-
Open Access Article
1 - Translation of the foundation for the formation of the constitution in Iran
anis porkhosravaniAbstract: The translation of various texts in today's form started from the Qajar era. The movement of Iranians to Europe for business, the sending of students to Europe, the education of Iranian students in the West, the establishment of Dar al-Funun, and the teaching MoreAbstract: The translation of various texts in today's form started from the Qajar era. The movement of Iranians to Europe for business, the sending of students to Europe, the education of Iranian students in the West, the establishment of Dar al-Funun, and the teaching of European teachers there showed the need for translation more and more. Familiarization with institutions of parliament, court and legislative terms, democracy as well as modernism, urban development, industry and most importantly the thoughts and attitudes of Europeans by Iranian scholars in Europe and some Iranian employees of European embassies, the field of attention of Iranians to social and cultural differences and provided political relations with European countries, and the Iranians' turning to the translation of scientific texts and various European achievements paved the way for political and social reforms and the establishment of the rule of law. In this article, it is intended; In a theoretical way and with a descriptive-analytical method, the role and place of translation in the creation of political and social developments leading to the formation of the constitutional revolution, the formation of the parliament and the drafting of the constitution in Iran will be investigated. The results of this research show that; In a period of time, translation has been able to serve social reforms and lay the groundwork for the formation of the constitution in Iranian society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Dehkhoda of Sår-i-Sr§fÊl: an Imperfect Picture of Social Democracy
Sayed Hashem Aghajari Mehdi ZamaniIn order to determine the political and social orientation of the newly established constitutional system, Ali Akbar Dehkhoda has expressed a special reading influenced by the ideology of social democracy. Therefore, the main issue of the research is what was Dehkhoda's MoreIn order to determine the political and social orientation of the newly established constitutional system, Ali Akbar Dehkhoda has expressed a special reading influenced by the ideology of social democracy. Therefore, the main issue of the research is what was Dehkhoda's understanding of the idea of social democracy and how did he combine it with Islam and Iranian traditions? According to the findings of this study, in Dehkhoda's system of thought, democracy in the form of national government is based on a democratic and social vision. He emphasizes components such as the sovereignty and government of the people, independence, freedom and legal equality of individuals, and considers the realization of these matters as a necessary condition for the transition to the period of progress. In addition, socialism (in the form of a justice-oriented and egalitarian system) has been mentioned as the ultimate goal and horizon of this political system, which will be achieved gradually and through reform of the status quo. In addition, Dehkhoda, by establishing the issue of Khatamiyyah and a new understanding of religion in the form of a monotheistic worldview, has combined socialism with a monotheistic vision and made it the theoretical and philosophical basis of his reading. His reading seems to be based on a combination of these three aspects. Although the evidence shows, this integration has not been able to establish a natural and organic connection between these aspects and to establish a new discourse; but this effort can be considered as the starting point of the idea of creating a national and religious social-democratic discourse Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Political Development in the Era and After the Iranian Constitutional Revolution And the First Decade of the Islamic Revolution(57-67)
omid gahafari mahmoud ketabi نفیسه واعظThe lack of political development of society with existing potential is one of the socio-political issues of the Iranian society. Because, in spite of the capacities, potentials and capabilities of the society, our country did not have a proper process for political dev MoreThe lack of political development of society with existing potential is one of the socio-political issues of the Iranian society. Because, in spite of the capacities, potentials and capabilities of the society, our country did not have a proper process for political development. Development of time can have a positive impact on society that is sustainable and balanced. In order to achieve sustainable development, all the capacities and potentials of the society should be utilized in a desirable manner in order to develop the process, structure and function of political development appropriate to the needs and conditions of the society. With the knowledge and knowledge of the capacities and potential of the community, there can be an appropriate planning for the political development of the country. It seems that the social political climate of Iran has faced many challenges and obstacles in its political development from one hundred years ago. In the context of the lack of political development during the constitutional era, factors such as colonialism and imperialism and the alienation of foreigners in the external dimension and the inability and insufficiency of the political system and internal problems in the internal dimension can be pointed out. Iran, during the Constitutional Revolution, did not achieve political development due to lack of attention to internal and external realities, despite the vast wealth of oil during the years 1962 - 1979, especially late in this period. Because the development pattern of the country is more developed than developed according to the structures of the developed countries, rather than being tailored to the internal conditions. The revolutionary society of Iran during the first decade of the revolution, especially with the end of the imposed war with respect to Islamic beliefs and revolutionary necessities and social desirability and the presence of people in all scenes and their participation in political and social dimensions as an important factor, political development Started Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Backgrounds and obstacles of civil society In Iran, since Mashroteh revolution to 2011
Seyfollah Seifollahi Hossein Abdollahi -
Open Access Article
5 - Principles of Sustainability, from the Constitution to the Islamic Revolution, relying on the Poems of Farrokhi Yazdi and Behjati
Akbar Ranjbar Hadi Heidarinia Mahmoud SadeghzadehThe literature of stability is the loud cry of the oppressed nations against colonialism and oppressive rulers. Although this type of poetry has a thousand-year history in Persian literature; But its composition began seriously and purposefully from the time of the Cons MoreThe literature of stability is the loud cry of the oppressed nations against colonialism and oppressive rulers. Although this type of poetry has a thousand-year history in Persian literature; But its composition began seriously and purposefully from the time of the Constitution. Poets such as Farrokhi in the era of constitutionalism and Behjati in the era of the Islamic Revolution were among the pioneers in this field. An overview of the poems of the poets shows that these two generations of revolutionary poets have much in common in terms of political and social ideas, and the themes of sustainability literature can be clearly seen in their poems. Therefore, research on the poetic themes of these two poets is important and very necessary. In this research, it has been tried to study the effects of stability in the poems of these two poets by descriptive-analytical method and to answer these questions; In the field of resistance and stability, what common themes and components can be seen in Farrokhi and Behjati poems? What are the poetic characteristics of these two poets in the field of sustainability? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Investigating the position of women in the poems of Mojez Shabestari and Seyed Ashrafoddin Gilani
ziba esmaeiliThe Constitutional Revolution considered women's issues as one of the most central social issues. Turkish poets, along with Persian poets, published social problems related to women. Poets such as Mojez Shabestari and Seyyed Ashrafuddin Gilani are in this category. This MoreThe Constitutional Revolution considered women's issues as one of the most central social issues. Turkish poets, along with Persian poets, published social problems related to women. Poets such as Mojez Shabestari and Seyyed Ashrafuddin Gilani are in this category. This study examines the commonalities and differences of the two poets' thought lines in issues related to women based on the comparative-descriptive method to analyze and evaluate the issues reflected in the poetry of the two poets and their social stance on the issue of women. Education of women, establishment of schools for girls, struggle against religious people against education, comparison of Iranian women with women of other countries, struggle against superstitions and raising awareness for women, freedom of women by observing hijab, women's jobs and their marriage are the most central themes in poetry of both poets. Both poets emphasize the education of women and object to religious opposition to the education of girls. Mojez emphasizes the employment of women, but Syed Ashraf al-Din does not clearly state his position on women's employment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Woman in Sedqi and Bahar's poetry
Mahmoud Reza Tavakolli Mohammadi Mohammad Ali Azarshab Masoumeh ShabestariThe foundation of the Solafiyeh school in comparative literature is to pay attention to social, political and cultural infrastructure of that society. The existing similarities in cultural, religious and social aspects in Iran – conditional era – and Iraq &n MoreThe foundation of the Solafiyeh school in comparative literature is to pay attention to social, political and cultural infrastructure of that society. The existing similarities in cultural, religious and social aspects in Iran – conditional era – and Iraq – Nehzat era – caused that both countries poets and scholars study common subjects and issues without having knowledge of each other’s literary works. One of the main concepts which has been manifested in these eras was the women issue and (studying) their problems and matters. Based on the abovementioned, the present article intends to study the women’s presence in the society according to Solafiyeh school from Bahar in Iran and Sedqi in Iraq point of views and tries to show the similarities nad differences between them in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Comparative Study on Anti – Colonialism in Seyed Ashrafedin Hosseini and Bahar’s Poetries
Reza Mousa Abadi Mahdi Norouz Batoul Fakhr IslamColonialism is one of the phenomena which most orient countries and nations have always been faced with; thus attentive and capable human especially artists and literary men had fought colonization and colonialists by the weapon of poetry. Since colonization maneuvers a MoreColonialism is one of the phenomena which most orient countries and nations have always been faced with; thus attentive and capable human especially artists and literary men had fought colonization and colonialists by the weapon of poetry. Since colonization maneuvers are various, thus the fighting methods should be different, diverse and appropriate. The present article studies anti – colonialism phenomenon based on literary school of East Europe and surveys Maleko-Sho'arā Bahār and Seyed Ashrafedin Hosseini’s viewpoint about anti – colonialism in their poetries comparatively with the librarian method. The researches of the article show both poets versed about anti – colonialism in various ways and offered similar maneuvers to fight it which the most important ones are informing people, inviting them to unity and integration, contemning by satire and motivating people to returning to Islamic culture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Nima Youshij and Rainer Maria Rilke An example of the impact of German literature on Iran’s contemporary literature
Seyyed Saied Firouz AbadiIt’s about centuries that the ancient Persian literature has affected the Western literature and the European authors and literary men have mentioned it. In order to prove this, let’s take a look at Fitz Gerald’s translations of Khayam p MoreIt’s about centuries that the ancient Persian literature has affected the Western literature and the European authors and literary men have mentioned it. In order to prove this, let’s take a look at Fitz Gerald’s translations of Khayam poetries or Barks’ translations of Molana which are the best sellers in English language countries. The present article aims to answer to the question that does letters to a young poet by Rainer Maria Rilke translated by Parviz Natel Khanlari in 1939 influence on Neighbor says by Nima Youshij. In order to answer the above question a comparative survey on both books has been done according to the literature conditions in Iran and the innovative aspects in Nima’s poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - A LOOK AT THE COMMITTED LITERATURE IN WEST AND ITS IMPACT ON THE POETRY OF CONSTITUTIONALISM IN IRAN
Seyyed Ahmad Hosseyni KazerooniCommitted literature emerged since the eighteenth century in Europe and resulted in movements against the tyrannical governments. These types of movements were later expanded all over the world and in Iran it resulted in the movement of constitutionalism in th MoreCommitted literature emerged since the eighteenth century in Europe and resulted in movements against the tyrannical governments. These types of movements were later expanded all over the world and in Iran it resulted in the movement of constitutionalism in the early years of the twentieth century. This type of literature which had no records in the history of Iranian poetry had a very exciting impact on the movement of Iranian people during the constitutionalism era and saved the Persian literature and poetry from a millennium of stagnation. The present article looks through to the emergence of such a phenomenon in west and its impact on the contemporary literature of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Study and explanation of the concepts of Wataniat in the poetry of immigrant poets, before and after the constitution
Elah Yar Rezaei Bogi Mehdi Famouri Mohammad Hadi KhaleqzadehThe purpose of this article is to study and explain the concepts of Wataniat in the poetry of immigrant poets, before and after the constitution. The method in this research is descriptive-analytical and it is a library method. The results show that the theme of the hom MoreThe purpose of this article is to study and explain the concepts of Wataniat in the poetry of immigrant poets, before and after the constitution. The method in this research is descriptive-analytical and it is a library method. The results show that the theme of the homeland and its branches from the third century AH to the early fourteenth century in Persian poetry was in the sense of the birthplace of poets and poems written with this theme has been used to describe the birthplace of poets or their grief of being away from their homeland. Of course, in the poetry of mystical poets, in addition to this concept, it also had mystical concepts. After the Constitutional Revolution, due to developments inside and outside Iran, Iranians' familiarity with Western culture, the spread of the printing industry and consequently expansion of newspapers and magazines and the promotion of social consciousness, a new concept of homeland as a cultural element was entered the Persian poetry and literature. It not only had the meaning of birthplace but also included the geographical territory or the country itself. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Social Modernism in the Poetry of Mahmoud Sami Baroudi and Farrokhi Yazdi
Mohammad Ali Salmani Marvast Mojtaba Ghanbari Mazidi Karim KeshavarziThe era of the movement or the Arabic contemporary era coincided with the constitutional era in Iran was the era of modernity in the social life of the Egyptian and Persian peoples. The transformation in the social life of these two nations in the contemporary era follo MoreThe era of the movement or the Arabic contemporary era coincided with the constitutional era in Iran was the era of modernity in the social life of the Egyptian and Persian peoples. The transformation in the social life of these two nations in the contemporary era followed a change in the field of literature. With the literary transformation, new social issues also entered the literature. Mahmoud Sami Baroudi, an Egyptian prominent poet, and Farrokhi Yazdi, a Persian poet, are among the most famous representatives of modernity in this era who undertakes the induction of sensitive social concepts to provide the space for a desirable society. Baroudi by taking advantage of the common and consistent taste and following the critics of the West deals with the affairs of the people and corrects the shortcomings of the society. Like Farrokhi Yazdi, he focuses on issues such as justice, homeland, abandonment of humiliation, attention to poverty, opposition to oppression, and invitation to learning science as the central themes of his poems. This research seeks to analyze the social perspective and signs of innovation by descriptive-analytical method by mentioning the sample and at the end expresse the similarities and differences of each in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The Constitution of Constitutional System Scaled by Ideas of Sheikh Fadlullah Nouri
alireza naeij سیدابراهیم معصومی مرتضی اشرافیSheikh Fadlullah Nouri was one of the distinguished and avant-gardes of the constitutional movement. He had well realized the existing problems and challenges that faced Iranian people with full wisdom and said that the despotic regime was the main cause. For the same r MoreSheikh Fadlullah Nouri was one of the distinguished and avant-gardes of the constitutional movement. He had well realized the existing problems and challenges that faced Iranian people with full wisdom and said that the despotic regime was the main cause. For the same reason, he believed that people must counter with the autocratic regime in the best way that is constitution of legislature and constitutionalizing the Imperial regime; hence, once constitutional movement began, he made speeches and distributed tracts to insist on this important thing. After the westernized intellectuals involved in the constitutional movement, intellectuals held control of the constitutional movement that Sheikh and scholars had in mind and they rose up for restricting autocracy, all laws written down by intellectuals after establishment of the first parliament he seriously opposed and he published treatises, statements and speeches for their improvement. The martyred Sheikh realized problems and incidences in the constitutional age through deep and precise understanding of the Islamic doctrines and their adjustment with his time and age. This triggered his confrontation with intellectual movements, colonialism and autocracy. The present article, based on historical evidence, intends to analyze the cases by which Sheikh opposed to the laws of the first parliament (laws of intellectuals) such as constitutionalism, transition from the constitutional movement to legitimate constitutionalism, the Constitution, theory of main oversight of Majlis, elucidation of concepts in the Constitution and amendment to the press law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The “Powerful Constitutionalist” Government in the Ideology of Malek al-Sho’ra’ Bahar
Reza Afsordeh Hamed Ameri Golestani Lena Abdolkhani Hamed MohagheghniaIran’s chaotic and critical condition as a result of war and political instability after Persian Constitutionalism made the idea of “powerful government” conspicuous. Realizing critical conditions back then, many political and intellectual elites follo MoreIran’s chaotic and critical condition as a result of war and political instability after Persian Constitutionalism made the idea of “powerful government” conspicuous. Realizing critical conditions back then, many political and intellectual elites followed the above idea, and by “enlightened absolutism” paved the way for the establishment of Reza Khan government. Malek al-Sho’ara’ Bahar was among those who proposed the above idea for the first time. In this regard, the present study aims to explore this subject using Skinner’s Hermeneutic Intentionalism. The purpose of this study is the realization of Bahar’s ideology of powerful government and its distinction with other common ideas within the last years of Qajar dynasty in that Bahar did not want to admit “powerful government” without basic principles of constitutionalism such as freedom, justice, and a powerful parliament. This study seeks to answer the following research questions: What was Bahar’s “motivation” for his tendency to the idea of “powerful government”? With regard to Bahar’s main “intention”, that is “anti-authoritarianism”, what was the difference between his perception of “powerful government” and the perception of society? As for the first hypothesis, the most important “motivation” of Bahar for tendency to the idea of “powerful government” was to fulfill “the expediency” of the country. Besides, Bahar followed the idea of “powerful constitutionalist government” with regard to the principle of constitutionalism in his intended powerful state. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Wilayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) in the Political Ideology of Sheikh Fazlollah Noori
Ebrahım Masoumı Hosein Arjini Ali Hashemzadeh Kooshak GhaziThe purpose of the present study is to review the special place and function of Wilayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) in Islamic society and the principle of Jurists’ supervision over the parliament legislations in the ideas of Sheikh Fazlollah Noor MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review the special place and function of Wilayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) in Islamic society and the principle of Jurists’ supervision over the parliament legislations in the ideas of Sheikh Fazlollah Noori. The method of study is documentary research and descriptive analysis; the results showed that the presence of Sheikh Fazlollah Noori as a leader in the constitutional revolution is the clearest evidence for his disbelief in the royal government. He regards the Islamic jurist as the successor of Imam Zaman and hence he opposes the king and his collaborators. He considers all the (judiciary, executive, and legislative) officials in a legal government as the assistants who fulfill the orders of the Islamic jurist. Compared to other Islamic scholars, Sheikh Fazlollha Noori had a different view about the dignity and place of Islamic Jurist during the occultation as he believed that the Islamic jurist should have authority to perform divine rules, enjoin good, forbid evil, and finally execute Islamic orders. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The Status of Otherness in Creating Meta-discourse of Constitutional Movement and Its Effect on Iran’s Political Development
علی شیرخانی داود سبزیThe utmost effort was made by Iranians for presenting a modern discourse in the constitutional age. Although minutes and elements of such discourse (containment of monarch’s power, freedom and law) not only failed to become hegemonic in Iran’s community, but MoreThe utmost effort was made by Iranians for presenting a modern discourse in the constitutional age. Although minutes and elements of such discourse (containment of monarch’s power, freedom and law) not only failed to become hegemonic in Iran’s community, but also one self-willed and oligarchic government called government of Reza Shah emerged from within such discourse and turned dream of legalism of Iranians that was focus of constitutional discourse into a horrible nightmare in the despotic rule night of Reza Shah. This article deals with a study of how constitutional meta-discourse and its effective factors are formed. It is also shown that how subjective pre-structures of the forces affecting the constitutional movement embark on creating foreign identities and so new identity borders are forged within the movement; the central symbol of this movement changes from rule of law to modernization and security. Besides, it will be shown how otherness within social forces leads to zerosome political development and lack of meaningful change in political culture of community. Methodology applied in this article is discourse analysis of Laclau and Mouffe. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Unity, in the poems of poets of the Mashrote
Rezvan Karimi ahmad zakeriAs we know, the oral literature of each nation is the best expressive of the beliefs and minds of a nation and its ruling policies, and the history of any nation can be sought through reflection on the culture of that nation, including their songs. The songs and ballads MoreAs we know, the oral literature of each nation is the best expressive of the beliefs and minds of a nation and its ruling policies, and the history of any nation can be sought through reflection on the culture of that nation, including their songs. The songs and ballads that sometimes have been united by a state or a policy, or in accordance with certain political conditions, are born, such as the poems and songs of the mashrote period, which are in this period of thematic and thematic unity, and themes such as invitations to The struggle, the depiction of the curiosity of the kings, the expression of the crimes of the domestic and foreign tyrants and their treason to the Iranian nation, the praise of freedom and its martyrs, and the induction of hope for the future, the invitation to fight by helping with elements such as raising the level of people's awareness and commemorating the martyrs Way of freedom Hence, various manifestations of ritualistic, national and humanistic literacy were formed. In order to flourish these components, the mashrote age has contributed a lot, because it initiated new developments in the political and social arena, and consequently, changes in the field of culture and literature of the country such as democracy. In this essay, we try to investigate the poems of the mashrote era, the coordination of the poets as well as the thematic unity of the poems. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical (library) method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - progressive image of Iranian woman in Constitutional poem
Reza Sadeghi shahparThe woman and her individual and social rights entered Literary discussions whit Constitutional Movement And became one of the most important issues in Constitutional Poetry. Hence women were at the center of discussions, So that in this day and age, very few poets who MoreThe woman and her individual and social rights entered Literary discussions whit Constitutional Movement And became one of the most important issues in Constitutional Poetry. Hence women were at the center of discussions, So that in this day and age, very few poets who are Attention more or less to freedom and women's rights. Equality, freedom, education, the presence of women in society and to prevent gender discrimination and sexual look to women, including women's issues is reflected in the poetry of Constitutional era. Malek-alshoara Bahar and Nasim-e shomal look more balanced and a more traditional to woman and In contrast, Iraj Mirza, Lahooti, Eshqi and Aref Qazvini are more radical and sometimes even disagreed with some issues such as the veil. This study will analysis the idea of constitutional poets about women and seeks to answer the fundamental question is it progressive or regressive thought and whether it can be aligned with the ideas Considered in feminism or not? The results show that the poets of that era have positive thoughts about women and in this sense, it corresponded with some feminist ideas about women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The use of news and essay sentences using western vocabulary and creating themes In the poems of Mirzadeh Eshghi
Ali GhaempanahTajabadi Maryam Gholamreza Beigi Majid Hajizadeh AskariSeyyed Mohammad Rezamirzadeh Eshghi, an Iranian poet, writer and journalist, was born in Hamedan in 1273 AH. He is one of the famous and passionate figures of the constitutional era in Iran. Emotion and music are inextricably linked in his poetry, and literary arts and MoreSeyyed Mohammad Rezamirzadeh Eshghi, an Iranian poet, writer and journalist, was born in Hamedan in 1273 AH. He is one of the famous and passionate figures of the constitutional era in Iran. Emotion and music are inextricably linked in his poetry, and literary arts and semantic sciences play a prominent role in his poetry. What is evident in Eshghi's poetry is the social aspect of his poetry in such a way that the socio-political content of his poems is connected with the life of contemporary people. In this research, the author is trying to evaluate and analyze all kinds of news and essay sentences using western words in love poems in a descriptive-analytical and library method. The results of the research show that Eshghi has criticized the social and political issues, the chaos of the country and the interference of foreigners in government affairs in his news and essays by using western vocabulary and by using imagery and creating themes, using the language of humor and irony. use poetic images in the service of his social and political ideals and express sharp political criticisms in the form of news and essays. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Patriotic poems and its approaches in the multiple poems of the constitutional era
Abolqasem Radfar Zahra Parsapor Alireza Fouladi Roqayyeh FarahaniPatriotic poems are the works which are about home, love it, issues and events related to it and having the common social, political, linguistic and religious emotion toward it. Patriotic poems have been unprecedented in the constitutional era in comparison to other per MorePatriotic poems are the works which are about home, love it, issues and events related to it and having the common social, political, linguistic and religious emotion toward it. Patriotic poems have been unprecedented in the constitutional era in comparison to other periods of Persian poetry both in terms of bulk of poems and approach and the issues raised in it. Since the multiple poem has been applied by the poets of the constitutional era as the most effective format for conveying concepts, this article which is written based on the descriptive method, studies the patriotic poems in the most prominent multiple poems of the constitutional era, while discussing the history of patriotic poems in the Persian poetry. This article in addition to speaking about the types of patriotic poems in the multiple poems of the constitutional era, shows the main approaches of the poems of this era toward patriotic poems. The picture that most poets of this period present about the country is the national and ethnic country. Attention of the poems to the country is raised as of: mythology, Iranian nationalism, being proud of the historical background of Iran, suggesting the destruction of the country and asking people to build it up, anticipation for a better future and in the shape of Islamic country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Glory of Motherland in Elia Abu Madi and Malek-al-Šoʿarā Bahar’s Points of View (Comparative Study of Their Patriotic Poems)
Nozhat NoohiPatriotism demonstrates purity of wit, growing of insight and originality of a principled and honorable poet or author. In different periods of Arabic and Persian literature, patriotic motifs have always been reflected in both verse and prose works, which are called &ld MorePatriotism demonstrates purity of wit, growing of insight and originality of a principled and honorable poet or author. In different periods of Arabic and Persian literature, patriotic motifs have always been reflected in both verse and prose works, which are called “Vataniyat”. Remorse and mourning for the agony of home and homeland is an example of that. Today, patriotism is still an important characteristic of contemporary sociopolitical poetry. Ahmed Shawqi, Ilyās Farhāt, Elia Abu Madi in Arabic literature and Aref Qazvini, Mirzadeh Eshghi, Iraj Mirzā, Malek-al-Šoʿarā Bahar in Persian literature are among the most famous poets of the genre. This research, a comparative study of Bahar and Abu Madi’s patriotic poems, has led to new findings of common ideas, structures and forms in both Persian and Arabic literature, and as a conclusion emphasizes the close and inseparable relationship between the language and literature of both nations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The Thought of Fatherland in the Constitution-Era Poetry
Mohamad BehnamfarConstitution era is the beginning of the arrival of new ideas in Persian poetry. The ideas that appeared in Persian literature have a particular form in this era. One of these main ideas was the thought of fatherland that filled most of the literary works. Reviewing the MoreConstitution era is the beginning of the arrival of new ideas in Persian poetry. The ideas that appeared in Persian literature have a particular form in this era. One of these main ideas was the thought of fatherland that filled most of the literary works. Reviewing the classic and modern concept of fatherland, this article tries to show the situation of this idea in the constitution-era literary works by introducing the greatest fatherland poets, along with analyzing the characteristics of this special genre Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - A Survey of Women’s Place and Role in Nodbe, a Play by Bahram Beyzaee
Kavoos Hasanli, Shahin Haghighi,Nodbe is the one among Beyzaee's plays in which the women's role has clearly been distinguished. The events of this play are related to the Constitution-Revolution years and, in an afflicted and touching way, it shows the social and cultural disorders of that era. Brow MoreNodbe is the one among Beyzaee's plays in which the women's role has clearly been distinguished. The events of this play are related to the Constitution-Revolution years and, in an afflicted and touching way, it shows the social and cultural disorders of that era. Browsing through the work and surveying the characters’ dialogs and behavior, one can get an idea about the women's regrettable position and their constant humiliation in a patriarchal society. But these humiliations and treats can not prevent the women's awareness and protest. On the other hand, Nodbe is easily paraphrased. One can pass its superficially and restate all the characters, dialogs, actions and reactions, and locations of the work in a mysterious way, that is, based on its connotative meaning Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Branches and indicators of allegory in constitutionalism literature
M. R. kamali baniani H. ArianAgainst decuction and induction is allegory which is a type of likening general to general or reaching from a thing generality to another thing generality. Allegorical realites are often borrowing, virtual, similar or effects of objective realites in which a text pictor MoreAgainst decuction and induction is allegory which is a type of likening general to general or reaching from a thing generality to another thing generality. Allegorical realites are often borrowing, virtual, similar or effects of objective realites in which a text pictorial generality is virtual reality that substitutes an objective reality. Usually people are influential in political, social or religious areas use allegory. In constitutionalism, the silence resulted from autarchy space was caused to poets and authors avoid expressing social and political conditions explicitly and in expressing political and critical contents use secret, metaphor and allegory and form underground literature. With regard to allegory frequency in constitutionalism and considering properties this technique has over past ages in this article, the allegory in constitutionalism has been analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Allegory in the prose of the constitutional period based on the prose of Mirza Fath Ali Akhundzadeh
seyed Hasan FazeliIntellectuals, libertarians, scholars and clerics, and even merchants of the Qajar era, created a new form of national and political literature. They waged political struggles with the weapon of thought and speech, and in the press and journalism, or by using the talent MoreIntellectuals, libertarians, scholars and clerics, and even merchants of the Qajar era, created a new form of national and political literature. They waged political struggles with the weapon of thought and speech, and in the press and journalism, or by using the talent of poetry and poetry and writing in order to convey political and national thoughts and ideas, they demanded legalism and constitutionalism, and most of their audience was young and mass They were people, they turned to simplicity and simplicity of words and allegories. The allegories of this period are equivalent to its Western meanings, anecdote, parable and wisdom. Akhundzadeh considers allegory to be the equivalent of a drama to improve morality and to teach readers and listeners a lesson. Turning to humor in this period led to the popularity of humorous allegories. The symbol in the constitutional period has a strong connection with the allegory. The background of the research, according to the keywords, contains various valuable and scientific works, but in the title of the research, the allegory in Akhundzadeh's prose is new in its kind. The necessity and main and secondary goals of the article have been formed in getting acquainted with constitutional prose and recognizing allegory in Akhundzadeh prose. This research in a citation-library method with an analytical approach by extending the scope of the article to the prose of the constitutional period and the field of prose has limited this period to Akhundzadeh prose, and in his works has studied the function of allegory in the prose of that period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Sights exemplum and proverb in the poem of Sayed Ashrafodin Gilani
Reza Musabadi mahdi novrooz Batol Fakhrsalam Batol FakhrsalamSayed Ashrafodin Gilani who is known as Nasim Shomal is one the most noticeable poets in democratic age which devoted his poem and prophecy into the social problems and political movements of his age. Despite the oppression and tyranny of Qajar’s authoritarian rul MoreSayed Ashrafodin Gilani who is known as Nasim Shomal is one the most noticeable poets in democratic age which devoted his poem and prophecy into the social problems and political movements of his age. Despite the oppression and tyranny of Qajar’s authoritarian rulers, he presented his human and liberalism thoughts with humor and using rhetorical techniques especially exemplum and proverb that were mostly political into the heart of the society. Exemplum and proverb is one of the most beautiful and accurate method of artistic speech and is louder than truth because in that human mind is transferred from essential into the requirement. Exemplum and proverb is one of the most important way of making beauty in poetry and the most natural way of expressing the ideas which can be founded many of its examples in Quaran, ancient belief, social customs, public speech and etc. Exemplum and proverb like metaphor moves from real into the unreal but it keeps its trye meaning, in such a way that the scholars believe that the true meaning in irony is allowed. Allegory is talking ironically and so-called resembling something into something else into the mind, omitting moshabah and replacing moshabaho be. So the present research aims to study exemplum and proverb in Nasim Shomal poems based on descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - science in the of Adib-ol-mamalek farahani
Mazaher Mosaffa Abbas Saadati Whatever makes the literature of constitution era excellent from the other farsi poem era belongs to the new contents a fit .the poem of Adib-ol-mamalek is the full reflection of political and social conditions of constitution period. Because of the fast c More Whatever makes the literature of constitution era excellent from the other farsi poem era belongs to the new contents a fit .the poem of Adib-ol-mamalek is the full reflection of political and social conditions of constitution period. Because of the fast changes of constitution era he is not indifferent to the political and social affairs and changes in the country. He can not be a resident of 'ivory tower'. Adib-ol-mamalek is one of the classic of this period .he tries to explain social and political contents in the form of ode - quasida -, fragment, couplet poem, multiple poem, return-tie composite-tie. In this survey for subjects such as: freedom mother country law science . have been studied in the poem of Adib-ol-mamalek. The result shows that science and knowledge words in comparison to the other words have more reflection in Adibs poetry ignorance has been blamed very much as well. Finally ignorance fighting of Adib is a good stimuli for the awareness of the public. specially when this in the form of satire facetiae so it makes people think about it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Analysis of the characteristics of imagination and emotion in the poems of Mirzadeh Eshghi
salimeh torkinejhad msood akbarizadeh mostafa salariThis article explores the elements of imagination and emotion in Eshghi poems by describing and analyzing the data obtained from library studies. The textual body is composed of 88 poems. The results show that in the discussion of imaginary forms, metonymy has the highe MoreThis article explores the elements of imagination and emotion in Eshghi poems by describing and analyzing the data obtained from library studies. The textual body is composed of 88 poems. The results show that in the discussion of imaginary forms, metonymy has the highest frequency and this finding is consistent with the poet's own prediction as the primary critic in terms of literary self-criticism. In the next positions are tropes, metaphors and similes, respectively. He did not use far metonymy, and the frequency of lexical and easy metonymies is higher than their corresponding difficult types. About tropes, based on cognitive patterns, it becomes clear that Eshghi has a precise selecting look, and he cares about the reader and attracting his attention. The frequency of tropes in the lampoons is higher than its average in of all the poems. He prefers vehicles based on "adjective and description" in his tropes. The similes are often easy to understand by due to Eshghi’s nice choices in this regard. The metaphors are also from easy to understanding types, and all of these indicate the obviousness of the simplicity in his poetry. From an emotional point of view, in his poetry, "personal self" prevails and "social self" is placed after it, and this is contrary to the general belief about the place of emotion in constitutional poetry. An analysis of Eshghi’s poetry based on psychological emotions shows that sadness along with despair and compassion are the most important emotions that dominate these poems, which define Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Iranian Woman’s Position in Contemporary Poetic Works
عیسی DarabpourAfter the Constitutional Revolution Period (Mashrouteh) with regard to the progress in developed countries and the Iranian society, the women also entered the realm of overt social relations and became aware of their social and humanitarian values and portrayed their so MoreAfter the Constitutional Revolution Period (Mashrouteh) with regard to the progress in developed countries and the Iranian society, the women also entered the realm of overt social relations and became aware of their social and humanitarian values and portrayed their social identity by their writings. To emancipate Iranian women and achieving equality of women’s and men’s rights, they stressed on the presence of women on different social and cultural circumstances. The poetess expressed their ideas by means of poem regarding women status in Iranian society. Among the entire contemporary Iranian poetess, Jaleh Ghaemmaghami, Parvin Etesami and Simin Behbahani attained a deeper view with respect to woman’s position and had attended to the agenda. Therefore we purposed to investigate the dimensions of the subject by emphasizing on the above mentioned three poetesses’ poetic works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Woman and Ideal Identity in Constitutional Revolution Literatures
علی EynalilouContrary to the Quran trainings and the Maasoumin (The Innocent Sacred, Peace upon them)Sunnah classic Iranian literature did not eligibly respect woman. In such an approach the womanwas considered as pleasing mate for man, while having no equal rights and not even to h MoreContrary to the Quran trainings and the Maasoumin (The Innocent Sacred, Peace upon them)Sunnah classic Iranian literature did not eligibly respect woman. In such an approach the womanwas considered as pleasing mate for man, while having no equal rights and not even to have a rightto protest. Such an attitude was revised in The Constitutional Revolution after ward era. The womentook actions to reestablish their legal demands and the men declined to justice. To accomplishhumanitarian status, equal position in the family and the society, the preparation of the conditionsled to education and presence in the open social life and the participation in social and political affaireswere all the Constitutional Revolution achievements for women. This paper introduced someof the Constitutional Revolution era poets pointing out to their enlightment efforts of the publicopinion to resume the women right, rights that in contradiction to Divine rules were deprived of thewomen due to disordered social institutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - The Analysis and Study of Woman’s Position in the Poetry of Lahooti, Iraj Mirza and Arefe GHazvini
سعید Hatami پروانه Safaee GhahfarokhWoman, in the poetry of pre-constitution (Mashrote) era was seen through by an amatory and sentimental view. However political, social, and cultural changes occurred in Constitution, especially thematic changes in throughout intellectual and social domains and as an exa MoreWoman, in the poetry of pre-constitution (Mashrote) era was seen through by an amatory and sentimental view. However political, social, and cultural changes occurred in Constitution, especially thematic changes in throughout intellectual and social domains and as an example in literature, brought about fundamental changes in attitudes towards subjects such as femininity in Iranian society. Some poets of the era, regardless of pure Islamic principles, relied only on their conception of outward aspect of divine law, and influenced by new and unprecedented social and cultural changes like prevalence of western attitude towards woman-that was contrary to correct religious and traditional thoughts- posed in their poems, subjects such as defending rights and liberty of women, criticizing hijab, and objecting to marriage of girls in teen ages. Following such an approach, these poets were on the edge of conflict and fight with religious teachings. Iraj Mirza, Arefe Ghazvini, and Abolghasem Lahooti were the examples of such poets. Through this study, researcher used a descriptive-analytic approach to consider the subject in poems of these three poets. Attitudes of these three poets towards women and their issues, according to the results of this research, involved in having a critical view on native culture and religious customs of society which is caused by factors such as: having almost the same intellectual source, being influenced by western one-dimensional humanistic view, and being scared off by western culture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - The Women and the Political Participation
M. R. Alam منا Hamidinasab سمیره HazbaviPolitical participation or lack of it has been investigated by many researchers as an index of the Iranian society political development in different levels. The women had a crucial contribution from the Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic Revolution in Iran and pl MorePolitical participation or lack of it has been investigated by many researchers as an index of the Iranian society political development in different levels. The women had a crucial contribution from the Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic Revolution in Iran and played significant political roles in historical social-political development trends. The Iranian women during the aforementioned revolutions in spite of the emerged restrictions due to the social institutions, the traditions, culture and… gained a very high position in consolidating the political participation constituent respecting the historical development. To influence the political destiny of the Iranian society they played their social political roles in different ways. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The sociological analysis of woman's image in the poems of Malek al-Shara'i Bahar and Seyyed Ashrafdin Gilani
Reza Musabadi Mahdi Novrooz Batool FakhreslamThe woman and its role in the community is one of the issues that has always been considered in the poetic and prose works of Persian literature and has become a worthy place; But the woman in Persian classical literature does not have much positive and worthy face; Bec MoreThe woman and its role in the community is one of the issues that has always been considered in the poetic and prose works of Persian literature and has become a worthy place; But the woman in Persian classical literature does not have much positive and worthy face; Because among the poems of the classical poets, the woman's identity is confused and dark and the negative views on her are shadowed by the woman. Since the Constitutional Revolution and with the brief acquaintance of Iranians with Western culture and modern thoughts, the role and identity of women as one of the most important social activists in constitutional poetry has been taken into consideration. This research is to investigate and compare the manifestation of woman's image in the poems of Malek al-Shaara Bahar and Nasim shomal in the Constitutional Revolution, using descriptive-analytical method. One of the most important findings of this research is that the attitude of poets towards women's image has changed in Constitutionalist poetry; For the first time, the themes of this period are related to women's legal and social issues, and women are excluded from absolute love and their rationality, personality, and humanity are explained and analyzed. Both poets also believe in the achievement of women's knowledge, individual rights, and modern teachings; But in terms of freedom of coverage and the issue of hijab, the Spring discovers a veil of freedom from ignorance, while the Nasim shomal requires hijab for the presence of women in the community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Patriotism in the Persian resistance poetry
مسعود باوان پوری نرگس لرستانی الهام ابراهیمی حدیثه متولیPatriotism or love for the homeland is one of the Human achievements in history and part of main themes of contemporary poets in the Persian. Among the poets, Iran are Farokhi Yazdi , Nasime- e SHomal, Sepideh Kashni and tahereh safarzadeh whom the feel of love for home MorePatriotism or love for the homeland is one of the Human achievements in history and part of main themes of contemporary poets in the Persian. Among the poets, Iran are Farokhi Yazdi , Nasime- e SHomal, Sepideh Kashni and tahereh safarzadeh whom the feel of love for homeland everywhere Poems, clearly manifested. The parts of the poem poet poetry of resistance in the world, with Iran will manifest. In this poem, the poet can be shared means like homeland, freedom and justice, and praise the heroes and martyrs of the homeland Invitation to fight for the country and Plant seed of hope for the future bright home has observed. The poet expresses his love for her homeland of symbols and myths to refer to the enemies of his country and the colonists were used and could spur with this work the people of his country to stability and resistance to oppression and oppressors time. The present article is to highlight the love poetry of the poet's Common themes in the poetry of their political, social and related Patriotism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - A Study of Socio-Political Themes in the Divan of Adib-AL Mamalek Farahani and Ahmad Showqi
parvin mortazaei zahra hosseinicommitted literature covers avariety of areas. Expressing the social and political issues of society isone of the most important approaches in this type of literature In the last century, similar social and political situations have developed in the society of Iran and Morecommitted literature covers avariety of areas. Expressing the social and political issues of society isone of the most important approaches in this type of literature In the last century, similar social and political situations have developed in the society of Iran and Egypt. Issues that exposed the independence and identity of such countries to foreign aggression and, as a result, posed a serious threat; Thus, social poets entered the turmoil of such a turbulent situation, and the most important of them was dealing with social and political issues. Inthis descriptive-analytical study, socio-political themes in the poems of Adib al-Mamalak and Ahmad Shawqi have been extracted and studied based on the American comparative school. Findings of the research indicate that themes such as patriotism, mention of Free people and patriotic heroes, encouragement of unity and solidarity, disgust with foreigners and criticism of social disorders have been widely used in the poetry of these two poets. With the difference that Adib al-Mamalek has included minor social issues in his poetry; Ahmad Showqi, on the other hand, has often raised larger issues. Both patriotic poets initially have a positive view of the constitutional movement; But with the entry of anomalies into the structure of the movement, they change their course and complain about it. Reformism and the need for positive action of various classes of society and politicians are among the most important solutions that these two poets propose to achieve national prose.Keywords: Comparative Literature, Constitutional Movement, Patriotism, Adib al-Mamalik, Ahmad Showqi. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - An investigation of Parvin E'tesami’s poems with an approach to reaction theory (double compensation) of Alfred Adler
Fariba Sadeghi Nahid Akbari Suzan JahanianStudies reflecting the women’s image in society has always been of interest to the different fields of science which can be considered from different aspects. Parvin E'tesami is one of the prominent poets of the constitutional era and the reign of Reza Shah, whose MoreStudies reflecting the women’s image in society has always been of interest to the different fields of science which can be considered from different aspects. Parvin E'tesami is one of the prominent poets of the constitutional era and the reign of Reza Shah, whose poems in the realm of literature have moral, social and political themes. Regarding the Adler’s personality theory in psychology, this study aimed to investigate the reflection of the inferiority complexes and compensation methods against the governing community in the poems of Parvin E’tesami.E’tesami in her poems criticized the man-centered society by describing the disillusioned emotions and feelings of women. Authors attempt to represent the procedure of transforming the feeling of inferiority to the complex and the reaction of compensation against the pressures of injustice towards women in her poems.Results revealed that disregarding her and her counterparts in the patriarchal environment has created a feeling of inferiority and the resulting complex. The poet, as a represntative of deprived and disillusioned women, highlights the role of women in the society in order to compensate the inferiority. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - signs of innovatoin in iraj mirza s' poetry
niusha doorandish Esmat KhoeiniIranian literature underwent a fundamental change during the constitutional period, which is known as the literary revolution. Persian poetry, moving away from its classical traditions and rules, moved on the path of modernity. Iraj Mirza is one of the most influential MoreIranian literature underwent a fundamental change during the constitutional period, which is known as the literary revolution. Persian poetry, moving away from its classical traditions and rules, moved on the path of modernity. Iraj Mirza is one of the most influential poets. This is the period. His poetry is changing at this stage, both in terms of content and in terms of formal and linguistic structures. In addition to accepting new political, social and cultural themes, his works include new linguistic features and literary arrays. It is fresh and creative. The most important and most innovative innovations of Iraj Mirza are in the language of his poetry; He has accurately reflected the slang language of the age as well as new Persian and French words in his poetry, which has been very rare in Persian poetry before. The volume of modernities and linguistic and literary innovations of Iraj is so vast that he can be considered the most innovative constitutional poet in this respect.The present article examines the aspects of innovation and creativity in Iraj Mirza's poetry with a form-based stylistic approach; First, he examines the most important manifestations of modernity in the language of his poems in detail, then he identifies and introduces the new content and new literary industries of his poetry with a brief look. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Identifying the components of national solidarity in socio-political poetry of the constitutional period (Case study: Farrokhi Yazdi and Mirzadeh Eshghi)
Aboutaleb Pakbaz mohammad Reza Ghari Mohsen Izadyarliterature can solve many political and social problems. Hence, in the constitutional literature, we see themes through which the speakers have tried to create solidarity among the people. In this research, which was done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of Moreliterature can solve many political and social problems. Hence, in the constitutional literature, we see themes through which the speakers have tried to create solidarity among the people. In this research, which was done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of recognizing the components of solidarity in the poetry of Farrokhi Yazdi and Mirzadeh Eshghi. We came to the conclusion that these two poets, using common elements among the whole nation, have used these themes in their poems to encourage people to unite.These common themes and components are related to national and religious identity, which stimulates their sense of Iran-friendliness. These elements include: a common land, a common history, a common religion. Farrokhi and Eshghi have tried to remind the features of the ancient history of Iran and past heroism, the importance of the homeland as a symbol of the mother, the need to preserve the Persian language and culture, the religion of Islam and the need to protect it from foreigners. To prepare the nation for solidarity against foreigners and irreligious rulers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Farrokhi poems beyond the revolutional realism
Parvane Ramezani Reza Jouibari MehrAli YazdanpanahFarrokhi poems beyond the evolutional realism Abstract Realism is one of the most fundamental art school which appeared in the middle of nine tenth century in franc, and developed quickly. some elements like keeping away from fancy and inner inspiration and paying atten MoreFarrokhi poems beyond the evolutional realism Abstract Realism is one of the most fundamental art school which appeared in the middle of nine tenth century in franc, and developed quickly. some elements like keeping away from fancy and inner inspiration and paying attention to realities of life where it’s the most basic elements which attracted poets, writers and artists. At the same time Iranians poems and writers with the constitution list movements payed attention to social affairs and their country’s decadence and arrearages. Constitution era should be considered a turning-point in entrance of poem to people’s life and social’s tendation to realism. Amony the poems of this era, farrokhi Yazdi paid attention to the coun try,s issues with an intense desire to love of freedom and the protection of workers and farmers. The purposes of this research first introducing main elements of realism in farrakhi’s poets and finally the analysis of farrokhi’s poems based on the rules of is that school. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - A Comparative Study of the Concepts of Homeland in Constitutional Literature with Emphasis on the Works of Seyed Ashrafuddin Gilani and the sacred Defense Literature of Kaiser Aminpour
mandana alimi Masoud Pakdelconstitutional literature with emphasis on Seyed Ashrafuddin Gilani and sacred defense literature with emphasis on Kaiser Aminpour. Constitutional literature, with regards to the individual and social worldview and the atmosphere of their historical period, each used fr Moreconstitutional literature with emphasis on Seyed Ashrafuddin Gilani and sacred defense literature with emphasis on Kaiser Aminpour. Constitutional literature, with regards to the individual and social worldview and the atmosphere of their historical period, each used from the concept of homeland in their poetry. Homeland has many concepts in constitutional literature. All poets of this period has emphasized on patriotism, fighting against tyranny and colonialism, homeland development, nostalgic look at Iran before Islam in their poetry. The concept of Islamic homeland is also found in the poems of some poets. In the literature of sacred defense, Climatic Homeland, human homeland, Islamic homeland and patriotism, can be seen in the works of the most of the poets of this period, especially in Kaiser Aminpour works. For the realization of this research, we first referred to sources that were about the homeland. In this context, these two concepts have been examined both in classical literature and in the present age literature for a detailed understanding. In the meantime, as these two are a part of social categories, the sociology of literature and especially the sociology of Persian literature were studied separately. On the other hand, constitutional and sacred defense literature are intimately linked to the actions, reactions, events, and changes of their age and they come from historical periods. Therefore, in order to better understand these two literatures, we studied the Constitutional Revolution and the Islamic Revolution and the cause of them and the quality of their process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - The Study of Patriotism and Awakening in Poetry of Farrokhi and Akhavan
Shamsi Vaghef Zade Haniesadat NajafiThe love of the country and the quest for awakening people in order to encourage anti-oppression activities and trying to improve the conditions prevailing in the society include the issues that are in the poetry of particular committed poets. The master of poets which MoreThe love of the country and the quest for awakening people in order to encourage anti-oppression activities and trying to improve the conditions prevailing in the society include the issues that are in the poetry of particular committed poets. The master of poets which has special note on preserving the national identity and ethnic honors is Ferdowsi. This has been appeared in a much bolder and clearer way in the contemporary Iranian literature in comparison to the past. In this thesis, there is evaluation of political and social lyrics of Farrokhi Yazdi and Akhavan Saales to find out the common themes and differences of patriotism and awakening in their poetry. Concepts such as freedom, awakening, fight tyranny and westernization, national identity and recalling the past, nationals and ancients, had been the most important common concerns of these two intellectual poets. This thesis, will study the thinking and motivations, attitudes and trends of these two poets. The results show that Akhavan’s patriotism and his emphasis on ancient past is more, and Farrokhi’s emphasis is on the growth of modern home. In other words, political campaigns of Akhavan can be seen in his poetry and he tried to awaken people by symbols but Farrokhi not only used poetry but also by public campaigns showed his tendency to love his country and his fight for freedom. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Constitutionalism in Political Thought of Mirza Yousef-Khan Mostashar Al-Dowleh
ramin alborzi Massoud GhaffariNineteen century in Iran was the birth period of "The Iranian modernity". In the process of modernizing of Iranian society, two groups played the main role, the intellectuals outside the circle of power and the bureaucrats inside the government. Mirza Yousef K MoreNineteen century in Iran was the birth period of "The Iranian modernity". In the process of modernizing of Iranian society, two groups played the main role, the intellectuals outside the circle of power and the bureaucrats inside the government. Mirza Yousef Khan Mostashar Al-Dowleh (1823-1895AD) was one of the most important modernists of that era, whose treatise "One word" is one of the best texts written in the pre-constitutional era about the importance of paying attention to the constitutionalism of modernism in Iran. The theoretical framework of the article is based on two main paradigms of constitutionalism (the interpretation of the rule of law based on natural rights and the interpretation of the rule of law based on state-oriented rights) and the research method is the "analytical-historical" method. From the analysis and interpretation of the content of Mirza Mostashar's treatise in this article, it was concluded that the fundamental intellectual concern of Mirza Yousef Khan Mostashar Al-Dowleh and his main goal of writing his treatise is the establishment of a modern legal institution (establishing the rule of law) based on natural rights inspired by the declaration of human rights. He was in Iran, but at the same time, he tried to use the capabilities of the traditional legal system of Iran (jurisprudence) in the framework of the modern epistemological understanding of law to build a modern legal system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Analysis of obstacles to the realization of citizenship rights in the constitutional period
reyhaneh nourmohammadi Hossain farzanepour somaye hamidiCitizenship rights is the most important contemporary legal issue and an emerging concept that has found a special place in social and political theories. Above all, citizenship rights discuss the rights, such as residence, education, and health, that everyone gets as a MoreCitizenship rights is the most important contemporary legal issue and an emerging concept that has found a special place in social and political theories. Above all, citizenship rights discuss the rights, such as residence, education, and health, that everyone gets as a citizen of a state. Citizenship rights are realized when all members of the society achieve all civil and political rights and the citizen has responsibility as a member of the society along with the better management of the society and establishing social order and recognizing these interactive rights have an effective role in promoting citizenship rights and creating a society based on social order and justice. The present article, relying on the historical sociology approach based on Bryan.S.turner's theory, has tried to understand citizenship and citizenship rights in the constitutional era, by using library documents and resources and descriptive-analytical method by examining the obstacles to the realization . In this article, it is trying to answer the question that what were the factors and obstacles to the realization of citizenship rights in the constitutional era? The hypothesis of this research is that in the context of the weak central government, the weakness of the political culture of the mass of the people, the political elites did not ultimately lead to the formation of citizenship rights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - The points of historical transformation in the ethics of a century of Iranians and its effect on politics in Iran
Hossein Ebrahimnia Seyed abdolamir NabaviThe objects of each generation are also potentially important to another generation, but these generational objects usually have a different meaning; Other objects, especially historical objects, have a more precise meaning; Although some consider evolution as a deviati MoreThe objects of each generation are also potentially important to another generation, but these generational objects usually have a different meaning; Other objects, especially historical objects, have a more precise meaning; Although some consider evolution as a deviation from the norm, which means that the normal state of affairs in society is a state of stability, and it is assumed that morals and values remain stable with the passage of time, and this type of thinking is a reflection of the conservative currents in the sphere. There is any society, but the majority of people in the society seek development in all periods of time. Therefore, the question raised is that the historical transformation in Iranians' mentality and its impact on politics originates from what turning points in the last hundred years? It seems that the historical milestones in interaction with global developments and the positive and negative objects of each generation in turn provided the grounds for the evolution and development of Iranians' spirits, which had long-term effects on the field of politics in its internal and external dimensions, the effects of which will be felt by other generations. in order to discover the proposed hypotheses from the theoretical dimension and match them with the facts, he used the historical-comparative method, and for this purpose, by collecting the necessary data, he described, analyzed, analyzed and inferred, and evaluated the variables by providing scientific and research solutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - The Development of the Concept of Political Representation in Iran
Asadallah Izadkhah masoud raei Manuchehr Tavassoli NainiToday, the institution of political representation is accepted as one of the most important theoretical and fundamental foundations in the field of public law in all systems based on democracy. with the introduction of this modern concept in Iran's public law which MoreToday, the institution of political representation is accepted as one of the most important theoretical and fundamental foundations in the field of public law in all systems based on democracy. with the introduction of this modern concept in Iran's public law which coincided with the constitutional era, there have been many debates about what is this modern institution that the result of such approaches, most of which have been based on the acceptance or non-acceptance of the modern institution of representation based on the principles and criteria of figh. In a different perspective, the authors of this article have sought to answer this question by considering the specific characteristics of the institution of representation in the field of public law, what has been the attitude of Iranian public law towards this modern institution in the constitutional era? This research intends to answer this question by descriptive-analytical research method and using library resources. The findings of this study indicate that the issue of the concept of representation as a modern legal establishment in Iranian public law and the theories presented about it has various objections and ambiguities. Therefore, what seems to be a hypothesis in the minds of the authors of this article, is the lack of legal analysis of the institution of representation and the dispersion of related issues, especially the adaptation of this modern institution to the concept of advocacy. Therefore, this study, while taking a brief look at the concept of representation in Iran, has explained and examined the background of formation and contexts of the development of this modern institution from the perspective of public law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Morphic Structure of Constitutional Poetry Based on the Poetry of Farrokhi Yazdi, Aref Ghazvini, and Mirzad Eshghi
Azam Akbari Raknabadi Mahboubeh Khorasani , Shahzad NiazThe constitutional movement revolutionized the literature of the Qajar period by dramatically changing the entire structure of society. Factors such as connecting with the Western world, travelogues, establishing new schools, translating Western works, the press and mor MoreThe constitutional movement revolutionized the literature of the Qajar period by dramatically changing the entire structure of society. Factors such as connecting with the Western world, travelogues, establishing new schools, translating Western works, the press and more. It provided the Iranian modernization grounds, and this modernization influenced the works of the constitutional period in terms of linguistic, literary, and content, resulting in the most important stylistic changes. In this research, descriptive-analytical and library methods have been attempted; articles on social and literary situation, constitutional poetry and poets (Farrokhi, Aref and Mirzadeh Eshghi) have been presented and more on style, grammatical and structural features Just consider these poets. The mere section deals with vocabulary analysis. Research in the grammatical structure of constitutional poetry is important because on the one hand constitutional poetry has provided the context for structural and content change. And then, influenced by translation, they became acquainted with and influenced each other's European prose and poetry. Citing evidence and examples from the works of these poets, we conclude that populism has a high frequency in constitutional poetry, and although poets have a claim to modernity and modernity in literature, especially poetry; They are not well versed in grammar rules, so syntax and linguistic errors are abundantly evident in their poems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Text as Cultural Material: Recognition of Cultural and Social Conditions of the Constitutional Period Based on Molla Nasreddin Cartoons Weekly Magazine
Vahid Shahsavarani Mohammad MortezaeiThe historical texts are important for archaeologists in some aspects. First, the written texts and the second the study of them in an archaeological context besides other materials close to it. In fact, the importance of context lies in cultural material (here text) be MoreThe historical texts are important for archaeologists in some aspects. First, the written texts and the second the study of them in an archaeological context besides other materials close to it. In fact, the importance of context lies in cultural material (here text) being evaluated in a social and historical basis. The historical texts are considered as a form of material instance and other facts that are of importance for archaeologists. The present paper goal is to recognize Cultural/ social behavior of constitutional period in this way. In this paper, the main discussion is on Molla Nasraddin weekly magazine that is studied besides other materials of political/social context of the period (the photographs of this historical context). Among the other magazines, newspapers and journals of that time, Molla Nasraddin weekly magazine, started in 1906 in Tbilisi, has looked into cultural, social and religious situation of that time with irony within its caricatures. In this paper, from the first 100 issues, 50 issues are chosen interlaced with a context approach and recognizing the text as a material to study the cultural and social features of constitutional period, and finally also with the preparation of statistical data derived from the cartoons of the weekly, we have done a sociocultural review of constitutional period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - The Consequence of England Policy at Constitutional Revolution of Iran after Treaty 1907
aliakbar khadrezadehBefore spreading Germany power in Europe, England was looking mainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached the peak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in to consideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England which had MoreBefore spreading Germany power in Europe, England was looking mainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached the peak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in to consideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England which had confronted the growing threats of Germany in the Persian Gulf, sought to put aside its old policy based upon competing with Russia in Iran.In the late 19th centuary England brought to end its different with France and signed "treaty 1907" with Russia.By signing this treaty, England policy in Iran was changed which was based on decreasing Russia influence and favouring the constitutional revolution changed and applied another policy in Iran together with Russia which led to bombarding the first parliament Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - The Evolution of Government Discourse in the Constitutional Era and Reza Shah: A Reverse Process
Mojtaba Hoseyni Fereydoun Akbarzadeh Hamed Ameri Golestani Rohollah ShahabiThe government was one of the most important institutions in the contemporary history of Iran, which was considered in the discourse of modernity, and its transformation soon occupied the minds of Iranian modernists. The first attempts to change it were formulated by Ma MoreThe government was one of the most important institutions in the contemporary history of Iran, which was considered in the discourse of modernity, and its transformation soon occupied the minds of Iranian modernists. The first attempts to change it were formulated by Malcolm Khan during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah with the discourse of "orderly independent state" and did not succeed and remained as planned, but the idea remained that one could not modernize without a strong government. This idea also entered the constitutional discourse, and although the constitution sought to limit the state, it had in its heart the idea of a powerful state, and with its inability to create it, and the turmoil that arose after the constitution, Reza Shah's absolute government over It worked, which was the reverse process of creating an absolute state. Considering the discourse method, this article seeks to address the question of why the process of state transformation in this period was reversed and the absolute state emerged after the pre-constitutional period, and the most important result is that One is the imperfection of the new state-building process in the Nasserite era, and the other is the inability of constitutionalism in state-building, despite its tools, including the constitution, to be the reasons for this reverse process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - زمینه و زمانه مشروطه خواهی در ایران
ali soleimanpourچکیده گفتمان مشروطه خواهی ایران به عنوان یک نظام معنایی که مجموعه متنوعی از عوامل سیاسی- اجتماعی و اقتصادی در فرآیند تکامل آن مؤثر بوده اند برای بازنمایی به شیوه ای که قابلیّت بررّسی علمی داشته باشد نیازمند توجّه به تمامی زمینه های آن در ترکیب روشن و قابل درکی با زمانه Moreچکیده گفتمان مشروطه خواهی ایران به عنوان یک نظام معنایی که مجموعه متنوعی از عوامل سیاسی- اجتماعی و اقتصادی در فرآیند تکامل آن مؤثر بوده اند برای بازنمایی به شیوه ای که قابلیّت بررّسی علمی داشته باشد نیازمند توجّه به تمامی زمینه های آن در ترکیب روشن و قابل درکی با زمانه پیدایش آن است. بررّسی عناصر مفهومی و متغیّرهای زمینه ساز و بستر تاریخی موجود در فضای مشروطه خواهی حاکی از این است که سالیان طولانی حکومت قاجاریه در ایران (به استناد شواهد و منابع مؤثقّ تاریخی) تماماً آکنده از بیدادگری، ستم و فساد حکومتی، فقر و عقب ماندگی اقتصادی، جهل و ناآگاهی و خرافه پرستی، حاکمیت سلطه خارجی، هرج و مرج و ناامنی عمومی بوده است که تماماً با تکیه بر تفسیرهای خرافی و ارتجاعی از دین در افکار عمومی و ذهن سوژه های انسانی همواره وضعیت طبیعی و مقدر شده جلوه می نمود صاحبنظران تاریخ معاصر ایران عمدتاً بر این عقیده اند نخستین تماس اندیشه گران ایرانی با دستأوردهای تمدن غربی و درک آگاهی نسبت به «مای» عقب مانده و «آنهای» پیشرفته سرآغاز پیدایش گفتمان مشروطه خواهی و تلاش برای تغییرات اساسی در نظام فکری و سیاسی- اجتماعی کشور بوده است که وجوه مختلف آن را می توان به شیوه تحلیل گفتمان بازنمایی و تجزیه و تحلیل نمود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - An introduction to the thoughts and political positions of Ayatollah Agha Najafi Quchani
ali soleimanpouryatollah Aghanajafi, in addition to his outstanding scientific and moral dimensions, can be safely considered as a knowledgeable thinker and a dedicated mujahid in the scene of developments and political issues in Iran and Iraq. Emphasizing on his political thoughts and Moreyatollah Aghanajafi, in addition to his outstanding scientific and moral dimensions, can be safely considered as a knowledgeable thinker and a dedicated mujahid in the scene of developments and political issues in Iran and Iraq. Emphasizing on his political thoughts and anti-colonial and anti-authoritarian positions, this article tries to examine the various aspects of his reasoning and performance in facing the conditions of the country's tyranny and colonization. In line with such a goal, the author has tried to organize and present his desired topics in three speeches as follows:The first speech: the situation of Iran in the years parallel to Aghanajafi's lifeThe second speech: Ayatollah Aghanajafi's thought and anti-colonial positionsThe third speech: Aghanajafi's support for constitutionalism and hostility to internal tyrannyAgha Najafi's very close association and cooperation with prominent leaders of constitutionalism in Iraq such as Ayatollah Akhund Khorasani and Sheikh Abdullah Mazandarani and his enthusiastic and courageous presence in the program of movement of Najaf scholars to Iran to repel the tyranny of Muhammad Ali Shah as well as Jihad against Russia's interference in Iran. It is one of the political struggles and practical reactions of the deceased against tyranny and colonialism in Iran.Key words: Aghanajafi, constitutionalism, tyranny, borrowing Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - The Impact of Women's Organizations and Associations on Promoting the Status of Women in Qajar Society
Fatemeh Mahbob AliAsghar Davoudi Hamid saeedijavadiDuring the Qajar period, women in traditional and patriarchal societies had the lowest level of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of feminist ideas as a result of the expansion of Iran-West rela MoreDuring the Qajar period, women in traditional and patriarchal societies had the lowest level of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of feminist ideas as a result of the expansion of Iran-West relations led some intellectual and progressive women to think about the realization of women's rights in this traditional and religious environment. To this end, women established several educational and civic institutions, such as girls' schools and women's associations and publications, to educate women and work for their rights. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women's associations and organizations in promoting the status of women in Qajar society. To this end, the question arises that what effect did women's associations and organizations have on the promotion of the status of women in the Qajar period? The hypothesis is that these associations and organizations improved the social and political status of women at this time by raising awareness, changing attitudes and identifying women. The research shows that these associations have increased the awareness, change the attitude and demand of a large number of women by establishing several girls' schools, holding meetings and gatherings, establishing a magazine and raising awareness among women and have provided the conditions and Introduction for their entry into the community. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the data are collected in a library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - The Impact of Women's Associations and Organizations on Promoting the Status of Women in Qajar Society
Fateme Mahbob Aliasghar davoodi Hamid Saeedi Javadisocial, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of feminist ideas as a result of the expansion of Iran-West relations led some intellectual and progressive women to think about the realization of women's righ Moresocial, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of feminist ideas as a result of the expansion of Iran-West relations led some intellectual and progressive women to think about the realization of women's rights in this traditional and religious environment. To this end, women established several educational and civic institutions, such as girls' schools and women's associations and publications, to educate women and work for their rights. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women's associations and organizations in promoting the status of women in Qajar society. To this end, the question arises that what effect did women's associations and organizations have on the promotion of the status of women in the Qajar period? The hypothesis is that these associations and organizations improved the social and political status of women at this time by raising awareness, changing attitudes and identifying women. The research shows that these associations have increased the awareness, change the attitude and demand of a large number of women by establishing several girls' schools, holding meetings and gatherings, establishing a magazine and raising awareness among women and have provided the conditions and Introduction for their entry into the community. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the data are collected in a library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - The Impact of Women's Organizations and Associations on Promoting the Status of Women in Society (Qajar )
Fatemeh Mahboob AliAsghar Davoudi Hamid saeedijavadiDuring the Qajar period, women in a traditional and patriarchal society had the least amount of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the constitutional revolution and the expansion of relations between Iran and the West caused some intellectu MoreDuring the Qajar period, women in a traditional and patriarchal society had the least amount of social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the constitutional revolution and the expansion of relations between Iran and the West caused some intellectual and progressive women to think of asserting women's rights in this traditional and religious environment. For this purpose, women started to establish educational and civic institutions such as girls' schools, associations and women's publications in order to inform women and work for their rights. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women's associations in promoting the status of women in Qajar society. To this end, the question arises that what effect did women's associations have on the promotion of the status of women in the Qajar period? The current research has proposed the hypothesis that these associations improved the social and political status of women through the development of awareness, change of attitude and giving identity to women. The results of the research show that these associations, by establishing several girls' schools, creating meetings and gatherings, and establishing a publication, have increased the number of literates, increased awareness, changed the attitude and demands of a large number of women, and have provided the prerequisites and conditions for their entry into society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - The approach of Fars associations and tribal in the constitutional movement
Abolhassan NajafzadehObstractThe extensive confusion of Iranian society and its growing wave of dissatisfaction in 19th century led to the emergence of constitutional movement which created a new chapter in the Iranian history .The formation and evolution of the constitutional movement in F MoreObstractThe extensive confusion of Iranian society and its growing wave of dissatisfaction in 19th century led to the emergence of constitutional movement which created a new chapter in the Iranian history .The formation and evolution of the constitutional movement in Fars was subordinate to three powerful factors that each of them displayed a different role at this juncture of time. First, the feudal family of Ghavam Ol-Molk, who were practically the undisputed ruler of Shiraz for a long time and the head of Khamseh tribe and who were strongly against construction. associations advocating constitutionalism despite internal contradictions, were considered staunch enemies of Qavam and at the end , Ismail Khan Solat-Ol Doleh, who ruled over a large part of Fars state and who was always in internal rivalry with the Ghavam family and Khamseh tribe Therefore of the interaction of these powers, didn't cultivate a favorable environment for the growth of constitutional ideas such as law, equality and establishment of justice hom. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - The Economical-Political role of the Zoroastrian community of Iran in the development in pet, od between Mashroute and the first Pahlavi.
mohammad alli aliizadehBesides enjoying the economical political supports of Zoroastrian minority of Iran, there were other hidden facts about this minority which gave them more importance in the Mashroute movement. These facts not only at the beginning of the formation of the aforesaid movem MoreBesides enjoying the economical political supports of Zoroastrian minority of Iran, there were other hidden facts about this minority which gave them more importance in the Mashroute movement. These facts not only at the beginning of the formation of the aforesaid movement, but also in the later development, where telling and pointing to the confusions of the political government and the chaotic conditions of the social and Economical affairs of the country shedding even dim light on these facts is the main focus of attention of this article, because of these, while explaining and historical events of this period even we put emphasis on the outcomes of these policies on this small minority. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The lengthening reasons of Amir Abbas Hoveyda's prime ministery
esfandiyar ahanjidehAfter murdering Hassanali Mansour in Bahman 1343, Amir Abbas Hoveyda- an intimate lover of Mansour- was chosen as prime minister by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. At that time, the majority of politicians believed that the king is planning to benefit from Hoveyda as solvent and MoreAfter murdering Hassanali Mansour in Bahman 1343, Amir Abbas Hoveyda- an intimate lover of Mansour- was chosen as prime minister by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. At that time, the majority of politicians believed that the king is planning to benefit from Hoveyda as solvent and to choose a successor in the proper opportunity. But Hoveyda used so many tricks to remain in this position and could gain the longest record of prime minister in parliamentary period. Hoveyda was prime minister from 1343/11/7 to 1356/7/15, about 12.5 years. The reasons for this long permanace were as follows: obeying royal orders, hiring in Savak at the biegining of its arrival to Iran, America¢s agreement for the state of prime minister, deceitful pretention for people¢s seduction and to live plainly. For this kind of living, Hoveyda was driving his Peykan, attracting intellectuals and authors and being in relationship with them and being advocate of university students. He used to wear tie with Orchid flower to his collar, and a pipe under his lip and carried walking stick with himself and had a smile on his lip. These behaviours should be a pattern for all Iranians and any group should discuss about these matters, for example Leila,his ex-wife, sent Orchid flower for him from Paris and so on…… Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - dfg
mitra mehrabadidfg -
Open Access Article
59 - Russian ultimatum to Iran and agha sheikh Mohammad Hosein Maghsoodlou
abolhasan shahvari fatemeh taghatiIn terms of economic chaos in Iran , parliment got decision to invite the financial advisors . as an example of these counsellors was Morgan Shoster ( an American counsellor who will act aggressively ). shuster' measurs weren't pleasing to government who had poletical a MoreIn terms of economic chaos in Iran , parliment got decision to invite the financial advisors . as an example of these counsellors was Morgan Shoster ( an American counsellor who will act aggressively ). shuster' measurs weren't pleasing to government who had poletical and economic desires in Iran . shuster's order, based upon the confiscation of Shoaosaltane 'properties (Mohammadali Shah's brother). because of his dept to Iranian government . as a result of this , Russian government provoked and to ask for expellining of shuster from Iran. Russian ultimatum was accepted by the Iranian government but didn't accept by the natinal consulative assembly. the presence of nationalist representative and country devoted and their insistance on the rejection of ultimatum and intervene in internal affairs of Iran convert the field between the government and parliment . as an example of liberal delegates ,Haj Mohammaad Maqsudlu (Ester abad representative)that with a short and histirical speech destined epopee and resistence and prid for Iranian people against foreigners.in this research tried to deliberate about the role of haj mohammad hossein in ultimatum event Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - A Survey of Sheykhorrais Qajar’s life and woks and his constitutionalism combats
Javad Abolhasani Masoomeh Gharadaghi Reconsidering the political and social changes of the constitutional period attracts the contemporary history researchers’ attentions towards some elites that under the auspices of men of high ranks of the constitutional period have been valued less. More Reconsidering the political and social changes of the constitutional period attracts the contemporary history researchers’ attentions towards some elites that under the auspices of men of high ranks of the constitutional period have been valued less. One of them is sheykhorrais Ghajar, the son to Mohammad Taghi Mirza Hesamossaltaneh and the grandson to Fathali Shah Ghajar. He was engaged in uniting the Muslim peoples. This is why his off other efforts and challenges in the above mentioned era were focused by this very thought. In the present article efforts will be made to survey the role of sheykhorrais in combating the despotic system of the Ghajar government, bringing the constitutionalism movement into existence and the combats with imperialism on the basis of existing data and resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Examine the roots of the crisis in the Cabinet of the Mashrute revolution in 1285 until 3rd of Esfand in 1299
mohammad yosofi juibari ali arastehCabinets that have reigned after Mashrute revolution faced with several problems for different reasons, such that 51 cabinets have reigned during 14 years and one in 3 months were average changes of period that indicates no good situation in early Mashrute. Several inte MoreCabinets that have reigned after Mashrute revolution faced with several problems for different reasons, such that 51 cabinets have reigned during 14 years and one in 3 months were average changes of period that indicates no good situation in early Mashrute. Several internal and external factors played role in these crisises. From external point of view, direct and unlimited involvements of colonical governments including Russia and England in all the internal issues of Iran and determining their intended prim minister in order to fulfill their profits and wants, practically, made cabinets as part of instruments of colonial authorship in Iran. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned to the internal factors like the first experience of Mashrute and parliamentary authorship, personal and familian ego- centrism, groupism, preference of private advantages to the public and disturbance as aresult, different classes and groups became pessimistic toward structure and performance of Mashrute system and prepar objective and subjective substract for emergence of a dictator. Finally Rezakhan could end the event flow infavor of himself relying on internal and external factors and partially personal abilities. In this article, it is attempted to examine internal and external crisises in Iranian Cabinets since Mashrute revolution in 1285 solar calendar to coupdetat of 3rd of Esfand in 1299 of solar calendar.the methodology is descriptive – analytic and based on library and archive method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - A Reflection on 1919 Treaty
jalil naebiyanThe Mashroteh(constitutional) revolution in Iran can be understood as an anti tyranny movement. Mashrotyat was an attempt to restrict traditional force and to distribute power systematically in the form of new institutions. The political power preceding Mashroteh MoreThe Mashroteh(constitutional) revolution in Iran can be understood as an anti tyranny movement. Mashrotyat was an attempt to restrict traditional force and to distribute power systematically in the form of new institutions. The political power preceding Mashroteh had a tyrannical structure, with unlimited power. The government was considered the property of the Sultan and his power was assumed absolute. This essay is an attempt to investigate the social and political situation in Iran during Qajar period. It is believed that the Mashroteh was a national awareness which was intended to take advantage of the favorable historical situation for the liberation of it's people. There is a discussion on the well – known 1919(A.C. or 1337 AH) treaty and its social impact on the powers of the poets and the writers writing as well as the literary circles. Also, some poems by Eshghi in disagreement to this treaty are mentioned Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Radical yield in constitution from Iran (from establishment until decline of first congress)
zahra kazemiAfter the issue of the constitutional order by Mozaffaredin Shah and the establishment of the parliament; although Iran was included among the constitutional countries, the arguments between constitutionalists and dictators did not finish. With Mohammad Ali Shah's gaini MoreAfter the issue of the constitutional order by Mozaffaredin Shah and the establishment of the parliament; although Iran was included among the constitutional countries, the arguments between constitutionalists and dictators did not finish. With Mohammad Ali Shah's gaining power and the establishment of the parliament, the two groups' confrontation became severe and led to the oppression of the constitution and the closing of the parliament. The subject centering on this research is investigating the effect of the radical association on the evolution of the first parliament The results in this research, show that the fall of the first parliament was the result of the attempts in holding power by constitutional groups in one way and Shah and his supporters in the other. Meanwhile, the radical association became engaged in aggravating the opposition between Shah and the parliament, which unintentionally served for Shah. he, using the Radical as an alibi, could the closing of the parliament temporarily. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - The Consequence of England Policy at Constitutional Revolution of Iran after Treaty 1907
Ali Akbar KhedrizadehBefore spreading Germany power in Europe, England was lookingmainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached thepeak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in toconsideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England whichhad conf MoreBefore spreading Germany power in Europe, England was lookingmainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached thepeak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in toconsideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England whichhad confronted the growing threats of Germany in the Persian Gulf,sought to put aside its old policy based upon competing with Russia inIran.In the late 19th centuary England brought to end its different withFrance and signed "treaty 1907" with Russia.By signing this treaty,England policy in Iran was changed which was based on decreasingRussia influence and favouring the constitutional revolution changed andapplied another policy in Iran together with Russia which led tobombarding the first parliament. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - The Review of Sa'adi's place in intellectuals' thought in the Constitutional Era (Emphasizing of Theory MirzaAqa Khan Kermani)
abbas sarafrazi ali baghdardelgoshaThe purpose of this research is reviewing of Sa'adi's place and the extent of his influence on thoughts and the works of intellectual constitutional era with emphasis on the ideas of MirzaAqa Khan Kermani. Intellectualism that due to the more realistic attitude among co MoreThe purpose of this research is reviewing of Sa'adi's place and the extent of his influence on thoughts and the works of intellectual constitutional era with emphasis on the ideas of MirzaAqa Khan Kermani. Intellectualism that due to the more realistic attitude among contemporaries takes a different approach to study about Sa'adi. The importance of addressing this issue in the constitutional era, the reason is that in this era, intellectuals in addition to political and social criticism, for the first time via a modernizing approach also try to discussing on literary criticism. This study has been collected based on the historical evidences and descriptive - analytical method. This paper examines the influence of MirzaAqa Khan Kermani on Saadi's ideas, and show its imitation of Golestan book in writing Rezvan thesis (Resale Rezvan). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Interpretation of the Concept of Public Interest, Accordance with the Thoughts of Who Advocate Constitutionalism with Emphasis on the Opinion of Sheikh Ismael Mahallti Gravy.
Nazanin Zahra Broghani Seyyed Mohammadreza Ahmadi Tabatabaei jalal dorakhshahThe concept of public expediency in the context of the history of Shia political thought and in different eras has been the focus of thinkers, including these jurists who have paid attention to the concept of expediency in the context of constitutional thought. The dist MoreThe concept of public expediency in the context of the history of Shia political thought and in different eras has been the focus of thinkers, including these jurists who have paid attention to the concept of expediency in the context of constitutional thought. The distinction between constitutionalism and monarchy knew that this important approach is at the threshold of the constitutionalism movement from the mothers of new political thought. The present study tries to show in what context Mahalati thought in the context of Mahalati's idea by using Skinner's interpretative approach while focusing on theept of public interest in the political thought of Mahalati? The hypothesis of his research states that the political thought of Mahalati is based on the defense of constitutionalism based on the observance of public interests, emphasizing on the constitutional government in accordance with rational arguments and the adaptation of religion in the age of occultation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - The Effect of Traditional Structures of the Qajar Era on the Discontinuity of the First Political Parties in Iran
hamidreza.bahary@yahoo.com bahari Bahman Keshavarz Ghasem Abad asghar partovi mahdi khoshkhattiThe first experience to form a party in Iran dates back to the constitutional era. However, the first constitutional political parties could not have a dynamic life and soon disappeared. In this article, we try to answer the question: "What factors were influential in t MoreThe first experience to form a party in Iran dates back to the constitutional era. However, the first constitutional political parties could not have a dynamic life and soon disappeared. In this article, we try to answer the question: "What factors were influential in the discontinuity of the first political parties of the constitutional era?”. To answer this question, we have hypothesized that "the existence of a traditional structure and the lack of manifestations of Iranian modernity at that time did not create the necessary grounds for the emergence of parties. Modernization by creating social mobility increases the desire for political participation in groups and individuals of the community. Thus, political parties will emerge at certain stages of modernization. In this research, the authors use historical documentation and the library method Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - a
علی اکبر امینی احسان شاکری خوئی -
Open Access Article
69 - Contradiction Between Religion and Modernity in the Thinking of Secular Intellectuals of Constitutional Revolution Era: Comparison of Akhoundzadeh with Malkam khan
Saeed Gazrani Reza AminiIn Qajar era and on the eve of the constitutional revolution, we see extensive communications between Iran and the West on the one hand, and emergence of a new social group challenging the clergy, on the other hand. This group consisted of intellectuals who had an impor MoreIn Qajar era and on the eve of the constitutional revolution, we see extensive communications between Iran and the West on the one hand, and emergence of a new social group challenging the clergy, on the other hand. This group consisted of intellectuals who had an important role in introduction of reform thoughts and promoting constitutional revolution in Iranian society. In this article, modernity and its historical background will be reviewed firstly, and then, the standpoints of two prominent secular intellectuals of the time - Mirza FathAli Akhoundzadeh and Mirza Malkam khan Nazemoldowleh - towards modernity and religion will be analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Content Analysis of Complaints in Poetry of Mashrooteh with Emphasis on Mirzadeh Eshghi’s Poetry
Bayan Karimi asli Karamali Ghadamyari Abdollah Tolloee AzarLiterature, especially the poetry of the Mashrooteh era, is often of the type of social-political literature, and depicts the sufferings of society at a critical time in the history of Iran. The Mashrooteh poet is expressing agent of society and expresses its pain. Thes MoreLiterature, especially the poetry of the Mashrooteh era, is often of the type of social-political literature, and depicts the sufferings of society at a critical time in the history of Iran. The Mashrooteh poet is expressing agent of society and expresses its pain. These calamities, whether from the government or nongovernmental bases, are reflected in the poetry of the Mashrooteh. The main mission of Mashrooteh poetry is to unite with the people with the intention of notifying and informing, to show protest and anger against the oppressors, and more precisely to fight against internal tyranny and external colonialism. Complaint is a poem that is aggressive and aroused by the emotion of anger and expresses the poet's disgust and protest against what does not correspond to his ideals or is against his attitudes and goals. Mirzadeh Eshghi, along with the passionate excitement and passion of sensitive emotions, is so brave and anti-oppressive that finally longs to achieve his mission and aspiration at the cost of his life and was removed from the circle of anti-authoritarianism. In this article, by studying, examining, and analyzing the themes of his grievances and views and the views of those around him and future generations, we try to show how and with whom this committed poet protested, against whom, and why and how he was removed from the battlefield. This is necessary and useful for finding the role of Mashrooteh poetry and literature and the value and importance of the poets of this period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - بررسی و تحلیل «رمانتیسم جامعهگرا» در ادبیات غنایی (با تکیه و تأکید بر اشعار شهریار
حمیدرضا قانونی -
Open Access Article
72 - بازتاب جلوه های وطندوستی درشعرسیّد اشرف الدّین حسینی در عصر مشروطه
رضا موسی آبادی مهدی نوروز بتول فخراسلام -
Open Access Article
73 - The Socio-lyrical integration in Bahar`s Poetry
Roghayeh Rajabi Abdolnader Nazariyani Alireza MozaffariThe constitutional period is a distinct period in Iran’s history, in which all aspects of Iranians lives has transformed and as a result the verse and literature encountered a great change by the change in point of view of poets of this period in comparison to for MoreThe constitutional period is a distinct period in Iran’s history, in which all aspects of Iranians lives has transformed and as a result the verse and literature encountered a great change by the change in point of view of poets of this period in comparison to former poets. In this period everything even the poetry serve the society. The greatest poets of this period are those who were in the middle of the society and the social events and react them; So this periods verse is explicit, clear, and thought governed, however streaks of feeling is accessible in these works but they cannot be classified in lyric poetry but this doesn’t underestimate the emotional aspect and semi-lyrical language of these works. Sometimes, the Constitutional poets try to support their works emotional and logical sides simultaneously; therefor the social matters present with a semi-lyrical language that cause a kind of Socio- lyrical integration in their works; however it’s a slight integration. This kind of socio-lyrical integration is observable in Aref`s, Farrokhi`s, Eshghi`s, Bahar`s, etc poetry with an unequal severity and weakness, Mohammad Taghi Bahar`s poetry as an authority in Persian verse in this respect is worthy to consider and investigate; because in this period no other poet is familiar with Persian classic poetry and in other hand he is the most political poet of constitutional period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Analysis of the Nature and Concept of Freedom and Patriotism in the Poems of Aref Qazvini and Abolqasem Lahouti
Ayoob Kooshan Roya Chehrebarghi Rostam Amani AstmalOne of the most attractive themes in the literature of the constitutional era, which trapped the minds and language of that era's speakers, is the concept of freedom and patriotism. What they had never noticed before, and if they talked of liberty and patriotism, it was MoreOne of the most attractive themes in the literature of the constitutional era, which trapped the minds and language of that era's speakers, is the concept of freedom and patriotism. What they had never noticed before, and if they talked of liberty and patriotism, it was a purpose other than the ideas and aims of the contemporary art poets.In the present study, we analyze the nature and concept of freedom and patriotism in the poems of ArefQazvini and AbolqasemLahooti. The research dimensions of ArefQazvini and Lahooti, are about the words of the poems of the above poets, the purpose of this research is to extract and explain examples of its text that embody the concepts of freedom and patriotism. The statistical population and the sample size are the whole poetry of Aref and Lahooti. The research method is descriptive - analytic and the method of data collection is library. The data collection tool is the research fish and the method of data analysis is content analysis. The findings and results of this study are as follows: the emancipation of the people and the homeland from the yoke of the colonialists and the denial of tyranny, the patriotism and the liberty of the working class, the patriotism and the liberation of the working class, the rancor, the farmer and the poor, from the oppression whichwere imposed upon them by the masters and the rulers of the era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - تحلیل و مقایسة غزلیات اجتماعی دورة مشروطه، پهلوی اول و دوم
مرتضی رشیدی محبوبه خراسانی سودابه یوسفیان -
Open Access Article
76 - Investigating the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320)
lila sarveyas sina froozesh reaz Shabanisamghabadi Gholamhossein ZargarinejadThe present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. Ac MoreThe present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical data collection method in this research is a library. The findings of the research indicate that the markets and guilds, due to foreign influence, the expansion and publication of newspapers, their role and function has gone beyond the purely economic and commercial spheres has taken on a political and social aspect.This issue has fundamentally changed the structure and nature of guilds and bazaars and has taken them out of the status of a class and turned it into a class for itself. This issue has affected the bazaars and guilds on developments formation of the tobacco movement, the Chamber of Commerce, the Constitutional Revolution, the National Assembly and the formation of the National Bank so that the bazaars have a positive impact on the course of events and developments up to this time. But after the constitution until 1320, due the lack of unity within the group, the weakness of trade union and class consciousness and the coming to power of Reza Shah and the formation of government and class imbalance and tendency to land ownership, bazaars and guilds became inefficient and could not cope with political developments. Have positive social and economic effects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - A study of the style of constitutional letters to the heads of the west of the country (relying on Il Kalhor)
iraj nikjoResultIn the beginning of Qajar Government, a literary big movement begins in Iran that Persian language and the mode of poem and prose went ahead toward an evolutionary reformation. In investigation of Constitutionalists letters to Kalhors tribe leaders it can be reach MoreResultIn the beginning of Qajar Government, a literary big movement begins in Iran that Persian language and the mode of poem and prose went ahead toward an evolutionary reformation. In investigation of Constitutionalists letters to Kalhors tribe leaders it can be reached to this result that according to this aim new issues raised in literature that didn’t have any background before such as social and political issues existent regime liberalism patriotism …. that sometimes causes changing of letters form that was the first result of exchanging letter between constitutionalists to west of country tribe’s leaders. The dominant theme of those letters are liberalism and fighting against injustice and inhumanity as a canonical task. Structurally one of the charities of Constitutional eras prose that its addressing is to general scope is not seen much Of course it seem that this strategy rises from literary kind of letters.Easywriting process that is one of the main tendencies of Constitutional eras prose is seen rarely. and the prose of these letters is the reminder of Beihaqis history and Saedis Bostan prose somewhat.One of the obvious and important points of these letters is its perspectives that is seen well and beautifully and it is the use of second-person Pronoun. Another point that has closed the prose of these letters to constitutional eras prose is the replacement of logic than description. Because the tendency to logic in prose is one of the prominent characteristics of Constitutional eras prose. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Legislative Differences in Iran during the Constitutional Revolution and the European Period of Enlightenment
Akram Salehi Hikouyi Hossein Abadian Nemat Ahmadi NasabThis study based on the fact that the Iranian constitution had its roots in a particular culture, custom and rituals regarding the religious insights. So the major topics of this period were theological and jurisprudential debates. European Constitutional systems after MoreThis study based on the fact that the Iranian constitution had its roots in a particular culture, custom and rituals regarding the religious insights. So the major topics of this period were theological and jurisprudential debates. European Constitutional systems after centuries of in-depth discussion of the concept of rights and the necessity of modern legislation were formed, the Iranian constitution was also based on a definition of rights that appeared in a religious body which was influenced by dominant culture. The main view of this paper is that due to cultural differences, there was a difference between the Iranian constitution and other versions of constitutionalism around the world. It also attempts to show that the foundations of constitutional systems throughout the world are not necessarily the same, so it is natural that there are differences and distinctions between them. To illustrate this distinction, there has been some discussion of Rousseau's views. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Transformation of Zandiqeh applications and its Continuity in Iran's Political Culture during the Qajar Era
shahnaz yazdanpanah Reza Dehghani Nemat Ahmadi NasabThe anti Zandiqeh movement has been a prevalent issue in Iran's political culture throughout history due to the intertwining of religion and politics. However, their applications have varied in each period. During the Qajar era, their applications underwent a trans MoreThe anti Zandiqeh movement has been a prevalent issue in Iran's political culture throughout history due to the intertwining of religion and politics. However, their applications have varied in each period. During the Qajar era, their applications underwent a transformation due to the clash between tradition and modernity. The question is how did the circumstances of the new era, particularly the influence of European modernity on religious and political reformists, affected the transformation of Zandiqeh? The hypothesis is that in religious-dominated societies like Iran, the applications of Zandiqeh undergo changes in accordance with the requirements of each era. This article seeks to analyze the actions of certain fanatic traditionalists and extremist reformists who, by polarizing society, contributed to the spread of Zandiqeh. Data collection for this article is based on library research and analytical methods. According to the findings, the transformation of Zandiqeh during the Qajar era was influenced not only by religious concerns but also by the cultural and religious conditions of society and personal motives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - The Law of Qajar Periodism and its Impact on Political and Social Situation in Iran(Constitutional Revolution)
ghorbanali najafi andarvar amirteymour rafiei mohammadkarim yosef jamaliAbstract:The reign of the Qajar kings began after the victory of Ahmad Muhammad Khan over Zand rulers and other claimants of government. The relations of power and relations prevailing in the Qajar political system were based on political power. As such, Qajar's rise to MoreAbstract:The reign of the Qajar kings began after the victory of Ahmad Muhammad Khan over Zand rulers and other claimants of government. The relations of power and relations prevailing in the Qajar political system were based on political power. As such, Qajar's rise to power must be seen as a kind of shift in power within Iran's provincial structure. The basic basis of the political power of the Qajar government, as in other periods of Iranian history, was based on tribal structure and the tribes and tribes possessed the real power of the state. In such a structure, the king of God was the shadow of God on earth and the center of political decisions. This status and characteristic of the king's extraterrestrial power led to the concentration of power, law-abiding, despotism, and authoritarianism, resulting in political underdevelopment. The conditional revolution took place in response to the king's extraterrestrial and heavenly power, but failed with the emergence of minor tyranny. In this research, we are trying to study the Qajar method, how to build the inheritance power and the absence of legal institutions in the Qajar era and its role on the political and social situation of Iran until the Constitutional era. The purpose is practical and, in the nature of research, descriptive and analytical, the data and findings are. The method of gathering data is viewing and reading through a library and archive of documents as well as searching the Internet and virtual networks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - The role of the Academy of Arts and its graduates in the constitutional movement
fahimeh abdali barand Masomeh Gharadaghi Maqsood Ali Sadeghi Gandmani davod esfahanianWith the establishment of the Academy of Arts and the admission of the first volunteers to study, who were mainly the children of powerful and influential families in the society of Iran at that time, the wheel of education was turned at high levels. Dar al-Fonun became MoreWith the establishment of the Academy of Arts and the admission of the first volunteers to study, who were mainly the children of powerful and influential families in the society of Iran at that time, the wheel of education was turned at high levels. Dar al-Fonun became a major event in Iran's higher education system, and although most of its disciplines were related to natural sciences, medicine, and the military, it cannot be denied that many of its graduates in later years were able to become influential figures in the country's political and social space. The main question of this research is what effect did the thoughts and ideas of the graduates of Tehran Academy of Arts have on the Constitutional Revolution? The main hypothesis of the research is that the graduates of Dar al-Fonun became a generation of ruling critics and opposed to extremist religious prejudices, ignorance and cultural and social backwardness. They supported the constitution. In addition to studying the courses, the students of Dar-ol-Fonun were acquainted with the political situation of the country, nationalist ideas and intellectual thoughts. Some gradually became a generation of critics of the ruling class and struggled with cultural and social backwardness. In this research, an attempt will be made to study the influence of the thoughts and ideas of the graduates of Tehran Academy of Arts in the constitutional movement in a library manner and in the form of a descriptive-analytical approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - The role of Armenians in the peasant movement in Gilan during the Qajar period With an emphasis on constitutionalist ideas
Reza Refahi Taleghani Javad HERAVI Gholamhossein ZargarinejadAbstractDuring the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During th MoreAbstractDuring the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During the movement, the peasants took various measures to fight against the lords and benefited from the support of groups and political parties such as the civil society, the Abbasi Association and the Social Democrats of Gilan. How is the idea of constitutionalism evaluated? The hypothesis of the present study is: It seems that Armenians have played an effective role in the peasant movement of Gilan during the Qajar era by emphasizing constitutionalist ideas. The method of research in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting documentary and library information is In this way, the content will be described and analyzed. The main findings of the above study indicate that: Peasants during various stages of the movement, such as non-payment of property, quarrels and conflicts with landlords and their eviction from villages, and the formation of rural associations in this regard, the two parties Hu Nchak and Dashnak Armenians in the war The cities of Tabriz and Rasht actively and significantly influenced the Iranian constitution in two main ways: military and intellectual-cultural. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Fourteenth parliament and preparations for the nationalization of Iran's oil industry
Omid Torabi Pour Ali Bigdeli Nemat Ahmadi NasabIran's strategic position has always been the focus of world powers; But in the twentieth century, with the discovery of oil and the exploitation of vast oil reserves, this attention doubled. Especially since the Allies, such as Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United MoreIran's strategic position has always been the focus of world powers; But in the twentieth century, with the discovery of oil and the exploitation of vast oil reserves, this attention doubled. Especially since the Allies, such as Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States, sought to gain access to this vast resource and, by concluding various contracts, amassed vast fortunes. Therefore, one of the significant issues in the field of contemporary history of Iran, especially since the time of the Constitution, is that with the establishment of the parliament as a legislative body in the country, this institution to counter the policies of the ruling system, what is its reaction in It was equal to events such as the oil industry and oil contracts. The purpose of this article is to explain the position of the 14th National Assembly in the nationalization of the oil industry, and the main question is how the 14th National Assembly and the oil negotiations prepared the ground for the nationalization of the oil industry? The findings of the present study show that after the dictatorship of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the National Assembly came closer to its real position from the fourteenth period onwards and the deputies were able to move in a relatively open political atmosphere in the face of important events in the country, including the crisis, Oil concessions and alienating the Allies from it, to take a free stand. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Analysis of Iran-Japan relations from the constitutional movement to the end of the Pahlavi dynasty
mohammad Bidgoli asghar rajabi dehborzoeiUndoubtedly, the capacities of the two countries of Iran and Japan in various political, commercial and cultural fields have become an undeniable necessity. In fact, these two great countries with long-standing and historical relations that have always been respected an MoreUndoubtedly, the capacities of the two countries of Iran and Japan in various political, commercial and cultural fields have become an undeniable necessity. In fact, these two great countries with long-standing and historical relations that have always been respected and liked by the nation and people of both countries have been the basis for development in all fields throughout history. The aim of the current research is to answer this basic question: how was the relationship between Iran and Japan from the constitutional movement to the end of the Pahlavi dynasty? In this article, the researchers investigate this issue by using the documentary method, relying on written library sources and articles. The results of the present research show that, except for a period in the Second World War when the Iranian government was forced to cut ties with Japan due to the pressure of the Allies, in other historical periods, the political, commercial and cultural relations between Iran and Japan are always and gradually growing and has been expanding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Analytical analysis of the ideas of Ayatollah Lari and Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi in the Constitutional Revolution
mohammad Bidgoli asghar rajabi dehborzoeiIran's constitutional revolution was the beginning of a meaningful system and an important intellectual, conceptual, political and social transformation in the contemporary history of Iran, which over time led to transformations and the creation of various discourses. A MoreIran's constitutional revolution was the beginning of a meaningful system and an important intellectual, conceptual, political and social transformation in the contemporary history of Iran, which over time led to transformations and the creation of various discourses. Ayatollah Seyed Abdul Hossein Lari from the Sharia-oriented discourse and Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi from the religious modernism discourse both belong to the constitutionalist discourse. The question of the current research is the analytical analysis of the thoughts of Ayatollah Seyyed Abdul Hossein Lari and Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi about the constitution. The method used in this article is the conflict-centered discursive method of Michel Peshu, and by adopting a historical-analytical approach, it examines the opinions and thoughts of two great Shia clerics in the constitutional revolution. The findings of the article indicate that the confrontation of Ayatollah Seyyed Abdul Hossein Lari and Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi with the requirements of the new world and its issues, although it was done by relying on the element of rationality and using logical and reasonable reasoning, but their perception of this category of constitutionalism was different and of course had different consequences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Il Kalhor's approach to the Constitutional Revolution and the Uprising of Salar al-Dawlah
iraj nikjoAylKlhr's approach to the Constitutional Revolution and the Uprising of Salar al-DawlahKalhor tribe was one of the tribes of the Great West and played a key role in Iran's history coincided with the era. Constitutional Revolution and tyranny Minor issues that affect Ka MoreAylKlhr's approach to the Constitutional Revolution and the Uprising of Salar al-DawlahKalhor tribe was one of the tribes of the Great West and played a key role in Iran's history coincided with the era. Constitutional Revolution and tyranny Minor issues that affect Kalhor build the political process. Doleh in order to achieve power, and some tribes revolted against the constitution along with Tehran and went on to capture the outcome of one of the tribes that had accompanied Kalhor tribe. Therefore, this study sought to analyze the policies of the constitution and rebellion Kalhor is Doleh. The results showed Kalhor rebellion was initially a supporter of the constitutional revolution, but to revolt Doleh has a dual policy, so that the first and the tribe rebelled against the Skinheads Doleh failure, but later allies rebelled and in seeking to suppress the constitutional raised. This study historical research and descriptive-analytic. Since such research to analyze the various dimensions of the components of ethnicity, identity, ... concerning each of them with MyPrdazd rule, finally can be objective framework in the field of people, communities and sectors by tribal and community ShyrhAy with the rule nodes. Kalhor with dual policy toward al-dominated insurgency had caused the collapse of the tribe in the West country, and with the establishment of Reza Shah's role in the politics of the tribe disappeared.Keywords: the Constitutional, Salar-o-doleh, uprising, Kalhor, Davoodkhan Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
87 - Historical Investigation of Citizenship Rights in Iran Constitutional Period in Shams and Toghara Mohammad Bagher Khosravi
maryam jafari Arash moshfeghi aziz hajajikahjooghConcepts such as citizenship rights are among the instances of modernism and modernism in the present age Most influenced by Western ideas and in the context of the mental contexts, political and social developments, and democratic developments in Europe in Iranian thou MoreConcepts such as citizenship rights are among the instances of modernism and modernism in the present age Most influenced by Western ideas and in the context of the mental contexts, political and social developments, and democratic developments in Europe in Iranian thought and culture. And Iranian intellectuals and writers used this concept in their writings and writings And most of all, it appeared in contemporary prose. Social literature has been part of the prose effect due to the interaction of literature with society. The results of this study show that Mohammad Bagher Khosravi was a patriotic human being and a moderate constitution, and in his poems he has spoken of these themes. Contemporary prose effects have been written more on realism and have tried to make the realities of society at the forefront of their work, The authors of the constitutional era have expressed a great deal of social customs in their stories, and the volume of expression of these practices in their effects is enormous, But the closer we get to the revolution, the more of the social practice in Persian novels, and the less place. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - ماجرای دستگیری و تنبیه قوام السلطنه وزیر داخله به دستور امیر مفخم بختیاری و پیامدهای آن
دکتر غفار پوربختیار -
Open Access Article
89 - اختلاف سیدعبدالله بهبهانی و شیخ فضل الله نوری
دکتر امیرتیمور رفیعی دکتر کیوان لؤلوئی -
Open Access Article
90 - بازتاب تاریخ مشروطه در دیوان ادیب الممالک فراهانی
دکتر حمیدرضا جدیدی فاطمه شاهرخی -
Open Access Article
91 - حوزه تا جنگل مروری بر زندگی میرزا کوچک خان جنگلی در عصر مشروطه
دکتر امیر تیمور رفیعی دکتر کیوان لؤلوئی حامد کاشیزاده -
Open Access Article
92 - خاندان های متنفذ کرمان و منازعات شیخی و بالاسری
دکترمحمد علی اکبری افشین صالحی -
Open Access Article
93 - بررسی گفتمان های سیاسی عهد ناصری با رویکرد به مطبوعات فارسی برون مرزی (روزنامه اختر)
دکتر مهرناز بهروزی فاطمه صحرانورد -
Open Access Article
94 - مناسبات لژ بیداری ایران با کانونهای قدرت در عصر مشروطیت(مجلس، دولت، دربار)
دکتر حجت فلاحتوتکار دکتر جواد سخا یحیی آریابخشایش -
Open Access Article
95 - دهخدا و بازتاب وقایع مشروطه در مقالات چرند پرند
دکتر حمیدرضا جدیدی اکرم ویسکرمی -
Open Access Article
96 - جایگاه آخوند خراسانی در مرجعیت زمان ورهبری دینی نهضت مشروطه
دکتر امیرتیمور رفیعی محمد وزین -
Open Access Article
97 - A survey in Turkish loan words in the colloquial language of Mashroteh era poetry
Yagub NoruziOne of the most important stylistic features of the Mashroteh era poetry in Iran, is the closing language of poetry to the colloquial one. In this era, poetry became more and more close to the colloquial language, and many colloquial words entered into the language of p MoreOne of the most important stylistic features of the Mashroteh era poetry in Iran, is the closing language of poetry to the colloquial one. In this era, poetry became more and more close to the colloquial language, and many colloquial words entered into the language of poetry; The percentage of Turkish words in the colloquial language was high compared to the literary language due to the extensive interaction between the Turkish and Persian languages, and this closeness of the poetry language to the colloquial language caused more and more Turkish words to penetrate in the Mashroteh era poetry. In this era, unlike the previous ages, the Turkish words used in the Persian colloquial language surpasses the old Turkish words common in persian prose and verse texts. Meanwhile, It can be said that the presence of Turkish colloquial words is also proved the colloquial language of Mashroteh era poetry. Based on this, we decided to survey the presence of Turkish loan words in Persian colloquial language, that entered the Persian Mashroteh era poetry language. The result of the present study, shows the high frequency of use of Turkish words taken from the colloquial Persian language in Mashroteh era poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
98 - A comparative study of the process of legislation the constitution in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran and the Great French Revolution
Ghasem GharibThe autocratic regimes of France and Iran respectively in 1789 and 1906 changed to the constitutional governments. The revolutionaries in both countries demanded the imposition of unlimited powers of the king and the establishment of parliament. The establishment of a p MoreThe autocratic regimes of France and Iran respectively in 1789 and 1906 changed to the constitutional governments. The revolutionaries in both countries demanded the imposition of unlimited powers of the king and the establishment of parliament. The establishment of a parliament in the structure of both the governments of Iran and France led to constitutional legislation. The present study seeks to make a comparative study of the process of legislation of constitutional constitution during the two Iranian and French revolutions. In each revolution, the process of legislation the constitution is carried out by the constituent assembly. The drafters of the constitution, the sources of adaptation of the laws, the spectrum opposed to the proposed constitution and finally the role played by the revolutionaries and people's actions are four important factors that affect the constitution. In the present article, the four factors mentioned compared in the two constitutional revolutions of Iran and France. The comparison result showed that In France, unlike Iran, the constituent editors represented a distinct social class and in their adopted laws the class interests of the makers were clearly achievable. The main source of the constitution of Iran was the translation of the laws of the western countries but the constituent assembly in France, in addition to the adoption of the laws of other countries, adopted most of its laws based on the needs and conditions of the French community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
99 - Constitutional political literature and the issue of national identity
Kianoosh Afshari Hamed Ameri Golestani Bahram yousefi shiva jalalpoorThe main issue of this article is how to address the "issue of national identity" in constitutional political literature, especially constitutional political poetry. One of the foundations of national identity was the emergence of the concept of "modernity" of the natio MoreThe main issue of this article is how to address the "issue of national identity" in constitutional political literature, especially constitutional political poetry. One of the foundations of national identity was the emergence of the concept of "modernity" of the nation in the Nasserite era, with the works and speeches of people such as Akhundzadeh and Mirza Agha Khan Kermani. In the Nasserite era, archeology, attention to the name of Iran, the modern theme of "nation" and redefining the concept of "homeland" were the main components of the new conception of national identity. Using a descriptive analytical method, this article seeks to ask how the "question of national identity" crystallized in constitutional political literature. With the hypothesis that "the issue of national identity, in constitutional political literature, was more than anything related to the modern concept of 'homeland', and this concept was considered with high frequency in the political poetry of this period." The main finding of this study is that by expanding modern knowledge of categories and concepts such as "nation" and "homeland" in the Nasserite era and its expansion in the constitutional era, especially in the political literature of this period, "national identity" as a fundamental "issue" At the heart of constitutionalism, it was considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
100 - .
manoochehr akbari malihe kheyri -
Open Access Article
101 - .
Morteza razaghpoor Somayeh noshabadi -
Open Access Article
102 - .
پروانه رمضانی رضا فرصتی جویباری حسین پارسایی مهرعلی یزدان پناه -
Open Access Article
103 - .
Reza Mosa abadi Mahdi Nowrooz Batool Fakhr eslam -
Open Access Article
104 - .
سودابه یوسفیان دارانی مرتضی رشیدی آشجردی محبوبه خراسانی -
Open Access Article
105 - New Approaches of Education and Training in the Poetry of the Constitutional Poet Mirza Ghahraman Pakbin Malayeri
Rasul heydari samaneh amiriThe poetry of Constitutional period has a special status in terms of a new view at the basics of education. As one of the eloquent and thoughtful poets of this period whose name and value is less known, is Mirza Ghahraman Pakbin Malayeri. He was introduced to the litera MoreThe poetry of Constitutional period has a special status in terms of a new view at the basics of education. As one of the eloquent and thoughtful poets of this period whose name and value is less known, is Mirza Ghahraman Pakbin Malayeri. He was introduced to the literary community by the famous literary figure, Vahid Dastgerdi. In an introduction to his collection of the poems, Mir Jalaluddin Kazazi called Malayeri as "one of the few heroes of Persian language in the early days of Constitutionalism". He compared the eloquence and maturity of Malayeri's poems to those of Iraj Mirzā and Bahār. Using a descriptive-analytical research method, the present study aims at analyzing the most important educational subjects related to the issues of the Constitutional era, reflected in the Ghahraman’s poems. Advising to learn new knowledge, believing in the need to use religion to control civilization, paying attention to the rights of the sufferings, paying attention to the women’s education, etc. are some of the important educational topics in his poetry. Statistical analysis shows that among the Constitutional teachings reflected in Ghahraman educational poems, two topics of "recommending to learn new knowledge" and "inviting to work and condemning laziness" have a higher frequency. Moreover, in a general estimation, approximately 65% of the Ghahraman's educational poems contain the new didactic trainings arising from the Constitutional intellectual situation. Based upon this, Ghahraman’s thoughts in the matters relevant to education and training were progressive, intelligent, and demanding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
106 - The study of didactic and ethical thoughts in social poetry of constitutionality era
Seyed Ahmad Hosseini KazerooniIn the history of Iran, many events lead to the formation of constitutionality. The emergence of constitutionality by itself put forward the changes of attitudes towards literature, ethical and didactic contents such as justice action, patriotism, and humanity. By putti MoreIn the history of Iran, many events lead to the formation of constitutionality. The emergence of constitutionality by itself put forward the changes of attitudes towards literature, ethical and didactic contents such as justice action, patriotism, and humanity. By putting forward these contents the prose and verses of this period are complete reflection of truths as well as the expression of derivation and oppression of people. Therefore, the verses of this period entered to the heart of people. Finally, the direct expression of the social and ethical in verses of this period are different and impressive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
107 - Genealogy of didactic literature (A glance at the reasons of presence and expansion of didactic literature in Iran)
منا علی مددیThe didactic literature and its style has a long history. Many works are created and reached us with the contents of advice and recommendation. This history and the existence of many evidences have placed this kind of language as a special genre among Iranians and in Pe MoreThe didactic literature and its style has a long history. Many works are created and reached us with the contents of advice and recommendation. This history and the existence of many evidences have placed this kind of language as a special genre among Iranians and in Persian literature. However, in the era of Mashrooteh (constitutional revolution) when Iranians got familiar with modernism, this genre was faced with a lot of critiques and gradually weakened. The reason behind expansion in pre-modernism and then weakening in modernism period is due to type of Iran government and class structure of Iran before Mashrooteh period. In a hierarchical society in which some are higher than others the use of language of advice and recommendation is unavoidable. Therefore, Saadi and Nezamolmolk had to use this type of language in their works. In Mashrooteh period dictotarial government and hierarchical society was collapsed and the ground for developing and acceptance of didactic literature disappeared. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
108 - Classism and Neo-classism Manifestations in Parvin Etesami’s Poems
Khalil Baigzadeh ali safizadehParvin Etesami is one of neo-traditional, wisdom-oriented, idealist, moralist poets of the constitutional era. She has contributed to the introduction of Classism and Neo-classism in the contemporary Persian literature and was the greatest figure in this regard. She is MoreParvin Etesami is one of neo-traditional, wisdom-oriented, idealist, moralist poets of the constitutional era. She has contributed to the introduction of Classism and Neo-classism in the contemporary Persian literature and was the greatest figure in this regard. She is a social poet with humanistic view who praises the struggle of contemporary human being and invites people to be reflective, intellectual and to make correct decisions. Although this classic poet seeks no particular ideology, she praises the individual, social, intellectual morality. She wishes the happiness for every human being. This study has examined classism and Neo-classism manifestations in Parvin Etesami’s Poems in the descriptive-analytical method by relying on comparative literature. Studies have shown that this contemporary poet has tended to morality, wisdom, realism, as well as avoiding ignorance and abnormality for saving people nationally. She makes relation between traditions and modernism; namely, she eludes the traditional instructions. Besides, she accepts the innovative concepts with open arms, which is important in neo-classism. Therefore, wisdom-orienting and intellectuality are main themes of poems in the constitutional era. She also advocates human’s authority and uses the new, up-date methods in he debates of debate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
109 - The Myth Characters in the Poetry of the Constitutional Revolution
غلامرضا رحیمی رحمان ذبیحی سمیه عباس زاده Mythological elements play a significant role in the history of Persian literature. In the age of Samanids and Ghaznavids the poets used to attach importance to myths. Yet, in the age of Seljuqs, the myths and national beliefs were neglected. During the P More Mythological elements play a significant role in the history of Persian literature. In the age of Samanids and Ghaznavids the poets used to attach importance to myths. Yet, in the age of Seljuqs, the myths and national beliefs were neglected. During the Persian Constitutional Revolution, the poets used the myths for stimulating the feelings. In the present article, by studying the poems of the age of Persian Constitutional Revolution, the role of myths characters like Jamshid, Fereidoun, Zāl and Kāveh are shown in the works of the poets. Such poets as Adib al-mamālek-e Farāhānī and Mohammad Taqi-e Bahār have taken a classical and moderate approach towards Iranian myths . But some others such as Āref-e Qazvinī, Nasim-e Shomāl and Mīrzādeh Eshghī have chosen an extreme approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
110 - Investigating the axes of innovation in the poetry of Abolghasem Lahouti in the constitutional era
nader moslemi Parvin Salajegheh mohamad homayonsepehrContemporary Iranian literature, especially poetry, takes on a different color from the constitutional period onwards, and innovation in the presentation of contemporary poetry is the most important literary achievement of this period, which is the first step on the way MoreContemporary Iranian literature, especially poetry, takes on a different color from the constitutional period onwards, and innovation in the presentation of contemporary poetry is the most important literary achievement of this period, which is the first step on the way to modernity and standing against tradition. It is considered the predecessor of Persian literature. This feature can be examined in the fields of language, form, shape and structure, imagination and thought, and content. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, examines the axes of innovation in the poetry of Abulqasem Lahouti in the constitutional era, who is one of the pioneers of modernity in this period.The findings of this research indicate that by using new and foreign words in Persian poetry, theology increases the range of Persian words and causes the expansion of Iranian vocabulary; In his translations of some poems of Russian poets, he uses a type of literary prose (prose poetry); By increasing and decreasing the stanzas in the four-part format, he opens a way for the emergence of a new poem, and with the changes he creates in the prosody weight, he writes poems in syllabic weight, and in this way, a new design is created. Standing against previous literary traditions, it takes the path of modernity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
111 - Plot and conflict in outsider in city
Ahmad Ranjbar Masoumeh MolaeiThe current research was carried out based on theories of story fiction developed by Forrester in his novel “outsider in city” so that author’s success in applying design structure could be considered. Therefore, a summary of the story was mentioned by MoreThe current research was carried out based on theories of story fiction developed by Forrester in his novel “outsider in city” so that author’s success in applying design structure could be considered. Therefore, a summary of the story was mentioned by which liberation campaigns of Tabriz’s people with occupying Russians were displayed. Next, general plot of the story was divided into conflict, cancellation, crisis, proximal point, resolution and finalization, all of which were defined. Also at the end of the story outline for the paper is summarized and analyzed. In the struggle of the struggle of a little bit and check and chart percent abundance of conflict in the story is specified 98 percent struggle for physical conflict and moral development and is only two percent of the struggle to win the emotional and struggle with nature. Outline a complex story line and closed, starting from the beginning of the story with the introduction of attractive secondary character, intense physical and moral conflict, suspension of bold and strong, progressive crises, peak effect, the logical and final unraveling strong. The results indicated that the author could appropriately utilize the elements comprising the plot while developing a novel with new criteria of fiction. A descriptive analytical methodology was used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
112 - زمینه های تحولات فکری جنبش مشروطه خواهی در ایران
مهدی اصلان زاده -
Open Access Article
113 - فرآیند شکل گیری هویت جدید زن در ایران از دوران ناصری تا پایان پهلوی اول
ebrahim tofig fatemeh doaghoye -
Open Access Article
114 - تشریح دلایل وقوع نهضت مشروطه، اهداف آن و دلایل ناکامی آن در دهه های بعد از آن
amir khoshhal feridon shayesteh -
Open Access Article
115 - مطالعه تطبیقی بین جنبش اجتماعی زنان دردوره مشروطه درایران وجنبش اجتماعی زنان درقرن نوزدهم درغرب
sefallh sefolahi atena gholami -
Open Access Article
116 - Representation of power in the production of the social urban space Tabriz of the constitutional era and the first Pahlavi
shahab adamnavasi Atusa Moderi Varaz Christian MoradiThe concept of urban space is always facing many complications. An important part of urban spaces are public spaces. Confronting space as a commodity, government intervention and government programs have led to the monopoly of public spaces. The purpose of this research MoreThe concept of urban space is always facing many complications. An important part of urban spaces are public spaces. Confronting space as a commodity, government intervention and government programs have led to the monopoly of public spaces. The purpose of this research is to understand the process of production of public spaces in the city through power relations. For this purpose, power conflicts in the political, cultural-social and economic environment of Tabriz were investigated in two periods and sources such as documents and texts, maps and historical photos were used. The methodology of this study is in two stages, in the first stage, determining the indicators based on the ANT network technique and theoretical coding of the texts and documents of each course, and in the second stage, the analysis of these indicators is based on the power mechanism techniques, and finally, determining the power technology. Two discontinuities in this period, what is obtained from this research is that in the late Qajar and first Pahlavi, contrary to what is expected from a civil society, most of the spatial representations, apart from the constitution, instead of involving all people And the activists in the process of space production have been dominated by the rulers. However, due to the network nature of power, the resistances produced by other actors in the form of semiotic production and social production have been able to intervene in the process of space production to some extent and assert their right to urban spaces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Musical Analysis of Social Lyric Poems in Constitutional Era
Soudabeh Yousefian Darani Morteza Rashidi Ashjerdi Mahboubeh KhorasaniAbstract Social lyric poem is one of the lyrics that was current in constitutional revolution in Iran. In this essay, first the social lyric poem is defined and explained in brief, later we investigate the poems morphologicall MoreAbstract Social lyric poem is one of the lyrics that was current in constitutional revolution in Iran. In this essay, first the social lyric poem is defined and explained in brief, later we investigate the poems morphologically under three basic adjacent musical ( range and rhyme ), outside musical ( rhythm ) and medieval musical )literal adornments ). Most of the social lyric poems in constitutional era have range and most of the ranges are in dynamic order. Also, words such as liberation, motherland, labor, revolution which entered the poetry and lyric in regard to political and social conditions have been used in range and rhyme position. Most of the constitutional social lyric poems have been composed of moderate light and height which are in sorrowful and smooth rhythm. Among these rhythms and content of social poems the are era of adaptation and relativity. Also literal adornments such as play on words, harmonious cadence, and pun have been used so richly in these lyric poems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - The effection of poets on critical national identity
Amiesmael Azar Identity, national identity in particular. Is an issue which has not been dealt with yet, or if any, the definitions and discussions raised have barely accomplished. The present research has initially defined the national and individual identity and the relation b More Identity, national identity in particular. Is an issue which has not been dealt with yet, or if any, the definitions and discussions raised have barely accomplished. The present research has initially defined the national and individual identity and the relation between identity and culture. Therefore, the concept of the term “national” is clarified prior to deal with national identity. Since among principles of the research is to specify the specify the identity domain associated with society and city, a wide range of identities such as historical, geographical, political, religious, spiritual and cultural are explained. The rule of myths, customs, traditions, social contracts and ceremonies as regards identity are also discussed. The Iranian identity in poems of the prominent and impressive poets in the Constitution era as well as the way they were processed is to be notified. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - Women and the development of schools
Khadije Kargarمدرسه پایه ای برای جهش به سوی دانش و معرفت است.پسشگامان ایجاد مدرسه شخصیت های والایی هستند که این جهش راایجاد و فراهم می آورند و باید قدر آن ها را بدانیم.تلاش آنها در جهت ارتقاءسطح دانش و شعور ذاتی زن ایرانی وآموزش او بی نتیجه نبوده است.چون در حال حاضر آمار نشان می دهد Moreمدرسه پایه ای برای جهش به سوی دانش و معرفت است.پسشگامان ایجاد مدرسه شخصیت های والایی هستند که این جهش راایجاد و فراهم می آورند و باید قدر آن ها را بدانیم.تلاش آنها در جهت ارتقاءسطح دانش و شعور ذاتی زن ایرانی وآموزش او بی نتیجه نبوده است.چون در حال حاضر آمار نشان می دهد که دختران ایرانی تحرکشان برای دست یابی به دانش کمتر از پسران نیست.زنان و دختران ایرانی در این صد و چهار سالی که از تاسیس اولین دبستان دوشیزگان توسط بی بی خانم استرآبادی می گذرد نشان دادند چقدر شایسته هستند.فرقی بین زن و مرد نیست ,ولی چون عرصه آموزش برای بانوان کمتر بود,اگر لنگی در کار بود سبب مبرم عرصه ی آموزش به دختران و بانوان بود والا وقتی تفاوت ها از میان برداشته شود آنها نیز لیاقت خود را نشان می دادند .اساسا نه تنها در ایران,که درتمامی مناطق جهان,ورود زنان به صحنه سیاست از جلوه های مدرنیته و پدیده ای نوظهور است .آنچه که در صحنه سیاست به صورت قاعده بوده,دوری و کناره گیری تاریخی زنان از سیاست است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Comparison of Political Thoughts of Ayatollah Seyyed Abdul Hussein Lari and Ayatollah Khamenei about Government in Background of Legal Principles, Scope of Powers, the Role of the Clergy, Legitimacy, Expediency and Legislative
mohammad Bidgoli صادق زیباکلامThe comparison between ideas that create socio-political changes in a society is very important. In two periods of contemporary Iranian history, there are two important thoughts that have had a significant effect on the subsequent developments. These two ideas include t MoreThe comparison between ideas that create socio-political changes in a society is very important. In two periods of contemporary Iranian history, there are two important thoughts that have had a significant effect on the subsequent developments. These two ideas include the legitimate Constitutionalism and the supreme leader (Velayat-e Faqih), which established the first in the period of the constitutional establishment and the latter during the rule of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Accordingly, this article seeks to compare between the two sections of the two political ideas. Therefore, its research method is a comparative analysis. According to this question, what are the similarities and differences between the political thought of Ayatollah Lari and Ayatollah Khamenei? Examined their views on the government on the basis of jurisprudential basis, the scope of authority, the role of the clergy, legitimacy and expediency, and law and legislation. The overall result of the comparison between the political thought of the dualistic jurisprudents during the era of the Constitutional Revolution and the era of the Islamic Revolution was similar, the use of Islam in the form of government, but with different perceptions such as the survival of the monarchy and the implementation of the verdicts of Islam for Ayatollah Lari, and the establishment of the government Islam and the implementation of the verdicts of Islam, attention to the legitimacy of the people and expediency for Ayatollah Khamenei has come. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - The Role of the Institution of Shia Authority and Clergy in the Constitutionalist Discourse of Iran
mohammad Bidgoli صادق زیبا کلامIn spite of the foundational foundations of religion and state, with the advent of the Safavid dynasty as the first national government in Iran that led to the interconnection of religion and state, the foundations of the monarchy enjoyed religious legitimacy, and the c MoreIn spite of the foundational foundations of religion and state, with the advent of the Safavid dynasty as the first national government in Iran that led to the interconnection of religion and state, the foundations of the monarchy enjoyed religious legitimacy, and the clerics and scholars of Shia also play a fundamental role in promoting the Shia culture , The foundation for the practice of Shia jurisprudential laws and regulations, the restoration of good faith and the prohibition of denial, the provision of public goods and the defense of the rights of the people, and finally the deepening and expansion of scientific discussions in all major Islamic and Islamic civilizations; Where the clergy could become the political force by establishing the authority of authority. Despite the tensions of this religion and the monarchy, this political force, with the origin of legitimacy from monarchy to Qajar period, continued its work in the public-political sphere of Iran, but with the constitutional revolution and the active role played by it, it was revisited in the discourse of Islamic renewal By providing a revolutionary modernization, alone, by creating a challenge to the royal system in the next Iranian revolution and in the form of a discourse returning to Islamic self. The present article gives an overview of the role of Shiite authority and clerics in the constitutionalist discourse of Iran through the documentary method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - A Study and Analysis of the Developments of Women's Political and Social Rights in Iran
foziye keshavarz hamid zarabi korush ostovarsangari babak baseriWomen's rights are more in the spotlight today than ever before in human societies and political and social institutions, which, if not addressed, will create many problems in societies, regardless of the damage to women's physical and mental health. They make up half o MoreWomen's rights are more in the spotlight today than ever before in human societies and political and social institutions, which, if not addressed, will create many problems in societies, regardless of the damage to women's physical and mental health. They make up half of the world's population. The oppression and injustice that has historically been imposed on women's society has led international and domestic legislators to enact laws and regulations to prevent such oppression and to protect women's rights in all areas; Iran is no exception to this rule. In Iran, with the Constitutional Revolution in 1304 AH, the first constitution was written and despite the efforts of women in the emergence of this movement, the first constitution and its amendment did not mention women, but later ordinary laws were passed on women. They laid down. With the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1978, the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran paid more attention to women's rights and the family was considered a fundamental and sacred institution, and the Islamic Consultative Assembly passed more and more laws on women's political and social rights. We are also witnessing positive changes in Iranian laws regarding women; In this article, with the method of descriptive-analytical research, an attempt has been made to express the changes in the legislation of Iran regarding women, from Qajar to the present day. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - Comparative Survey about the Role of Russia and England in two Contemporary Social Movement of Iran; Tanbakoo and Mashroote
Darab Fouladi -
Open Access Article
124 - A Study of French Words and Expressions in Poems Composed by Shahryar
Hasan Alizadeh ramin sadeginejad maryam mohammadzadehThroughout the Constitutional era, a great deal of French words and expressions were entered into Persian language and literary works and many examples of such items could be found in poems composed by great poets such as Adibolmamalek Farahani and Hassan Vahid Dastgerd MoreThroughout the Constitutional era, a great deal of French words and expressions were entered into Persian language and literary works and many examples of such items could be found in poems composed by great poets such as Adibolmamalek Farahani and Hassan Vahid Dastgerdi much more that other poets’ works during the first constitutional period. These words and expressions were changed linguistically as the awakening period was over and we entered the outstanding historical periods of First and Second Pahlavi dynasty era. The major question in the present research done using documentation and a library study method is that how French words and expressions have changed in poems composed by Shahryar? The results of the present study showed that many of French words and expressions were fixed and accepted and then utilized in Persian language and culture from the very start of its entrance into the language, some faded away and were marginalized, some were extinct and no more were in use, still others encountered phonological changed. There were also some others changed in tone due to the necessities felt in poetry weights and finally some were appropriated to certain specific fields of study. There were a few words which were used in the same written and conceptual formats both in Persian and French. Some words and expressions were delimited and developed regarding novel conceptual uses and some of words and expressions were trivially changed in Persian language and were made to sound better and more understandable in poems composed by Shahryar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - The narrative of national identity and its components in the epic poetries of Qajar period
hamed mehrad Mohammad Jafar YahaghiAbstractBeing under the shadow of Shahnameh, epics composed after this masterpiece had seldom been received by scholars. This negligence regarding the literature of Qajar period is quite evident. Drastic political, social, and cultural changes occurred in th MoreAbstractBeing under the shadow of Shahnameh, epics composed after this masterpiece had seldom been received by scholars. This negligence regarding the literature of Qajar period is quite evident. Drastic political, social, and cultural changes occurred in this period that were very influential in formation of the future incidents namely the creation of a new style and specific manner in composing epics. Towards the end of this era, as far as traditional stylistics is concerned coincides with the advent of school of literary return and regarding social changes it is contemporary with the constitution movement we are faced with the appearance of a genre of historical poetry which are composed following the example of Shahnameh, yet they are not mere imitation since in form and content made innovations to the point that the concept of identity the composers had in mind differ in perspective with that in Shahnameh. This research looks into selective works in view of the above factors. It seems that the narrative identity in epics of this period is an ideological concept submissive to the ruling powers and its meaning changes according to the changes made in the constitutions held by the patrons of these works. These poetries are on one hand a place where intellectual ideas encounter religious beliefs and on the other hand are the meeting place of nationalistic dialogues with patriotic inclinations. By selecting and merging parts of history realistic or mythological in favor of their patrons these epics transform historiography into literary narrative. This research has been conducted by library and analytic method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Criticism of ignorance and superstitiousness in the Contemporary Poetry
Ali Asqar Halabi Neamat Esfahani OmranOne of the discussions in the contemporary Poetry especially in the last few decades which has won great favor by the scholars and had produced valuable works is the field of literary criticism. Sociological criticism, one of its branches studies the work in its s MoreOne of the discussions in the contemporary Poetry especially in the last few decades which has won great favor by the scholars and had produced valuable works is the field of literary criticism. Sociological criticism, one of its branches studies the work in its social milieu especially in terms of engaged literature examines the social ills in a society in order to reveal and express the bitter realities and pains so that the audience could reflect upon them and in this way get aid to find a remedy for those crisis. (farzad, 1378, 71) The subject which ought to be dealt with utmost sensibility is the problem of growing superstition and ignorance in the contemporary poetry in Iran from the beginning of Constitutionalism till 1357. A major problem which is unfortunately not dealt with seriously by the scholars in contemporary literature. For this reason we were encouraged to study and examine the impact of superstition on the poetry at the time of constitutionalism and at Nima’s time. As a background of the study, briefly the roots of the problem in Iran’s past and contemporary history were dealt with and where possible evidence and example from the contemporary poetry were presented and analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - The study of the sociological approach to constitutional Poetry
Barat MohammadiLiterary works imperceptibly and indirectly reflect ideals, thoughts, life styles of every nation throughout history and it presents artistic portrays of social realities. The sociological approach to literature can reveal the social, political, and cultural milie MoreLiterary works imperceptibly and indirectly reflect ideals, thoughts, life styles of every nation throughout history and it presents artistic portrays of social realities. The sociological approach to literature can reveal the social, political, and cultural milieu of every period to a certain extent. One of the most important features of literature and poetry of constitutionalism is the influence of the social and political movements. Under the influence of conditions dominating the society, poetry has entered the life of people and it depicts the nation’s way of life. Iran’s society is underway of change and revolution and the intellectuals attempt to replace the old traditions with the new ones. To realize that, the literature of protest and criticism whose important characteristic is socialism and realism is formed. Upon investigating the poetry of this period, one can easily reconstruct social conditions of that time and express and interpret the mental horizons of poets and their attitudes towards social and cultural issues. U�WL_�b7b8b�g(Q�(T�(U�eflected inconveniences, hopes, class differences, poverty, family problems, and etc in his poetry. Manuscript profile
Sanad
Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications
Links
Related Centers
Technical Support
Official pages
The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024