودهای شیمیایی نیتروژن، پتاسیم، فسفر، کودهای میکرو و سموم شیمیایی برای تولید خیار گلخانهای سیستان مورد ارزیابی قرارگرفت. نتایج مطالعه نشان داد کل امرژی تولید خیار گلخانهای برابر1018×094/1 امژول خورشیدی و بیشترین مقدار امرژی مصرفی به ترتیب مربوط به گازوئیل و نیروی انسانی با 1017×9/7 و 1017×92/1 امژول خورشیدی در هکتار بود. شاخصهای مهم امرژی شامل نسبت عملکرد امرژی، نسبت سرمایهگذاری امرژی، نسبت بارگذاری بر محیط زیست و شاخص پایداری به ترتیب 00/1، 2089، 34/4، 23/0 2 بدست آمد. بنابراین لازم است بهینهسازی مصرف نهادههای پر مصرف، کاهش فشار زیستمحیطی و افزایش پایداری از طریق تغییرات مناسب در ساختمان و سازههای گلخانه و افزایش کارایی مصرف انرژی در داخل گلخانه و نیز افزایش مکانیزاسیون کاشت، داشت و برداشت کشتهای گلخانهای برای توسعه کشت خیار گلخانهای در منطقه سیستان در برنامهریزیهای آتی مد نظر قرار گیرد Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - واکاوی مشکلات و موانع پیشروی گلخانهداران: مطالعه موردی استان اصفهان، ایران
مسعود رمضانی عبدالحمید پاپ زنهدف پژوهش حاضر واکاوی مشکلات و موانع پیشروی گلخانهداران استان اصفهان است. در این مطالعه از پارادایم کیفی استفاده شد و داده­های تحقیق از طریق مصاحبه نیمهساختارمند به صورت غیرحضوری (تلفنی) و در برخی موارد با مشاهده و مصاحبه مستقیم جمعآوری شد. با تمامی جامعه Moreهدف پژوهش حاضر واکاوی مشکلات و موانع پیشروی گلخانهداران استان اصفهان است. در این مطالعه از پارادایم کیفی استفاده شد و داده­های تحقیق از طریق مصاحبه نیمهساختارمند به صورت غیرحضوری (تلفنی) و در برخی موارد با مشاهده و مصاحبه مستقیم جمعآوری شد. با تمامی جامعه آماری مورد مطالعه این پژوهش که 471 نفر بودند تماس گرفته شد، ولی نرخ بازگشت مکالمه تلفنی 279 نفر بود که برای جمع­آوری داده­ها و اطلاعات مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. بهمنظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها و اطلاعات جمعآوری شده از تکنیک تحلیل محتوای ساختاری تئوری بنیانی بهره گرفته شد. در تحلیل ساختاری اجزای ساختار مصاحبه، واژهها، مفاهیم و ارتباط میان آنها بر حسب میزان تکرار، تعداد واژهها و اصطلاحات به کاررفته در جملهها شمارش و بررسی گردید تا الگوهای موجود در گفتهها کشف شود. در کل 849 مشکل توسط گلخانهداران بیان شد. در مرحله کدگذاری باز با ادغام موارد مشابه و حذف موارد تکراری، عبارتهای استخراج شده در قالب 27 عبارت معنادار فرموله شد. در مرحله کدگذاری محوری، عبارت استخراج شده هشت عامل اصلی را ایجاد کردند. در کدگذری انتخابی مشکلات شناسایی شده در چهار بعد سرمایه انسانی، نظام زیربنایی و پشتیبانی، عوامل برونسازمانی و عوامل اقتصادی دستهبندی شدند. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که در جدود 50 درصد از مشکلات کشاورزان با سه عامل نوسان شدید قیمت، دلالبازی و بالا بودن هزینه سوخت از عمده مشکلات گلخانهداران میباشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - طراحی مدل شایستگیهای حرفهای مدیران واحدهای تولید محصولات گلخانه ای خراسان جنوبی در ایران
محمد معتمدی کوروش روستا اسدالله زمانی پور ملیحه فلکیپژوهش حاضر با هدف طراحی مدل شایستگی­های حرفه­ای مدیران واحدهای تولید محصولات گلخانه­ای خراسان جنوبی در ایران انجام شده است. روش تحقیق از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از نظر گردآوری داده­ها توصیفی – همبستگی است و به روش پیمایش انجام شده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق Moreپژوهش حاضر با هدف طراحی مدل شایستگی­های حرفه­ای مدیران واحدهای تولید محصولات گلخانه­ای خراسان جنوبی در ایران انجام شده است. روش تحقیق از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و از نظر گردآوری داده­ها توصیفی – همبستگی است و به روش پیمایش انجام شده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق 117 نفر از مدیران واحدهای تولید محصولات گلخانه­ای بوده که بدلیل محدود بودن جامعه بصورت سرشماری مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. ابزار گردآوری داده­ها در این پژوهش، پرسشنامه بود و برای تحلیل داده­ها از نرم­افزار SPSS و Smart PLS استفاده شده است. برای همه شایستگی­ها آلفای کرونباخ و پایایی ترکیبی بیشتر از 7/0 بدست آمد. تحلیل معادلات ساختاری با حداقل مربعات جزئی pls دلالت بر تایید همه فرضیه­ها دارد. در نهایت مدل شایستگی­های حرفه ­ی با هفت شایستگی شامل شایستگی مدیریت، فردی، محیط کسب و کار، اعتقادی- اخلاقی، فنی و تخصصی، آکادمیک و عمومی شناسایی شده است که از دید مدیران بیشترین اهمیت مربوط به شایستگی­های مدیریتی و فردی بوده است. از این رو پیشنهاد می­شود مدیران برای تصمیم­گیری صحیح در برخورد با مسائل جدید و متغیر، می­بایست دائماً مهارت­ها و معلومات خود را در زمینه مدیریت اصلاح و بهروزرسانی کنند تا بتوانند به اهداف غایی تولید دست یابند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Dynamic Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Iran
Maryam Khoshnevis Asma Shiri Azam ShiriThe relationship between causation of energy use and economic growth is one of the important issues of energy economy, which has been studied extensively. However, previous studies in Iran have ignored the nonlinear behavior of these two variables, which can be as a res MoreThe relationship between causation of energy use and economic growth is one of the important issues of energy economy, which has been studied extensively. However, previous studies in Iran have ignored the nonlinear behavior of these two variables, which can be as a result of structural failures. In this research, the self-monitoring regression model of time parameters with probability fluctuations (TVP-VAR) is used to determine the inter-annual dynamics between the real GDP of Iran (oil, non-oil), electricity consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions in 1972-2014. The results show that the TVP-VAR model is used to study the dynamic relationship between power consumption, real GDP, and greenhouse emissions. In addition, analyzing the successive responses of GDP time, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions to structural shocks suggests that these responses depend on the severity of GDP structural fluctuations, power consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, the existence of a one-way non-linear relationship has led to economic growth as a result of energy use. This finding means that decision-makers should consider the fluctuations of real GDP, electric shock, greenhouse gas emissions, and the relationship between time-varying patterns of Real GDP, consumption electricity and emissions of greenhouse gases when deciding on energy policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - الگوی مناسب بهای تمام شده محصولات کشاورزی گلخانهای
کامبیز فرقاندوست حقیقی رضا نامی سرای -
Open Access Article
59 - Comparison of energy indices and CO2 greenhouse gas emission in irrigated and rainfed canola in northern region of Iran
Ali Motavali Saleh YasorEnergy consumption and global warming and followed by climate change from by human activity that has been noticed a lot of research. This study investigates the energy consumption and CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in production of irrigated and rainfed canola (Brassica n MoreEnergy consumption and global warming and followed by climate change from by human activity that has been noticed a lot of research. This study investigates the energy consumption and CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in production of irrigated and rainfed canola (Brassica napus) in northern region of Iran and output energy indices were estimated. Data were collected from farmers in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces by random sampling method in years 2016. The results of the study showed that input energy in rainfed farming in Mazandaran and Golestan were 29.49 and 28.77 GJ/h and input energy in irrigated farming in Mazandaran and Golestan was 33.52 and 34.10 GJ/ha was calculated. The energy output was calculated in raidfed farming in Mazandaran and Golestan were 88.4 and 90.3 GJ/h and output energy in irrigated Farming in Mazandaran and Golestan were 82.27 and 82.25 GJ/ha. The highest and lowest value of energy ratio was obtained in production of canola 3.07 and 2.41 in rainfed and irrigated in Golestan province, respectively. Also the rate of production Co2 greenhouse gas was calculated in rainfed farming in Mazandaran and Golestan were 41715.04 kg/ha and 39968.60 kg/ha and reat of production CO2 greenhouse gas in irrigated farming in Mazandaran and Golestan were 46180.11 and 45011.62 kg/ha. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Effects of different substrates on quantitative characteristics of cucumber Negin cultivar in hydroponic irrigation system
Mehdi Ghaemi Qumars Kalarestaghi Mohsen Nabavi In order to determine the effects of different substrates on quantitative characteristics of greenhouse cucumber of Negin cultivar and also to study the possibility of mixing of perlite in different substrates, an experiment laid out in a random More In order to determine the effects of different substrates on quantitative characteristics of greenhouse cucumber of Negin cultivar and also to study the possibility of mixing of perlite in different substrates, an experiment laid out in a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and four replication was carried out in a personal greenhouse in 2010. Characters including yield, the number of fruit, plant high, were measured and examined during this experiment. The results showed that different substrates significantly affected many measured characteristics as follows: peat moss with 2998 grof fruit weight had the highest yield and leca with 355 grof fruit weight had the lowest yield between the whole treatments. And also between the treatments, peat moss with 54 numbers of fruit per pot had the most fruit number and leca with less than 8 fruit number per pot had the least number of fruit averagely. Peat moss with the average of 179 cm had the highest high and leca with 56.5 cmhad the lowest high between the substrates. The results also showed that the mixed perlite made some changes in the most measured characters in substrates compared to the pure one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Water-use efficiency and factors influencing of performance greenhouse of Amanabad village based on approach of the slack based model (SBM)
javad shahraki ahmad akbari mehdi jafari -
Open Access Article
62 - Effect of Bio-stimulator Fosnutren and Humiforte on some morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of Garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under water deficit
Elham Danaee Vahid AbdossiWater stress is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the growth and yield of plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Bio-stimulants are biological substances that stimulate metabolism and metabolic processes to increase plant efficiency. To MoreWater stress is one of the most important environmental factors limiting the growth and yield of plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Bio-stimulants are biological substances that stimulate metabolism and metabolic processes to increase plant efficiency. To investigate the effects of low water stress and bio-stimulants of Fosnutren and Humiforte on some morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of thyme, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 12 treatments and 3 replications in 2020 performed in greenhouse conditions. Therefore, the seedlings obtained from seed cultivation after two weeks of transfer to the pot, were exposed to dehydration stress treatments (25, 50, 75 and 100% of field capacity). Foliar application of plants with Fosnutren and Humiforte (5 ml) was performed three times and once every 15 days. The desired traits were evaluated 15 days after the last treatments. The results showed that increasing the levels of low water stress (25 and 50% of field capacity) caused a significant decrease in growth indices, chlorophyll content, total antioxidant percentage and essential oils and increase in proline content. Simultaneous treatment of drought and bio-stimulants of Fosnutren and humiforte with significantly reduced oxidative stress due to dehydration improved the evaluated traits except the amount of proline. The highest percentage of essential oil (2.34%) in Fosnutren foliar spraying and was obtained at 75% field capacity. In general, foliar application of Fosnutren and Humiforte reduced the negative effects of dehydration in thyme. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Effect of pond dimensions on water requirement of basil in novel integrated system of greenhouse and saltwater evaporation pond
Ahmad Ahmadinik Ali Rahimikhoob Sasan Ali niaeifardNovel integrated system of greenhouse and saltwater evaporation pond is a recently developed idea to provide the possibility of producing freshwater and crop growth in arid and semi-arid areas using saltwater. The system greatly reduces the water requirement of the crop MoreNovel integrated system of greenhouse and saltwater evaporation pond is a recently developed idea to provide the possibility of producing freshwater and crop growth in arid and semi-arid areas using saltwater. The system greatly reduces the water requirement of the crop in cultivating environment controlling atmospheric conditions and increasing relative humidity to saturation point. To evaluate the effect of saltwater evaporation pond dimensions on basil water requirements in greenhouse condition of the proposed system, a pilot project was done using pond dimensions of 1, 2, and 3 meter in southeast of Tehran. The average daily requirements of the basil in pilot projects of numbers 1, 2, and 3 in two cultivation periods were measured as 2.4, 1.9, and 0.8 mm, respectively which were significantly different. Increasing the length of saltwater evaporation pond in the system improved system capability to reduce crop water requirement. Therefore, implementation of larger ponds is recommended in commercial scale of this integrated system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Investigation of environmental impacts in sugar beet production and the effect of production inputs on yield and profit to cost ratio
Shayan Firozi Mohammad Gholami Iraj Ranjbar Davood Mohammad ZamaniAssessment of energy and environmental pollutants of production process is important in terms of providing solutions to reduce energy consumption and emissions. The purpose of this study was to investigate and predict the yield and profit to cost ratio and environmental MoreAssessment of energy and environmental pollutants of production process is important in terms of providing solutions to reduce energy consumption and emissions. The purpose of this study was to investigate and predict the yield and profit to cost ratio and environmental effects in sugar beet production to improve energy consumption and reduce global warming. The Cobb-Douglas model was used to investigate the effect of inputs on performance and profit-to-cost ratio. Environmental impact assessment was performed using Simapro software based on CML2 baseline2000 method. The required data were collected through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with sugar beet growers in Khorasan Razavi, Fars, Khuzestan and Isfahan Provinces. The results showed that with a one percent increase in manpower inputs, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers, electricity and seeds, the yield was increased or decreased 1.84, -0.59, -0.19, 0.13 and 0.39 percent, respectively. With a one percent increase in the costs of machinery, chemical fertilizers and seeds, 0.23, -0.39 and 0.98 percent were increased or decreased in terms of profit to cost, respectively. Fertilizers and chemical toxins (more than 90%) have the greatest effects on organic matter depletion and open water toxicity. Electricity consumption was also more than 20% effective in reducing inorganic matter and ozone depletion. The effects of open water poisoning and depletion of organic matter had the greatest environmental impact. The total emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere was 745.79 kg .ha-1. Analysis of soil parameters and proper management of agricultural machinery use can minimize energy consumption and environmental pollutants from production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Mathematical modeling and simulation of improving the flow of transportation of petrochemical products in a green supply chain
Hamidreza Mahmoudi Morteza Bazrafshan Mohadeseh AhmadipourIn this research, a framework for optimizing the oil condensate supply chain is modeled using mathematical programming to design and make strategic and tactical decisions. Based on this framework, investment and operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions for oil and g MoreIn this research, a framework for optimizing the oil condensate supply chain is modeled using mathematical programming to design and make strategic and tactical decisions. Based on this framework, investment and operating costs and greenhouse gas emissions for oil and gas transmission lines can be minimized to meet pressure and transmission network needs. We can also minimize the production of pollutants in the related parts of the chain. By applying a real case study, all possible decisions are taken into account to consider the environmental aspects of the supply chain. Therefore, the structure and decisions of the supply chain are generally based on two objective functions, including the reduction of transportation and maintenance costs and pollution in treatment plants and distribution centers. The proposed model is reliable with good accuracy compared to simulation modeling and NSGA-II meta-heuristic algorithm and can estimate the objectives well. Using the proposed model reduces costs by 31% and greenhouse gas emissions by 51%. There will also be an 8% increase in the capacity of fields and refineries and a 65% increase in exports. Using the results obtained from solving the model, it is possible to determine the share of each oil product in the total price and each part of the chain in the production of greenhouse gases. Manuscript profile
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