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Open Access Article
1 - Structural characteristics and economic value of pistachio species (Pistacia atlantica) in Gilan-e Gharb forests
Mohsen Javamiripour Rohollah Parvane Aliakbar DarabiThe ecosystem value, wild pistachio species importance and the product of raw turpentine in terms of creating employment, villager’s income and supplying raw materials for chemical, pharmaceutical, food industries and exporting it to European countries is a main i MoreThe ecosystem value, wild pistachio species importance and the product of raw turpentine in terms of creating employment, villager’s income and supplying raw materials for chemical, pharmaceutical, food industries and exporting it to European countries is a main interest to the government. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecosystem characteristics of pistachio species and the economic value of its gum in the direction of production rise in the Zagros in the Gilan-e Gharb forests that located in Kermanshah province. The studied forest stands with 700, 2100, 700 and 1000 hectares' area, respectively, are located in Kamreh Alirezavandi, Cheshmeh Sefid, Bapir and Balaleh in Gilan-e-Gharb in a mountainous and forested area. The desired area was determined using the available maps after filed visiting. Then, for griding, the study area in 10,000-scale maps was identified. Sampling by regular random method, was performed. In addition, the area of the sample plots is 4000 m2, have been surveyed. The results showed that the mean diameter at breast height in Kamreh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh areas equal to 31.9, 35.5, 39.3 and 30.2 cm, respectively. Furthermore, the mean number of harvestable pistachio trees in Kamareh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh areas is 30.15, 58.3, 44.45 and 32.25, respectively. The total height of pistachio trees in Kamareh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh habitats is 5.6, 6.1, 4.5 and 4.2, respectively. The profit amount for the wild pistachio gum exploitation includes 821.7, 1623, 1740.5 and 2116 MilionRials in the Kamreh, Bapir, Cheshmeh Sefid and Balaleh, respectively. The findings of the present study showed that knowledge of the structural characteristics and production potential of turpentine in pistachio trees in the studied forest ecosystems and extraction of their gums based on habitat capacity is a significant step to protect this species and increase rural income and empower local communities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Study of Anisakidae family nematodes in wild and cultured yellow-fin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) in north coasts of Persian Gulf, Iran
Rasouli, رسولیIn one year period, 276 wild (n=169) and cultured (n=107) yellow-fin seabream fish werestudied for parasitic diseases and associated intestinal lesions in north coasts of Persian Gulf.Overall, 4 different nematode species of Anisakidae family isolated including Anisakis MoreIn one year period, 276 wild (n=169) and cultured (n=107) yellow-fin seabream fish werestudied for parasitic diseases and associated intestinal lesions in north coasts of Persian Gulf.Overall, 4 different nematode species of Anisakidae family isolated including Anisakis larvae(from intestine, abdominal cavity, liver and intestine surface), Contracaecum larvae (fromintestines and abdominal cavity), Raphidascaris spp. (from intestines) and Hysterothylaciumspp. (from intestines). The highest and lowest rate of infection with Contracaecum spp. was seenin winter and autumn, respectively; and that of Hysterothylacium spp. occurred in winter andsummer, respectively; and with Anisakis spp. such rates were seen in summer and autumn,respectively. All of seasonal variations in infection rates were significant. A significant positivecorrelation was found between weight of fish and parasite burden. This is the first report ofHysterothylacium spp. in the yellow-fin seabream. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Investigation of mystic bewilderment In the book of The Cloud of Unknowing and comparing it with The Conference of the Birds (Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr)
Rouhollah Mousavi Alireza JalaliThe inability of the intellect to reach the essence of transcendence and bewilderment against it, is one of the common concepts of Islamic and Christian mysticism. The Cloud of Unknowing, written by an Christian mystic interprets the path of a mystic as moving towards G MoreThe inability of the intellect to reach the essence of transcendence and bewilderment against it, is one of the common concepts of Islamic and Christian mysticism. The Cloud of Unknowing, written by an Christian mystic interprets the path of a mystic as moving towards God in a cloud of darkness, ignorance, and bewilderment; In this journey, the seeker flies towards the transcendent truth with a sharp arrow of love, placing a cloud of forgetting between himself and the whole universe. The essay deals with the central themes of this book, especially The Cloud of Unknowing and The Cloud of Forgetting, and in order to deepen this analysis, it uses an example of Iranian mysticism, that is, The Conference of the Birds (Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr) by Farid ud-Din Attar. In this way, while trying to understand the perspective of the English mystic, the common point of views between these two prominent mystics is analyzed.Attar considers man's desire to Join God as passing through the burning deserts and valleys and finally reaching the level of bewilderment (hayra), while the Christian mystic, who lived in the rainy Midlands of England, sees this attainment as flying through the clouds of bewilderment, darkness and ignorance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Mass Transfer Kinetics Modeling of Gum Extraction from Wild Sage Seed
F. Salehi M. Kashaninejad H. Zand RajabiIntroduction: Extraction of gums from plant seeds have recently become very attractive. Wild sage seed is cultivated in large quantities in different regions of Iran. This seed gum has good functional properties which is comparable with commercial food hydrocolloids. &n MoreIntroduction: Extraction of gums from plant seeds have recently become very attractive. Wild sage seed is cultivated in large quantities in different regions of Iran. This seed gum has good functional properties which is comparable with commercial food hydrocolloids. Materials and Methods: In this study the effect of gum extraction temperature at three levels and pH of aqueous solution at three different values and the ratio of water to seed at two levels, on mass transfer kinetics of wild seed gum extraction were investigated. Results: The results indicated that the increase in the temperature from 25 to 55°C resulted in higher gum extraction (pH of 7 and water to seed ratio of 30 to 1). The maximum value of gum was extracted at neutral condition and by increasing the ratio of water to seed (40 to 1), the rate of extraction of gum was also increased. The physical modeling of gum extraction process was carried out and was compared with the experimental data. Conclusion: The experimental data were fitted to a mathematical model of mass transport and equation constants were obtained. Statistical results indicated that the model used in this study was able to predict the gum extraction from wild sage seed adequately and will be a useful tool for other gum-containing seeds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Influence of Frying Conditions and Wild Sage Seed Mucilage Coating on the Physical Properties and Oil Uptake of Zucchini Slices during Deep-Fat Frying
F. Salehi A. Haseli A. Roustaei -
Open Access Article
6 - The Effects of Wild Sage Seed Gum (Salvia macrosiphon) on the Rheological Properties of Batter and Quality of Sponge Cakes
F. Salehi S. Amin Ekhlas -
Open Access Article
7 - Strategic Planning of Sustainable Development of Ecotourism Utilizes the Integrated Model SWOT and ANP (Case Study: Dareh Anjir Wildlife Refuge)
maryam morovati Samaneh AkbarianBackground and Objective: This study aims to achieve a comprehensive assessment on capabilities and feasibility of developing sustainable ecotourism in Dareh-Anjir Wildlife Refuge and Neybaz, using hybrid model SWOT and network analysis. Method: The questionnaires were MoreBackground and Objective: This study aims to achieve a comprehensive assessment on capabilities and feasibility of developing sustainable ecotourism in Dareh-Anjir Wildlife Refuge and Neybaz, using hybrid model SWOT and network analysis. Method: The questionnaires were completed by thirty experts and indigenous people through snowball sampling. Finally, SWOT matrix used to investigate strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats in the field of sustainable ecotourism strategies to deal with these threats and exploit opportunities for sustainable ecotourism were presented. Network analysis (ANP) used to prioritize the internal and external environment factors and rate the final solutions in the form of SO, WO, ST, WT. Findings: The final result from the evaluation of internal and external factors is in the form of an aggressive strategy to make the best use of the opportunities and strengths. The results also showed that diversification strategies, reviewing and defense respectively are in the next ranking. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of the strategies using ANP model shows that aggressive strategy is a priority in the planning for sustainable development of ecotourism in this region and for this should use natural functionality, attractiveness and prospects of the region, and with more advertisement of the region and make international projects such as cheetahs project, ecotourism area maintained and developed. The results of this study can be used in the implementation of protective measures for further administrative ecotourism industry in habitats of Yazd province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Legal Criteria for Wildlife Insurance and Damage Compensation
medrik pirsaheb Mansour Pournouri shirin shirazian Daryoush KarimiThe protection of wildlife has a special place, as in the domestic laws, various solutions have been considered, including the option of fines for the violator and the cause of damage, but as a deterrent, it has not been able to act effectively. The human factor does no MoreThe protection of wildlife has a special place, as in the domestic laws, various solutions have been considered, including the option of fines for the violator and the cause of damage, but as a deterrent, it has not been able to act effectively. The human factor does not always lead to the loss or destruction of animal species and harming the wildlife, but natural factors can also lead to disease or accidents for the wildlife according to the climatic conditions of the place. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate, adjust and adjust the ways to reduce the conflicts between people and wildlife, and by allocating appropriate funds, the field for the restoration of wildlife habitats should be provided in order to prevent further destruction of wildlife and support endangered species. One of the ways to control risk is to transfer it to insurance institutions, and these risks should be in line with insurance laws and regulations, and in other words, they should be insurable. The vastness of the field of wildlife and the costs of its maintenance and protection require the support of the government as the guardian of wildlife protection and supervisor of the insurance industry. The loss of a species covered by insurance, like any other insurance coverage, can be supported by the insurance company, although in the insurance industry due to the challenges of wildlife risk assessment and the wildlife guardian organization due to the lack of financial resources, so far this issue has not been addressed. It has not been addressed seriously, and it may be due to the lack of sufficient knowledge in this field, or due to a correct assessment of the risk of losses of this type of insurance coverage. Currently, addressing this issue is an unavoidable necessity, and the trustees of the life insurance industry The country's wildlife should take the necessary care in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Effect of Salinity on Viability of Wild Pistachio Seed (Pistacia vera L) in Khajeh Kalat Forest, Iran
Hadi Fadaei Vahid Etemad Gholamhosein MoradiBackground and Objective: The wide area of Iran is effected by salinity. So, study on salinity tolerance of plants are too important. Therefore this study was conducted to investigate effect of salinity on germination and viability of wild Pistachio seed. Method: Seed s MoreBackground and Objective: The wide area of Iran is effected by salinity. So, study on salinity tolerance of plants are too important. Therefore this study was conducted to investigate effect of salinity on germination and viability of wild Pistachio seed. Method: Seed sampling was done randomly and based on land unit map. Before germination test, stratification treatment was performed on seeds for 6 weeks in 4 °C. Germination test was done as factorial and completely randomized deign in tree repetition. After salinity treatments, seed germination, shoot length, root length and algometric ratio was measured. Findings: Results showed that salinity increasing was caused significantly decrease of seed viability, algometric ratio, root and stem length (p < 0.01). Also, increase of salinity in deferent altitude levels was caused significantly decrease of seed viability. Results of algometric ratio in different height and slope classes showed that there was not significant difference in zero salinity level and this ratio was significantly higher in this level comparing to other levels. Discussion and Conclusion: Regarding to results of this research, increase of salinity causing decrease of Pistachio growth and germination. Pistachio seed germination is more in higher altitude, while in some species altitude have opposite effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Cooperation of Iran with the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals "CMS" in the form of Memorandums
Ghazaleh Ketabdari Alireza ZaheriThe Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as CMS or the Bonn Convention, is one of the most important international legally binding agreements on the conservation and management of migratory species. It is a treaty under which a MoreThe Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as CMS or the Bonn Convention, is one of the most important international legally binding agreements on the conservation and management of migratory species. It is a treaty under which all terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species are conserved. The CMS commits all States Parties, including Iran, to establish concerted action for migratory animals, and with the necessary infrastructure, emphasizes the basic principles of cooperation and prevention to protect migratory species throughout their migration and habitat. So far, seven legally binding agreements and nineteen executive memorandums of understanding have been concluded under the auspices of the CMS. In this article, these four memoranda of understanding have been studied. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, intends to examine how to implement the provisions of the CMS Convention, its legal and executive gaps and the challenges faced by emphasizing the situation of Iran. The findings of this study show that despite extensive activities and useful measures related to Iranian migratory species within the framework of these four agreements and in the light of cooperation with the CMS Convention, four decades after its establishment and more than two decades of cooperation with Iran, still the satisfactory results in the conservation status of many species is not fully performed. It is deserved that this part of the biodiversity of Iran should be protected and supported favorably by eliminating legal and executive weaknesses and employing efficient, wise and centralized management as well as the cooperation of all organs and the people. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Effect of physiographic factors on seed germination of wild Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) in Khajeh kalat Forest of Mashhad, Iran
Hadi Fadaei Vahid Etemad Gholamhosein MoradiBackground and Objective: Regarding to importance and widespread of wild Pistachio in arid and semi-arid regions and problems of germination, this study was conducted to identify effect of physiography on seed germination of Pistacia vera in Khajeh Kalat Forest, northea MoreBackground and Objective: Regarding to importance and widespread of wild Pistachio in arid and semi-arid regions and problems of germination, this study was conducted to identify effect of physiography on seed germination of Pistacia vera in Khajeh Kalat Forest, northeast of Iran (N 36°54' - 36°64', E 54°35' - 54°45'). Material and Methodology: To do so land unit map was provided and sampling was done based on land units. Then, sampled seeds from 23 sampling unites were transferred to seed physiology lab for operational experiments. After operational experience, germination percent, germination value and mean time to germination for each unit were determined. Findings: The results showed that germination percent of pistachio seeds has had significant positive correlation with altitude, but hasn’t had significant correlation with slope and aspect (p<0.01). Correlation between germination value and altitude wasn’t significant, while slope and aspect have had significant correlation with germination value (p<0.01). Discussion and Conclusion: Regarding to results, germination percent in high altitudes was more than low altitudes. Germination value in law altitude and 0-30 percent slope was more than other aspects and slopes. Seeds that were collected from north and south aspects and above 60 percent slope have had more germination value than other aspects and slopes. Mean time to germination for east aspect and 30-60 percent slopes were less than other aspects and slopes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Study of Noise Ppollution in Wildlife Crossing Khojir National Park
Minoo Moshtaghie Mohammad Kaboli Mahmood Karami Zohreh kasmaie Zahra SamaiDevelopment in transport system and numbers of related activities to road construction is increasing inseveral regions. These activities have some issues including noise pollution which has beenengendering the environment in many areas. The negative impact of noise poll MoreDevelopment in transport system and numbers of related activities to road construction is increasing inseveral regions. These activities have some issues including noise pollution which has beenengendering the environment in many areas. The negative impact of noise pollution could be observedwhen threaten species inhabiting in specific area and decreasing of them is the result of this kind ofpopulation. It seems the construction of subways for wild life is important in order to protect and keepthem away from road accidents during building of Parchin-pasdaran corrective road in khojir nationalpark. Therefore, the major aim of this project was to measure the equivalent sound level in wildlifecrossing.By completion of questionnaires and field observations, it has been found that three days of the weekare the most traveling days. The noise pollution has been measured by Castle 440 instrument in eightsubways and two stations in each channel during four hours time. For this purpose parametersincluding Leq, max and min equivalent sound level, height and width of flood channel were measuredin this project.Measurement of equivalent sound level was carried out on Wednesday, Monday and Saturdayrespectively. With regard to the obtained regression and also negative correlation between entrancearea and center of the flood channel with equivalent sound level, the amount of noise can beanticipated. The present flood channel area is 4.2 m2 and the standard area for future wildlife crossingis 35 m2.It can be concluded that wildlife crossing which in under construction does not cause any importantnoise pollution for wildlife. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Identification of Satellite Image Ability for Vegetation Cover Crown Percentage Mapping in Arid and Semi Arid Region (Case study: Mouteh wild life sanctuary)
Vahid Rahdari Alireza Soffianian Seyed Jamalaldin Khajaldin Saedeh Maleki NajfabdaiIntroductionRemote sensing provides the basic data to undertake inventory of land resources specially vegetationmapping.Material and MethodsIn this study for producing vegetation cover percentage map in Mouteh wild life sanctuary, IRS-P6,LISS III data was used for June MoreIntroductionRemote sensing provides the basic data to undertake inventory of land resources specially vegetationmapping.Material and MethodsIn this study for producing vegetation cover percentage map in Mouteh wild life sanctuary, IRS-P6,LISS III data was used for June 2006. First geometric and atmospheric correction was done.Vegetation cover sampling was done with 290 plots in heterogeneous cover areas and Data werecollected from overall region. Vegetation Indices were produced using satellite image. Simple linearregression was done between plots information and vegetation indices and models were produced foreach index and vegetation maps were produced using each index model.ResultsResults showed that SAVI index had highest correlation with field sampling equal 0.78 and it wasused for vegetation cover percentage mapping. Using SAVI model vegetation cover was classified infour classes: 0-10%, 10-20%, 20-40% and 40%<.Disscusion And ConclusionsResults showed that 10%> and 10-20% crown cover were dominate in region. SAVI index with soilcoefficient reduced soil background reflectance effects. In this study NDVI, TSAVI1 and RVI hadhigh correlation (0.77, 0.78 and 0.76). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Antibiotic Resistance in Isolated Negative Gram Bacteria From Intestinal Organ of Anzali Wetland Wild Common Carp
Shila Safaeian Zahra Moghaddam Hedayat Hosseiny Akbar EsmailiIntroduction: A research has been performed on antibiotics' resistance in negative gram bacteriaseparated of wild common carps intestinal organ.Material and Method: 126 negative Gram bacteria have been separated in total and resistancerate of bacteria in relation to 6 A MoreIntroduction: A research has been performed on antibiotics' resistance in negative gram bacteriaseparated of wild common carps intestinal organ.Material and Method: 126 negative Gram bacteria have been separated in total and resistancerate of bacteria in relation to 6 Antibiotics are measured: Ampicillin (10 microgram Am),Streptomycin (30 microgram S), Tetracycline (30 microgram T), Chloramphenicol (30 microgram C),Gentamycine (10 microgram GM), Amikacin (30 microgram AK).Results and Discussion: The results showed that negative Gram bacteria in comparison toantibiotic such as Ampicillin (93.5%), Streptomycin (51.15%), Tetracycline (46.5%) had higherresistance. So it showed that such bacteria’s resistance in comparison to Chloramphenicol (12.15%). isrelatively low and it showed loss of existence of resistance in negative Gram bacteria in comparison toGentamycine and Amikacin (0%).Surveying of the resistance rate of bacteria to some antibiotics show that 80% of separated bacteriafrom fish intestinal organ in comparison to consumption antibiotics are multi-resistance.Research shows that antibiotics consumption in animal is growing and more consumption ofantibiotics in environment could cause bioenvironmental problems such as resistance againstantibiotics. This research which was done for the first time in Anzali Wetland on Antibiotic resistancerate in negative Gram bacteria separated of wild common carp digestive system shows that negativegram system resistance against antibiotics in Anzali Wetland is high. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Land use/cover mapping usig satellite data and geographic information system (GIS) (Case study: Mouteh wild life sanctuary)
Vahid Rahdary Alireza Soffianian Saeideh Maleki Najfabdai Seyed Jamaleddin Khajeddin Meysam RahdariIntroduction: Nowadays remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are excellent tools to use in land use and land cover mapping. Identification land use /cover arrangement can help to proper land management. Material and Methods:In this study for Mouteh wil MoreIntroduction: Nowadays remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are excellent tools to use in land use and land cover mapping. Identification land use /cover arrangement can help to proper land management. Material and Methods:In this study for Mouteh wild life sanctuary’s land use land cover mapping IRS-P6, LISS III data which is planned at the same time with field sampling was taken in jun 2006were used. After preparing the satellite data, the geometric correction was applied to an image with the 0.65 mean square error. In the next step, due to being the mountainous zone topographic correction was performed on the image.Finely land use/cover maps were produced by using combinatorial classification method. Vegetation cover percentage map was prepared by using SAVI index and field sampling. Each land use/cover map was produced using several image processing. Using GIS technique Land use/cover layer combined together and land use/cover map was produced. In order to thematic accuracy assess Kappa coefficient and total accuracy were calculated respectively equal: 0/92 and 0/94 that shown proper image classification. Results: Study result show that vegetation cover with 0-10% crown has highest area in region with 81690(ha) either mining residential area was respectively 828 and 249(ha). Discussion And Conclusions:Result shown that hybrid classification method has high ability for land use/cover mapping especially when land use/cover have similar reflectance that common classification methods such as supervise and unsupervised classification can not produce proper maps. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Seasonal Habitat Use by Isfahan Wild Sheep (Ovis oOrientalis Isphahanica) in Ghamishlou National Park
Zahra Taki Mahmoud Reza Hemami Mahmoud Karami Afshin AlizadehBackground and Objective: Wild sheep (Ovis orientalis) is a threatened (VU10) species living in mountainous areas of Iran. Very little is known about habitat associations of wild sheep as a prerequisite for conservation planning. We studied habitat associations and seas MoreBackground and Objective: Wild sheep (Ovis orientalis) is a threatened (VU10) species living in mountainous areas of Iran. Very little is known about habitat associations of wild sheep as a prerequisite for conservation planning. We studied habitat associations and seasonal pattern of habitat use by wild sheep over a complete year in Ghemashlou National Park. Methods: The existing vegetation types within the park were considered as different habitats for wild sheep and their structure were quantified. Wild sheep pellet group density as well as habitat variables including vegetation types, percentage cover of dominant bush species, and EC, SP and pH of the soil were quantified within the permanent strip transects. General Linear Models (GLMs) were used to relate habitat variables to pellet group density. Results: Use of habitats was not significantly different in none of the studied periods except in spring. In this season, wild sheep had significantly used Astragalus-Scariola more than Artemisia vegetation type. Conclusion: In addition, wild sheep had used areas with steeper slopes in spring and areas with higher EC in autumn. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Investigation of the reasons for illegal hunting and fishing in Mazanderan and Golestan provinces, and presentation of legal ways to reduce violation
Naser Ghasemi Hajimorad KaltehIntroduction:The present study was conducted to investigate the reasons for illegal hunting and fishing in Golestan and Mazanderan provinces during 2007-2008. Methods: In this study, the references such as books, papers, and magazines about the wild life and hunting law MoreIntroduction:The present study was conducted to investigate the reasons for illegal hunting and fishing in Golestan and Mazanderan provinces during 2007-2008. Methods: In this study, the references such as books, papers, and magazines about the wild life and hunting laws were identified, and for this purpose, all the references in the existing libraries were studied. To find out the reason of crimes related to hunting and fishing, three methods were used: 1- Investigating the documents and records related to the last decade, 2- Providing an especial questionnaire for hunters, and 3- Providing an especial questionnaire for environmental lovers. Result and Conclusions: Results revealed that there were great differences, from different points of view, between the two provinces. Lack of rangers and deficient protective actions were the most important causes for hunting and fishing violations in both provinces. The questioners completed by hunters and fisrhemen showed that sport, recreation and especially need for food (meat) were the main incentives for violation. In both of the provinces, the rate of illegal hunting of wild animals in the areas under the management of Department of Environment (DOE) was higher than other violations. Hunting types were quite different in both provinces. However, bird hunting had the highest rate among other violations. Distribution of the detected hunting and fishing instruments was not equal in both provinces and among their towns. Furthermore, types of hunting and fishing instruments were quite different, and there was an unequal distribution of illegal fishing and hunting of wild mammals, birds and aquatics among the towns. There was also a great difference in the range and manner of harms to the environment in the two provinces. Therefore, correlation coefficient was higher in Mazanderan province than Golestan province. Finally, based on the results and the diversity in the two provinces, in terms of types of crime and means of crime, some solutions were presented to reduce the mentioned crimes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Application of Criteria of Landscape Ecology in Habitat Evaluation for Wild Sheep ( Ovis orientalis) in Kavir National Park
Mojtaba Ghandali Afshin Alizade Mahmood Karami Mohammad Kaboli Hamid ZohrabiAim and scope: The area, shape and configuration of habitat patches are crucial features in landscape ecology studies, and they are also important to habitat evaluation and habitat suitability.Wild sheep is from Bovidae Family found in Kavir national park. The most impo MoreAim and scope: The area, shape and configuration of habitat patches are crucial features in landscape ecology studies, and they are also important to habitat evaluation and habitat suitability.Wild sheep is from Bovidae Family found in Kavir national park. The most important feature of the habitat of wild sheep is proximity to escape terrain (as cover for avoiding of predators). Understanding habitat requirements in landscape level is essential for successful management and conservation of wild sheep. Materials: We used logistic regression approach to develop habitat suitability model for wild sheep in Kavir national park with Using landscape ecology metrics such as shape, size and proximity of habitat patches and based on field data gathered from autumn 2009 to summer 2010 . Results: Due to the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test statistic is greater than .05, So the model has adequate fit. Habitat suitability model indicated good discrimination based on the receiver-operation characteristic (ROC) criteria (ROC> 0.97), indicating habitat suitability model can explain distribution of wild sheep reasonably well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Planning and zonning for Harra biosphere reserve according to international scales (with emphasis on Qeshm island) using GIS
Hassan ali Laghai Masoud Monavari Bashir RaisiAs the aim of this research was optimum use offield area ,along with goals of biosphere reservestatutory frame work, the ecological and socioeconomicalinformation sources, and systematicanalysis method, and GIS technology were usedto zone the area. Since the area lack s MoreAs the aim of this research was optimum use offield area ,along with goals of biosphere reservestatutory frame work, the ecological and socioeconomicalinformation sources, and systematicanalysis method, and GIS technology were usedto zone the area. Since the area lack specifictopographic changes and other noticeable factors,gradient, altitude, direction and also unifiedtopographic map which were usually used in theassessment of ecological capacity of terrestrialecosystem have not been used in this study. Andinstead, biological and socio-economical factorsand three functional roles of biosphere reserves(conservation, development and logistic) anddefinition related to each zone has been considered.Finnally, it was selected three core zone, onesurrunding buffer zone and two transition zoneswhich there have been delineated 28983 ha oftotal surface area of Harra biosphere reserve ascore zone, 50156 ha as buffer zone, and 7694 ha astransition zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Evaluation Ecological Niche Factor Analysis in Modeling Suitability Habitat of Boar (Sus scrofa, Linnaeus, 1758) in Arak Jassib Wildlife
sahar rezaei Saeid Nadert peyman karami Farzad HoshyarThe information about the geographical distribution and habitat selection is the core of the conservation and management of threatened species. Habitat destruction is one of the major threats to biodiversity. Therefore, knowledge of the need for biological and identify MoreThe information about the geographical distribution and habitat selection is the core of the conservation and management of threatened species. Habitat destruction is one of the major threats to biodiversity. Therefore, knowledge of the need for biological and identify favorable habitats for wild boar have very important role in the way of habitat species management. This study is going to model the habitat of wild boar in Jassib wildlife sanctuary and determine the most important environmental factors affecting the choice of species-habitat. The provided survey has conducted in one-year period in four different seasons of the year. So Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) and software Bayvmpr was used. Information layers used as effective variables on the species consisted of, slope, aspect, elevation, distance from the source, the distance from the village, away from canals, roads, vegetation index, vegetation type, land use and distance to human development, respectively. The results of the analysis showed that ecological niche factor, Boyce index values for average algorithm median, mean geometric distance, the harmonic mean and minimum distance during four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) and a one-year period is not really enough. Boyce can be concluded based on index values; the accuracy is not very good production. The reason for this variance is high, indicating low precision and low predictive power of the model. Based on index values of Boyce it can be concluded that the accuracy production is not very good. The reason is for the higher variance which indicating lower precision predictive power of the model. Thus, ecological niche factor analysis model is less functional due to low quality and small-scale habitats. The ecological niche factor analysis is not a good way to study the habitat of Jassib hogs Wildlife. Therefore, identification of species distribution and dispersion of wild boar in Jassib wildlife sanctuary have paly important role as a facilitator for executives and environmental experts and farmers in order to achieve an efficient management to reduce conflict as well as identify areas that are at high risk damage and their protection must be in a priority as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Application landscape genetic in conservation and management of wildlife
hamidreza kabiri balajadeh Hamid Reza RezaeiNowadays The habitat fragmentation is a major problem in environmental protection. Maintaining connection between habitats, a point of attractive in ecology and conservation of biodiversity and genetic. In this article, the Application landscape genetic in conservation MoreNowadays The habitat fragmentation is a major problem in environmental protection. Maintaining connection between habitats, a point of attractive in ecology and conservation of biodiversity and genetic. In this article, the Application landscape genetic in conservation and management of wild life will be Surveyed.landscape genetics new field of study is combinted of landscape ecology, population genetics and Spatial statistics. Landscape genetic is widely used in conservation biology. Landscape Genetics can also be used to assess the effectiveness of landscape conservation projects that are currently used. For example, the effect of structures in rivers on fish populations can be estimated and the differences in the methods of their connection are evaluated. On the other hand, landscae genetics can be used to plan a new conservation and management project. Different study methods exist in the land scape genetic species, which the land suitable for for the selection of suitable landforms for species. can be selected Including the various software and statistical methods, molecular markers and genetic methods for species used the landscape. therefore, the landscape genetics can be used as a suitable method for designing and controlling conservation and management measures for amphibians, reptiles, insects, birds capable of flying, plants and freshwater fish. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - A Review of the Legal Protection of Conservative Officer, the Missing Link of the Protective Bleak Environment
Abolghasem Ebrahimi Alireza Hasani Abolfazl RahmanisaniAbstract Conservative officer who has the responsibility of implementing rules and regulations of hunting, fishing and the protection and improvement of the environment plays in their controlling zone. Considering the importance of this segment of discerning business a MoreAbstract Conservative officer who has the responsibility of implementing rules and regulations of hunting, fishing and the protection and improvement of the environment plays in their controlling zone. Considering the importance of this segment of discerning business and oppressed in society. The purpose of this article, an overview of the problems of the profession and the laws protecting. This review study aimed to evaluate the rule of law is supportive of the conservative officer. Related studies through Google Scholar databases and news sites ISNA, bright, EPA and some books in Persian with keyword conservative officer, environment, environmental law, protective legislation was extracted and examined. EPA conservative officers in terms of employment law, are civil servants. But with regard to working conditions, a situation similar to the security forces or paramilitary Darnd. According to international standards per 4000 hectares in a natural setting. In conservative officer to protect it while in Iran there for every 40,000 hectares a conservative officer this field of environmental protection has made it difficult for Iranian conservative officers. The number of conservative officers in the country with a lot of responsibility, are nit enough. Conservative officers always many risks such as armed conflict, living in the desert, mountain, facing booby traps and fire deal. Therefore, the support it should be the government's top priority. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Review and analysis a contract between certainty and bewilderment in Attar`s Gazal
Razeie Shahrabadi Touraj AghdaeiGnosis is replete with contrasts. due to These contrasting elements, which were ascribed to the Attribute of the entire universe and it`s various glories and also, sever and different spiritual mood And experiments in various spiritual conditions, gnosis language was di MoreGnosis is replete with contrasts. due to These contrasting elements, which were ascribed to the Attribute of the entire universe and it`s various glories and also, sever and different spiritual mood And experiments in various spiritual conditions, gnosis language was directed toward specifying Thise contradictory state.bewilderment and certainty, are among gnostic contradictionsone and a Step toward gnostic manner and behavior, which have shone through poet`s and mystic`s poetry Variously. Attar, as a mystical poet, who is filled whit gnostic achievements and experiment, has Reflected these two magniflcent issues in his poems so noticeably. this articie is to demonstrate The contract between certainty and bewilderment in Attar`sGazal (Poems). as a result of rummaging Through Attar`s poems, it is understood that certainty and bewilderment have a circular movement. Also upon Attar`s opinion, to reach mystic manner, the acquired certainty as result of bewilderment Eventually will astonish the gnostic, because, the last step to divinely certainty is confession to Bewilderment by absolute and incomparable God. Here, research data Have collected by analytical By library approach and have processed by analytical and descriptive mathods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Investigation and analysis of the themes and effects of the horse in Bafghi's Bafghi Diwan
neda yansAllegory is one of the important literary types, which has always been the focus of poets and orators, because it expresses the thoughts, identity and culture of nations. Poets and writers have used the allegorical approach of animals to express their goals. The aim of MoreAllegory is one of the important literary types, which has always been the focus of poets and orators, because it expresses the thoughts, identity and culture of nations. Poets and writers have used the allegorical approach of animals to express their goals. The aim of the research is to carefully examine the examples and allegorical effects of the horse in Bafaghi's Wild Court. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to answer the question that in what cases did Bakhti Bafqi use the allegory of the horse in his court? The results show that the poet made an allegory of the love story of Farhad and Shirin and Khosrow and Shirin with the help of the word horse. In addition, it has an allegory to the story of the ascension of the great Prophet to the throne.In addition, it has an allegory to the story of the ascension of the great Prophet to the throne. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Satureja myrtifolia (Boiss. & Hohen.) Lebanese wild plant, as a resource of natural antioxidants
Bachar Zebib Othmane Merah -
Open Access Article
26 - Customer Behavior Analysis using Wild Horse Optimization Algorithm
Raheleh Sharifi Mohammadreza Ramezanpour -
Open Access Article
27 - Habitat corridors modeling by using projection method in the MaxEnt model case study: wild sheep (Ovis orientalis) of protected areas in Markazi and Hamedan provinces
Peyman Karami Kamran ShayestehOne of the most commonly used methods for generating resistance maps is reversing habitat suitability (HS). In this study, in order to prepare a cost map, local-scale habitat modeling was conducted in each of the Lashgardar-Golaprabad, Palangab, and Alvand- Chal Khatun- MoreOne of the most commonly used methods for generating resistance maps is reversing habitat suitability (HS). In this study, in order to prepare a cost map, local-scale habitat modeling was conducted in each of the Lashgardar-Golaprabad, Palangab, and Alvand- Chal Khatun- Rasvand areas using the MaxEnt model. At the same time, the results of performing in each area in a wider dimension were extended to a boundary that covers all of the areas. This led to the creation of three scenarios for the relocation of wild sheep. Scenario 1 is HS of Lashgardar-Golaprabad areas as cost map, scenario 2 is HS of Palangab area as cost map and scenario 3 is HS of Alvand- Chal Khatun and Rasvand areas as cost map. Corridor modeling was performed based least cost path method in ArcGIS. Density and suitability metrics of the corridor were investigated. Validation of the corridor and MaxEnt model were performed by the Area under curve (AUC). The adaptation of the designed corridors of each scenario with habitat suitability of different areas was investigated by Friedman test. Eventually, an average of the designed corridors in scenarios 3 was introduced as the main corridor between all areas under study. The results showed that the designed corridor in scenarios 1 and 2 based on AUC, are in well adapted to habitat suitability of the species in other areas; but Friedman's test revealed that the designed corridors in different scenarios have a significant difference (P-value<0.0001) in terms of adaptation to habitat suitability in other areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - An analysis of the land use/land cover changes of Shadegan International Wetland in the last two decades
Asma Rafei Afshin Danehkar Mehdi Zandebasiri Masoud BagherzadekarimiBackground and Objective Wetlands, as one of the most sensitive ecosystems on Earth, are always facing various changes in their range, and changes in cover and use are among the most effective of these changes. The land has always been affected by human activities and u MoreBackground and Objective Wetlands, as one of the most sensitive ecosystems on Earth, are always facing various changes in their range, and changes in cover and use are among the most effective of these changes. The land has always been affected by human activities and uses. Those human activities that are limited to certain places and find a relatively stable position, create human uses. Therefore, analysis of wetland change has become a management priority. land use/land cover (LULC) plays a key role in the study of environmental developments at the local, regional and global levels. Human activity and change in the Earth's surface lead to changes in the structure and ecological processes of the Earth's natural systems. These changes mainly affect the main aspects of land functions (including energy balance, water, soil, and food network). In addition, pressure on natural resources, which is due to the human need for environmental resources and is often influenced by population growth drivers, leads to changes in the Earth's surface. Landscape changes due to human interventions lead to different developments and trends in land use/land cover. Therefore, time/coverage analysis is very important for understanding and routing spatial changes from the past to the present and planning for the future. Today, high-resolution multispectral and multi-temporal satellite data are used as an essential tool for estimating aspects such as vegetation, deforestation, and urban sprawl. Remote sensing and GIS technology provide a platform for studying landscape deformation across the earth's surface. Remote sensing data provide valuable information in a relatively short time and cost-effectively. High-resolution satellite imagery or aerial photographs can be used to study land use/land cover changes in different ecosystems and areas. The fact that Shadegan Wetland is one of the international wetlands in the country, which is currently on the Montreux list due to human interventions, can assess the developments around the wetland, especially in the process and type of land use/land cover changes, in identifying the drivers The main impact on this wetland is associated with its practical importance and helping to remove this wetland from the Montreux list. And waterfront can be used to adjust the exit bill of this wetland from the Montreux list. In this study, integrated remote sensing and GIS methods have been used to detect land use/land cover changes in the enclosed area and affect Shadegan wetland.Materials and Methods The study area is located in Shabangan Wetland, surrounded by the Ozon Plain. Due to the immediate man-made effects on Shadegan Wetland, especially the role of the surrounding roads and waterways, this area was closed on the latest Google Earth satellite images and then transferred to the layers used. In this area, the international distance is 48 degrees and 19 minutes and 16 seconds to 49 degrees and 3 minutes and 44 seconds and the northern latitude is 29 degrees and 55 minutes, 44 seconds to 38 degrees, 28 minutes and 42 seconds at a distance of about 60 kilometres. It is located south of Ahvaz, the capital of the province, and 5 km south of Shadegan. In this research, images of the 20 years of the Landsat satellite from the years 1999-to 2019 have been used. ENVI software is also used to classify images. After preprocessing and making the relevant corrections using the supervised classification method and the algorithm, the maximum likelihood of processing and highlighting the images was done, and also the kappa accuracy and coefficient of each layer were estimated for accuracy. Then, the preparation of cover and land use maps included different classes of natural land cover and human land uses. In the detection, the most important changes were made around the Shadegan wetland, so in this process, major changes in the existing classes were considered. To detect changes, the Change Detection method was used in ENVI software, which can provide complete information on changes in land use/land cover types. Land use changes were selected in 5 periods with a time interval of 20 (2019-1999).Results and Discussion Five-time periods of satellite data on the use and coverage of Shadegan Wetland in the years 2017, 2014, 2001, 1999, and 2019 were prepared after pre-processing and making relevant corrections using the supervised classification method and the maximum probability of processing and highlighting algorithm. Pictures were taken. The Kappa coefficient and the overall accuracy coefficient were used to evaluate the accuracy of the generated maps and according to the results, the 2019 data had the highest kappa coefficient and the highest overall accuracy. According to land cover and land use classes, the land use/land cover map of the study area was prepared for the mentioned five time periods. The findings of this study show that the land area of Shadegan wetland has changed from about 90,000 hectares in 2001 to about 150,000 hectares in 1999 during the 20 years ending 2019 the area of the wetland has decreased by about 40% in two years. After that, the wetland lands have increased and this increase continues gradually until today. However, despite this increase, the area of the wetland has not been provided in 1999, the area has decreased by about 16% compared to this year.Conclusion Considering the trend of bare lands without cover and saline lands, it can be concluded that these two diagrams have an inverse trend towards each other, which can be seen at this point or the intersection of the two desired covers. For this purpose, the desired cover must be obtained, which is created by runoff, so that in a period, the lands began to lose their coverage and became saline lands and salt ponds. Also, considering the increase in uncovering land in 2001 and the water trend, it can be concluded that this increase was due to the decrease in surface water. Due to the trend of saline lands in the relevant period and being in line with the water trend, if the water supply of the wetland is provided, thousands of saline’s will become natural lands. Also, the relative increase in water in recent years and the decrease in bare uncovered land, and the increase in saline land, indicate that the water that replaces bare uncovered land is saline. The two groups of land use and agricultural activity did not cause drastic changes in the study period and according to Table 4, the average percentage of changes in these two land uses was 4.5% and more than 1%, respectively, which is expected to have a significant impact on There is no process of destruction and destruction of lands around the wetland and therefore cannot be considered as a critical factor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Effects of seed heteroblasty on germination and seedling vigor in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.)
Ehsan Bijanzadeh Ali BehpooriIn order to investigate the effects of seed heteroblasty on germination and seedling vigor in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) this study was conducted in Agricultural College of Darab in 2007. In laboratory and greenhouse, germination and seedling growth studies MoreIn order to investigate the effects of seed heteroblasty on germination and seedling vigor in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) this study was conducted in Agricultural College of Darab in 2007. In laboratory and greenhouse, germination and seedling growth studies were conducted on seed harvested from different seed positions and heights of mother plant of wild radish by factorial in completely randomized design using four replications. Treatments consisted of three heights of mother plant (40-60, 60-80, 80-100 cm) and three seed positions within the inflorescence including: 1- Seeds in low part of inflorescence (seeds of the first to fifth siliceous in inflorescence), 2- Seeds in middle part of inflorescence (seeds of the sixth to tenth siliceous in inflorescence), 3- Seeds in upper part of inflorescence (seeds of the eleventh to fifteenth siliceous in inflorescence). The results in laboratory showed that among three heights of mother plant, the seeds of the sixth to tenth siliceous in inflorescence had the maximum germination percentage and produced the tallest length of radicle. Also, in height of 60-80 cm of mother plant, the seeds of sixth to tenth and first to fifth siliceous in inflorescence produced the tallest length of primary shoot. In greenhouse experiments, the seeds of sixth to tenth siliceous of inflorescence in height of 60-80 cm of mother plant produced the maximum number of plants and the seeds that harvested from sixth to tenth siliceous of inflorescence in height of 80-100 cm of mother plant had the maximum height of wild radish. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Population dynamics of weevil Hypolixus pica, the natural enemy of wild amaranth, Amaranthus retroflexus, in citrus orchards and identification of its parasitoids in Dezful
Rajabali Pourtaherzari Parviz Shishehbor Rahim IslamizadehWild amaranth, Amaranthus retroflexus L. is one of the dominant summer weeds of citrus orchards in Dezful. Adults and larvae of snout beetle, Hypolixus pica (F.) feed on this weed and decrease its growth and reproduction. Population dynamics of H. pica was studied durin MoreWild amaranth, Amaranthus retroflexus L. is one of the dominant summer weeds of citrus orchards in Dezful. Adults and larvae of snout beetle, Hypolixus pica (F.) feed on this weed and decrease its growth and reproduction. Population dynamics of H. pica was studied during the growing period of wild amaranth in a citrus orchard in Dezful. Every two weeks 30 plants (replications) were sampled and developmental stages of weevil were counted. The population of eggs started at the beginning of May and peaked in mid-July (23 eggs in 30 plants). In early November no eggs were observed. The population of larvae started in mid- May, increased gradually and peaked at the beginning of November (103 larvae in 30 plants). Pupae population started in mid-July and peaked in mid-September (24 pupae in 30 plants). Peak of adult female population was observed in the mid-September while adult male population had two peaks in early October and November. The population of parasitoids started at the beginning of June. The lowest and the peak number of parasitoids occured in early May and mid-August, respectively. The parasitoids Habrobracon hebetor, Eurytoma curculionum and Cyrtoptx sp. had feeding activity on larvae. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Allelopathic Effects of Yarrow (Achillea milefolium L.) and Lemon-Verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth.) on Germination of Some Weed Species
Elham Atarod Asiyeh Siahmarguee Mahsa AlimiConcerns about environmental pollutions and development of weed resistance to herbicides have attracted the attentions towards the biological control of weeds. In order to evaluate the allopathic effects of different organs of yarrow (Achillea milefolium L.) and lemon-v MoreConcerns about environmental pollutions and development of weed resistance to herbicides have attracted the attentions towards the biological control of weeds. In order to evaluate the allopathic effects of different organs of yarrow (Achillea milefolium L.) and lemon-verbena (Lippiacitriodora Kunth.) on germination of redroot (Amaranthus retroflexus ­L.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis­ L.), and little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications at Research Laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Gorgan in 2014. Treatments included medicinal plant at 2 levels(Yarrow and lemon-verbena), organs of medicinal plants at 3 levels (root, stem and leaf), and concentrations of extracts at five levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 v\v%). By increasing the concentration of yarrow and lemon-verbena, the germination rate of seeds, plumule length, radical length and seedling fresh weight in weed species were significantly reduced. Allopathic effects of leaf and shoot extracts of lemon-verbena were severe on seed germination of mustard. Allelopathic effects of leaves and stems of limon-verbena on wild mustard seeds and yarrow extract on the germination of weed seeds was high. Among the three weed species, little seed canary grass was less affected by the extract of yarrow and lemon-verbena. Given the importance of reducing the use of chemical inputs in the management of weeds, use of the potential inherent of some plants and their application in agricultural systems and planning rotation can be very handy and useful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Investigation of root effect on yield and yield components of four commercial varieties of tomato under drought stress conditions
sepideh kazemi Abdolrasool Zakerin Vahid Abdossi Pezhman MoradiIn order to investigate the mutual effect of root and scion on yield, yield components and some biochemical characteristics of four commercial varieties of tomato, a research was conducted in Fars province in 2016. In this regard, the combination of three rootstocks (Da MoreIn order to investigate the mutual effect of root and scion on yield, yield components and some biochemical characteristics of four commercial varieties of tomato, a research was conducted in Fars province in 2016. In this regard, the combination of three rootstocks (Dashtestan, Doraheh, and Mond) and four grafts (Raad, Metin, Superchief, and Rockstone) were examined and after grafting, vegetative and reproductive traits and biochemical traits were measured. The results showed that different bases had a significant effect on the measured traits. According to the main effect of base, the highest percentage of success (up to 50%) was obtained using Dashestan base, while the lowest (40%) was observed in Mond base. On the other hand, there were significant interactions between root and scion in terms of parameters of days to flowering, plant height, average fruit weight, firmness, protein, lycopene, carotenoid, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Finally, it can be concluded that the best base and scion combinations were Raad and Superchif respectively on Dashtestan base, because in many parameters evaluated, these base and scion combinations were better than other combinations.Findings: The results showed that different bases had a significant effect on the measured traits. According to the main effect of base, the highest percentage of success (up to 50%) was obtained using Dashestan base, while the lowest (40%) was observed in Mond base. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Competition of Triticale (Triticosecale wittmack) Lines with Wild Oat (Avena fatua) and its Different Densities
M. Najjari Sadeghi, B. Mirshekari A.H. HosseinZadeh Moghbeli S. Baser KouchebaghTo study competitive effects of different densities of wild oat (Avena fatua) with triticale lines an experiment was conducted at Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran during 2011-2012 with 3 replications. Treatments were 19 triticale MoreTo study competitive effects of different densities of wild oat (Avena fatua) with triticale lines an experiment was conducted at Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran during 2011-2012 with 3 replications. Treatments were 19 triticale lines and 6 densities of wild oat (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 plants m-2). Results indicated that effects of wild oat densities on thousand seed weight and seed yield of triticale lines were significant at 1% probability level. Also, tiller number per plant and biological yield of triticale lines were affected by the weed densities. While, wild oat traits under study were not affected by triticale lines. Hexaploid lines of triticale could tolerate 40 weed plants m-2 without any significant reduction in1000 seed weight. Wild oat density of 120 and higher plants m-2 had negative effect on seed yield of hexaploid lines of triticale. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Grain Yield and Growth Traits of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as Affected by Interference with Wild Oat (Avena ludoviciana L.)
Farshad SorkhiA pot experiment was performed to investigate the effects of root, shoot and full plant interference of barley by wild oat on leaf characteristics and root to shoot ratio. This experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete design with four replicati MoreA pot experiment was performed to investigate the effects of root, shoot and full plant interference of barley by wild oat on leaf characteristics and root to shoot ratio. This experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete design with four replications. The treatments consisted of four interference levels control, root, shoot and full plant interferences) and four wild oat densities (2, 4, 6 and 8 plants/pot). The effects of full plant and root interferences of barley and wild oat traits were higher than shoot interference. Full and below ground interactions of both species decreased the grain yield, flag leaf area and its chlorophyll content significantly, as compared to above ground interaction and control. All traits under study of wild oat were reduced by above ground interaction compared to control. Grain yield of barley and wild oat showed highest sensitivity to interaction of treatments. There was no significant difference between full and root interferences. Increasing plant density of wild oat decreased per plant seed yield, flag leaf area and chlorophyll content of barley leaf. Reduction of barley grain yield concering root, shoot and full interferences, as compared with control, were 28.75, 73.09 and 77.22 percent respectively. Results also revealed that interference of roots increased competitative ability of oats against barley. This indicates higher sensitivity of shoot than root to interference competition. This ratio for wild oat was more than barley. Therefore wild oat has higher rooting ability as compared to barley. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Induced reproduction of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) using pituitary extract, hCG and LHRHa2
samaneh poursaeidAbstract[1]This study was carried out with the aim of induction of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) using various hormones. For this reason, fish were injected under four hormonal treatments, so that each group of four broods were injected in two doses with pituitary hormo MoreAbstract[1]This study was carried out with the aim of induction of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) using various hormones. For this reason, fish were injected under four hormonal treatments, so that each group of four broods were injected in two doses with pituitary hormone extract (1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg), LHRHa2 (3.5 and 10 µg/kg), hCG (150 and 500 IU/kg), and saline (control). The results showed that all male and wild females responded to pituitary extract and LHRHa2, while in wild female which injected with hCG and farmed females which injected with hCG and pituitary extract, 75 percent responded to hormone therapy and no farmed fish responded to LHRHa2. According to reproductive parameters with the parameters including the number of eggs and working fecundity, no significant difference was observed in different treatments. Considering the obtained results from this study it seems that pituitary extract and hCG have a high performance and was recommend induction of artificial reproduction in Pikeperch. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Comparison of the chemical composition and fatty acids profile of wild carp (Cyprinus carpio) in natural and cultivated environments
sara jorjaniAbstract[1]The present paper aimed at evaluating nutritional value and fatty acid profile of muscle textures of Caspian Sea wild carp and farmed wild carp. No significant differences were found between chemical composition indices (total lipid, crude protein, moisture a MoreAbstract[1]The present paper aimed at evaluating nutritional value and fatty acid profile of muscle textures of Caspian Sea wild carp and farmed wild carp. No significant differences were found between chemical composition indices (total lipid, crude protein, moisture and ash contents) (P>0.05). Following determination of fatty acid profiles in the Caspian Sea wild carp and farmed wild carp, fatty acid compositions in two groups of fish were found to be significantly different in terms of various fatty acid groups and ratios. In both fish, Palmitic acid (C16:0) and Oleic acid (C18:1 ω-9 cis) were found to be the most abundant saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rates were estimated to be 26.71%, 52.57% and 17.68% in farmed wild carp and 22.78%, 40.53% and 25.06% in Caspian Sea wild carp, respectively. Oleic acid was significantly higher in farmed wild carp than the Caspian Sea one (P≤0.05). Linoleic acid (C18:2 ω-6) and decosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω-3) were the most abundant PUFA in farmed wild carp and Caspian Sea wild carps, respectively. ω-3 fatty acids were measured to be 15.79 and 6.16 gr/100 gr lipid in wild and farmed carps, respectively. ω-3 fatty acids content in Caspian sea wild carp was significantly higher than that of farmed wild carp (P≤0.05). ω-3/ω-6 ratio 1.69 and 0.76 in Caspian sea wild carps and farmed carps, respectively, that in both group exceeded the eligible rates proposed by nutritionists. PUFA/SFA ratios were 1.10 and 0.66 in Caspian sea wild carp and framed one, respectively; the rates exceeded the eligible rate (0.45) recommended by HMSO. Considering exceeding PUFA/SFA and ω-3/ω-6 ratios in both Caspian Sea wild carp and farmed wild carps, both fish were considered invaluable fisheries and nutritional resources. It is noteworthy that Caspian Sea wild carp is more nutritious than farmed counterparts thank to its higher rates of PUFA, ω-3, EPA+DHA, ω-3/ω-6 and PUFA/SFA. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate-based edible coating containing wild garlic (Allium ursinum L.) extract on the shelf-life of lactic cheese
S.M. Mousavi L. , Najafian M. FarsiNowadays, coating by natural materials is one of the novel food preservation methods with extensive applications. Cheese is a popular food, however, its high daily intake due to its high salt content may threaten the health of consumers. In this study, instead of stored MoreNowadays, coating by natural materials is one of the novel food preservation methods with extensive applications. Cheese is a popular food, however, its high daily intake due to its high salt content may threaten the health of consumers. In this study, instead of stored in brine, the novel method for cheese coating was used with the combination of 2% sodium alginate and 3% carboxymethyl cellulose with wild garlic extract at three concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 1.5%. Two uncoated cheese specimens (stored in or out of brine) were considered as the control groups. Physicochemical (pH, acidity and weight loss), microbial (thermophile, psychrophile, mold and yeast count), and sensory properties of the samples were investigated for 21 days at 4 °C. The results showed that during storage, pH decreased significantly (p < 0.05) while acidity, weight loss and microbial load increased. Coating with various ratios affected all of the sensory properties of the cheese samples. So that the highest score of total acceptance was related to the coating with 1.5% wild garlic extract. According to the results, edible coating based on sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose, containing the wild garlic extract, can be used to increase the shelf life of cheese. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Survey of gastrointestinal parasites in wild boar (Sus scrofa), wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Aynaloo protected area, East Azerbaijan province
Roghayeh Norouzi Ali OzbandiParasitic infections are a threat to the wildlife by endangering the health of wild animals and serving as a source of transmission of infectious agents to livestock and humans. Despite the distribution of wild boars (Sus scrofa), wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and red deer MoreParasitic infections are a threat to the wildlife by endangering the health of wild animals and serving as a source of transmission of infectious agents to livestock and humans. Despite the distribution of wild boars (Sus scrofa), wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) throughout the world, information on their parasitic infections is limited. Knowledge of the parasitic fauna of animals in protected areas may be used in protection of endangered species. The present study aimed to investigate the status of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in wild boar, wild goat and red deer in the Aynaloo protected area, Northwest of Kaleybar city, East Azerbaijan province. For this purpose, in spring 2015, 30 fecal samples of wild boar, 30 fecal samples of wild goat and 30 fecal samples of red deer were collected. The samples were processed using direct smear and Clayton lane floatation technique. Five species of helminths were detected from wild boar fecal samples consisting of Trichuris suis, Strongyloides suis, Physocephalus sexalatus, Ascaris suum and Metastrongylus apri. Among them, one species (Strongyloides suis) was reported for the first time in Iran. Protozoa were not detected in the fecal samples of the wild boar. Wild goats were infected with Oesophagostomum columbianum, Muellerius capillaris and Eimeria spp. Respiratory larva and Eimeria spp. were detected from red deer samples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Survey on prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild goats (Capra aegagrus) of Arasbaran National Park
Ahmad Nematoallahi Parisa Shahbazi Hadi Mardomi Amir MollazadehArasbaran National Park is the largest national park in the west of the country, which is the habitat of important animal and plant species. One of the most important animal species living in it is the wild goat (Capra aegagrus). The aim of this study was to determine t MoreArasbaran National Park is the largest national park in the west of the country, which is the habitat of important animal and plant species. One of the most important animal species living in it is the wild goat (Capra aegagrus). The aim of this study was to determine the level of parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract goats of Arasbaran National Park. During 2018, 95 fecal samples were collected from the wild goats of Arasbaran National Park and were examined by direct smear and Clyton-Lane methods. Bearman apparatus was also used to identify the first stage larvae of pulmonary nematodes. Iodine and modified Nelson staining were used to diagnose Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections, respectively. All samples showed at least one worm agent and one protozoan infection. In this study, Eimeria (spp.) infection was observed in all fecal samples and infection with egg of Marshallagia marshalli (37.8%), Nematodirus (spp.) (60%), Trichioris ovis (62.1%), Dicrocoelium dendriticum (8/37%), Fasciola hepatica (25.2%), Moniezia expansa (13.6%), Cystocaulus oecratus larvae (28.4%) and Giardia lambelia cyst (33.6%) were observed. Cryptosporidium oocysts were not observed in any of the stained stool samples. No significant relationship was found between infestation rate with different parasites and the sex of the infected animals. The high level of infection of parasites in wild goats of Arasbaran National Park indicates the high potential of parasitic infection and conversion of animals in it as a reservoir of parasites and its subsequent spread to other animals and expansion in neighboring human communities. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Wildfire Risk Assessment in Zagros Forests using Geographic Information System and Best-Worst Method (BWM) (Case Study: Dore Chegeni County, Lorestan Province)
Roghayeh Jahdi Vahid Beiranvandi Hamed AminiDue to the effect of climate change, the frequency and intensity of wildfires is continuously increasing. Wildfire risk assessment is an important part of fire prevention because pre-fire planning requires tools to monitor an area in terms of when and where fire is most MoreDue to the effect of climate change, the frequency and intensity of wildfires is continuously increasing. Wildfire risk assessment is an important part of fire prevention because pre-fire planning requires tools to monitor an area in terms of when and where fire is most likely to occur, or when a fire will have the most severe negative effects. Wildfires are one of the most important natural hazards in Zagros forest ecosystems in western Iran. This study was conducted to analyze the risk of fire and investigate the factors affecting fire in the forest area of Dore Chegeni County. The main goal of the current study is to try to prepare a wildfire risk zoning map by combining topographic data and other auxiliary data through the geographic information system and using the Best-Worst Method for the study area. The fire risk map was obtained by scoring and weighing the layers of effective fire factors (vegetation, slope, aspect, elevation, climate, and distance from settlements and roads). Based on the results, the study area was classified into four fire risk classes. Very high (7%) and high (11%) fire risk areas were identified in the study area. Furthermore, 8% and 74% of the study area were placed in medium and low fire risk classes, respectively. This analysis helps land managers to understand patterns of vulnerability and fire risk in the landscape. By using the analysis of the results, investments in conditions of limited resources, forest restoration, fuel treatments and other mitigation measures to reduce fire risk can be targeted in areas with high fire risk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Surface Fuel Models and Fire Hazard in Golestan National Park
Roghayeh JahdiDetermining custom fuel models in forest and rangeland ecosystems is crucial to predict the potential fire behavior and spread, wildfire management, and ecosystem restoration. The objective of this study was to quantify the amount and structure of surface fuel available MoreDetermining custom fuel models in forest and rangeland ecosystems is crucial to predict the potential fire behavior and spread, wildfire management, and ecosystem restoration. The objective of this study was to quantify the amount and structure of surface fuel available for combustion in grasslands, shrublands and forests in Golestan National Park, NE Iran. All information related herbaceous vegetation and surface litter were collected from 1m × 1m, 10m × 10m, and 30m × 30m sampling plots, respectively in the grasslands (n=24), shrublands (n=8), and forest (n=22) fuel types based on Stratified Random Sampling. A fuel hazard rating is assigned to each fuel by assessing the key attributes including fuel load (t ha-1), fuelbed depth (cm), and litter cover (%). The results revealed that variation in surface fuel hazards among fuel types corresponded to patterns of fine fuel loading (1-hr). Broadleaves litter fuels had higher total fine fuel loads resulting from greater grass dominance, potentially providing higher surface fuel hazard. Differences in fuel structure between the existing fuel types also had an important effect. Determining custom fuel models and fire risk assessment in these models is important for natural resource managers to select methods to reduce fuel loads, fire mitigation, and retain the landscape resilience to future wildfires. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Determination of the most important traits affecting the electrolyte leakage of wild pear (Pyrus biossieriana Buhse) under drought stress conditions using multivariate statistical methods
seyed morteza zahedi Mahdieh Karimi Farzad Kian ErsiWild pears are an important rootstock for different pear cultivars and considering it is nearly tolerant to drought stress it is necessary to use different treatments to increase its tolerance to drought stress. Electrolytes leakage is an important and effective factor MoreWild pears are an important rootstock for different pear cultivars and considering it is nearly tolerant to drought stress it is necessary to use different treatments to increase its tolerance to drought stress. Electrolytes leakage is an important and effective factor in response to drought stress and related traits. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was designed in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications to identify the traits affecting electrolytes leakage. These traits were studied in 12 treatments including different levels of drought stress and different concentrations of brassinosteroids on wild pears in spring and summer of 2017 in greenhouse conditions. The result showed a positive significant correlation between proline content (0.83**), malondialdehyde (0.98**), hydrogen peroxide and electrolyte leakage. The correlation for dry weight of root, leaf and stem, height growth, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid was significantly negative. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that chlorophyll a, leaf dry weight, height growth and hydrogen peroxide were the most important effective traits on electrolytes leakage and showed 99% of total variance. Based on the path analysis results, the traits of electrolytes leakage and height growth and chlorophyll a showed the maximum positive direct and significant at p Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Evaluation of allopathic effect of wild melon weed of Cucumis melo L. on the growth and antioxidant system of rapeseed (Brassica napus L) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis)
Neshat Norouzi maryam niakan Mehdi Ebadi Masoumeh YounesabadiAllelopathic effect of weeds is one of the important factors limiting the growth and yields in crops. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of shoots (leaves and stems) of wild melon (Cucumis melo L.) on growth indices and antioxidant sy MoreAllelopathic effect of weeds is one of the important factors limiting the growth and yields in crops. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of shoots (leaves and stems) of wild melon (Cucumis melo L.) on growth indices and antioxidant system of rapeseed and its accompanying wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis). This study was conducted as a split-split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications at the field level. The main plot included the target plant type at two levels (rapeseed RGS cultivar and Sinapis arvensis weed), the sub-plot included the type of organ at two levels (leaf and stem extract of wild melon) and the sub-plot of extract concentration at four levels (0 (control)) 2.5, 5, and 10%). The results showed that with increasing the concentration of wild melon leaf extract, most of the growth parameters in both target plants decreased and the intensity of this decrease was higher on the growth of Sinapis arvensis compared to rapeseed, while wild melon stem extract caused a more severe decrease in rapeseed growth parameters compared with Sinapis arvensis. Also, wild melon stem extract significantly increased catalase activity in canola compared to control and decreased peroxidase while the activity of peroxidase enzyme increased in Sinapis arvensis. Also, the increasing trend of phenolic compounds and decreasing flavonoid compounds of rapeseed leaves with increasing the concentration of extract was more dramatic and intense than Sinapis arvensis. According to the results of this study, the sensitivity of rapeseed and its associated weeds to the extracts of two wild melon organs was not the same, which should be considered in managing the use of plant allelopathy as an herbicide at field level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Evaluation of forage yield and weed control of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) under the influence of different herbicides
Masood Noroozi Mohammad Reza Dadashi Fariba Maighany Hossein AjamnorozeiIn order to efficiency of different herbicides on weed control, forage yield, crop growth rate (CGR) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L), an experiment with nine treatments based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research field of Iran MoreIn order to efficiency of different herbicides on weed control, forage yield, crop growth rate (CGR) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L), an experiment with nine treatments based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research field of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection located in Meshkindasht, Karaj, during 2014-2016 was conducted. The treatments consisted of Eradicane 4.1 g ai/ha (EPTC), Metribuzin 525 g ai/ha, 2,4-DB 1269 g ai/ha, 2,4-DB 1480 g ai/ha, Bentazon 144 g ai/ha, Imazethapyr 50 g ai/ha (with 200 ml Sitogit), Imazethapyr 100 g ai/ha (with 200 ml Sitogit), non-herbicide control (weedy) and whole-season weeding control (weed free). Among different herbicides, application of Imazethapyr (1L/ha) led to control of Flixweed (Descurania Sophia) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) (control percentage more than 95%). The lowest percentage of dry weight reduction in both weeds (flixweed and wild mustard) was related to Eradicane herbicide, which was 42 and 41% in the first cutting and 40 and 35% in second cutting. The highest and lowest fresh and dry weight of alfalfa (qualitative forage yield in 5 cutting were observed weed free and application of Metribuzin herbicide treatments. Also, index of crop growth rate (CGR) was more in weed free and application of Imazethapyr herbicide (1L/ha) treatments. Therefore, weed control in alfalfa established, application of Imazethapyr herbicide (1L/ha) as post emergence (3-4 leaves of weeds) is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - The study of wild pistachio growth sites in south Khorasan province
mj Seghatoleslami محسن Pouyan ، سید غلامرضا . MousaviWild pistachio is one of the drought resistant species that grows in arid and semi- arid hilly areas. In addition to its industrial and feed uses, the plant species can affect biodiversity, especially in wildlife. The study of wild pistachio growth sites can help us to MoreWild pistachio is one of the drought resistant species that grows in arid and semi- arid hilly areas. In addition to its industrial and feed uses, the plant species can affect biodiversity, especially in wildlife. The study of wild pistachio growth sites can help us to reduce the damage of national capital. This investigation was conducted to study wild pistachio growth sites in south Khorasan province. The main locations where have wild pistachio are: Margh (suburb of Darmian), Chenesht (suburb of Sarbishah), Chahkand (suburb of Birjand), Shah Soleiman-e- Ali (suburb of Khoosf) and Afzal Abad (suburb of Nehbandan). In these locations, soil pH and texture were often alkaline and sandy- loam. The soil contained less sufficient nitrogen and phosphor. The observed wild pistachio trees in Margh and Chenesht belong to Pistacia atlantica and P. khinjuk, but there was any one species (P. atlantica) in other places. Afzal Abad and Margh had the highest number of wild pistachio trees. Young wild pistachio trees were not observed there, probably due to recent droughts. It is recommended planting and irrigating of wild pistachio seedlings in these two areas, for keeping and increasing of vegetation. Respect to exist seedling in Chahkand and Chenesht it can be concluded that wild pistachio vegetation can be developed in these two areas. As a result of spreading Recurvaria pistaciicola in some areas (especially, in Afzal Abad) it is necessary to study different control methods. In the case of economical revenue from these vegetations, it is recommended to study about resin extraction (especially, in Afzal Abad) and grafting of pistachio on wild pistachio. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Morphological, physicochemical and antioxidant comparison of medicinal date-plum fruit (Diospyros lotus L.) in three regions of Hyrcanian forests
Mohammad Emadoddini اسماعیل سیفیThe Hyrcanian forests, located along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, are a unique and ancient ecosystem. To preserve their genetic reserves, it is essential to examine the diversity of medicinal plants in these forests, including the date-plum or wild persimmon MoreThe Hyrcanian forests, located along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, are a unique and ancient ecosystem. To preserve their genetic reserves, it is essential to examine the diversity of medicinal plants in these forests, including the date-plum or wild persimmon (Diospyros lotus L.). The aim of this research was to evaluate the native date-plum fruit harvested from three regions of the Hyrcanian forests including Gorgan, Aliabad, and Behshahr in terms of morphological, physicochemical, and antioxidant traits. Fruit samples were collected in November 2021 during commercial-local harvest and evaluated. The obtained results showed that the highest fruit weight, diameter, and volume were recorded in samples collected from Behshahr, while the lowest weight, length, diameter, and fruit volume were observed in fruits belonging to Gorgan. This research indicated that fruits collected from Behshahr were more elongated compared to Gorgan and Aliabad. The comparison of qualitative traits confirmed that the highest acidity and vitamin C content were observed in Behshahr; on the other hand, the highest pH and total soluble solids were recorded in the fruit samples of Gorgan. The maximum total phenol and flavonoid was related to Aliabad and Behshahr. Finally, the highest total anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity was observed in Gorgan. Furthermore, this study found that fruit weight had a significant positive correlation with acidity but showed a significant negative correlation with pH and antioxidant capacity. Also, Fruit acidity had a significant negative correlation with antioxidant capacity and total anthocyanin. In contrast, pH and total soluble solids showed a significant positive correlation with total anthocyanin. In general, a great diversity was observed among the medicinal fruit of the wild date-plum collected from the three investigated regions in Hyrcanian forests with regard to the morphological, physicochemical, and antioxidant activity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Sustainable revival of TvanmndyHay population centers by using economic and tourism in desert areas of Iran (Case Study: Isfahan Province)
مراد دلالت مصطفی هاشمی وحید بارانی پسیانThis study is an applied research and methods considered in the project is a combination of the analytical method Isfahan province.. Expert-Choice-V11 for calculating and standards as well as the importance of software Arc GIS 10 for integrating layers and final map was MoreThis study is an applied research and methods considered in the project is a combination of the analytical method Isfahan province.. Expert-Choice-V11 for calculating and standards as well as the importance of software Arc GIS 10 for integrating layers and final map was produced. To better understand the current situation in terms of SWOT techniques have been used.s. The researchers sought to take advantage of the rich potential of the economy, especially tourism, paves the way for the revival of empty areas, especially villages populated by immigrants have not.The number of settlements in terms of number of 30276 people occupy the status quo; that in 9158 households in the province have been distributed. While this amount is included 16442 women and 18664 men. In addition to the settlement, the researchers zoning desired range into 5 levels, very good, good, average, poor, very poor, is based on tourism and economic criteria based on the existing capabilities identified in the province. The areas of the northwest and the southern half of the province best scope to create or strengthen settlements and settlements are available. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - شناسایی و کاربرد آنتوسیانیدین موجود در پوسته بذر گیاه دارویی گلرنگ وحشی (Carthamus oxyacanthus M. Bieb)
محمدرضا سبزعلیان فرهنگ تیرگیر آقافخر میرلوحی قدرت اله سعیدیمقدمه هدف: با توجه به خواص دارویی بسیار ارزنده گیاه دارویی گلرنگ اهلی، و هم­چنین به دلیل عدم وجود تنوع کافی برای برخی صفات شاخص مانند مقاومت به برخی آفات و بیماریها به­ویژه مقاومت به مگس گلرنگ، باعث شده است که به­نژادی گلرنگ و توسعه کشت گلرنگ محدود شود. در Moreمقدمه هدف: با توجه به خواص دارویی بسیار ارزنده گیاه دارویی گلرنگ اهلی، و هم­چنین به دلیل عدم وجود تنوع کافی برای برخی صفات شاخص مانند مقاومت به برخی آفات و بیماریها به­ویژه مقاومت به مگس گلرنگ، باعث شده است که به­نژادی گلرنگ و توسعه کشت گلرنگ محدود شود. در این تحقیق ابتدا ارزیابی ژرم پلاسم گلرنگ وحشی C. oxyacanthus از مناطق غربی، مرکزی و جنوبی ایران برای مقاومت به مگس گلرنگ Acanthiophilus helianthi (آفت اصلی گلرنگ)، در گونه وحشی انجام شد و آن­گاه نسبت به شناسایی عامل موثر در این مقاومت اقدام گردید. در نهایت بررسی و شناسایی ترکیب شیمیایی موثر بر مقاومت به مگس گلرنگ مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. روش تحقیق: ژرم پلاسم گلرنگ وحشی گونه C. oxyacanthus از مناطق مرکزی، جنوبی و غربی ایران )استانهای فارس، کهکیلویه و بویراحمد، اصفهان، چهارمحال و بختیاری، مرکزی، تهران، لرستان، کردستان، ایلام، کرمانشاه و همدان( جمع آوری گردید. در هر استان 3 تا 5 نمونه از مناطقی با فاصله 50 تا 100 کیلومتر از یک­دیگر جمع آوری گردید. در هر منطقه 30 تا 50 گیاه به طور تصادفی انتخاب و غوزههای جمع آوری شده مخلوط شد. بذور جمع آوری شده در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان واقع در لورک نجف آباد در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار کشت گردید و مقاومت گیاهان نسبت به مگس گلرنگ از نظر تعداد لارو مرده در غوزه های گلرنگ وحشی انجام شد. نتایج و بحث: مواد رنگی استخراج شده از بذر نارس با دو نوع پوسته سفید (گلرنگ اهلی) و رنگی (مشکی-قهوه ای) از نمونه های گونه وحشی C. oxyacanthaکشت شده در مزرعه به صورت جداگانه انتخاب شد و پوسته بذرها با استفاده از حلال دی متیل فرمامید (DMF) در سه تکرار، استخراج رنگ گردید و توسط روش کروماتوگرافی ستونی جداسازی و توسط دستگاه­های شناسایی ساختمان هیدروژنH-NMR) ) و اسکلت کربن C-NMR)) مورد شناسایی قرار گرفت. نتایج بررسی طیف­های ترکیب رنگی استخراج شده از پوسته بذر نشان داد که احتمالاً این ترکیب از خانواده آنتوسیانیدین می باشد. از آن­جایی که ترکیب مورد شناسایی حاوی گروه عاملی بسیار فعال دی انی می باشد که به اکسیژن حاوی بار مثبت متصل شده است، بنابراین به محض قرار گرفتن این ماده اولیه در پوسته بذر نارس گلرنگ اصلاح شده در مجاورت هوا تمایل به پلیمر شدن شبکه ای که همان تغییر رنگ قهوه ای (رنگ اولیه) به رنگ سیاه و مشکی خواهد شد. در نهایت پس از تغذیه لاروها از پوستههای بذر رنگی به­دلیل عدم هضم گوارشی این پلیمرها موجب مرگ آنها می­شود. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: استفاده از ژرم پلاسم گلرنگ وحشی در مقاوم کردن دانه گلرنگ اهلی به آفت مگس گلرنگ میتواند به عنوان یک روش بسیار کاربردی در اصلاح نژاد این خانواده از ترکیبات روغنی شود. دانههای حاصل از به نژادی گلرنگ اهلی میتواند از آفت حشرات در امان باشد که باعث بالا بردن کیفیت محصولات و صرفه جویی در هزینه های نگهداری آن­ها خواهد شد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Proximate, Mineral and Anti-Nutrient Composition of Wild Ganoderma lucidum: Implication on Its Utilization in Poultry Production
A.O. Ogbe A.D. Obeka -
Open Access Article
50 - ساختار و کاربرد AMELX و AMELY در تعیین جنسیت گوزن مرال ایرانی (Cervus elaphus maral)
ط. فرهوش ر. واعظ ترشیزی ع.ا. مسعودی ح.ر. رضایی م. تولاییبه منظور به دست آوردن اطلاعات مناسب از حیوانات وحشی، لازم است که ساختار جمعیتی و ژنتیکی آنها تعیین گردد. این اطلاعات امکان تصمیمگیری برای مدیریت حفاظت بهتر را فراهم مینمایند. در حیات وحش، به دلیل ماهیت زندگی گریزان حیوانات و همچنین در مواردی فقدان ظاهر دو جنسی قابل Moreبه منظور به دست آوردن اطلاعات مناسب از حیوانات وحشی، لازم است که ساختار جمعیتی و ژنتیکی آنها تعیین گردد. این اطلاعات امکان تصمیمگیری برای مدیریت حفاظت بهتر را فراهم مینمایند. در حیات وحش، به دلیل ماهیت زندگی گریزان حیوانات و همچنین در مواردی فقدان ظاهر دو جنسی قابل تشخیص، تعیین جنسیت حیوانات به کمک مشاهده دشوار است. ژن آمیلوژنین وابسته به کروموزوم X و Y (AMELX و AMELY) به دلیل تکامل مستقل و متفاوت خود، میتوانند نقش مهمی را در فرآیند تعیین جنسیت حیوانات وحشی ایفا نمایند. به منظور تعیین نسبت جنسی و همچنین ساختار AMELX و AMELY در گوزن مرال (Cervus elaphus maral)، 37 نمونه از جمعیتهای مناطق شمالی ایران جمعآوری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که در گوزنهای ماده، ژن آمیلوژنین یک باند (به طول 231 جفت باز برای کروموزوم X) و برای گوزنهای نر دو باند (به ترتیب به طول 231 جفت باز و 180 جفت باز برای کروموزومهای X و Y) داشتند. AMELY گوزن مرال دارای جهش حذفی به طول 54 جفت باز بود. فاصله ژنتیکی (D) برای AMELX در گوزن مرال و گوزن قرمز 02/0 ± 12/0 و برای AMELY صفر به دست آمد. آنالیز فیلوژنتیکی AMELX و AMELY در گونههای مختلف گوزن، هیچ تفاوت ژنتیکی برای AMELY بین این گونهها نشان نداد ولی مقدار D برای AMELX، 009/0 ± 048/0 بود. توصیه میشود که تعیین جنسیت حیوانات وحشی بخصوص جمعیت پستانداران با استفاده از آمیلوژنین روشی ساده و مناسب بوده که میتواند اطلاعات بیشتری را برای استراتژیهای حفاظتی تأمین نماید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - مقایسه صفات مورفولوژیکی در سه گونه زینتی سیکلامن، پامچال و بنفشه در طبیعت (جنگل) با نمونه های پرورشی آن ها در غرب استان مازندران
وحید رحیمی کاکرودی علیرضا اسلامیرویکرد سیاستگذاران و طراحان فضای سبز به استفاده از گونه­های بومی­ - زینتی در طراحی فضای سبز شهری بیش از پیش در حال اوج گرفتن است؛ زیرا سازگاری و مقاومت این گیاهان به شرایط آب و هوایی و اکولوژیکی منطقه باعث کاهش هزینه و ماندگاری بیشتر فضاهای سبز میشود. بدین­ Moreرویکرد سیاستگذاران و طراحان فضای سبز به استفاده از گونه­های بومی­ - زینتی در طراحی فضای سبز شهری بیش از پیش در حال اوج گرفتن است؛ زیرا سازگاری و مقاومت این گیاهان به شرایط آب و هوایی و اکولوژیکی منطقه باعث کاهش هزینه و ماندگاری بیشتر فضاهای سبز میشود. بدین­منظور مطالعه حاضر در غرب استان مازندران بر روی سه گونه بومی-زینتی سیکلامن، پامچال و بنفشه در طبیعت با نمونه­های پرورشی آنها انجام شد. صفات مورد اندازه­گیری ظهور گل در گونه­های یاد شده در طبیعت و گلخانه در فواصل زمانی دو هفته یک بار و نیز صفات مورفولوژیکی گیاه (طول و عرض برگ، دمگل، دمبرگ و گل) انجام شد. همگنی واریانس داده­ها توسط آزمون لِون و مقایسه دو به دوی گونه­ها نیز توسط آزمون t-test مستقل انجام گردید. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که صفات اندازه­گیری شده بین دو گونه زینتی و وحشی در گونه­ها، گونههای­ زینتی از لحاظ اندازه و بزرگ بودن مشخصات برگ بر گونههای وحشی برتری داشته و بین گونهها اختلاف معنی­دار وجود داشته است. تنها گونههای وحشی بنفشه معطر دارای طول، عرض و مساحت بیشتری نسبت به گونه زینتی آن است. ازلحاظ طول دوره گلدهی و تعداد گل تمام گونههای زینتی، زمان گلدهی و گلهای بیشتری نسبت به گونههای وحشی خود دارند. هر دو گونه پامچال زینتی و وحشی دارای قدرت سبزمانی بعد از اتمام گلدهی هستند. اما بنفشه زینتی و سیکلامن وحشی پس از اتمام گلدهی از بین میروند، از طرفی بنفشه وحشی و سیکلامن زینتی پس از اتمام گلدهی زنده مانده و سبزینگی خود را حفظ میکنند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - The Effect of South African Geopolitical Position in the Development of Cinema in South Africa
Hassan Eskandari Amirbahram Arabahmadi -
Open Access Article
53 - Effects of probiotic aqualase on growth and survival fingerling of wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
M. Nickho M. Yosefian A. Vosoughi R. SafariYeast probiotic of Aqualase includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces elipsoeidus. In this study, effect of Aqualase (1, 1.5, 2 g/kg of feed) was studied on 540 samples of wild common carp fingerling (weight average 10.9-13.8) during 60 days. Determination of MoreYeast probiotic of Aqualase includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces elipsoeidus. In this study, effect of Aqualase (1, 1.5, 2 g/kg of feed) was studied on 540 samples of wild common carp fingerling (weight average 10.9-13.8) during 60 days. Determination of weight and length were done every 10 days. The experiment showed that 1.5 g of Aqualase per kg of feed gave the best results on growth of fish (p<0.05). only, condition factor did nُ t show significant difference with the in compare of control (p>0.05). Survival of fish in treatment 1.5 g/kg was also better than others, but it was not significantly different (p>0.05). Median of growth length and growth weight of wild common carp fingerlings showed more increase than midst of experiment. Results of the present study showed that the suitable dose of Aqualase is 1.5 g/kg of feed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Site Selection for Rainwater Harvesting for Wildlife using Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) Technique and GIS in the Kavir National Park, Iran
Masoud Jafari Atefeh Gholami Shahram Khalighi Sigaroudi Afshin Alizadeh Shabani Hossein Arzani -
Open Access Article
55 - Inter-Specific Variation for Germination and Seedling Properties and Evaluation of Breaking Seed Dormancy in Different Species of Onobrychis Mill.
Mohammad Mahdi Majidi Baran Najafipoor -
Open Access Article
56 - Estimating the Contribution and Economic Value of Various Services of Pollinator Insects in a Northern Rangeland Ecosystem of Iran
Yadollah Bostan Ahmad Fatahiardakani Majid Sadeghinia Masoud Fehresti Sani -
Open Access Article
57 - Understanding the Economic Impact of Wild Horse Management on Local Communities
Ryan Yonk Thaddeus Meadows -
Open Access Article
58 - Investigation of Genetic Variations among Crested Wheatgrass Species Base of Agronomical Traits and Total Leaf Protein
Parvin Salehi Shanjani Ali Ashraf Jafari Razieh Jahanbaz -
Open Access Article
59 - Effects of Selection on Genetic Parameters of Secale montanum Based on Seed Storage Protein Marker
Parvin Salehi Shanjani Ali Ashraf Jafari Roya Hoseinzadeh -
Open Access Article
60 - Estimating Conservation Value of “Dashtenaze Sari” Wildlife Refuge, and Factors Affecting the Willingness to Pay for Site Conservation
Yaser Feizabadi Seyedeh Sarah Hadian -
Open Access Article
61 - The Effect of narrow left herbicides and dual herbicides combined with silice treatments on Sisymbrium irio (avena) weed control in wheat.
narges sadat rasouly fard hamid reza miri ali reza bagherito evaluate the different levels of silicon with the selective of wheat herbicides on control of wild oat, yield and yield components of wheat, was conducted a factorial experiment base on completed block randomized design with three replications in the city Eghlid in c Moreto evaluate the different levels of silicon with the selective of wheat herbicides on control of wild oat, yield and yield components of wheat, was conducted a factorial experiment base on completed block randomized design with three replications in the city Eghlid in crop year 1393.The first factor consisted of seven treatments herbicide application topic , Puma super, Atlantiha, Aperous, Suffix , weedy and weed control, and the second factor has two levels of silicon (application and non-application). The results of dry weight wild oats showed that in terms of silicon utilization increased and were significantly different than the non-application of silicon. The height of dry weight wild oats was related to topic and pumasuper herbicides that in control wild oats weren’t succeeded. Herbicides Atlantis and Suffix herbicides had the height control of wild oats. The results of yield and components yield also showed that the use of silicon in herbicides Topic and Puma super were lead to reduction characteristics. In the case of herbicides Atlantis and Pumasuper in terms of the non-application of silica reduction yield and components yields were observed due to phytotoxicity the effects of herbicides on wheat plants. Silicon is used in treatments of herbicides Aperous and atlantis grain yield were significantly increased. The results showed that the silicon leads to reduce the phytotoxicity of herbicides aperous and Atlantis in weather condition Eghlid. Keywords: wild oats, dry weight, grain yield, phytotoxicity, Atlantis, Aperou Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Evaluation application different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on biomass production wild rye
E. Farajzadeh R. EmamiThe Effect of different levels of nitrogen (control, 50 and 100 kg/ha) and phosphorus (control, 50 and 100 kg/ha) on the growth and production of wild rye species studied. Nitrogen Application of 100 kg/ha height, number of leaves, tiller, stem and leaf dry weight, 30/7 MoreThe Effect of different levels of nitrogen (control, 50 and 100 kg/ha) and phosphorus (control, 50 and 100 kg/ha) on the growth and production of wild rye species studied. Nitrogen Application of 100 kg/ha height, number of leaves, tiller, stem and leaf dry weight, 30/7, 63/4, 103, 82, 131, and 33.3 percent increased respectively. In this study, the height, number of leaves and tillers, stem dry weight and leaf dry weight by 20 kg of nitrogen fertilizer significant increase in stem dry weight caused. crop height, leaf number, tiller number, leaf dry weight and shoot dry weight of wild rye by application of 40 kg/ha phosphorus additive, 13/1, 25/3, 38/4, 29/7 and 47/6 percent , respectively increased. Leaf Area index treated with 112 percent increase in the application of 40 kg P ha and 100 kg N ha respectively. Maximum biomass per unit of 430 gr/m2 by application 20 and 40 kg/ha phosphorus with 100 kg/ha nitrogen was obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - The evaluation of efficiency selective herbicide and time of application on weed control wild oat (Avena ludoviciana L) in wheat fields
Kh. Taheri H.R. Ebrahimi A. JafariIn order to evaluate selective herbicides at different times on wild oat control in wheat field, a factorial experiment in terms of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was conducted at Marvdasht, Fars during planting seasons in 2011-12. Four s MoreIn order to evaluate selective herbicides at different times on wild oat control in wheat field, a factorial experiment in terms of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was conducted at Marvdasht, Fars during planting seasons in 2011-12. Four selective and common herbicides (Atlantis OD (mesosulfuron-methyl and iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium), Total (metsulfuron methyl and sulfosulfuron), Topic (Clodinafop propargyl( and Puma Super (Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) and four application times (6-8 leaf stage of wheat, early tillering, mid-tillering and early jointing stage) were considered as the first and second factors, respectively. Results showed that there was significant difference between the times of application and selective herbicides to control wild oat weeds (p > 0.05). The results of mean comparison in relation to the application times revealed that the highest and the lowest control levels of wild oat weed were in the stages of mid-tillering and early jointing, respectively. The findings in relation to the selective herbicides also showed that the highest dry weight (DW) of weeds was obtained in both of Topic and Puma Super herbicides. The lowest DW of wild oat weed was observed in both Atlantis OD and Total herbicides. The results of yield and yield components showed that the highest grain yield obtained when the herbicide was applied at mid-Tillering stage. Herbicide application at the jointing stage due to lack of proper control of weeds led to a decrease in wheat yield level. Application of Atlantis OD herbicide at 6-8 leaf stage of wheat can cause severe burning of wheat and thus may decrease its yield. In general, it is recommended that acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase family of herbicides which has a high degree of resistance to weeds not to be used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Diversity of Nut and Seedling Characteristics and Its Relationship to Habitat Climate in Some Almond Species
Sama Rahimi Ali Gharaghani Saeid Eshghi -
Open Access Article
65 - The Study on the Vertebrates Frequency in Dez Area at Day Time
سید مسعود حسینی موسوی محمود رضا همامی رضا کریم پورWhereas the perception of present species in under management areas is one of the most important bases in the wildlife management, so this study was carried out in order to determination of vertebrates fauna in Dez area from 19 February 2010 to 6 October 2011. In this s MoreWhereas the perception of present species in under management areas is one of the most important bases in the wildlife management, so this study was carried out in order to determination of vertebrates fauna in Dez area from 19 February 2010 to 6 October 2011. In this study direct observation and remaining signs such as pellet, track and carrion; for all orders were used also for gathering the species such as turtles and amphibians the creel with 60andtimes;60 mm mesh size were utilized too. Generally during the 70 visits within the area 81 vertebrates consist of 65 birds in 49 genuses, 34 families and 11 orders were recorded which the globally endangered Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris and Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii were of them. Of mammals 7 species in 6 genuses, 5 families and 4 orders were observed that Sand Fox was the only protected species of them. Also of reptiles 8 species in 7 genuses, 7 families and 2 orders were recognized that globally endangered Mesopotamian soft-shelled turtle was of them. Just one species of amphibians Marsh Frog Rana ridibunda were seen in the area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - The Faunestic Study of Reptiles in Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge in Mazandaran Province
شکورا السادات نبوی حاجی قلی کمی ویدا حجتیMiankaleh Wildlife Refuge with 68800 hectares area is located in 12km north of Behshahr city, Mazandaran Province in east southern parts of Caspian Sea with altitude 15-28 m below sea level. The present study has been performed in the spring and summer of 2012 in order MoreMiankaleh Wildlife Refuge with 68800 hectares area is located in 12km north of Behshahr city, Mazandaran Province in east southern parts of Caspian Sea with altitude 15-28 m below sea level. The present study has been performed in the spring and summer of 2012 in order to faunestic study of reptiles in Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge. Specimens were collected manually, and then specimens and their habitats was photographed using digital camera. Specimens released after identification and recording morphometeric and meristic characters. In this study 11 species belonging to 8 families were identified including: Mauremys caspica, Emys orbicularis, Testudo horsfieldii, Pseudopus apodus, Cyrtopodion caspium, Lacerta strigata, Trapelus agilis,Elaphe dione,Natrix natrix, Natrix tessellata, Platyceps najadum. All of the specimens except Testudo horsfieldii, have been reported previously from Mazandaran province. Among the specimens, just Testudo horsfieldii is known as a vulnerable specimen in Red List Categories of International Union for Conservation of Nature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - A Comparative Study on Some Biological Parameters in Wild and Farmed Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
سکینه یگانه سیده زینب عابدی حسین رحمانیIn this research, gonadosomatic index (GSI), growth pattern, condition factor (CF), and length-weight regression relationship (LWR) in farmed and wild Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated. In order to establish baseline for research, 85 wild and farmed common MoreIn this research, gonadosomatic index (GSI), growth pattern, condition factor (CF), and length-weight regression relationship (LWR) in farmed and wild Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated. In order to establish baseline for research, 85 wild and farmed common carp were prepared during the different season of the year (averagely 10 farmed and 10 wild fish per each season). The results showed that the CF in farmed Common carp was higher than wild carp. GSI didnand#39;t show any significant differences between wild and farmed Common carp (Pandgt; 0.05). The seasonal variation of GSI had significant differences between 2 groups (Pandlt; 0.05). Correlation index or LWR in wild carp (W=3.391 L 0.78) was higher than farmed carp (W= 2.679 L0.7) (Pandlt; 0.05). The line slope of farmed and wild carp were ln W= 2.68 ln L -3.738 and ln W= 3.391 ln L -5.65, respectively. In this study, growth estimates of wild and farmed common carp showed an Isometric pattern. The increasing trend of wild and farmed carpand#39;s GSI during summer to spring was according to spawning period of this fish. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - The Study of Reptiles and Birds Fauna of Abbas abad Wild Life Refuge in Naein, Isfahan Province
حسین اکبری مهدی جلالپور ویدا حجتی محمدصفا گل محمدیAbbas abad world wild refuge is one of the most intact desert ecosystems of Iran, with 300000 hectares area is located in Naein city in the eastern of Isfahan and because of insertion between the most original habitats of Iranian cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus is considered MoreAbbas abad world wild refuge is one of the most intact desert ecosystems of Iran, with 300000 hectares area is located in Naein city in the eastern of Isfahan and because of insertion between the most original habitats of Iranian cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus is considered as a connecting bridge for small and dispersed populations of cheetah in Iran. This region also is one of the best habitats for Felis margarita, Caracal caracal and Gazella bennettii in Isfahan Province. This study was done in order to identifying the reptiles and birds of Abbas abad Wild Life Refuge during 2006-10 and totally 42 species of reptiles and 140 species of birds were identified. Among of them especiallyVaranus griseus, Uromastyx aegyptius, Chlamydotis undulataandPodoces pleskeiare important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Identification of Mammalian Fauna of Abbasabad Wildlife Refuge, Naein, Isfahan Province
حسین اکبری آرش صادقی محمدصادق فرهادی نیا محمدصفا گل محمدی ویدا حجتیAbbasabad Wildlife Refuge is one of the most intact desert ecosystems of Iran, with 300000 hectares area is located in Naein city in the eastern of Isfahan and because of insertion between the most original habitats of Asiatic cheetah, Acinonyxjubatus is considered as a MoreAbbasabad Wildlife Refuge is one of the most intact desert ecosystems of Iran, with 300000 hectares area is located in Naein city in the eastern of Isfahan and because of insertion between the most original habitats of Asiatic cheetah, Acinonyxjubatus is considered as a connecting bridge for small and dispersed populations of cheetah in Iran. Hence protection of Abbasabad as a crossroad for Iranian cheetahs can help to the long-term survival of this species. This region also is one of the best habitats for Felis margarita, Caracal caracal and Gazellabennettii in Isfahan Province. The present study was conducted in 2006-2010 in order to identify the mammals, mainly from carnivores and their associated species. Identified species included: Paraechinushypomelas, Musmusculus, Merionespersicus, Allactaga elater, Jaculusblanfordi, Hystrixindica, Lepuseuropaeus, Vulpesvulpes, Vulpesrueppellii, Vulpescana, Canisaureus, Canis lupus, Hyaenahyaena, Felis margarita, Felissilvestris,Caracal caracal, Pantherapardus, Acinonyxjubatus, Equushemionus, Ovisorientalis, Capra aegagrus and Gazellabennettii. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Breeding Study of Podoces pleskei in Dasht-e Laghari Wildlife Refuge in Razavi Khorasan Province
سعید محمّدی سمیرا سرباز فاطمه مرادیانIranian Ground-jaybelongsto the family of Corvidae, Order Passeriformes, active and can be seen in pairs or individually, as well as the endemic bird of Iran. This study investigated the bredding and behavior of Podoces pleskei in Dasht-e Laghari Wildlife Refuge in Raza MoreIranian Ground-jaybelongsto the family of Corvidae, Order Passeriformes, active and can be seen in pairs or individually, as well as the endemic bird of Iran. This study investigated the bredding and behavior of Podoces pleskei in Dasht-e Laghari Wildlife Refuge in Razavi Khorasan Province, near to the Bardaskan County since earlyJanuary 2011 to June 2012 with an area of 27,000 hectares that cover its dominant ZygiphlimeurypterumHaloxylon sp and Atraphaxisspinosa. The results showed Iranian Ground-jayin the study areaare looking for a pair in February, Reproductive phenology of P. pleskei from the first week of March for two weeks began nesting at the same timeand at the end of May that the birds are flying age ends. This birdstartlayingin mid-March and after two weeks of sleeping on eggs, chicks hatch in early April to bring, the weighted average seven (g). Usually clutch size depends on the season and weather, that the number of eggs in each clutch was observedin the region four eggs. The main risk factor for breeding success of P. pleskei in this area was found Varanus griseus caspius Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Examining the Mythical Stance of " violet flower " in The Vays and Ramin Based on Greek Mythology
Masoomeh Nazari Ayyub Kooshan Mahin MasarratAbstract Flowers and plants have manifested the unconscious mysteries of most nations and civilizations symbolically. They are natural symbols which have been considered holy and spiritual since the ancient times. Indeed, flow MoreAbstract Flowers and plants have manifested the unconscious mysteries of most nations and civilizations symbolically. They are natural symbols which have been considered holy and spiritual since the ancient times. Indeed, flowers were introduced mostly as an archetype of soul and a spiritual focus depicting inner states and unspoken emotions of humans. One of these mysterious fl₥owers is violet that is manipulated by god of love in Greek mythology. This research aims at examining the mythical stance of violet in the poetry of Vays and Ramin which at the same time the symbol of love and loyalty. We want to investigate the mythical place of violet and respond to this question : from what myth has the implication been originated ? The research method is descriptive-analytic , that's, the symbolic stance of violet has been studied first then its application in the Vays and Ramin has been investigated. On the whole it can be said that the impact of Greek myths on Iranian literature especially in Parthian period cannot be overlooked. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Investigating the molecular characteristics and pathogenicity of a new strain of the subgroup J of the leukemia virus with the occurrence of polyostotic osteosarcoma in MacQueen's bustard (Chlamydotis McQueen)
P Mohammadzadeh sajad mohammadi erfan eftekhar kimia azimiOsteosarcoma has been described as a rare primary bone tumor in birds that affects the axial skeleton; Sometimes, it happens in a soft tissue called extraskeletal osteosarcoma.Retroviruses are usually associated with the development of solid tumors in different species MoreOsteosarcoma has been described as a rare primary bone tumor in birds that affects the axial skeleton; Sometimes, it happens in a soft tissue called extraskeletal osteosarcoma.Retroviruses are usually associated with the development of solid tumors in different species of birds. This report aims to describe a case of osteosarcoma with lymphoid leukosis caused by a new mutant of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in a MacQueen's bustard (Chlamydotis McQueen). A female MacQueen bustard with a history of chronic lameness and sudden abdominal swelling for two days died at night. Histopathology revealed an infiltrative mesenchymal neoplasm composed of spindle cells with moderate cellular pleomorphism, organized in clusters and scattered with marked deposition of the osteoid matrix, consistent with osteosarcoma of the femur and tibiotarsus with liver and kidney metastasis. Immunohistochemistry of primary and metastatic tumors showed vimentin expression by neoplastic cells. Neoplasmic Samples from the Kidney, liver, and spleen were processed for PCR, which allowed the demonstration of new mutant DNA from proviral avian leukosis virus subtype J (ALV-J). Furthermore, its inoculation to SPF chickens showed that the viral load of the isolated strain in the immune system organs was significantly higher than HPRS103, and the weight loss, viremia, viral shedding, rate of myocardial fiber rupture, and lymphocyte infiltration into the pulmonary lymphatic vessels were higher. Conclusion: The findings of this study have reported the occurrence of osteosarcoma along with investigating the characteristics of a new mutant of ALV-J. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Investigation of the rate and diversity of Eimeria protozoa contamination in rabbits of north western Iran
سیما Nasri زینب Niknami S.A Ziaei مهرادا Roghani محمد Kamali neJhad In this study which was conducted from ordibehesht 1389 to mehr 1390, a total of 265 wild rabbits were investigated from which 117(44.2%) were contaminated with eimeria protozoa.in this study,the contamination of wild rabbits,mature and immature,abundance of Coc More In this study which was conducted from ordibehesht 1389 to mehr 1390, a total of 265 wild rabbits were investigated from which 117(44.2%) were contaminated with eimeria protozoa.in this study,the contamination of wild rabbits,mature and immature,abundance of Coccidiosis,geographically disturbed and common species,sexual distribution rate in the host,and the rate of excreted oocytes and its relation with onset of contamination,its effect on age and number of eimeria species responsible for onset of the disease,and etc. were evaluated.the contamination percentage of positive samples of each province compared to total samples of the province were observed to be 80.2% for Adabil,87.2% for Western Azarbayjan, and 76.2 for Eastern Azarbayjan.results showed that among the investigated immature rabbits,91 were contaminated with Eimeria.mean of oocytes excreted in mature rabbits was 35.53 per gram of feces.but this amount was 30.18 per gram of feces for immature rabbits.contamination in immature rabbits was more than mature rabbits and this relation was significant(p=0.0490 and p=0.0348). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Possibility of controling the wild rocket, Eruca sativa Mill. using low doses of 2,4-D and competitive wheat varieties
Manouchehr Jamnezhad mohammadali baghestani eskandar zand mohammad BihamtaTo determine the response of wild rocket, Eruca sativa to low doses of 2,4-D and competitive wheat varieties, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted at the research station of Iranian institute of plant protection, Karaj. The expe MoreTo determine the response of wild rocket, Eruca sativa to low doses of 2,4-D and competitive wheat varieties, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted at the research station of Iranian institute of plant protection, Karaj. The experiment included 2 wheat varieties (Shiraz and Tabassi), 4 herbicide doses (0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 Lit.ha-1) and 4 wild rocket densities (0, 25, 50 and 75 plant.m-2) with 4 replications. The results showed that reducing herbicide dose up to 25 percent did not have any adverse effect on yield. Grain yield of Shiraz variety, without herbicide treatment, was more than that of Tabassi in high dosage herbicide treatment and so the need for herbicide application could be decreased using competitive wheat varieties. Shiraz also had more yield than Tabassi cultivar in all wild rocket densities. The results revealed that Tabassi, a less competitive variety, was more dependent on herbicide application than Shiraz. did It concluded that the selection of good variety of wheat for competition with wild rocket was more effective than chemical control. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Interference of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) on more and less competitive wheat cultivars: Yield and yield components
Mohammad Armin Gorban Noormohammadi Eskendar zand Mohammad Ali Baghestani Farrokh DarvishA field experiment was conducted at the research station of plant pest and disease research Institute of Karaj, during 2003-2004 growing season. The aim was to investigate Interference of wild oat(Avena ludoviciana) on Yield and yield components of more and less competi MoreA field experiment was conducted at the research station of plant pest and disease research Institute of Karaj, during 2003-2004 growing season. The aim was to investigate Interference of wild oat(Avena ludoviciana) on Yield and yield components of more and less competitive wheat cultivars. The experiment was arranged as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replicates. Experimental factors were Rooshan (as less competitive) and Niknejad (as more competitive) wheat varieties, 3 wheat densities including recommended, recommended+25% and recommended+50%(300, 375 and 450 plants m-2 for Rooshan and 400, 500 and 600 plants m-2 for Niknejad resp.) and 4 wild oat densities (0, 25, 50, and 75 plants m-2).The results showed that Niknejad was the most competitive cultivar and Rooshan was the least competitive one in different levels of wild oat density. As wild oat density increased, yield of wheat decreased and the rate of yield decline was higher in Rooshan in comporison to Niknejad. Higher densities of wheat decreased yield looses. The presence of wild oat in wheat fields reduced fertile tiller, number of spike, seed per spike, seed per square meter and weight of 1000 seeds. Recommended and recommended+25% was optimum densities in Rooshan and Niknejad, respectively, when Wild oat interference. Manuscript profile
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