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Open Access Article
1 - An Investigation into Risk Resources of Medicinal Plants in Kermanshah Province(The case of Papper mint)
Fatemeh Kooshki farahnaz rostami Aliasghar rakzadehThe present research was conducted to investigate the risks of peppermint production in Kermanshah province, Iran. The research was a quantitative study in paradigm, an applied study in terms of objective, and a descriptive survey in terms of data collection methodology MoreThe present research was conducted to investigate the risks of peppermint production in Kermanshah province, Iran. The research was a quantitative study in paradigm, an applied study in terms of objective, and a descriptive survey in terms of data collection methodology. The statistical population consisted of 101 peppermint farmers whose data were collected by the complete enumeration technique. The research instrument was a researcher made questionnaire consisting of two sections pertaining to the demographic and occupational characteristics of the participants and some items to measure risks. The data were analyzed by opinion polls and related formulas. The users of the peppermint medicinal plant ranked the three main risks in the order of institutional, price/market, and human social in importance. The most important institutional risks included the lack of government support for crop selling and marketing at a reasonable price, the lack of support for the presentation of climatically compatible cultivars in the province, and the lack of government support for farmers regarding training and introduction of cultivation of medicinal plants. The main market risks of peppermint were listed as the involvement of intermediaries and dealers, the lack of (formal/informal) guaranteed sales, and the lack of equipment and facilities for product processing and packaging. The most important human risks were enumerated as high labor costs, labor unavailable for cultivation, and the lack of labor knowledge and skill of harvest operation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Evaluation of the Inhibiting Effect of Copper Oxideon Root Growth and Density in the Vicinity of Subsurface Irrigation Nozzles
Adel Aminpour Hosseinali Bahrami Hojjat Ghorbani VagheiBackground and Aim: Due to the population growth and the increase in global demand for food security, the correct use of water and soil resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, is necessary and inevitable. Providing water sources in agricultural and garden l MoreBackground and Aim: Due to the population growth and the increase in global demand for food security, the correct use of water and soil resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, is necessary and inevitable. Providing water sources in agricultural and garden lands by clay irrigation method has been customary in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran for a long time. However, the development of this method has not received much attention due to the invasion of the roots into the clay nozzles and the clogging of the pores caused by the growth of algae, fungi, and bacteria. One of the main goals of this article is to provide a practical solution to combat root invasion towards the wall of clay subsurface irrigation nozzles (porous clay capsules). This research seeks to investigate the effect of copper oxide added to the porous clay capsule wall in inhibiting root invasion. Method: This research aims to reduce the density and distribution of roots in the vicinity of porous clay capsules, by investigating the effect of copper oxide on the wall of the clay nozzle as an inhibitor of root movement in the form of a completely randomized design with 4 treatments with zero concentrations (control). 1000ppm, 5000ppm and 10000ppm copper) in 3 replications in the research greenhouse of Tarbiat Modares University in 1401 on sweet pepper variety 302. In this experiment, the volume, length and dry weight of root, fresh weight of leaf and stem, dry weight of leaf and stem and ratio of dry weight of leaf/root were measured at the end of vegetative growth stage of the bell pepper plant. Results: The results showed that copper levels did not have a significant effect on the volume and length of the bell pepper plant's root, but it had a significant effect on the dry weight of the root. The highest root dry weight (3.27 grams) was obtained at the probability level of 5% corresponding to the level of 10000 ppm of copper sulfate. Also, the results of the investigation of the root distribution system showed that the distribution of the root distribution in the control treatment was the same in all directions, while in the 10000 ppm copper sulfate treatment, this distribution was severely limited around the wall of the clay nozzles, so that the most the root accumulation around the nozzles was related to the control treatment and the lowest root accumulation was visible in the 10000 ppm treatment. The results showed that the highest development of the root system around the nozzles was related to the control treatment and the lowest was observed in the 10000 ppm treatment in the control treatment, the porous clay capsule were heavily invaded by plant roots and the roots completely surrounded the porous clay capsules. Therefore, adding copper sulfate to the wall of the porous clay capsule and fixing it in its pores as copper oxide has had positive effects in inhibiting the invasion of plant roots into clay nozzles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Optimizing the formulation of red pepper sauce based on flaxseed and chia flour
mahsa golbaz fatemeh hosseinmardi Alireza Rahman Introduction: The interest of many of consumers in some seasonings, including pepper sauce, and increasing the consumption of them, have prompted researchers to impr[1]ove the nutritional value of these products.Adding flaxseeds to the daily diet increases the hea More Introduction: The interest of many of consumers in some seasonings, including pepper sauce, and increasing the consumption of them, have prompted researchers to impr[1]ove the nutritional value of these products.Adding flaxseeds to the daily diet increases the health of the heart and digestive system, controls weight and prevents cancer. Chia seed is a rich source of antioxidants such as flavonols, tocopherols, phytosterols and carotenoids. In the present study, the formulation of jalopino red pepper sauce based on flaxseed and chia flour was optimized.Materials and Methods: residues of chia and flaxseeds after cold press at 0.25 to 1% were added to sauce and physicochemical properties and calorie of treatments were measured. Optimization of the Formulation was carried out using Design Expert software, response surface method (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) and the results of measuring pH, moisture, viscosity and calorie were analyzed to optimize the formulation . the optimal sample was produced in three replicates and its validity was estimated.Results: By increasing the amount of flaxseed and chia flour in sauce, pH, viscosity and moisture content increased and calorie decreased significantly. If 0.46% of chia flour,0.59% of flax seed and 0% of xanthan are used, it is possible to achieve a pH of 4.07, moisture content of 26.34%, and calorie of 320.06 kJ/g and viscosity of 1364.50 cp, which had a desirability factor equal to 0.79.Conclusion: By adding chia seeds and flaxseed flour to jalopino red pepper sauce, a product with good functional characteristics and acceptable desirability factor can be produced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Evaluation amount of compounds phenolic acids and Poly phenolic as for pepper varieties several by HPLC
نسرین رنجبر reza heidari rashid jameiPepper is a bush shrub that belonging to the Capsicum family. From a long time ago due to the effects of hyperglycemia and hypertension has long been used in traditional medicine in Iran. The most important metabolites pepper are phe The aim of this study was comparison MorePepper is a bush shrub that belonging to the Capsicum family. From a long time ago due to the effects of hyperglycemia and hypertension has long been used in traditional medicine in Iran. The most important metabolites pepper are phe The aim of this study was comparison the amount of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and Flavonoid in pepper extract collected from different parts of Iran and investigate its antioxidant properties .method: pepper plants collected of Isfahan, Urmia and Turkey in 1392.and kept in the freezer - 80 ° C until metabolites measurement . Then preparing the mix the peppers with methanol acidic, and measured phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties by HPLC.Result:Investigate methanol extracts of different areas showed that The highest amount of phenolic compounds according to vanilla acid (1.5 mg /g dry weight) as to reza Shahr and anthocyanins based on cyanidin - glucoside was as to Urmia region peppers and peppers area of Shahr Reza also had better antioxidant activity than other areas. Conclution: The results show that the pepper plant is rich in phenolic compounds and also have antioxidant properties. Eventually, it can be used as a herbal source of the antioxidant compound in food and pharmaceutical industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Green Synthesis of iron nanoparticles using peppermint extract and spectroscopic application in characterization and evaluation of its antioxidant properties
Seyed Hashem Akhlaghi ابوالفضل موسوی محمد مهرشادIn this study, leaf extracts were used to synthesize green nanoparticles of iron nanoparticles. Antioxidant properties of leaf extracts and extracts containing nano-iron particles were determined. Structural study of iron nanoparticles was performed using scanning elect MoreIn this study, leaf extracts were used to synthesize green nanoparticles of iron nanoparticles. Antioxidant properties of leaf extracts and extracts containing nano-iron particles were determined. Structural study of iron nanoparticles was performed using scanning electron microscopy. The formation of iron nanoparticles was confirmed by changing the color of the solution from yellow to brown. Antioxidant properties were observed in both leaf-containing extract and iron-containing extract of iron nanoparticles, and the addition of iron nanoparticles increased the antioxidant properties of peppermint. Structural analysis of iron nanoparticles using scanning electron microscopy showed that the shape of the particles is spherical and its average dimensions are 80-70 nm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Effects of three spices powders on mortality and progeny of adults of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Col., Bostrichidae)
Sh. Ashouri N. ShayestehIn this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the toxicity of three spices powders species, cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum Ness.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) on adults of lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica F.). Exp MoreIn this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate the toxicity of three spices powders species, cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum Ness.), turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) on adults of lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica F.). Experiments were done at five different rates 0.5, 0.85, 1.5, 3 and 5 % (wt/wt) with four replications under laboratory conditions (28±1°C, 70±5 % Rh). Twenty adult insects (1-4 day olds) were released in each treatment. The mortality was noted 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after exposure. All insects were removed from all replications after 14 days and the experiments were monitored for the extra 36 days in order to count the number of adult offsprings. The results revealed that the powders had significant insecticidal effects on adults of this insect compare to the control. The toxicities of these powders increased with increase in dosage as well as increase in the period of exposure to the plant materials. Highest mortalities were recorded at the highest dosages and exposure times with turmeric, red pepper and cinnamon, respectively. LD50values (after 14 days) for turmeric, red pepper and cinnamon were 1.49, 2.10 and 3% of adult weights respectively. All tested materials at the highest dosages reduced significantly F1 progeny emergence of R. dominica. Howevercinnamon powder at 5 % (wt/wt) prevented reproduction completely (100%). This investigation showed that all three powders spices are suitable in protecting wheat grains against the lesser grain borer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Side effects of Thiacloprid, Azadirachtin and the red pepper extract on Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hym. Braconidae) in contact and arad methods
M. Rezaei Mehdi Gheibi Shahram Hesami H. ZohdiBiological control is one of the most important part of the Integrated Pest Management. Habrobracon hebetor wasp is an effective parasitoid of larvae of Lepidoptera pests. In this research, we investigated the effect of three insecticides, Thiacloprid, Azadirachti MoreBiological control is one of the most important part of the Integrated Pest Management. Habrobracon hebetor wasp is an effective parasitoid of larvae of Lepidoptera pests. In this research, we investigated the effect of three insecticides, Thiacloprid, Azadirachtin and Red pepper extract on biological parameters of the wasp in two methods, contact and digestive at the laboratory condition. The experiments were conducted in 5 replicates each with 30 wasps.The lethal concentration LC50 in contact method was obtained 0.185, 1.16 and 122.070 mg/l for Thiacloprid, Azadirachtin and Red pepper extract respectively. In digestive method the results were 5.388, 97.68 and 1.977 mg/l respectively. Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) in LC50 were 0.245, 0.233, 0.242 and 0.261 female/female/day) for contact method and 0.228, 0.235, 0.202 and 0.260 female/female/day) for aral method respectively for Thiacloprid, Azadirachtin , Red pepper extract and control. This parameter in treated wasp has been reduced by both methods compared to control. According to the results of this study, the use of Red pepper extract and Azadirachtin had the least negative effect on this wasp. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging,Clove(Syzygium Aromaticum L.)Essential Oil and Flexible Pouches on Microbial and Sensory Properties of Chili Pepper
Nazanin Zand Orang Eyvaz Zade Reza SedighiThe effect of different concentrations of three types of gas mixtures (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen) ,as well as vacuum condition with clove ( Syzygium Aromaticum L.) essential oil, and ordinary condition as control and also three kinds of flexible multi-layer films MoreThe effect of different concentrations of three types of gas mixtures (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen) ,as well as vacuum condition with clove ( Syzygium Aromaticum L.) essential oil, and ordinary condition as control and also three kinds of flexible multi-layer films for extending the shelf life of chili pepper in refrigerator conditions (4 ° C) were studied. Ordinary conditions as control packaging were compared with four types of modified atmosphere packaging 1) N2 20% + CO2 80%, 2) N2 80% + CO 20% 3)%48%CO2+48% N2 +4% O2 and 4) under vacuum,along with injection of clove essential oil (1.5% WE/WS). Samples, were packaged in different flexible multi-layer pouches with no permeability of oxygen, PET12/AL7/OPP20/LLD65 , PET12 /AL7/PET 12/LLD 80 and OPP20/AL7/ OPP20/LLD 65. Experiments were performed on samples as follows microbial test (aerobic count, mold and yeast count),chemical pH test and sensory evaluation at different times during 28 days. The results were analyzed in a completely randomized design using SPSS statistical software (Ver:26) and Duncan’s multiple range test method, with confidence level of 95% (P <0.05). The best storage conditions belonged to the samples in 4-layer container (116 μ ) under gas composition 80% CO2 containing clove essential oil which were prolonged the shelf life of chili pepper up to 28 days and also had a favorable effect on the amount of pH, and sensory properties (texture, odor, appearance, taste and color) of samples, due to high antimicrobial properties of these factors were evaluated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Drying Peppermint Medicinal plant (Mentha piperita) using Combined Shade and Microwave Treatments –Part One: Investigating the Effects of Treatments on Drying Time, Amount and Components of Essential Oil
Fatemeh Roozdar Majid Azizi Askar GhaniIn order to investigate the effect of different drying methods on the drying time, the amount of essential oil and the essential components of peppermint medicinal plant, two experiments were carried out separately based on a completely randomized design with three repe MoreIn order to investigate the effect of different drying methods on the drying time, the amount of essential oil and the essential components of peppermint medicinal plant, two experiments were carried out separately based on a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The results indicated a significant effect of different drying methods on the studied traits. In simple drying, the maximum drying time (570 minutes) was related to samples dried in a cabinet dryer, and the minimum drying time (5.03 minutes) was related to samples dried with 900 W microwave, while in combined drying, the maximum The drying time in the shade treatment was 520 minutes and the minimum time was 5.94 minutes for the 450W + shade microwave treatment. the maximum essential oil contente (2.6%) in simple drying obtained from cabinet dryer, while in the combined drying the maximum essential oil contente in the shade method with 2.4% and combined microwave 100W + shade treatment with 2.3%. in the simple drying method, the maximum amount of Menthol reach at microwave dried sample, while in this way a significant decrease was found Menthone, also in the combined drying, the maximum amount of Menthol reach at shade+ microwave 300 watts, but in this way, the amount of Mentone was significantly reduced. Therefore, it can be concluded that in simple drying, the cabinet dryer method and in combined drying, the shade method, are more favorable than other methods due to the preservation of essential oil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Drying Peppermint Medicinal plant (Mentha piperita) using Combinations of Shade and Microwave Treatments –Part Two: Investigating the Effects of Treatments on some Phytochemical Properties of Dried Leaves
Fatemeh Roozdar Majid Azizi askar ghaniDrying is the most common way to preserve medicinal plants and protect their biochemical compounds. In order to investigate the effect of different drying methods on some phytochemical properties of Mentha piperitae, including the content of total phenolics, total flavo MoreDrying is the most common way to preserve medicinal plants and protect their biochemical compounds. In order to investigate the effect of different drying methods on some phytochemical properties of Mentha piperitae, including the content of total phenolics, total flavonoids, flavon and flavonol, and also antioxidant activity and total carbohydrates, two experiments were conducted separately based on a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The results showed a significant effect of different drying methods on the studied traits (p<0.05). In simple drying, the maximum amount of total phenolics, total flavonoid, flavone and flavonols related to fresh sample, while the minimum amount of these compounds was obtained in oven treatment with a temperature of 70oC, but in the combined drying method, the maximum amount of total phenolics, total flavonoid and flavon and flavonol were found in the combination treatment of shade + microwave 450 W, and the minimum amount was observed in the microwave drying method of 100 W + shade. Also, in the simple drying method, samples dried in artificial shade with 88.83% and in combined drying with treatment shade + 450 W microwave with 0.48% had the maximum antioxidant activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the simple drying of the fresh sample and in the combined drying of the shade + 450 W microwave method, they will be very favorable because they will maintain the biochemical characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The inhibitory effect of five plant extracts on the agent of mulberry dieback disease
Hadi RahanandehThe dieback disease of mulberry tree caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the important diseases of mulberry trees in the world and Iran. The aim of this research was to prepare a suitable extract to combat the disease-causing fungus with the least side effects MoreThe dieback disease of mulberry tree caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the important diseases of mulberry trees in the world and Iran. The aim of this research was to prepare a suitable extract to combat the disease-causing fungus with the least side effects for silkworms. The effect of the extract of five plants (garlic, thyme, peppermint, tea, and neem) in three solvents (water, ethanol, methanol) was studied by mixing method in culture medium during 1999-97. The extracts were tested in three concentrations: 1000 ppm, 100 ppm, and 10 ppm. A Millipore filter was used to sterilize the extracts. In the aqueous extract, garlic extract showed the highest inhibitory effect with more than 80% on the disease-causing fungus. In the second group, tea and peppermint showed the highest retention with 54.16% and 66.66%, respectively. In methanolic and ethanolic extracts of tea and neem, respectively (48.91 and 61.5) and (56.32 and 51.5) showed the highest inhibition. As the concentration of the extract decreased, the inhibitory rate decreased. The inhibitory rate of extracts depends on various factors such as solvent, concentration and mushroom type. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Study on the occurrence of some important viral pathogens infecting pepper in varamin area
Azin Aghazadeh Mojdeh Maleki Ali Reza GolnaraghiSurveys were conducted to determine viral diseases of pepper plants (Capsicum annum) in different regions of Varamin county during the growing seasons of 2012-2014. A total of 110 pepper leaf samples and 11 weed leaf samples were collected from plants showing virus-like MoreSurveys were conducted to determine viral diseases of pepper plants (Capsicum annum) in different regions of Varamin county during the growing seasons of 2012-2014. A total of 110 pepper leaf samples and 11 weed leaf samples were collected from plants showing virus-like symptoms. The samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antibodies produced against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Potato virus X (PVX), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and the broad-spectrum antibodies reacting potyviruses. According to the ELISA results, virus infections were related to TMV (26.7%), followed by potyviruses (24.3%), TYLCV (23.8%), CMV (13.3%), ToMV (13.3%) and PVX (1.9%). Nearly, 64.1% of the pepper leaf samples were infected with vector-transmitted viruses and 34.5% with viruses having no known vectors for their transmission. The results also indicated that 21.0% and 77% of the samples had single and mixed virus infections. respectively The tobamovirus and potyvirus infections of the samples were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using previously described universal primer pairs Tob-Uni1/Tob-Uni2 and NIb2F/NIb3R, which resulted in the amplification of DNA fragments with the expected sizes of 800 bp and 350 bp, respectively. Moreover, the presence of TYLCV was confirmed by the amplification of DNA fragments with the expected size of ca. 670 bp by PCR using virus-specific primers TYLCV-Sar and TYLCV-Isr. This study showed a widespread occurrence of different viruses especially tobamoviruses and potyviruses in pepper fields of Varamin area. In the present work, the potyvirus infection of morning glory plant (Ipomoea purpurea) was also confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Investigating the pathogenic differences Phytophthora capsici isolates, the cause of root rot and pepper stems collected from Varamin-Pishva region
Mohammad Ghasemi Dariush Shahriari somayeh FarahaniPhytophthora capsici, is one of the most destructive factors of pepper crown and root rot in pepper cultivation regions across the world. This pathogen attacks the roots and crown of the plant at all growth stages and causes the wilt or death of the plant. In this study MorePhytophthora capsici, is one of the most destructive factors of pepper crown and root rot in pepper cultivation regions across the world. This pathogen attacks the roots and crown of the plant at all growth stages and causes the wilt or death of the plant. In this study, fungus isolates collected from the pepper fields and greenhouses in different regions of Varamin and plants with symptoms of damping-off, root and crown rot. Samples were cultivated in semi-selective Phytophthora culture medium (CMA + PARPH) after washing and disinfection. Cultivars were identified on morphological characteristics and identification keys of Erwin Verbieru (1996). The pathogenicity of the species was demonstrated on host plants and the isolate pathogenicity was determined after inoculation on Plato sensitive cultivar by Golsir et al. methods. According to results from all sampling from different regions, a total of 10 pure P. capsici isolates were obtained. The Ph-pi-51 isolate collected from pepper from Pishva region with a disease severity index of 91.6% was in the statistical group “a” with the highest rate of pathogenesis as the most destructive pathogen. Karimabad Ph-ka-21 isolate, with a disease severity index of 88.6 in the ab statistical group, was the most pathogenic after the first isolate. Also the Ph-ta-16 and Ph-dv-44 isolates with the disease severity index of 48.8 and 33.3 had the lowest rates of disease on pepper and were included in the group of isolates with low pathogenicity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Control of Rhizoctonia root rot of bell pepper in greenhouse using chemicals and biological fungicides
Maryam Shirmohammadi Ezatollah Sedaghatfar Reza Hejazi Hadi RahanandehBell pepper with the scientific name Capsicum annuum L. belongs to the Solanaceae family. Among the major pepper diseases, root rot caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani has the economic importance. The common method to control this disease is to use the chemical fung MoreBell pepper with the scientific name Capsicum annuum L. belongs to the Solanaceae family. Among the major pepper diseases, root rot caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani has the economic importance. The common method to control this disease is to use the chemical fungicides. In order to control Rhizoctonia root rot disease of bell pepper, a number of commercial biological agents based on Trichoderma harzianum, Glomus sp. mycorrhizal fungus, Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. bacteria and three chemical fungicides Tebuconazole, Copper oxychloride and Mancozeb were investigated in greenhouse conditions. The analysis of variance showed that the treatments had significant difference (P≤ 0.01) in all the examined traits. The mean comparisons of the treatments were evaluated based on disease inhibition traits including the length of the necrotic tissue with the largest wound and the disease index and plant growth promotion traits, including plant fresh weight, plant height, root dry weight and shoot dry weight. The treatments of negative control (no pathogen) and fungicide tebuconazole had the greatest effect on most of the traits, and the treatments of Potabarvar and Mycoroot and positive control (with pathogen) had the least effect. Among the biological control treatments, based on the lowest disease index and the lowest wound length, the combination of biological agents, Parsbacil, Probio96, Alkagreen, Trichoran-P and Tricho were ranked respectively. In the study of agricultural traits, biological treatments, combination of biological agents, Parsbacil and Probio-96 showed the highest values. In the management of this disease, apart from the chemical control method (Tebuconazole), the best option with a relatively similar statistical level was Parsbacill combination (SC) containing Bacillus velezensis strain M11-RTS, and Probio-96 containing Bacillus subtilis bacteria (P≤ 0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The inhibitory effect of five plant extracts on the pathogen of mulberry dieback disease (Sclorotinia sclerotiorum) in laboratory conditions
hadi rahanandeh Ezatollah SedaghatfarThe dieback disease of mulberry tree caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the important diseases of mulberry trees in the world and Iran. The aim of this research was to prepare a suitable extract to combat the disease-causing fungus with the least side effects MoreThe dieback disease of mulberry tree caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the important diseases of mulberry trees in the world and Iran. The aim of this research was to prepare a suitable extract to combat the disease-causing fungus with the least side effects for silkworms. The effect of the extract of five plants (garlic, thymus, peppermint, tea and neem) in three solvents (water, ethanol and methanol) was studied by mixing method in culture medium during 2018-20. The extracts were tested in three concentrations: 1000ppm, 100ppm, and 10ppm. Among the aqueous extract, garlic extract showed the highest inhibitory effect with more than 80% on the disease-causing fungus. In the second group, tea and peppermint showed the highest retention with 54.16% and 66.66%, respectively. Among the methanolic and ethanolic extracts, tea and neem showed the highest inhibition rates, (48.91% and 61.5%) and (56.32% and 51.5%) respectively. As the concentration of the extract decreased, the inhibitory rate decreased. The inhibitory rate of extracts depends on various factors such as solvent, concentration and mushroom type. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Evaluation of insecticidal effect of essential oil of some medicinal plants against confused flour beetle adults (Tribolium confusum)
Masoumeh Darvishi Akram Mobini Samin SeddighThe confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, feeds on starchy material like flour, bran, and groats. These insects not only add significant losses to the product while feeding, but also due to the rapid population growth, the crop is infected with its MoreThe confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, feeds on starchy material like flour, bran, and groats. These insects not only add significant losses to the product while feeding, but also due to the rapid population growth, the crop is infected with its feces and larval shells, and its quality is greatly reduced. Recently, many studies have been done on the application of plant essential oils or their components as a safe alternative to commonly used fumigant toxins. In this research, toxicity of three plant essential oils including Rosemary, White Pepper and Walnut leaves were investigated in three concentrations of 10, 30 and 50 μl and was compared to Rosemary extract. All experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions under temperature 27 ± 1°C, with 30 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 14h. The results showed that using Rosemary extract did not control T. confusum which had no significant difference with control. The essential oils of Walnut leaf, Rosemary and White Pepper made a significant difference in the mortality of the adults of the confused flour beetle. With increasing concentration, the mortality rate of T. confusum adults increased in all essential oils and all of them had a significant difference. The most percentage of mortality was observed at 50 μl concentration in Pepper essential oil. The optimum conditions for using essential oils were also investigated. So that the most pest mortality would be obtained by using 50 μl concentrations of White Pepper and Rosemary essential oils, causing 100% and 60% mortality of T. confusum, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Preparation and formulation of low-calorie hot chili pepper sauce based on sugar beet molasses sweetener
ayda golbaaz alireza rahman Fateme hoseinmardiBecause of the high amount of waste produced by the food industry, this waste management has been considered by researchers. Molasses is a by-product of the production of crystal sugar, despite its functional and nutrient compounds, it is mostly used for livestock consu MoreBecause of the high amount of waste produced by the food industry, this waste management has been considered by researchers. Molasses is a by-product of the production of crystal sugar, despite its functional and nutrient compounds, it is mostly used for livestock consumption. This study aimed to use molasses in hot chili sauce formulation as a substitute for sucrose. The sugar beet molasses replaced sucrose in hot red pepper sauce formulation after heating as zero to 3%. pH, viscosity, moisture, calories value, Microbial (Mold and yeast), were studied, and sensory evaluation was measured by the five-point hedonic method. The results showed that an increase of sucrose in formulation, pH value, calories, microbial growth population decreased (p<0.05). Increased moisture content, and a* index observed in the treatments (P<0.05), The use of molasses up to 0.5% in the treatment had very taste favorable for the assessors. The treatment's texture was affected by 1% molasses replacement. The brittleness of the treatments changed and became a pasted. The most desirable treatment was it containing 0.25 and 0.5% molasses. According to the results, when molasses using in the sauce formulation, the quality, shelf life, and nutritional value of products can be improved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Fast Cellular Automata Implementation on Graphic Processor Unit (GPU) for Salt and Pepper Noise Removal
Afsaneh Jalalian Babak Karasfi Khairulmizam Samsudin M.Iqbal Saripan Syamsiah Mashohor -
Open Access Article
19 - Effect of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer Combination on the Yield and Active Ingredient of Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
S.M. AbtahiThis study was designed to optimize the use of organic and chemical fertilizer combinations in the production of red pepper to reduce costs and avoid environmental pollution. Therefore, the effect of 12 different treatments of animal and chemical fertilizers was studied MoreThis study was designed to optimize the use of organic and chemical fertilizer combinations in the production of red pepper to reduce costs and avoid environmental pollution. Therefore, the effect of 12 different treatments of animal and chemical fertilizers was studied in a randomized complete block design on yield and active ingredient (Capsaicin) red pepper. Variance analysis of the data indicated significant differences at 1% level among the different treatments. Mean comparisons with Duncan's test at 1%, revealed that the maximum yields with averages of 7.6, 7.3 and 7.2 ton.ha-1 were obtained in the treatment numbers of 10 (Organic, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. 20 ton.ha-1, 60, 50 and 50 kg.ha-1), 12 (Organic, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively, 40 ton.ha-1, 20, 16 and 16 kg.ha-1), and 8 (40 ton.ha-1 of organic fertilizer) respectively. Variance analysis of active ingredient percentage showed significant differences at the 5% level. Highest active ingredient with average 0.1747% was obtained in treatment of number 3 (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively 150, 100 and 100 kg.ha-1). In general it can be concluded that yield could be increased by using a proper combination of organic and chemical fertilizers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Investigating the Effect of Microbial Inoculation on the Efficiency of Element Consumption and the Quality of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under Drought Stress
Maryam Poornajaf Mohammad Faizian Omidali Akbarpour Reza SoleimaniThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation on nutrient efficiency and quality of peppermint under drought stress in 2 crop years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in the Agricultural Research Center of Sarableh city located in Ilam province. This MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation on nutrient efficiency and quality of peppermint under drought stress in 2 crop years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in the Agricultural Research Center of Sarableh city located in Ilam province. This experiment was performed as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experiment with 2 factors, including drought stress in 3 levels of full irrigation (control), 70 and 50% of field capacity in main plots and growth-promoting bacteria and mycorrhiza in 6 levels including 1-control, 2-solute isolate Siderophore solvent + drought tolerant enhancer isolate, 3- mineral phosphate solvent isolate + drought tolerant enhancer isolate, 4- siderophore solvent isolate and drought tolerant enhancer isolate + dissolution isolate Mineral phosphate and isolates were increased by drought tolerance, 5-nitroxin commercial fertilizer and 6- mycorrhiza in subplots. The results of this study showed that most menthol essential oil in the combined treatment of siderophore soluble isolates and drought tolerant isolates + mineral phosphate soluble isolates and drought tolerant isolates and stress 50% of field capacity 24.2% was obtained compared to the lowest amount, ie control and full irrigation; Showed a 26% increase. At all levels of microbial inoculation except microbial fertilizer, the highest essential oil was always obtained at a stress of 50% of field capacity. The highest yield of peppermint essential oil was obtained in the treatment of commercial microbial fertilizer in the second year at the rate of 139.2 kg.ha-1. Microbial inoculation under stress at 50% of field capacity caused a 21% increase in dry shoot yield compared to the same level of stress in control. Growth-promoting bacteria and mycorrhizae increase quantitative and qualitative yield and increase the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus, which can have a significant effect on reducing costs and maintaining the ecosystem of agricultural systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Effects of corn starch edible coating and black pepper essential oil on the shelf life of vacuum packaged silver carp fillet
N. Kyani Haftlang L. Roomiani M. TadayoniThis research has been carried out in order to study the effect of the corn starch and the black pepper essential oil oral film on the shelf life of the silver carp fillet under the vacuum packaging in the refrigerator temperature. All the treatments (control: without c MoreThis research has been carried out in order to study the effect of the corn starch and the black pepper essential oil oral film on the shelf life of the silver carp fillet under the vacuum packaging in the refrigerator temperature. All the treatments (control: without coating and essential oil, treatment 1: 0.1% essential oil, treatment 2: 0.5% essential oil and treatment 3: 1% essential oil) were prepared each in three replicates with a starch cover to achieve the best effective rate of the oral film and essence.The results showed that the changes in pH and free fatty acid were increasing in all the treatments during the storage. In all treatments, the level of peroxide did not exceed the permissible limit. In addition, the level of volatile nitrogenous bases in all control, 0.1 and 0.5% essential oil treatments did not exceed the permissible limit from day 9 until the end of the maintenance day. The rate of mesophilic bacteria showed a statistically significant difference during the shelf life (p< 0.05). The count of the psychrophilic bacteria in all treatments, control, 0.1, 0.5 and 1% essential respectively 7.11, 7.54, 7.78, 7.98 log cfu/ g were exceed the permissible limit of 7 log cfu/ g in day 12. The results showed that using an oral film of the corn starch with the black pepper essential oil in a concentration of 0.01% keeps the initial quality and increases the shelf life of the silver carp fillets for 9 days. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The effect of biocomposite coating based on Opopanax mucilage and gelatin containing zinc oxide nanoparticles enriched by peppermint (Mentha piperita L) essential oil on the microbial and sensory properties characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Mohammad Javad Rashidi leila Roozbeh nasiraie Shahin Zomorodi Sara JafarianConsidering the possible adverse effects on the sensory properties of food due to the use of essential oils in effective concentrations for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, the use of combined methods can be effective. In this study, the effect of coating combina MoreConsidering the possible adverse effects on the sensory properties of food due to the use of essential oils in effective concentrations for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, the use of combined methods can be effective. In this study, the effect of coating combination of gelatin and Opopanax mucilage containing 0.5% zinc oxide nanoparticles, enriched by concentrations of 0, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 % of peppermint essential oil and modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) on preventing the growth of microbial population rainbow trout fillets were evaluated during 20 days of storage in the refrigerator. The results showed that in all treatments the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophs, lactic acid bacteria, and coliforms as well as pH increased during the storage period but decreased by increasing peppermint essential oil (p<0.05). Also, the microbial load in treatments with a coating containing nanoparticles and MAP was significantly lower than in the control sample (p<0.05). The results of sensory evaluation also showed that the odor and color scores of the samples decreased during storage, which was the highest in the control and the lowest in the NPEO3 treatment (p<0.05). The results of the sensory evaluation were consistent with the results of microbial analysis. According to the results obtained in this study, using the mixture of 0.5 % zinc oxide nanoparticles and 50% peppermint essential oil in edible coating composed of Opopanax mucilage and gelatin for increasing the shelf life of rainbow trout fillet up to the 15th day is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Accumulation of Pb and Cd in tissue of leek (Allium ampeloprasum persicum) and peppermint (Mentha piperita) treated with sewage sludge of Qods town’s treatment plant, Tehran
سهیل Sobhanardakani مهدی Habibi آزیتا BehbahaniniaThis study was carried out to investigate the accumulation of Pb and Cd in tissue of leek (Allium ampeloprasum persicum) and peppermint (Mentha piperita) treated with municipal sewage sludge of Qods town’s treatment plant, Tehran. For this purpose, after soil prep MoreThis study was carried out to investigate the accumulation of Pb and Cd in tissue of leek (Allium ampeloprasum persicum) and peppermint (Mentha piperita) treated with municipal sewage sludge of Qods town’s treatment plant, Tehran. For this purpose, after soil preparation, sampling of sewage sludge and assessment of the physicochemical properties of the samples, leek and peppermint plants were divided as treatment and control groups. Afterwards, using ICP-OES the concentrations of Pb and Cd were determined in the tissues of peppermint and leek. Results showed that the concentration (mean ± SD) of Pb in the control and treatment groups was 0.26±0.08 and 0.55±0.16 mg/kg, respectively. Pb concentration in peppermint samples was estimated as 0.26±0.06 and 2.41±0.79 mg/kg for control and treatment group, respectively. Moreover, the mean concentration of Cd in control and treatment groups of leek was 0.083±0.003 and 0.26±0.05 mg/kg and for peppermint 0.057±0.002 and 0.14±0.02 mg/kg, respectively. Comparative evaluation of the evaluated treatments showed that except for Cd in leek and peppermint treatment samples, the mean concentrations of Pb and Cd in both vegetables were significantly lower than EPA permissible limits for human consumption. The results of this study indicated that for reducing the health risks of long-term use of sewage sludge as fertilizer, further monitoring should be performed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Effect of peppermint essential oil on growth and survival of some foodborne pathogenic bacteria
مجتبی Boniadian الهام khalili sadrabad الهه Askari محسن Pourmoghadas This study was conducted to determine the effects of peppermint essential oils on Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. In the first step, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal More This study was conducted to determine the effects of peppermint essential oils on Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica. In the first step, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of peppermint essential were determined by the tube dilution method in tryptic soy broth (TSB). Then, the growth behavior of each of the aforementioned bacteria was assessed in presence of peppermint essential oil in concentration of less than MIC. The result of first step showed that Y. enterocolitica is more sensitive to peppermint essential oil than other tested bacteria (MIC = 0.1% & MBC = 0.22%), followed by L. monocytogenes (MIC = 0.12% & MBC = 0.15%), S. typhimurium (MIC = 0.22% & MBC = 0.25%) and B. cereus (MIC = 0.3% & MBC = 5%), respectively. The results revealed that, the peppermint essential oils in low concentration inhibited the growth rate of bacteria thus may use as a natural preservative and flavoring in foods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The effect of foliar application of iron, potassium, calcium and manganese nanoclates on some morphophysiological and nutrient traits of peppermint (Mentha piperita)
Hamidreza Bagheri alireza ladanmoghadam Elham Danaee Vahid AbdossiDue to the importance of using nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of agricultural products, This study aims to investigate the effect of foliar application of iron, potassium, calcium and manganese nanoparticles MoreDue to the importance of using nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of agricultural products, This study aims to investigate the effect of foliar application of iron, potassium, calcium and manganese nanoparticles on some morphophysiological traits and nutrient uptake of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) that is one of the most important medicinal plants of the lamiaceae family was done in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2018 in a greenhouse located in Islamshahr. Foliar application treatments of iron, potassium, calcium and manganese nanoclates included three levels of 2, 4 and 6 mg/l. Foliar application was applied in three stages with one week intervals and two weeks after the last foliar application, sampling was performed to evaluate the traits. The results showed that the application of nano-chelates significantly increased the evaluated traits compared to the control, so that the highest fresh and dry weight of shoots, total chlorophyll content of leaves and iron in the treatment of iron nano-chelate 6 mg/l, the highest fresh and dry weight of roots and the amount of potassium in the treatment of nano-chelate potassium was obtained 6 mg/l, also the highest amount of phenol and manganese in the treatment of nano-chelate manganese 6 mg/l, the highest amount of flavonoids and vitamin C in the treatment of nano-chelate Manganese 4 mg/l, the highest amount of calcium was observed in the treatment of calcium nano-chelate, 6 mg/l and the highest amount of essential oil was observed in the treatment of iron nano-chelate, 4 mg/l. In general, according to the results of this study, the application of iron, potassium, calcium and manganese nano-chelates with concentrations of 4 and 6 mg/l has a positive effect on increasing the productivity of peppermint. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Ecological and phytochemical response of Mentha piperita L. to Nitrogenous fertilizers types in Khuzestan region
Adel Poshtdar Ali Reza Abdali Mashhadi Fuad Moradi siad Ahtaalah Siadat Abdolmahdi BakhshandehPeppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is an aromatic medicinal plant, that its cultivation is limited due to low soil from organic matter. Therefore choose right amount and type of fertilizer is very necessary to ensure of satisfactory yield. A factorial experiment was conduc MorePeppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is an aromatic medicinal plant, that its cultivation is limited due to low soil from organic matter. Therefore choose right amount and type of fertilizer is very necessary to ensure of satisfactory yield. A factorial experiment was conducted at research farm of Ramin University during 2014, arranged in CRD design contain three types of nitrogen fertilizer as the first factor: liquid (urea ammonium nitrate), powder (ammonium sulfate) and granular (Urea) which were applied at five levels: 0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 KgN/ha as the second factor with three replications. Aerial pares of plant were collected in early of blooming, the essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by GC/MS. Result were showed that the nitrogen had significant effects on vegetative traits, quantity and quality of essential oil and finally on efficiency of nitrogen usage. With increases of nitrogen rate the vegetative traits and its yields of essential oil were increased. The effect of UAN was higher than U and SA, however, the trend of nitrogen usage efficiency was descended with AS of the lowest efficiency at 280 kg.ha-1. The rate and type of nitrogen fertilizers were also effective on essential oil components. The highest content of menthol was obtained in controls (37.16%) with 70 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (38.44%) but with increases of nitrogen application the menthol rate was decreased. Additionally, U and AS were respectively had the highest and lowest impact on menthol content, but in other hands the UAN application had the lowest content of menthofuran (1.17%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Evaluation of genetic diversity, harvest time and drying methods in Mentha piperita L. accessions based on phytochemical traits
Zahra bashirzadeh Mehdi Mohebodini Roghayeh Fathi Seyed Yaghob seyed masoumiMentha piperita, is a member of the Lamiaceae family commonly known as Peppermint an important medicinal plant. This plant is used as a flavoring in chewing gum, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In this research, different accessions of this plant were collecte MoreMentha piperita, is a member of the Lamiaceae family commonly known as Peppermint an important medicinal plant. This plant is used as a flavoring in chewing gum, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In this research, different accessions of this plant were collected from different regions of Iran. An experiment was conducted in 2021 year based on randomized complete block design to evaluate the phytochemical traits of these accessions in the half-flowering stage in Meshginshahr climatic condition. Their essential oils were extracted in the half-flowering and full-flowering stages by using clevenger apparatus. The results showed that there were significant differences among studied traits among. There are significant differences among accessions in traits of chlorophyll a, essential oil 50 and 100 percent flowering and oven (40 0C) drying method were significant at 1% probability level. There were no significant differences among anthocyanins, flavonoids, carotenoids, essential oil 50 and 100 flowering and drying method shade. Comparison of mean traits showed that the important traits such as anthocyanins (0.93-2.37 mg/g), flavonoids (0.94-2.95 mg/g), essential oil 50 flowering and drying method shade (0.44-2.06) and essential oil 100 percent flowering and oven, (0.72-3.09) were varied among accessions. Maximum correlation was shown between Chlorophyll b and carotenoids (0.98). The Ardabil, Zanjan and Hamedan were the best superior to other accessions. Therefore, superior accessions can be used in breeding programs in order to produce better cultivars in terms of essential oil content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Effect of L-phenylalanine foliar application on the growth, morphophysiological and phytochemical characteristics of red or chili pepper (Capsicum anuum) under different irrigation treatments
Samira Asghari Lalemi Prof. Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti Fariborz Moattar Faezeh RajabzadehThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-phenylalanine foliar application on morpho-physiological and phytochemical properties of red pepper under different irrigation treatments (type and amount) in the filed experimental at Goldaru Herbal Pharmaceutical C MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-phenylalanine foliar application on morpho-physiological and phytochemical properties of red pepper under different irrigation treatments (type and amount) in the filed experimental at Goldaru Herbal Pharmaceutical Company, Isfahan as a split-split plot experimental in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 2018. Experimental factors included: moisture conditions (optimum and reduced irrigation), irrigation methods (drip and flood irrigation) and different levels of the foliar application (negative control; positive control or water as solvent; L-phenylalanine at 2000 and 4000 ppm). The results indicated that the highest the plant height was related to the application of 2000 ppm phenylalanine optimum irrigation (69.3 cm), the highest values of the fresh and dry fruit weights were related to 2000 ppm L-phenylalanine × reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (6.60 g/m2) and L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) × optimum and reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (2.18 g/m2), respectively. Results of the biochemical traits showed that the highest degree of intensity was under L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) × reduced irrigation × flood irrigation (449 g/m2). In addition, the maximum values of vitamin C and total phenol were related to the water foliar application × optimum and reduced irrigation conditions (0.82 and 0.72 mg/g dry weight) and the water foliar application × reduced irrigation × drip irrigation (2.15 mg GAE/ g dry weight), respectively. In general, the results of this study showed the negative effect of drought stress or reduced irrigation on the growth traits of red pepper, however, reduced irrigation enhanced the degree of intensity, vitamin C and total phenol. In conclusion, the foliar application of L-phenylalanine (at 2000 ppm) could improve the quality and reduced the negative effects reduced irrigation on the growth and yield of red pepper under arid and semiarid climate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Robust Digital Image Watermarking against Cropping and Salt & Pepper Noise using two-step Sudoku
Mohammad Shahab Goli Alireza NsghshSeveral methods are exploited to watermark digital images as a safety measure for storing information, but an attacker can destroy the information by cropping a segment of the watermarked image or doing salt and pepper noise. In recent years, numerous schemes were propo MoreSeveral methods are exploited to watermark digital images as a safety measure for storing information, but an attacker can destroy the information by cropping a segment of the watermarked image or doing salt and pepper noise. In recent years, numerous schemes were proposed that reduce the impact of such attacks. A new method has been proposed to confront cropping attack and salt and pepper noise that is carried out using two Sudoku tables. In this method, the watermark image is scattered in two Sudoku table layouts with different solutions and is watermarked in the host image with Least Significant Bit(LSB). Using this method, the watermark image is repeated 81 times in the host image, and to this effect the watermark image can be reconstructed using other segments when cropped or salt and pepper noise by the attacker. Both Sudokus used in this paper are in the classic 9x9 form and using this method, resistance to cropping attacks increases up to 98.8% and resistance to salt and pepper noise increase up to 80% Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - A Joint Salt and Pepper Noise Removal and Resolution Enhancement Algorithm in Complex Wavelet Domain
Shirin Salehi Homayoun Mahdavi-Nasab Hossein PourghassemMost of the existing image resolution enhancement algorithms assume that the image is clean and noise free, but this assumption is not practically valid. One strategy for interpolation of noisy images is to denoise the image first and then interpolate the denoised image MoreMost of the existing image resolution enhancement algorithms assume that the image is clean and noise free, but this assumption is not practically valid. One strategy for interpolation of noisy images is to denoise the image first and then interpolate the denoised image. However, this strategy does not lead to satisfying results because denoising may smooth image details and also other artifacts such as blurring and blocking introduced due to image denoising will be amplified in the following interpolation stage. Thus, in this paper we propose a joint salt and pepper noise removal and resolution enhancement algorithm using dual-tree complex wavelet transform and feedforward neural networks. In this algorithm, the wavelet subbands corresponding to noise free high resolution image are estimated from noisy low resolution image by multi-layer perceptron (MLP). Therefore the noise free high resolution image is obtained by complex wavelet reconstruction of the estimated subbands. Takeing advantages of complex wavelet transform such as nearly shift invariance and directional selectivity the subband estimation by neural networks is done with high accuracy. As it is verified in the experimental results, the proposed algorithm has better performance both subjectively and objectively and is able to maintain the image fine structures well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Evaluation of anti-biofilm effect of aqueous-alcoholic extract of black pepper in vitro and food model
saeed akbari zohreh didar Mohsen Vazifedoost Bahare Hajirostamloo Mahnaz MohtashamiThe present study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of black pepper (Piper nigrum) aqueous-alcoholic extract and focus on its possible anti-biofilm activity against the two bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in simulated condi MoreThe present study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of black pepper (Piper nigrum) aqueous-alcoholic extract and focus on its possible anti-biofilm activity against the two bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro and in simulated conditions of the food model. Chemical analysis was used to identify the chemical composition of black pepper extract by mass spectrometry gas chromatography (GC - MS). The anti-biofilm activity of black pepper was measured using an automatic ELISA reader at 570 nm wavelength. The GC - MS analysis results indicated that the major compounds in black pepper extract include d-3-Carene (20.69%), Limonene (18%), Caryophyllene (17.90%) and b-Pinene (10.52%). According to the results in this study, black pepper aqueous- alcoholic extract with a 50% concentration had the highest effect in preventing the biofilm formation of both bacteria In addition, there was no significant difference between black pepper extract (50%) and peracetic acid 0/5% in the antibiofilm activity. There was also no significant difference in the type of bacterial growth media (TSB culture and fish extract) on bacterial biofilm formation in the presence of black pepper extract. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Investigating the effect of atmospheric pressure cold plasma on oxidation indices and microbial quality of red pepper
Samaneh Khodabandeh shahraki Mohammad Goli Sharifeh ShahiSpices are popular worldwide for increasing appetite and adding flavor and color to food, but they also carry a high microbial load. Cold plasma is a non-thermal technology and a suitable alternative to the conventional thermal methods used in the food industry, which, MoreSpices are popular worldwide for increasing appetite and adding flavor and color to food, but they also carry a high microbial load. Cold plasma is a non-thermal technology and a suitable alternative to the conventional thermal methods used in the food industry, which, with its antimicrobial properties, increases the shelf life of food without negatively affecting its quality. The purpose of this research was to investigate some qualitative and microbial properties of red pepper by a cold plasma method. The results showed that the plasma voltage had a greater effect on improving and maintaining the total phenolic content of red pepper than the duration of irradiation, so the use of cold plasma treatment with medium voltage (16.66 kV) increased the total phenolic content of red pepper compared to the voltages lower and higher were superior. The acid value, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, and anisidine index of the treatments were significantly higher than the control sample (p<0.05), and the control sample had the lowest oxidation indices. The total count of microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli in the treated samples was significantly less than the control sample (p<0.05). According to the obtained results, the cold plasma method is suggested for food processing because it can maintain the quality of food at an acceptable level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - اثرات نعناع و آلوئه ورا بر جمعیت میکروفلورای ایلئوم و عملکرد رشد در جوجههای گوشتی در مقایسه با آنتیبیوتیک محرک رشد
ب. دارابیقانع ف. میرزایی آقچه قشلاق ب. نوید شاد ع. مهدوی ا. زارعی س. ناهاشوناین تحقیق به منظور مقایسه اثرات دو گیاه دارویی (نعناع و آلوئه ورا) و آنتیبیوتیک محرک رشد بر جمعیت میکروفلورای ایلئوم و عملکرد رشد در جوجههای گوشتی انجام گردید. در این آزمایش از 375 قطعه جوجه یکروزه نر (راس 308) در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 5 تیمار و هر تیمار شامل 5 تک Moreاین تحقیق به منظور مقایسه اثرات دو گیاه دارویی (نعناع و آلوئه ورا) و آنتیبیوتیک محرک رشد بر جمعیت میکروفلورای ایلئوم و عملکرد رشد در جوجههای گوشتی انجام گردید. در این آزمایش از 375 قطعه جوجه یکروزه نر (راس 308) در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 5 تیمار و هر تیمار شامل 5 تکرار و 15 جوجه در هر تکرار استفاده شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل: 1) جیره شاهد ( جیره پایه بدون هیچ افزودنی)، 2) جیره پایه + 10 گرم/کیلوگرم برگ خشک شده نعناع، 3) جیره پایه + 10 گرم/کیلوگرم ژل آلوئه ورا، 4) جیره پایه + 5 گرم/کیلوگرم برگ خشک شده نعناع + 5 گرم/کیلوگرم ژل آلوئه ورا و 5) جیره پایه + 10 پیپیام آنتیبیوتیک ویرجینیامایسین بودند. پارامترهای عملکرد رشد برای دورههای آغازین، رشد و پایانی و جمعیت باکتریهای لاکتوباسیلوس و اشرشیاکلی در روز 42 مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. بیشترین تعداد باکتریهای لاکتوباسیلوس در ایلئوم جوجههای تغذیه شده با خوراک حاوی مخلوط برگ خشک شده نعناع و ژل آلوئه ورا مشاهده شد (05/0>P). جوجههای دریافتکننده مکمل گیاهان دارویی، کمترین جمعیت اشرشیاکلی را در مقایسه با جوجههای شاهد داشتند (05/0>P). جوجههای تغذیه شده با آنتیبیوتیک خوراک مصرفی، افزایش وزن بدن و درصد لاشه بیشتری نسبت به جوجههای شاهد و جوجههای تغذیه شده با گیاهان دارویی را بدست آوردند و جوجههای تغذیه شده با گیاهان دارویی خوراک مصرفی، افزایش وزن بدن و درصد لاشه بالاتری نسبت به جوجههای شاهد را دارا بودند (05/0>P). جوجههای تغذیه شده با خوراک حاوی مخلوط برگ خشک شده نعناع و ژل آلوئه ورا عملکرد رشد و درصد لاشه بهتری را داشتند. این مطالعه بیانگر آن است که استفاده از مخلوط برگ خشک شده نعناع و ژل آلوئه ورا بعنوان مکمل خوراک جوجههای گوشتی میتواند جایگزینی برای آنتیبیوتیک محرک رشد باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - اثر افزودن نعناع و ریحان به جیره بر عملکرد و خصوصیات لاشه جوجههای گوشتی
ی. گوربوز آی.آ. اسماعیلاین پژوهش جهت یافتن اثر نعناع و ریحان به عنوان افزودنی­های طبیعی خوراک بر عملکرد جوجه­های گوشتی صورت گرفت. هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر نعناع (Mentha pipreitae) و ریحان (Ocimum bacilicum) به عنوان دو افزودنی خوراکی بر وزن بدن زنده، (LBW)، افزایش وزن بدن (BWG)، مصرف Moreاین پژوهش جهت یافتن اثر نعناع و ریحان به عنوان افزودنی­های طبیعی خوراک بر عملکرد جوجه­های گوشتی صورت گرفت. هدف مطالعه حاضر بررسی اثر نعناع (Mentha pipreitae) و ریحان (Ocimum bacilicum) به عنوان دو افزودنی خوراکی بر وزن بدن زنده، (LBW)، افزایش وزن بدن (BWG)، مصرف خوراک (FI)، ضریب تبدیل (FCR)، وزن لاشه، چربی بطنی و وزن کبد در جوجه­های گوشتی بود. تعداد 210 قطعه جوجه گوشتی (سویه راس 308) انتخاب شده و در 7 تیمار (هرکدام با 30 جوجه) و سه تکرار (هرکدام با 10 جوجه) در قالب یک طرح کاملاً تصادفی توزیع شدند. تیمارها شامل صفر درصد (T1 شاهد)، 5/0 درصد (T2)، 1 درصد (T3) و 5/1 درصد نعناع و 5/0 درصد (T5)، 1 درصد (T6) و 5/1 درصد (T7) ریحان به صورت افزودنی خوراک بوده و تیمار شاهد نیز حاوی هیچ­ یک از دو افزودنی مزبور نبوده است. جوجه­ها تا 35 روزگی پرورش یافتند و خوراک و آب به صورت اختیاری در دسترس جوجه­ها قرار گرفت. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که میانگین LBW، BWG، FI، FCR و وزن کبد در تیمار T4 (5/1 درصد نعناع) به صورت معنی­داری بالاتر از سایر گروه­ها بوده است. ولی اثر معنی­داری بر لاشه، عملکرد لاشه و چربی بطنی مشاهده نشد. یافته­های این تحقیق نشان می­دهد که تغذیه با نعناع و ریحان سبب بهبود عملکرد رشد و FCR جوجه­های گوشتی می­گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - تأثیر استفاده از برگ ترخون (Mentha piperita) و برگ نعناع فلفلی (Artemisia dracunculus) در جیره بر عملکرد رشد و پاسخ پادتن جوجههای گوشتی
ف. خلیق قرهتپه ا. حسنآبادی ح. سمنانی نژاد م.ر. نصیریآزمایشی با هدف ارزیابی اثر انفرادی و ترکیبی دو گیاه دارویی بر عملکرد رشد، خصوصیات لاشه، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی و پاسخ ایمنی جوجه­های گوشتی انجام گردید. تعداد 384 قطعه جوجه گوشتی یکروزه آربور آکرس، مخلوط دو جنس، در 24 قفس زمینی نصب شده در یک سالن تجاری جوجه گوشتی در مج Moreآزمایشی با هدف ارزیابی اثر انفرادی و ترکیبی دو گیاه دارویی بر عملکرد رشد، خصوصیات لاشه، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی و پاسخ ایمنی جوجه­های گوشتی انجام گردید. تعداد 384 قطعه جوجه گوشتی یکروزه آربور آکرس، مخلوط دو جنس، در 24 قفس زمینی نصب شده در یک سالن تجاری جوجه گوشتی در مجاورت مستقیم یک گله تجاری آربور آکرس (با همان سن و تهیه شده از همان جوجه­کشی)، توزیع شدند. پرندگان موجود در قفس­ها تا سن 42 روزگی با یکی از پنج جیره زیر تغذیه شدند: جیره پایه مبتنی بر ذرت-کنجاله سویا به عنوان شاهد (5 قفس)، جیره پایه همراه با 200 قسمت در میلیون ویرجینیامایسین (V؛ 4 قفس)، جیره پایه همراه با 4/0 درصد برگ نعناع فلفلی (Mentha piperita) (P؛ 5 قفس)، 4/0 درصد برگ ترخون (Artemisia dracunculus) (T؛ 5 قفس) و 2/0 درصد برگ ترخون + 2/0 درصد برگ نعناع (P+T؛ 5 قفس). نتایج نشان دادند که صفات عملکرد مشتمل بر متوسط وزن بدن، افزایش وزن روزانه، مصرف خوراک و ضریب تبدیل خوراک تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی قرار نگرفتند (05/0<P). هیچ­گونه تفاوت معنی ­داری بین تیمار شاهد و تیمارهای آزمایشی از لحاظ قابلیت هضم ظاهری مواد مغذی و عیار پادتن بر علیه ویروس بیماری نیوکاسل (NDV) مشاهده نشد. فراسنجه­های کشتاری گروه­های دریافت کننده مکمل­های گیاهی یا آنتی­بیوتیک تفاوت معنی ­داری با نتایج به دست آمده برای گروه دریافت کننده جیره شاهد فاقد مکمل نداشتند. نتیجه اینکه، افزودنی­های مورد آزمایش فاقد تأثیر بر رشد و وضعیت سلامت جوجه­های گوشتی بودند. Manuscript profile -
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36 - تأثیر پودر نعناع فلفلی بر پاسخ سیستم ایمنی جوجههای گوشتی تحت تنش گرمایی
س. عرب عامری ف. صمدی ب. دستار س. زره دارانبرای مطالعه تأثیر سطوح مختلف پودر گیاه نعناع فلفلی بر سیستم ایمنی جوجههای گوشتی در شرایط تنش گرمایی، تعداد 192 قطعه جوجه یکروزه (راس، 308) به طور تصادفی به 4 تیمار غذایی با 4 تکرار و 12 جوجه در هر تکرار در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی اختصاص داده شد. تیمارهای غذایی شامل جیره Moreبرای مطالعه تأثیر سطوح مختلف پودر گیاه نعناع فلفلی بر سیستم ایمنی جوجههای گوشتی در شرایط تنش گرمایی، تعداد 192 قطعه جوجه یکروزه (راس، 308) به طور تصادفی به 4 تیمار غذایی با 4 تکرار و 12 جوجه در هر تکرار در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی اختصاص داده شد. تیمارهای غذایی شامل جیره پایه (شاهد)، جیره پایه مکمل شده با 1 و 2 درصد پودر نعناع فلفلی و جیره پایه مکمل شده با 300 میلیگرم ویتامین E در هر کیلوگرم جیره بودند. جهت اعمال تنش گرمایی، دمای سالن از روز 35 تا 42 پرورش، روزانه به مدت 8 ساعت در دمای 34 درجه سانتی­گراد تنظیم گردید. نتایج تفاوت معنی­داری برای ضریب تبدیل خوراک در روز 21 و برای افزایش وزن بدن در روز 42 آزمایش نشان داد )05/0 .(P<پرندههای تیمار شده با 2 و 1 درصد پودر نعناع فلفلی به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین افزایش وزن بدن را در روز 21 آزمایش در مقایسه با پرندههای تغذیه شده با جیره پایه و جیره پایه مکمل شده با ویتامین E نشان دادند. بیشترین سطح معنیداری ایمنوگلوبین کل، ایمنوگلوبین M و ایمنوگلوبین G برای پودر نعناع فلفلی در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها در روزهای 35 و 42 مشاهده شد. اثر متقابل معنیداری بین تیمار و جنس بر ایمنوگلوبین G در روزهای 35 آزمایش مشاهده شد (05/0P<). تفاوت معنیداری بین تیمارها برای کل گلبول­های سفید، لنفوسیت، هتروفیل و نسبت هتروفیل به لنفوسیت در روز 42 آزمایش مشاهد شد. در این زمینه، 2 درصد پودر نعناع فلفلی نسبت به جیره پایه و جیره پایه مکمل شده با ویتامین E منجر تعداد کل گلبول های سفید را افزایش داد (05/0P<). تیمار مکمل شده با پودر نعناع فلفلی منجر به تفاوت معنیداری برای پروتیئن کل، آلبومین، گلوبولین، تری گلیسرید، کلسترول کل، HDL، LDL و VLDL در روزهای 21 و 42 شد (05/0P<). پودر نعناع فلفلی غلظت HDL سرم خون را افزایش داد، در حالی که غلظت فوق در تیمار شاهد و جیره مکمل شده با ویتامین E در روزهای 42 کاهش یافت. به ترتیب، بیشترین و کمترین وزن کبد در گروههای تیمار شده با 1 درصد پودر نعناع فلفلی و جیره پایه مشاهد شد (05/0P<). بطور کلی این مطالعه نشان داد که مکمل شدن پودر نعناع فلفلی در جیره وزن بورس فابرسیوس و طحال جوجههای گوشتی را بهبود نداد اما با پتانسیل آنتیاکسیدانی، ثبات اکسیداتیو و پاسخ ایمنی را بهبود بخشید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Assessing of Peppermint as a Replacement for Antibiotic and Probiotic Using Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution
H. Lotfollahian H. Hajati S.A. Hossieni A.H. Alizadeh-Ghamsari S. Tasharofi -
Open Access Article
38 - تأثیر نانو و میکروذرات پوشانی شده عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی بر عملکرد رشد، فراسنجههای خونی و فعالیت سیستم ایمنی در جوجههای گوشتی در معرض شرایط تنش گرمایی
ث. یارمحمدی بربرستانی ف. صمدی س. حسنی ق. اسدیهدف این مطالعه بررسی تأثیر نانو و میکروذرات پوشانی شده عصاره نعناع فلفلی بر عملکرد رشد، فراسنجه­های خونی و فعالیت سیستم ایمنی در جوجه­های گوشتی در معرض شرایط تنش گرمایی بود. در مجموع تعداد 320 قطعه جوجه گوشتی یک روزه (راس، 308) به چهار تیمار آزمایشی اختصاص داده Moreهدف این مطالعه بررسی تأثیر نانو و میکروذرات پوشانی شده عصاره نعناع فلفلی بر عملکرد رشد، فراسنجه­های خونی و فعالیت سیستم ایمنی در جوجه­های گوشتی در معرض شرایط تنش گرمایی بود. در مجموع تعداد 320 قطعه جوجه گوشتی یک روزه (راس، 308) به چهار تیمار آزمایشی اختصاص داده شدند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کنترل، عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی (200 پیپیام به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن)، نانوذرات کپسوله شده عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی (200 پی پیام به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن) و میکروذرات کپسوله شده عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی (200 پیپیام به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن) بودند. هر تیمار مشتمل بر 4 تکرار محتوی 20 جوجه بود. نتایج نشان داد که تیمارهای عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی، نانو و میکروذرات کپسوله شده عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی به طور معنی­داری سبب بهبود ضریب تبدیل غذایی شدند. در پرندگانی که عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی و نیز عصاره الکلی به فرم نانو و میکروذرات کپسوله شده دریافت کرده بودند مقادیر پروتئین تام، آلبومین و گلبولین خونشان به طور معنی­داری بالاتر بود. استفاده از عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی و نیز عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی به فرم نانو و میکروذرات کپسوله شده منجر به کاهش کلسترول کل، VLDL-کلسترول، LDL-کلسترول، LDL:HDL و تری­گلیسرید و افزایش HDL-کلسترول شد. در پرندگان تیمار شده با نعناع فلفلی به خصوص در فرم ریزذرات کپسوله شده وزن نسبی بورس فابرسیوس بالاتر بود. پرندگان تیمار شده با عصاره نعناع فلفلی و نانو و میکروذرات کپسوله شده عصاره نعناع فلفلی به طوری معنی­داری نسبت هتروفیل به لمفوسیت پایینتری داشتند. تیتر آنتی­بادی بر علیه گلبول قرمز سرم گوسفندی به طور معنی­داری در پرندگان تیمار شده با عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی و نانو و میکروذرات کپسوله شده عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی بالاتر بود. پرندگانی که نانو و میکرو ذرات کپسوله شده عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی دریافت کرده بودند نسبت به بقیه پرندگان به طور معنی­داری تیتر IgG بالاتری در اولین و دومین پاسخ ایمنی نشان دادند. به طور کلی این مطالعه نشان داد که نانو و میکروذرات کپسوله شده عصاره الکلی نعناع فلفلی توانایی بهبود سیستم ایمنی و راندمان رشد جوجه­های گوشتی را در شرایط تنش گرمایی دارد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - تأثیر پودر نعناع فلفلی بر عملکرد، دمای بدن و مشخصات لاشه جوجههای گوشتی تحت تنش گرمایی
س. عرب عامری ف. صمدی ب. دستار س. زره داراناین آزمایش به منظور بررسی سطوح مختلف پودر نعناع فلفلی بر ضریب تبدیل غذایی، وزن بدن، مصرف خوراک و درجه حرارت بدن و وزن قسمت­های مختلف لاشه ( سینه و ران) و وزن اندام­های داخلی (کبد، قلب، سنگدان) در جوجه­های گوشتی انجام گرفت. تعداد 192 قطعه جوجه به طور تصادفی ب Moreاین آزمایش به منظور بررسی سطوح مختلف پودر نعناع فلفلی بر ضریب تبدیل غذایی، وزن بدن، مصرف خوراک و درجه حرارت بدن و وزن قسمت­های مختلف لاشه ( سینه و ران) و وزن اندام­های داخلی (کبد، قلب، سنگدان) در جوجه­های گوشتی انجام گرفت. تعداد 192 قطعه جوجه به طور تصادفی به 4 تیمار غذایی با 4 تکرار (­12 جوجه در هر پن) در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی اختصاص داده شد. جیره­های آزمایشی شامل: (1) جیره پایه (شاهد)­؛ (2) جیره پایه + 1 درصد پودر نعناع فلفلی؛ (3) جیره پایه + 2 درصد پودر نعناع فلفلی؛ و (4) جیره پایه + 300 میلی گرم ویتامین E به ازای هر کیلوگرم جیره بودند. جهت اعمال تنش گرمایی، دمای سالن از روز 35 تا 42 پرورش، روزانه به مدت 8 ساعت در دمای 34 درجه سانتی­گراد تنظیم گردید. نتایج نشان داد مکمل کردن جیره با نعناع فلفلی در تمام سطوح سبب معنی­داری ضریب تبدیل غذایی در سن 21 روزگی و وزن بدن در 42 روزگی می­شود (05/0>P). جوجه­های تیمار شده با جیره پایه مکمل شده با ویتامین E و جیره پایه به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین ضریب تبدیل را در مقایسه با جوجه­های تیمار شده با 1 و 2 درصد پودر نعناع فلفلی در 21 روزگی نشان دادند. تنش گرمایی سبب کاهش وزن و خوراک مصرفی در جوجه­های گوشتی می­گردد. و در طی تنش گرمایی، نعناع فلفلی سبب کاهش دمای بدن و جیره پایه سبب افزایش دمای بدن شد (05/0>P). در نتیجه جوجه­های دریافت کننده 1 درصد پودر نعناع فلفلی کمترین دمای بدن را نشان دادند. تفاوت معنی­داری بین تیمارهای آزمایشی در سن 35 روزگی در وزن لاشه، سینه و ران مشاهده شد همچنین تفاوت معنی­داری در وزن سینه، سنگدان و کبد در 42 روزگی در گروه­های آزمایشی رویت گردید (05/0>P). مشاهده شد که جوجه­های تغذیه شده با جیره پایه مکمل شده با ویتامین E بیشترین وزن لاشه را در 35 روزگی از گروه شاهد داشتند. هم چنین رویت شد پرندگان تغذیه شده با 1 درصد پودر نعناع فلفلی بیشترین وزن سنگدان را در 35 روزگی داشتند. به طور کلی، این مطالعه نشان داد که پودر نعناع فلفلی به عنوان آنتی­اکسیدان طبیعی دارای اثرات مفیدی بر عملکرد رشد جوجه، درجه حرارت بدن، لاشه و وزن اندام داخلی داشت اما به تحقیقات بیشتری نیاز است. Manuscript profile -
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40 - Plant biostimulants (Funneliformis mosseae and humic substances) rather than chemical fertilizer improved biochemical responses in peppermint.
Saleh Shahabivand Akbar Padash Ahmad Aghaee Yousef Nasiri Parisa Fathi Rezaei -
Open Access Article
41 - UV-B effects on the activity and gene expression of several antioxidant enzymes in Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.)
Neda Moazzami Rashid Jamei Gholamreza AbdiPeppermint infusion is a popular herbal drink with a number of benefits on cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory systems. Recent researches demonstrated that ultraviolet radiation can have an effect on peppermint essential oil. Considering the actual increasing of UV-B MorePeppermint infusion is a popular herbal drink with a number of benefits on cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory systems. Recent researches demonstrated that ultraviolet radiation can have an effect on peppermint essential oil. Considering the actual increasing of UV-B in the sun radiation, it’s important to estimate real conditions and which economic consequences it may have. Mentha x piperita L. plants grown in field were irradiated for one hour with UV-B light (310 nm, 3.8 Wm-2), in the middle of the day, for two days. The five upper leaves were collected at 4, 20, 24, 28, 44 and 48 h after the first treatment. Plants of M. x piperita cultivated under the same circumstances without the treatment were utilized as the control at each time point. Results showed that the biosynthesis of peppermint essential oil is modulated by UV-B irradiation, but the plants have also their mechanisms of protection from UV by increasing the ROS-scavenging enzymes activity. Also, expression of some involved genes in pathway modified in the presence of UV and showed regulating effect in essential oil biosynthesis significantly. Another confirmation of the protection from UV-B light was the stable concentration of photosynthetic pigments. Analysis of ROS-scavenging enzymes suggests that plants had an oxidative stress. In conclusion, this work is a one step to understand the regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis and the effects of UV-B radiation on it. Complex analysis of whole plant’ response will be helpful for this aim. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Response of peppermint to methyl jasmonate application .
Soheila Afkar -
Open Access Article
43 - Physiological response of Gerbera jamesonii L. cut flowers to the cola and peppermint essence.
Mehrdad Babarabie Hossein Zarei Feryal Varasteh -
Open Access Article
44 - Impulsive Noise Elimination Considering the Bit Planes Information of the Image
Hamid Hassanpour Zahra Mortezaie -
Open Access Article
45 - Profitability Analysis and Constraints to Pepper (Capsicum Sp) Marketing in Ijumu Local Government Area, Kogi State, Nigeria
Ufedo Shaibu Felix Oyibo Stephen Ibitoye -
Open Access Article
46 - Resource-Use Efficiency of Pepper Farmers in Ado-Local Government Area of Ekiti State
Julius Ilesanmi Kayode Akeredolu Adeyose Akinbola Peter Oladoyin Justin Ijigbade -
Open Access Article
47 - Long-term exposure of Capsicum annuum L. var California Wonder to different concentrations of zinc nitrate: anatomical structure response
Helal Nemat Farahzadi Sedigheh Arbabian Ahmad Majd Golnaz TajadodZinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for higher plants that plays an important role in regulating the nitrogen metabolism, cell multiplication, protein synthesis, photosynthesis and auxin synthesis in plants and also a constituent of metalloenzyme or a cofactor for s MoreZinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for higher plants that plays an important role in regulating the nitrogen metabolism, cell multiplication, protein synthesis, photosynthesis and auxin synthesis in plants and also a constituent of metalloenzyme or a cofactor for several enzymes but at high concentrations is toxic for plants. The present study investigates the anatomical and morphological parameters like shoot and petiole length, total leaf area and leaf numbers response of Capsicum annum L. under different concentrations (0 (control), 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 mM) of zinc. Plants were grown in greenhouse under controlled conditions. Results indicated that increasing zinc concentrations caused significant decrease in stem and petiole length, leaf area and number of leaves (morphological parameters) compared to control plants (P ≤0.05). Also in anatomical studies we noticed several changes in cross section of leaf, stem and root. Certainly, zinc at high levels showed a negative effect on the overall growth of bell pepper plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Effect of Echinacea purpurea, Thymus persicus and Peppermint extract on performance, carcass characteristics, blood factors and immune system of Japanese quail
mehdi moradi jegarlooyi Hossein Reaz Shahbazi Forogh mohammadiThis experiment was performed to evaluate the use of extracts of Echinacea, Thyme and Peppermint on performance, carcass characteristics, blood factors and immune system of Japanese quail. One-day Japanese quail chicks were divided into 5 treatment groups based on a com MoreThis experiment was performed to evaluate the use of extracts of Echinacea, Thyme and Peppermint on performance, carcass characteristics, blood factors and immune system of Japanese quail. One-day Japanese quail chicks were divided into 5 treatment groups based on a completely randomized design. Each treatment had 4 replications and each replication included 10 chickens. Experimental treatments are: 1) control (basic diet-without additives), 2) basic diet + 0.2% of Echinacea extract, 3) basic diet + 0.2% of thyme extract, 4) basic diet + 0.2% of peppermint extract and 5) Basal diet + 0.2% Echinacea extract + 0.2% Thyme extract + 0.2% Peppermint extract. Weight gain, live weight and conversion coefficient improved significantly by adding medicinal plant extracts to the diet (P<0.05). Carcass percentage in treatments containing Echinacea, peppermint as well as a mixture of Echinacea, thyme and peppermint had a significant increase with the control (P<0.05). There was a significant decrease in Abdominal fat in all experimental treatments with control (P<0.05). With the addition of medicinal plant extracts, the concentrations of total protein, uric acid and cholesterol were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Medicinal plant extracts had no significant effect on the concentration of liver enzymes and immune system of quails (P>0.05). In general, the results showed that the application of a mixture of herbal extracts of Echinacea, Thyme and Peppermint in the diet of Japanese quail can have a higher efficiency on growth performance than the separate application of each of them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Clustering Different Greenhouse Pepper Varieties Based on Some Morphological and Fruit Yield
Maryam Golabadi ABDOL-REZA EGHTEDARI HAMED GHOLAMI MOJTABA MAHDAVI -
Open Access Article
50 - The effect of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative traits of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
M. A. Shabani M. Amini Dehaghi H. Habibi M. Aghighi ShahverdiBio-fertilizers in agriculture have great importance and use of these fertilizers in addition to nitrogen-fixing air also makes significant contributions in reducing use of nitrogen chemical fertilizers. Therefore an experiment to investigate the effect of nitrogen chem MoreBio-fertilizers in agriculture have great importance and use of these fertilizers in addition to nitrogen-fixing air also makes significant contributions in reducing use of nitrogen chemical fertilizers. Therefore an experiment to investigate the effect of nitrogen chemical fertilizer and Nitroxin bio-fertilizer was conducted factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Experimental factors were involved nitrogen chemical fertilizer at three levels zero (no fertilizer as control), 100 and 200 kg Urea ha-1, Nitroxin biological fertilizer at two levels of non-inoculated and inoculated with biological fertilizer (4 lit.ha-1) and harvest time three levels of harvested before flowering, coinciding with flowering and after flowering. The results showed that the effect of urea fertilizer, bio-fertilizer, harvest time and the interaction effect of two way and three way of this treatment was significant on fresh and dry matter yield, plant height, percentage and yield of essential oil and harvest index. The maximum dry matter (550 kg), harvest index (72%), oil yield and essential percentage (respectively 20.35 kg.lit-1 and3.7%) was obtained in application of 200 kg Urea ha-1fertilizer with the use of Nitroxin bio-fertilizer in harvest during flowering. Nitroxin biological fertilizer application (4 kg.ha-1) at harvest during flowering caused increase quantitative and qualitative yield of peppermint. Generally the results show that nitroxin bio-fertilizer are positive effects on peppermint through nitrogen fixation and growth hormones produced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Effects of biological and chemical fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphor) on yeild and oil content of peppermint plant under the climatical conditions of Arak
Amir reza Yoonesy Seyed Yaghub Sadeghyan Motahar Nourali Sajedi Gholam reza Naderi Boroujerdi Peppermint is an important medical plant which contains essential oil that has many usages in different industry. Nitrogen and phosphor are considered to be the most limiting factors of the plants' growth after the factor More Peppermint is an important medical plant which contains essential oil that has many usages in different industry. Nitrogen and phosphor are considered to be the most limiting factors of the plants' growth after the factor of water. Chemical fertilizers which are so much used to remove the shortage of these two elements have destructive environmental effects and reduce the quality of crops. Today, using biological fertilizers are considered to be the most suitable strategy to prevent the dangers of chemical fertilizers. This experiment was carried out in the form of factorial based on the Complete Randomized Block Design with four repetitions and two treatments, one of which is Nitrogen fertilizer including three levels of Super Nitro Plus biological fertilizer containing bacteria such as Azospirillum which controls the path of the soil-organisms' genetic factors (Basillus sp) and PGPR, plant growth provocative (Pseudomonas flurescens ), Nitroxin biological fertilizer containing different doses of Azospirillum bacteria, and Urea chemical fertilizer (300 kg/ha) and also phosphor fertilizer in three levels of Barvar II biological fertilizer containing phosphor releasing bacteria accompanying with Ammonium de phosphate fertilizer (125 kg/ha), Barvar II biological fertilizer and Ammonium de phosphate chemical fertilizer (250 kg/ha) in the agronomical year 1387 in the researching farm of Islamic Azad University of Arak. The results of the mentioned experiment demonstrated that the Super Nitro Plus biological fertilizer and in the second place, Nitroxin cause the significant improvement of the fresh and dry weight of offshoot also amount and efficiency offshoot's essential oil. The combinational treatment of Barvar II and Ammonium de phosphate causes significant improvements of the essential oil efficiency of offshoot. The combinational treatment of Super Nitro Plus and Barvar II causes the significant improvement of offshoot's fresh weight. Also, decreasing the chemical phosphor fertilizer consumption up to fifty percent becomes possible through employing phosphor-releasing bacteria without any significant decline in the growth characteristics and plant essential oil efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - The Study of Inhalation of OC Pepper Spray on Anxiety-like Behavior in Adult Male Rat
منصوره بهمئی نژاد غلامحسن واعظی حسین عباسپورOC Spray would be utilized when there is unrest and by non-military people for personal defend and defending against animals. All the OC spray products are in flammable. OC is an inflammatory factor and dislike tear-gas this would influence the alcoholists and druggists MoreOC Spray would be utilized when there is unrest and by non-military people for personal defend and defending against animals. All the OC spray products are in flammable. OC is an inflammatory factor and dislike tear-gas this would influence the alcoholists and druggists. The symptoms would be exhibited immediately if this spray contacts mocuses (eyes, nose, throat and the lungs): The eye capillaries would be exhibited and cause the eyes to be blind temporality and result in tracheal tissues to be inflammated and some problems for inhalation but victim is able to breath yet. No comprehensive information are available on inhalation effects of exposing to this spray of time and it level usage on anxiety (fear) behaviors, therefore this study dose intend to consider effect of inhalation OC spray on anxiety (fear) behaviors in rats. The animals used in current study were adult male rats, Wistar strain of weighting 210andplusmn; 20 gr divided into 4 experimental groups and a control group. 6 experimental rats were placed within chamber and were exposed to OC spray for 3 seconds into chamber. The rats were remind for 90 seconds within inhalation room, respectively and were returned to their cagesand after 10, 20, 30 Plus maze was used to measure animal anxiety levels for each of experimental groups after passing go minutes.A Significant rising was observed to consider anxiety measurement levels in experimental groups and comparing them with control group (pandle;0.05). Increasing in OC exposure time as well as passing time would result in rising anxiety. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Effects oOf Different Levels Of Vermicompost On Growth Indices And Essential Oils Essential Oil Of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) Under Uifferent Irrigation Regimes
sima Abyar Brat Ali Fakheri nafiseh mahdinezhad maryam Harati radManagement of soil nutrients using organic fertilizers is among major pillars of sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation regimes as factorial completely randomized design with thre MoreManagement of soil nutrients using organic fertilizers is among major pillars of sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation regimes as factorial completely randomized design with three replications at Zabol university greenhouse. Treatments included irrigation at 100 (Control), 75 and 50% FC and application of humic acid at 0, 20 and 40% of pot volume. The greatest and the least plant height, internode length, fresh and dry weight of plants, stem diameter, number of tillers per plant, dry and fresh weight of roots per plant was observed at irrigation at 90% FC and 50% FC, respectively. Whilst, the greatest essential oil percentage was achieved in irrigation at 50% FC. Cultivated plant at 40% volume of pot vermicompost had the greatest growth components and essential oil percentage. Interaction of 40% volume of pot vermicompost and irrigation at 90% FC had the greatest plant height, internodelength, plant dry weight, root dry and fresh weight. Mean while application of 40% volume of pot vermicompost and irrigation at 50% FC had the greatest essential oil percentage. The interaction was not significant for plant fresh weight, stem diameter and number of branch per plant .These results suggested that application of 40% volume of pot vermicompost in free drought stress conditions had the greatest growth components and at 50% FC had the greatest essential oil percentage in peppermint Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Effect of pepper mint and thymus vulagaris extracts with and without flaxseed on eggs quality of layhng hens.
Faramarz Keshavarz Moetamedi Reza Taherkhani Timur TanhaGhezliIn order to survey the effects of extracts of garden thyme and pepper mint and their mixed extracts on yield quality characters of egg, an experiment were done in 2016 in the region of varamin on 80 old laying lineage hen lineage of lohmen light (LSL) in age of 60 to 68 MoreIn order to survey the effects of extracts of garden thyme and pepper mint and their mixed extracts on yield quality characters of egg, an experiment were done in 2016 in the region of varamin on 80 old laying lineage hen lineage of lohmen light (LSL) in age of 60 to 68 week as a completely randomized block design with four treatment and five replication. Treatments were consists of control, extracts of pepper mint (0.5 percent), garden thyme (0.5 percent), pepper mint + garden thyme (0.25 % + 0.25%). All extracts of medicinal were used in the form of water dilution. Results of this experiment showed that using simultaneous of pepper mint extracts and garden thyme had significant effect on increasing yolk weight. Using each of medicinal plant extracts by- self had no significant effect on above parameters (p<0.01). Using extracts of garden thyme caused significant effects on Hough unit, cholesterol and density of yolk but had on significant effect on thickness of egg shell. Although mixed application of pepper mint and garden thyme caused increasing of shell thickness but this results were not significant (p<0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Effects of seaweed extract Sargassumboveanum on physiological characteristics of Menthapiperita
hanieh Hedayatifard mansoureh KhalatbariThis research was accomplished in 2016 at greenhouse for study of different concentration effects of seaweed (Sargassum) extract on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Menthapiperita. Present research was done in a factorial design with a completely randomiz MoreThis research was accomplished in 2016 at greenhouse for study of different concentration effects of seaweed (Sargassum) extract on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Menthapiperita. Present research was done in a factorial design with a completely randomized four replications. The main factor was different concentrations of seaweed extract with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 percent, while the subplot was different spray time in two period types of every 5 and 10 days. The results showed that the concentration of chlorophyll a in peppermint increased with decreasing the time of foliar application and was not significant at different concentrations of algal extract in 30 and 40% treatments on the studied traits. The effect of different concentrations of sargassum algae extract on plant minerals including nitrogen was positive at a concentration of 20% in 10 days of treatment. Therefore, in order to increase the protein and essential oil of peppermint, the concentrations of sargassum extract in this study can be used. In general, it can be concluded that the use of algae extract in the production of peppermint was not considered appropriate due to reduced growth rate and no positive effect on plant essential oil, and from concentrations of 20% or more as a herbicide can be Used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Effect of Pepper mint and Thymus vulgaris extracts with and without flaxseed on performance of laying hens.
Faramarz Keshavarz moetamedi Reza Taherkhani Timur TanhaghezeliIn order to survey the effects of extracts of garden thyme and pepper mint and their mixed extracts on yield and quantity characters of egg, an experiment were done in 2016 in the region of varamin on 80 old laying lineage hen lineage of lohmen light( LSL) in age of 60 MoreIn order to survey the effects of extracts of garden thyme and pepper mint and their mixed extracts on yield and quantity characters of egg, an experiment were done in 2016 in the region of varamin on 80 old laying lineage hen lineage of lohmen light( LSL) in age of 60 to 68 week as a completely randomized block design with four treatment and five replication. Treatments were consists of control, extracts of pepper mint (0.5 percent), garden thyme (0.5 percent), pepper mint + garden thyme (0.25 % +0. 25%). All extracts of medicinal were used in the form of water dilution.Results of this experiment showed that using simultaneous of pepper mint extracts and garden thyme had significant effect on increasing egg weight, and final percent of yield, egg mass, and decreased feed conversion ratio. Using each of medicinal plant extracts by- self had no significant effect on above parameters (p<0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Effects of biologic firitilizers and manure on ecophysiological characteristics of peppermint (Mentha peperita L.).
sayed Hoseni Naghavi pourang kasraei maysam Oveisi Medicinal plants are of great value and importance in providing health care for communities in terms of treating and preventing diseases. Peppermint is one of the most important medicinal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family which is cultivated worldwide toda More Medicinal plants are of great value and importance in providing health care for communities in terms of treating and preventing diseases. Peppermint is one of the most important medicinal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family which is cultivated worldwide today. Extensive research has been started to find out the effectiveness and effect of manure and biological fertilizers on the growth, yield and production of essential oils of medicinal plants which suggests improving the quality and quantity of the crops. In order to investigate the effects of livestock manure and biological fertilizers on peppermint mint, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 4 replications was conducted in pots in Varamin region in 1396. Treatments included three levels of manure (0, 3 and 5 g cattle manure per 1 kg of soil) and four levels of biological fertilizers (no use, nitroxin, Barvar-2 and their composition). The results showed that the effects of livestock manure and biological fertilizer on the most of measured traits were significant. Comparison of mean of traits showed that usage of 5 grams of manure per one kg of soil, as well as biofertilizer application of nitroxin and Barvar2 had the highest significant increase in plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of leaves per plant, fresh and dry weight of the plant, Chlorophyll b in leaf, essential oil content, nitrogen and phosphorus in leaf, essential oil yield and menthol content in essential oil compared to control; Therefore, the consumption of manure (5 grams of manure per one kg of soil) and use of the combined biological fertilizers are recommended for the highest growth yield, essential oil yield and menthol content. Manuscript profile
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