• List of Articles شیب

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Numerical study of the effect of non-continuous step on the residual energy of a vertical drop
        Samira Mazrouei Reza Mirzaei Shamsa Basirat Vadoud  Hasanniya
        In drainage and irrigation channels, vertical drop structures are commonly used to transfer water from a higher elevation to a lower one. At the downstream end of these structures, measures are taken to prevent channel bed erosion and reduce the destructive kinetic ener More
        In drainage and irrigation channels, vertical drop structures are commonly used to transfer water from a higher elevation to a lower one. At the downstream end of these structures, measures are taken to prevent channel bed erosion and reduce the destructive kinetic energy. In the present study, the effect of a non-extended step on the relative energy of the vertical drop structure was investigated using the FLOW-3D software and RNG turbulence model. Two relative heights and three relative widths for the step were considered, and the relative critical depth range was chosen between 0.2 and 0.5. The results indicate that the computed values of downstream relative depth show good agreement with experimental data. Additionally, both extended and non-extended step configurations yielded similar results, with an increase in the relative height of the step resulting in a reduction in the relative remaining energy. In other words, at a constant relative height of the step, for all critical relative depth values, the drop and turbulence generated in the plunge pool are the same for both extended and non-extended step models. Furthermore, employing a tranquility basin downstream reduced the wall height and length of the tranquility basin by more than 12% compared to the model without a step. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - The Ups and Downs of the Political Presence of NaqshbandÊ Sheikhs in the Sheib§nÊds' Period
        Ali Aramjoo Mohammad Ali Kazembeyki Mohsen Masumi
        10.30495/jhcin.2021.18216
        Following the decline of the Mongol dynasty in Transoxiana, the relationship between the rulers and the Såfi sheikhs entered a new phase, so that during the TimårÊds period, NaqshbandÊ Såfis enjoyed considerable influence in the society, th More
        Following the decline of the Mongol dynasty in Transoxiana, the relationship between the rulers and the Såfi sheikhs entered a new phase, so that during the TimårÊds period, NaqshbandÊ Såfis enjoyed considerable influence in the society, the b§z§§r and the court as well.  Although NaqshbandÊyya suffered a severe blow with the rise of Mohammad Kh§n Sheib§nÊ and the fall of the TimårÊds, especially in Samarqand, they not only remained in the Transoxiana politics, but also were able to play an important role in the power equations during this period, while establishing a continuous and extensive relations with the court of the Sheib§nÊds. The question of present study is why this relationship continued. According to the findings, both the emergence of the SafavÊd ShÊÊte rule in Ir§n and the initial coalation of the TimårÊds' remnants with it necessitated the relations of the Sheib§nÊds with the SunnÊ NaqshbandÊ sheikhs. Moreover, conflicts within the NaqshbandÊ houses as well as their local and economic interests, led sheikhs to establish greater contacts with the Sheib§nÊds. The internal struggles of the Abu al-Khairkhan’s descendants for power, especially after the death of 'Ubaidullah Khan, was effective in the entry of influential NaqshbandÊ sheikhs into politics. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - Shibanids and The Mughals
        محمد علی کاظم بیگی زینت تاج علی
        In the early 16 century Sultan Muhammad the Shibanid Khan(d.1510)captured Samarkand‚ capital of the Timurids andestablished Shibanids dynasty. His Timurid rival Babur (d.1530) hadalready abandoned Central Asia in order to found the Mongol Empirein India. The pr More
        In the early 16 century Sultan Muhammad the Shibanid Khan(d.1510)captured Samarkand‚ capital of the Timurids andestablished Shibanids dynasty. His Timurid rival Babur (d.1530) hadalready abandoned Central Asia in order to found the Mongol Empirein India. The present article intends to study Shaibani-Mughalrelations in 15-17th centuries.The findings of this study, demonstrates that despite earlierhostilities, the ruling econo-politcal realities in the region, especiallythe existence of powerful Safavid Iran on the one hand, on the otherneed Mongol and Shibanids to develop their commercial ties, forcethem to revise their former hostilities and to establish good relations.The common Islamic culture and civilization paved the way for theties for important of relations.(M. K.) Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - History of Kibchak Khani, an Unidentified General History of Twelfth Century A. H
        اسماعیل چنگیزی اردهایی
        The second period of Indian Tiymuri dynasty(1118 -1274 AH.), is flourished by numerous historical works. The book History Of  Kibchak Khani has been written by kibchak Khan, a Tiymuri commander  and including new information about the events of his time. It is More
        The second period of Indian Tiymuri dynasty(1118 -1274 AH.), is flourished by numerous historical works. The book History Of  Kibchak Khani has been written by kibchak Khan, a Tiymuri commander  and including new information about the events of his time. It is a general history in Persian and its style of writing is simple, smooth and unpretentious. The author has attempted to write all of the human history in a brief single volume. In the history of Islam, author has oriented his look toward the East, and especially has focused on the events of three neighbouring areas: Iran, Central Asia and India. The book includes useful information about the Kazaks, Kirgiz and Uzbeks. In spite of the paucity of sources about the Shiybani government, he demonstrated the detailed reports about its two branches (Abu- al Khiyriyan and Arab-shahiyan / Djaniyan), who had ruled in Transoxiana and consequently, it makes his work significant.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        5 - Categorical Prohibition of Torture from the Perspective of a Utilitarian Theory of Ethics
        Seyed Hosein Alizadeh Tabatabaei RahimNobahar Nobahar Seyyed Mohammad Reza Ayati
        After the spread of terrorism, a new wave of interest in torture emerged in the world. As a result, the need to theorize torture, was once again on the rise. This wave also requires moral motifs and justification. Kantian duty ethics and virtue ethics As a Two great mor More
        After the spread of terrorism, a new wave of interest in torture emerged in the world. As a result, the need to theorize torture, was once again on the rise. This wave also requires moral motifs and justification. Kantian duty ethics and virtue ethics As a Two great moral system and Competitors to the utilitarian ethics have often disagreed with prescription torture. Although some interpretations of virtue ethics may be permitted torture in some cases. But The utilitarian ethic has a high capacity and ability for administration and even moral justification for torture in particular situations. Also In practice proponents of administration of torture often have invoked to The Foundations of this system as a pretext. This article has been working on the weaknesses and shortcomings of utilitarian ethics for the prescribed documentation of torture in certain circumstances and show the compatibility of absolute prohibition on torture even with an interpretation of the theory of utilitarianism Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        6 - Slippery slope or compensatory behavior? The role of moral disengagement and narcissism in accounting ethical decision making
        Farshid Eimer Mansour Garkaz
        A great deal of research suggests that small unethical infractions lead to more egregious behaviors over time. Which is referred to as slippery slope behavior pattern. In contrast, there are many conflicting findings that have been shown. Initiating an unethical act whe More
        A great deal of research suggests that small unethical infractions lead to more egregious behaviors over time. Which is referred to as slippery slope behavior pattern. In contrast, there are many conflicting findings that have been shown. Initiating an unethical act when this behavior begins to contradict the individual's moral identity can end the intrinsic motive or limit the unethical behavior.This behavior is also referred to as a licensing or compensatory behavior. We believe that both theories can exist in accounting, which depends on individual and environmental differences. In this research, we examine the role of individual differences, including the level of moral disengagement and narcissism among members of the Iranian Association Certified Accountants. The sample population was determined using the Cochran formula of 300 people. By analyzing variance by designing a general linear model, after proving the significant effect between the variables, the mean comparison of the different groups after their placement in the slippery slope structure was investigated. The results show that both theories exist in accounting. And features that include low levels of narcissism and a desire to ignore ethics, show is consistent with the slippery slope behavior. On the other hand, high narcissism and low level of moral disengagement show compensatory behavior. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - Effect of ground slope, stump diameter and species on stump height and volume for forest logging in District 2, Nav-Asalem watershed
        Farzam Tavankar Yashar Eynollahi
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        8 - Study of Indigenous Cluster Experiences to Make a Model for Expanding LocalNetwork in Gramer and Shibderaz Villages
        Abdolreza Faraji Rad Afsaneh Ehsani
        This paper aims at studying the outcome and experience of Indigenous clusters indevelopment of local networks, with emphasis on Garmeh and Shib Deraz villages inIran. In the course of this research, both qualitative and quantitative techniques havebeen employed. 14 inte More
        This paper aims at studying the outcome and experience of Indigenous clusters indevelopment of local networks, with emphasis on Garmeh and Shib Deraz villages inIran. In the course of this research, both qualitative and quantitative techniques havebeen employed. 14 interviews were conducted with active members of the indigenouscluster. The data from interviews were used to qualitatively analyze the motivations offorming the Indigenous cluster; the strengths and weaknesses, problems of members,and viewpoints of local people of Grameh and Shibderaz villages were identified.Questionnaires were distributed to collate relevant data. Out of 200 questionnairesadministered, 159 were perfectly filled by eligible respondent. Researcher had traveledthree times to Garmeh village in Isfahan province and several times to Shib Derazvillage in Qeshm Island. Familiarity with these two villages and leveled interactionwith the Indigenous people increase accuracy of response from the questionnaires andinvolvement of participants.The result from both sides of the study indicates that local accommodation causesan improvement in the livelihood of local sect. The result also shows that politicalprocess and economic policies on ecotourism development in Iran needs a brace up.Effective policies should be promulgated to provide the real needs of ecotourism basedon the sustainable development. Also, government through constructive ideas canattract the participation of Indigenous investors to make suitable Infrastructure forecotourism development. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        9 - Study of the Rate of headcut and sediment volume Erosion in Channels with Steep Slope
        امیررضا سالمیان mahmood shafai امیر خسروجردی حسین بابازاده حسین صدقی
        Headcut erosion is a sudden change in height or slope that makes gullies and valleys and may change within a height ranged from less than one centimeter to several meters depending on several factors and upstream movement. Occurrence of headcut erosion phenomenon in the More
        Headcut erosion is a sudden change in height or slope that makes gullies and valleys and may change within a height ranged from less than one centimeter to several meters depending on several factors and upstream movement. Occurrence of headcut erosion phenomenon in the rivers will result in bed erosion and instability of beaches. As a result, the river is widened and the outcome of the phenomenon is the transfer of large amounts of sediment downstream and dams’ reservoirs. Five adhesive soil samples including, clay and silt with different mixture percentages were examined and tested for 25% upstream and 5% downstream slopes for discharge, velocity and depths of several flows in the study. Volume of the produced sediment was measured in terms of real time and average. In addition, headcut rate and sediment discharge were measured. Some of the phenomena observed in the study that played an important role in the production of sedimentation volume and headcut rate include occurrence of hydraulic jump at the junction of steep slope to mild slope, tensile cracks on the soil surface and increased slope of bed during the experiment due to erosion. According to the results, changes in the three parameters of the amount of silt, upstream slope and flow rate are directly related to the increased rate of movement of sediments and headcut velocity. In pure clay, by increasing flow velocity 1.5 times the average volume of sediments, 13% headcut velocity and sedimentation discharge increased to 40% and 21%, respectively. Moreover, 50% increase of silt increased the average sediments volume, headcut velocity and sedimentation discharge  by12%, 38% and 19%, respectively. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        10 - Analytical and laboratory evaluation of the solubility of gypsiferous soils
        aliabbas afsharian ناذر عباسی امیر خسروجردی حسین صدقی
        Gypsum soil is one of the problematic soils because of considerable solubility for gypsum particles in contactwith water. In this research, the effects of three factors including; gypsum percent, hydraulic gradient, and soiltexture were studied on solubility of gypsum s More
        Gypsum soil is one of the problematic soils because of considerable solubility for gypsum particles in contactwith water. In this research, the effects of three factors including; gypsum percent, hydraulic gradient, and soiltexture were studied on solubility of gypsum soils. To do this, samples of gypsum soils were provided artificiallyby adding various rates of natural gypsum rock including 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 percent by weight of 3 kinds of soiltextures including clay, silty clay and sand. Totally, 15 types of gypsum soils were prepared. Then each ofgypsum soils were leached under five hydraulic gradients levels 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10. The results of the testindicated that the rate of gypsum in the soil has direct effect on the rate of soluble in a way that by increasingpercent of gypsum the rate of solubility was increased. in addition, by increasing hydraulic gradient, the speed ofwater outcome and its amount from soil environment in a specified time was increased and also more rate ofgypsum was derived. The statistical results show the highest impact of gypsum percentage and lowest impact ofhydraulic gradient soil on solubility of particles in different types of soils and it has no significant effect on theoverall equation of the soil texture. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        11 - Investigating indices of soil surface erosion and their relations to slope characteristics in semi-arid rangelands
        علی رضا واعظی زهرا بیات مجید فرومدی
        Surface erosion is a one of the major factors of soil degradation and gradual decline in soil productivity. Little studies have been done on the surface erosion indices in the semi-arid rangelands. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify surface soil erosion ind More
        Surface erosion is a one of the major factors of soil degradation and gradual decline in soil productivity. Little studies have been done on the surface erosion indices in the semi-arid rangelands. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify surface soil erosion indices using the land characteristics in a semi-arid region. Five southern hillslopes with different slope gradients (9, 13, 17, 31 and 33%) which subjected to surface erosion were selected in Zanjan province. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0-5 and 5-15 cm) in four locations at a 2-m distance along the slope at two replications. A total of 80 soil samples were collected for analyzing particle size distribution. Soil surface erosion indices were determined using the proportion of particle diameter for given frequency in surface and sub-surface soils. Toward this, the proportion of particle diameter in the frequency of 40 (d401/d402), 50 (d501/d502), 60 (d601/d602) and 70 % (d701/d702) was computed. Additionally, proportions of mean weight diameter (MWDp1/MWDp2), geometric mean diameter (dg1/dg2) and geometric standard deviation (δg1/δg2) of surface and subsurface soils particles were determined. Based on the results, significant differences were found among the hillslopes in all soil surface erosion indices, whereas the differences for the locations along the hillslopes were not statistically significant. In the steep slopes, the frequency of fine particles (silt and clay) and organic matter content was very low in surface soil. Multiple linear regression analysis appeared a strong relationship between the MWDp1/MWDp2 and slope gradient (R2= 0.51, p< 0.001). This study revealed that the MWDp1/MWDp2 is the proper index to evaluate soil surface erosion in the semi-arid hillslopes. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        12 - Investigation of Pan evaporation paradox and climatic parameters affecting it in half-west and center of Iran
        Muhammad Nasrollahi ali asghar Zolfaghari mohammad Reza Yazdani
        10.30495/wsrcj.2021.18545
        Evaporation acts as an important component and a key control factor in land hydrological processes. In the context of global warming, pan evaporation demand is expected to increase, but the decrease in measured pan evaporation has challenged the hypothesis that climate More
        Evaporation acts as an important component and a key control factor in land hydrological processes. In the context of global warming, pan evaporation demand is expected to increase, but the decrease in measured pan evaporation has challenged the hypothesis that climate change would increase evaporation. The main purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the existence of evaporation paradox, (2) to detect the temporal trends of pan evaporation and related climatic variables on annual time scale. In this study the data of 50 synoptic weather stations in half-west and center of Iran were used. Non-parametric tests Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope estimator were used to discover trend through time series. Results showed that pan evaporation in 10% and 28% of stations had significant (p<0.05) decreasing and increasing trend, respectively. But, trend analysis of mean temperature as source of energy required for evaporation, indicated that in 94% of the stations had increasing trend. Despite the increase in temperature in the all stations, evaporation paradox has occurred in 36% of stations and only in 10% of stations evaporation paradox was significant at 5% level (p<0.05). Data analysis in stations that had evaporation paradox ( with negative pan evaporation trend) indicated that decrease in wind speed and sunshine duration and more increasing in the minimum temperature compared to the maximum temperature, were the main climatic parameters that controlling the rate of pan evaporation. Decreasing in pan evaporation in arid and semiarid areas of Iran is important in climatic studies. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        13 - Precipitation Trend Analysis in Zohre-Jirahi Basin in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province
        Amirabbas Mahmoudian Bidgoli Mohammadsadegh Sadeghian Ali Saremi hooman Hajikandi
        10.30495/wsrcj.2022.68990.11321
        Background and Aim: Water resources management has long been the focus of residents in Iran. Knowing of the time and the amount of rainfall contributes to better planning for water resources management, and this can be examined according to the available statistical dat More
        Background and Aim: Water resources management has long been the focus of residents in Iran. Knowing of the time and the amount of rainfall contributes to better planning for water resources management, and this can be examined according to the available statistical data. The need for knowledge about precipitation trends in the study areas facilitates and legalizes water resources management and planning and helps to supply water with a higher reliability factor. The purpose of this research is to estimate and analyze the precipitation trends in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province within the  Zohre-Jirahi basin.Method: This research is carried out in the Zohre-Jirahi basin in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province based on the data from 1966 to 2018. In this regard, first, meteorological stations related to the studied area were located and their statistics were extracted from the received data. The stations’ data homogeneity is calculated based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method, and those without homogeneous data or with limited data are removed and, 30 stations are selected for data rebuilding. Rebuilding of missing data is done with Inverse Distance Weighted methods with the power of two and ordinary linear Kriging and after evaluating the methods by three criteria of Root Mean Square Error, Mean Absolute Error, and Coefficient of Determination, the optimal method is selected to rebuild the missing data in this study area. After rebuilding the data, a multi-dimensional raster containing rainfall information related to the years of the statistical period is produced and the time series of the relevant data is created in an array and per surface unit. In this research, according to the surface of the study area, time series of 8915 points are analyzed, and the trend of changes based on the Mann-Kendall method and Sen's slope on an annual and monthly scale are assessed in these points and, raster maps are produced.Results: Among the methods used for rebuilding missing data, based on the evaluation of the models, the optimal method for rebuilding missing data in the study area was the Inverse Distance Weighted method with a coefficient of determination of 0.95.The results of calculations on an annual scale show that the average Sen's slope in the study area does not have a significant trend and is equal to 0.0011. The average Sen's slope in the study area on a monthly scale is 0.28 in April and has an upward trend, in May Sen's slope is equal to -0.03 and indicates a downward trend and in June and July, an unobserved trend, and the results of Sen's slope calculations are zero. In August, there is an upward trend, and it’s value is equal to 0.11. In September, there is an upward trend, and it is equal to 0.06. In October, there is no observed trend, and it is equivalent to zero. In November and December, the trend is upward, and the average Sen's slope in the study area is equal to 0.19 and 0.62, respectively, and in January, February and March, the downward trend is equal to -0.48, -0.55, and -0.14.Conclusion: The results do not demonstrate a significant trend on an annual scale, however on a monthly scale, in December, April, November, August, and September, respectively, the highest upward trend is observed, while in February, December, March, and May, respectively, have the highest downward trend, and June, July, and October lack trends. The maximum average Sen's slope is calculated for December and equal to 0.62, and its minimum is in February and equal to -0.55. The management of water resources, especially in the agricultural sector as the main consumer, has large economic and social dimensions and is inevitable, and due to the great impact of water supply time to optimize and increase productivity, this research can be used to review the pattern and time of cultivation in this area. Groundwater artificial recharge, storage process, and consumption process should adapt to the new changes. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        14 - Influence of gate plate slope on hydraulic characteristics of sluice gates
        Rasoul Ilkhanipour Zeynali Sayyed Habib Mousavi Jahromi Sayyed Mahmoud Kashefipour Dezfouli Manouchehr Fathi Moghadam
        Gate plate slope has an important role on hydraulic characteristics of sluice gates. In the previous studies, the influence of gate plate slope on hydraulic characteristics of sluice gates has not investigated theoretically. By applying the results of this theoretical s More
        Gate plate slope has an important role on hydraulic characteristics of sluice gates. In the previous studies, the influence of gate plate slope on hydraulic characteristics of sluice gates has not investigated theoretically. By applying the results of this theoretical study, the theoretical relations for discharge characteristics of sluice gates will be obtained depend on the gate plate slope. These theoretical and simple relations can be used to radial and top hinged flap gates, instead of long and complicated empirical and dimensional analyses-based equations. In this order, Euler’s equation was used to relate the specific energy of inclined sluice gate with specific energy of vertical sluice gate in rectangular channels under free orifice-flow condition. The gate plate slope was considered in the streamwise component of the gravitational acceleration in Euler’s equation. The ratio of inclined to vertical sluice gates specific energies obtained depends on the gate plate slope. The equation allows for the gate plate inclinations into the upstream pool. By applying the relation for specific energies ratio along the surface streamline, the water depths ratio at the vena contracta obtained depends on the gate plate slope with assuming negligible energy loss and approach velocities. Experimental data were used to validate the proposed equation for water depths ratio at the vena contracta, which showed good agreement with the measured values. Also, other equations presented for contraction and discharge coefficients variation with the gate plate slope. The proposed relation for contraction coefficient developed to radial and top hinged flap gates. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        15 - Effect of longitudinal furrow slope on nitrate distribution in surface fertigation
        Parivash Raeisiyanfard Dashtaki Sayed Hassan Tabatabaei Mohammad Reza Nouri Emamzadei Ali Reza Hossein Pur
        Non-uniform distribution which occurs during manual fertilizing is one of the biggest problems of surface irrigation. This issue needs more research in the field of surface fertigation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the roles of slope and fertigation timing in fu More
        Non-uniform distribution which occurs during manual fertilizing is one of the biggest problems of surface irrigation. This issue needs more research in the field of surface fertigation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the roles of slope and fertigation timing in furrow irrigation. Urea fertilizer was used and nitrate was selected to be the reagent ingredient in order to study the distribution of fertilizer. The research was conducted in agricultural research field of Shahrekord University. A completely randomized block design was employed with four treatments and three replications. The treatments were Control treatment (natural slope, fulltime fertigation) and three periods of fertigation that were first half, second half and fulltime fertigation. Slope changes, fertigation duration, soil depth of the sampling and distance from the furrow beginnings effects were studied on nitrate distribution in the soil. The LSD test was used for statistical analysis. The results demonstrated that slope had a very significant effect on nitrate distribution and storage in the soil (P<0.01). Also, Changes in fertigation timing and duration caused variation in nitrate distribution and the second half fertigation treatment had the highest nitrate distribution uniformity and absorption of 1653.53 mg/kg. Studying simultaneous effects of fertigation timing, soil depth and distance form beginnings of the furrows exhibited that they had no significant impact on each other. Finally, slope and fertigation timing were reported to be the effective factors in the nitrate storage and distribution. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        16 - Evaluation of temporal variation of splash erosion in different slopes and agricultural and forest land uses
        Ashkan Yusefi Ahmad Farrokhian Firouzi Bijan Khalili Moghaddam
        Soil erosion is one of the major worldwide environmental challenges and its related destructive effects cannot be ignored at both inside and outside of a region. Splash and transport of soil particles by raindrops are the initiating mechanisms of water erosion. The obje More
        Soil erosion is one of the major worldwide environmental challenges and its related destructive effects cannot be ignored at both inside and outside of a region. Splash and transport of soil particles by raindrops are the initiating mechanisms of water erosion. The objective of this research was to investigate temporal variations of splash erosion in different slopes and land uses using a rainfall simulator. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replicates. The experimental treatments were consist of slope at two levels (5 and 15%), duration of rainfall at four levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 minute) and different land uses (forest and agriculture).The results indicated that amount of splash increased with increasing rainfall duration. The amount of splash erosion of the 20-min rainfall duration was 2.08, 1.76 and 1.08 times more than of 5, 10 and 15-min, respectively. The average soil loss by splash erosion in agricultual and forest land uses was 29.37 and 25.56g.m-2, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that as slope increased from 5 to 15% the amount of splash erosion increased 11%. In general, at all rainfall durations, splash erosion increased significantly with changes in slope steepness (from 5 to 15%) and land use from forest to agriculture, but there was no significant difference between the15 and 20-min rainfall durations. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        17 - The effect of clay amount, waterfall height, and flow velocity in cohesive soils on headcut erosion
        Masoumeh Ashourian Mahmood Shafai-Bajestan Hossein Babazadeh
        Headcut erosion is a sudden change in height or slope, which creates gullies and valleys and depending on different factors, it may vary from a height range of less than one inch to some feet and move upstream. This is one of the most significant types of erosions in so More
        Headcut erosion is a sudden change in height or slope, which creates gullies and valleys and depending on different factors, it may vary from a height range of less than one inch to some feet and move upstream. This is one of the most significant types of erosions in soil losses and the major sources of sediment yield. Therefore, knowing this phenomenon, migration rate and sediment yield are important. In this study, seven samples of cohesive soils with different compositions of clay and silt, tested under different circumstances of waterfall height and flow velocity, and discussed migration rate and sediment yield. Tests were continued to reach a constant migration rate. One of the effective phenomenons in all tests was tensional cracks on soil surface. The size and number of these cracks have inverse relation with clay percent. The higher is the adhesion of sediment, the more vertical is the angle of waterfall migration upward. Waterfall slope angle under pure clay conditions was 34.6 degrees, but it increased to 40 degrees in the soil with 50 percent clay. With the 50 percent clay reduction, headcut movement and its average velocity were 3 times more than the one with 10 percent reduction of clay. Moreover, waterfall decline, its mean velocity, and average flow rate of sediment increased by 3.5, 4.5, and 3 times, respectively. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        18 - The effect of longitudinal slope, skid trail plan and passes of skidder Tof E655 on forest soil compaction (Case study: Bahramnia forestry plan)
        Hossein Yazarlou Aidin Parsakhoo Hashem Habashi سلطانعلی سلطانی نژاد
        10.22034/jest.2018.20463.2954
        Background and Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of longitudinal slope, skid trail plan and passes of skidder Tof E655 on forest soil compaction in Bahramnia forestry plan. Method: Initially, skid trails with upward and downward direct More
        Background and Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of longitudinal slope, skid trail plan and passes of skidder Tof E655 on forest soil compaction in Bahramnia forestry plan. Method: Initially, skid trails with upward and downward directions were selected and then classified into sections with moderate and severe traffic. Using polar and Nivelmen methods, the plan of route and longitudinal profile of route were drawn, respectively and fed into the AutoCAD software. The skid trails were divided into straight routes and horizontal curves in terms of plan and classified into 5-15, 15-25 and >25% for upward direction and 0-5, 5-15 and >15% for downward direction in terms of longitudinal slope were c. 228 samples was taken using metal cylinder for measuring soil compaction, porosity and moisture in the mentioned classes and control (forest). Findings: Findings showed that the soil bulk density increased with the increase of skidder passes and longitudinal slopes. The maximum soil bulk density was recorded for curves, severe traffic classes, and longitudinal slopes >25% (1.27 g cm-3 in upward skidding) and >15 (1.18 g cm-3 in downward skidding). The minimum soil porosity and moisture was also observed in this condition. Discussion and Conclusion: In this study, the Civil3D 3D display was used for the first time to analyze the technical properties of skid trails and to determine the sampling locations. According to the results, to reduce the damage to the soil of skid trails it is necessary to avoid constructing spiral and steep routes and sever passes through them. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        19 - Evaluation of Trend and Spatial Distribution Pattern of Groundwater Quality Using Water Quality Indices (Case study: Hamedan-Bahar plain)
        atefeh nouraki Abdul Rahim hooshmand
        10.22034/jest.2019.45831.4750
        Background and Objective: Awareness of the quality of groundwater resources in the planning and sustainability management of water resources is a particular importance. This study aimed to investigate the Spatial and temporal variations in groundwater quality, to select More
        Background and Objective: Awareness of the quality of groundwater resources in the planning and sustainability management of water resources is a particular importance. This study aimed to investigate the Spatial and temporal variations in groundwater quality, to select the best index and its zoning for managing the groundwater resources of Hamedan-Bahar plain. Method: In this study, to determine the process of changes in water quality parameters, the groundwater quality indices and its zoning were used from the chemical data of the groundwater of Hamedan-Bahar plain in the period 2005 to 2014. The physical and chemical parameters of water including TDS, Na, SO4, TH and pH were measured in 25 wells and by applying two non-parametric, Mann-Kendall tests and estimating the Sen's slope, the existence of a significant trend for the annual time series was evaluated at 95 and 99% significance level. Water Quality indices (WQI, WQIAmerican and CWQI) were evaluated annually and Giljanovic comparison method was used to compare the indices. Then, by using the GIS, the most appropriate interpolation method (from among IDW, RBF, LPI and GPI) was selected to zoning the best water quality index. Findings: The results of this study showed that 4% of the qualitative variables had a significant increase, 12% had a significant decrease and 84% without a trend. Based on the existing conditions, groundwater quality of Hamedan-Bahar plain was characterized by good, good and bad grades using WQI, WQIAmerican and CWQI indices respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the results of comparing different interpolation methods, RBF method was superior to other methods, and it has high accuracy and low error. Therefore, the interpolation was carried out with this method. In the end, the comparison the spatial zoning maps of the WQI index showed that at the beginning and the end of the 10-year statistical period, the index had a decreasing trend in the whole plain. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        20 - Management and the amount and density of woody debris at the West forests of Guilan Province
        Farshad Keyvan Behjou Farshid Aghayari Sajad Ghanbari
        Background and Objective: Large woody debris is found at the most of the forest ecosystems. This woody debris provides commercial uses and living opportunities for organisms. Therefore, its existence reduces species extinction in the forest ecosystem. This debris is con More
        Background and Objective: Large woody debris is found at the most of the forest ecosystems. This woody debris provides commercial uses and living opportunities for organisms. Therefore, its existence reduces species extinction in the forest ecosystem. This debris is considered as a source of wood in Iran because of shortage wood. The aim of this research was to study the effects of three slope classes including low slope (0 to 20%), moderate (20 to 40%) and high slope (>40%) and management regimes on the amount and density of woody debris at the western part of Guilan forests. Material and Methodology: Data were collected from three managed parcels and three unmanaged parcels using linear sampling method on lines with a length of 100 meters and a network of 200×200 meters. The measured variables including diameter and length of woody debris at the different slope classes were compared using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine which of the treatments were statistically significant. Findings: The results showed that with increasing slope, the amount and density of large woody debris increased. The average large woody debris in low, moderate and high slopes was 2.65, 3.13, and 5.54 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. We observed a significant difference among slope classes in terms of amount of woody debris. Also, the average density of large woody debris on low, medium and high slopes was 869, 852 and 2176 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. Higher slope, higher amount and density of woody debris. At the low slope class, the amount of woody debris was similar at two management regimes. The amount and density of large woody debris in the managed forests was more than these in the unmanaged forests. Discussion and conclusion: The quality of large woody debris at the grade one of quality at the managed forest was more than unmanaged forest. This study will provide information about the amount and density of woody debris at the different slope classes and management regimes. Awareness of the amount of woody debris will help planners and decision makers to optimize their management. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        21 - The relationship between the characteristics of the Earth in relation to the natural regeneration of forest planting (Case Study: Mellat Park OF Zanjan)
        Negin Azimi Maryam Daghestani Nina Rajaee
        Vegetation is an important element in the forest. Study and understanding of the vegetation of the most urgent issues and research in the area of natural resources and the environment. Due to the proximity to urban parks and impress their quality of life is important. P More
        Vegetation is an important element in the forest. Study and understanding of the vegetation of the most urgent issues and research in the area of natural resources and the environment. Due to the proximity to urban parks and impress their quality of life is important. Park Forest regeneration is important, In this study, in order to maintain and develop forest regeneration has been. This study aimed to evaluate regeneration in relation to the slope, aspect and elevation has been made. Tsavfy systematic sampling was done using 35 plots of national park area of determination and characteristics to be measured in the plots. Initially, descriptive statistics indicators measured by use of the expression and then using parametric and nonparametric and ultimately affect the characteristics of the land on growth trees and predict growth trees with each other using Version SPSS 21 software was evaluated. The results of this study showed that the slope of the growth characteristics had no significant effect, But Ash slope height, diameter Ktlpa breast, breast diameter ash, the average diameter of the chest, the canopy of acacia, ash canopy, canopy and canopy average overall plot was significantly affected. The number of trees per plot on reproduction, and other characteristics as well as significant growth. Acacia at its height had a negative relationship between happiness Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        22 - بررسی تأثیر ماندگاری شاغلین اداری بر توسعۀ اجتماعی – اقتصادی روستاهای بخش شیب‌آب شهرستان زابل
        محمودرضا میرلطفی محمودعلی خسروی
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        23 - Spatial analysis of biological soil crust based on Biological Soil Crust (BSCI) index
        Leila Kashi Zenouzi Seyed Hasan Kaboli Kazem Khavazi Mohammad Sohrabi Mohammad Khosroshahi
        10.30495/girs.2021.679274
        Background and ObjectiveBiological soil crusts are a collection of lichens, mosses, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc. that are part of the soil ecosystem. Estimation of density and distribution of biological soil crusts in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, which is the subje More
        Background and ObjectiveBiological soil crusts are a collection of lichens, mosses, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc. that are part of the soil ecosystem. Estimation of density and distribution of biological soil crusts in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, which is the subject of soil erosion and wastage is very important. Methods based on remote sensing techniques are important in terms of cost and time less efficient methods to achieve this goal. Segzi plain is one of the critical points of wind erosion in Iran and identifying and determining the distribution of biological soil crusts as a soil modifier is an effective step in reducing wind erosion in the region. In this research, BSCI (Biological Soil Crust) index has been used to prepare the distribution map of lichen-dominated biological soil crusts. Materials and Methods The study area is part of the Sajzi Desert (Central Deserts of Iran) which is located in Isfahan province of Iran. The study area with an area of 199.5 hectares is spread between the eastern lengths of 51o52'32" to 52o27'41" and the northern widths of 32o33'31" to 32o55'01". The average slope of Segzi plain is 1.08 percent and its average height is 1680 meters. According to the statistics of the East Isfahan Meteorological Station (Shahid Beheshti Station), the average annual rainfall in the region is 106 mm. According to the Dumarten climatic classification, the climate of the region is dry and according to the Amberge classification it is cold. The BSCI index is a combination of the relationships used to estimate vegetation and bare soil surface, and its mathematical relationship is the slope of the soil line. To calculate the soil line in an area, one must first separate the pixels that have bare soil and no vegetation. In order to calculate the soil line equation, in four seasons of a year, images of Landsat OLI 8 satellite related to 2018 were downloaded from the site of the US Geological Survey and 20 to 30 pixels of pure bare soil were extracted by drawing the reflection values ​​of these pixels in the red and infrared band. Red near soil line coefficients was calculated for each season in the Segzi Plain. Based on BSCI index, lichen-dominated biological soil crust are identified using at least VIS-NIR spectral reflection and the slope between the red and green bands compared to bare soil and dry vegetation. Using ENVI software, the distribution shells of biological shells with lichen dominance were prepared in four seasons since 2018 in Segzi plain. Then, the prepared maps were validated based on land points and the total accuracy and kappa index were calculated in all four seasons. The collected lichen samples were identified based on their morphological characteristics and using a stereomicroscope, conventional microscope and common color reagents such as potassium hydroxide (KOH). After applying the BSCI index on the Landsat  OLI 8 satellite image, using ENVI software, spectral profiles related to 4 points of Segzi plain in four seasons of the year were prepared and the spectral reflection in four seasons of the year in different points were examined. Results and Discussion The slope of the soil line is lower in the rainy season, which coincides with the growth of herbaceous and annual plants, compared to the summer season, which has the least amount of rainfall, and the annual plants have dried up and become extinct. In May, the slope of the soil line was minimal (0.39) and in late summer it has its maximum value (0.78). In fact, the slope of the soil line has decreased from mid-August to May, and then has increased with the loss of annual vegetation and the increase of bare soil surface. The distribution maps of bio-shells in all four seasons of the year were validated during field visits and the year it was found that the highest accuracy of the map related to the map produced from Landsat 8 image is related to summer with 94% total accuracy and Kappa index equal to 0.7412. Interpretation of the spectral profiles of the BSCI index shows that the reflections of the spectra related to the zephyr and strain prepared on the lichen dispersion points are very close to each other and also the spectral profiles of the mid-autumn and early spring are quite consistent. Whereas in the faults, which did not cover the biological crust, the amount of reflection was higher and there was a slight difference between the reflection diagrams of autumn and spring. Although the reflectance values of a range of agricultural lands and the distribution points of biological crusts are very close to each other, the spectral diagrams of all four seasons are very different from each other. But in all seasons of the year and in all places, the least reflection has occurred at the beginning of winter and the most reflection has occurred in summer. The climate of Segzi plain is Mediterranean and precipitation occurs in the cold season of the year. Simultaneously with the increase of precipitation from the middle of autumn, annual plants and mosses at the base of shrubs begin to grow and reach their peak in early winter and again at the beginning of spring. Decreases in rainfall have reduced their density. If the winter spectrum has the least reflection in all places. While in late summer, when the annuals and mosses have dried up, it has had the greatest spectral reflection. Fasaran, which is a barren area and a landfill, it has shown its maximum reflection. Therefore, the BSCI index relative to the percentage of organic matter has a significant error in the detection of biological soil crust, and where the organic matter is high may not provide an accurate diagnosis of soil bioshells. Of course, since the BSCI index is defined for the detection of throat compounds in lichen tissues. The error rate for organic matter is reduced to a minimum. As it has been observed in the final map, there is no cover of biological soil crusts in Fasaran and only soil biological crusts are observed in the areas around Fasaran in the agricultural areas. In agricultural areas, due to human intervention and cultivation, the amount of annual plants is different from the field of natural resources in different seasons of a year have become. Conclusion Spectral similarity of the most important soil surface, including vegetation, the involvement of human factors in increasing or decreasing soil organic matter, bare soil, etc. limits the efficiency of the BSCI index and therefore in the time period of satellite images and regional conditions have a great impact on It has the accuracy of BSCI index.  Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        24 - Evaluation studies of the resources and capabilities of sloping lands in Savadkooh region
        Alireza Moradian Nazanin Khakipour
        10.30495/qafj.2023.2003046.1104
        Indiscriminate livestock grazing, rainfed agriculture in sloping lands, cutting of forest trees and other illogical uses of land have caused disturbance of the ecological balance of the environment, erosion of soils and reduction of their fertility in Savadkooh area. Th More
        Indiscriminate livestock grazing, rainfed agriculture in sloping lands, cutting of forest trees and other illogical uses of land have caused disturbance of the ecological balance of the environment, erosion of soils and reduction of their fertility in Savadkooh area. The purpose of this study is to determine the best way of exploitation in each of the parts of the land unit, in such a way as to obtain the maximum yield or income, to prevent the destruction of the land and to stop the current process of soil erosion as much as possible. separation of land resources and determination of their capabilities and suitability and talents, land use map of Savadkooh area were determined. Then, by using the FAO method, a detailed evaluation was done using the characteristics of the land and matching them with the tables of plant needs. By combining the results of the aptitude of land and its suitability for various agricultural activities, as well as plant needs and its relationship with the production potential index of suitable areas for agricultural activities in general and horticulture in particular, it is determined. Conclusion: Studies of land potential show that the irremediable limitations and negative factors in horticulture are basically the limitation caused by the impossibility of irrigation in terms of water resource limitations and the limitation of the possibility of mechanization development in terms of the slope of garden lands. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        25 - بررسی شیب خط نشت در کانال‌های خاکی به روش صحرایی و مقایسه آن با نتایج حاصل از مدلMseep (مطالعه موردی شبکه های آبیاری دز)
        فرنام عصاره بهروز دهانزاده سیروس پاکباز محمد صالحه
        مسئله نشت در کانال­ها یکی از مسائل مهم در پروسه انتقال آب می­باشد. در پژوهش حاضر موضوع نشت در کانال­های آبیاری از نظر شیب خط نشت در کانال­های خاکی که در مقطع خاکریزی قرار دارند مورد بررسی قرار گرفت، که این موضوع تعیین کننده ابعاد خاکریز کانال می­باشد More
        مسئله نشت در کانال­ها یکی از مسائل مهم در پروسه انتقال آب می­باشد. در پژوهش حاضر موضوع نشت در کانال­های آبیاری از نظر شیب خط نشت در کانال­های خاکی که در مقطع خاکریزی قرار دارند مورد بررسی قرار گرفت، که این موضوع تعیین کننده ابعاد خاکریز کانال می­باشد. برای بررسی  شیب خط نشت، روی خاکریز مجاور کانال انتقال آب، چاهک­هایی در عرض خاکریز حفاری گردید و با تعیین سطح آب چاهک­های مذکور، شیب خط نشت واقعی بدست آمد. سپس نتایج به دست آمده با نتایج حاصل از نرم افزار  Mseep  مقایسه گردید. محل‌های مورد انتخاب برای بررسی شیب خط نشت، 3 کانال فرسایشی از کانال­های قدیمی غرب شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی دز بودند، به­طوزی­که یک کانال درجه1، یک کانال درجه 2 و یک کانال درجه 3  انتخاب شد. نتایج حاصله مبین شیب 1: 1 خط نشت بود. همچنین نتایج نشان داد شیب خط نشت با ضریب هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع خاک (K ) رابطه مستقیمی دارد.  Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        26 - تأثیر پایداری بندهای گابیونی با سرریز پلکانی از نظر کنترل رسوب و سیلاب (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبخیز خائیز، بهبهان، استان خوزستان)
        فرهاد سادات فرد امین بردبار
        بندهای گابیونی (Gabion Dams) سازه­های کوچکی هستند که به منظور کاهش سرعت جریان و شیب آبراهه و مهار فرسایش در آبراهه­ها احداث می­گردند. احداث این بندها در حوضه­های آبخیز  موجب تغییرات در زمان تمرکز  شده که در کنترل سیل و مهار رواناب تاثیر بسزایی More
        بندهای گابیونی (Gabion Dams) سازه­های کوچکی هستند که به منظور کاهش سرعت جریان و شیب آبراهه و مهار فرسایش در آبراهه­ها احداث می­گردند. احداث این بندها در حوضه­های آبخیز  موجب تغییرات در زمان تمرکز  شده که در کنترل سیل و مهار رواناب تاثیر بسزایی دارد. حوضه آبخیز خائیز واقع در شهرستان بهبهان استان خوزستان کشور ایران یکی از زیر حوضه­های آبخیز  بسیار مهم این شهرستان می­باشد. در این حوضه در فصول بارندگی، ایجاد سیلاب موجب فرسایش اراضی منطقه و انتقال رسوبات فراوان به پایین­دست می­گردد. در این تحقیق با مطالعه منطقه و شرایط توپوگرافی و عملیات حفاظتی صورت گرفته، تغییرات زمان تمرکز، ضریب نگهداشت و دبی سیلاب قبل و بعد از اجرای عملیات حفاظتی مورد مقایسه قرارگرفته است. در این زمینه پارامترهای تعداد و ارتفاع بندها، گروه هیدرولوژیکی خاک، شیب آبراهه، زمان تمرکز، هیدرولوژی منطقه، مساحت حوضه و حجم رسوبگیری سازه­ها مورد بررسی قرارگرفت، باتوجه به بررسی صورت گرفته می­توان نتیجه گرفت احداث بندهای گابیونی به تنهایی نمی­تواند تاثیر قابل ملاحظه­ای در کنترل رواناب داشته باشد و اجرای همزمان عملیات های دیگر آبخیزداری همچون عملیات بیولوژیک و بیومکانیکی جهت تحقق اهداف طرح بسیار ضروری است. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        27 - Estimation of horizontal to vertical stress ratio (k) by using numerical modeling, case study: The left flank abutment of Seymareh dam- Ilam province
        Mohammad Mehdi Alimohammad Saeed Aloodari Kaveh Ahangari
        Many rock slope stability problems involve complexities relating to geometry, material anisotropy, non-linear behavior, in situ stresses and the presence of several coupled processes (e.g. pore pressures, seismic loading, etc.). This study is about the survey of stabili More
        Many rock slope stability problems involve complexities relating to geometry, material anisotropy, non-linear behavior, in situ stresses and the presence of several coupled processes (e.g. pore pressures, seismic loading, etc.). This study is about the survey of stability situation and estimation of horizontal to vertical stress ratio of failure zone existing in the left flank abutment of Seymareh Dam. Because of high costs of stress straight measurement, in this area has been used by empirical function for estimating (k). by concerning normal function of located faults and obtained results of empirical relations, was chosen suitable range of (k) values by means of stability analysis of mentioned slope. Value of (k) has been used 0.33 By evaluating of obtained results of slope stability analysis and by concerning important parameters for choosing (k) and their precedence importance Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        28 - Depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy of the Kangan formation in the Kish field
        Maryam Peyravi Mohammad Reza Kamali Hossain RahimPour- Bonab
        The Kangan Formation (Lower Triassic) is one of the most important petroleum reservoirs in SW Iran andPersian Gulf that belong to the Dehram Group. Facies analysis from core and cuttings of this formation in theKish Field led to the recognition of 14 facies, indicating More
        The Kangan Formation (Lower Triassic) is one of the most important petroleum reservoirs in SW Iran andPersian Gulf that belong to the Dehram Group. Facies analysis from core and cuttings of this formation in theKish Field led to the recognition of 14 facies, indicating deposition in tidal flat, lagoon and oolithic barrier faciesbelts. Facies types and their facies belts reveal deposition in the inner part of a homoclinal ramp platform.Vertical variations of microfacies and well log analysis especially Gamma Ray log demonstrate that the KanganFormation consists of three third order depositional sequences. Each sequences consisting of transgressivesystems tract (lagoonal and tidal flat facies) and highstand systems tracts (barrier/ shoal facies) which arebounded by a type 2 unconformity Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        29 - Investigation of hazard rock fall in Khorramabad- Andimeshk road by WCS method
        سیامک Baharvand علی Sahba عبدالرضا Noor-Yazdan
        The connective ways of khorramabad (lorestan state) with the nearest cities are olways influenced bythe rock fall which is needed the special attention and the hard working of sponsers.In the research we work on the levels of slope stability of Gavzardeh region in 70 km More
        The connective ways of khorramabad (lorestan state) with the nearest cities are olways influenced bythe rock fall which is needed the special attention and the hard working of sponsers.In the research we work on the levels of slope stability of Gavzardeh region in 70 km of Khoramabadin Lorestan. For measuring of rock masses of this area, we use the WCS methode. We searched 5parametere, such as index of RQD, roughness of discontinuities , filling of discontinuities , spacing ofdiscontinuities and opening of discontinuities which we will explain all of them one by one. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        30 - Influence of Reheating Temperature in Thixoforging Process on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum A356 gear
        Mohammad Bakhshi Amin Kolahdooz
        A356 aluminum alloy is a hypo eutectic Al–Si alloy. It is identified by good mechanical properties and high ductility, as well as excellent casting characteristics and high corrosion resistance. Thixoforging is a semi solid metal forming process that has the potent More
        A356 aluminum alloy is a hypo eutectic Al–Si alloy. It is identified by good mechanical properties and high ductility, as well as excellent casting characteristics and high corrosion resistance. Thixoforging is a semi solid metal forming process that has the potential to produce parts with superior mechanical properties and fine uniform microstructures. In this research, the Thixoforging process was investigated as a parts shaping method that include aluminum alloy forging in two-phase temperature range (paste mode). For this purpose and in order to achieve favorable conditions in the two-phase zone, the influence of reheating temperature on thixoforging process is investigated. The cooling slope method was used to prepare the initial billet. Semi-solid temperature are considered 575, 585 and 595 °C. Attained results show that the finest microstructure (37 micrometer) is obtained in semi-solid temperature of 575°C and holding time of 20 minutes. Also, the hardness and the compressive test are performed in order to find the best mechanical properties. As it is expected, the best mechanical properties (yield stress of 218 MPa, ultimate compressive stress of 466 MPa and hardness of 89 BHN) are achieved in sample with the finest structure. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        31 - Effect of porous layer on the efficiency of a single slope solar still-Experimental investigation
        Nader Rahbar Ali Khosh Ahang
        In this research, the effect of porous layer on the efficiency of a single slope solar still is studied, experimentally. Accordingly, two single slope solar stills with same sizes containing conventional and modified by using porous layer are fabricated and tested, simul More
        In this research, the effect of porous layer on the efficiency of a single slope solar still is studied, experimentally. Accordingly, two single slope solar stills with same sizes containing conventional and modified by using porous layer are fabricated and tested, simultaneously. Black sponge rubber with low heat capacity and wick characteristic is selected as porous material. All experiments were performed in Semnan with geographical coordinates of 35° 33' N, 53° 23' E, Iran. Results showed that daily total water productions enhance by using sponge in solar still. Daily total water productions are 3263 and 3829 cc/m2 for conventional and modified stills, respectively. Accordingly, modified still produces 17.35% more distilled water in comparison with conventional one during one day. There is a direct relationship between trends of daily efficiencies of stills and trends of surrounding temperature or solar radiation intensity. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        32 - Investigating the effect of magnetic field, slope variations and wall temperature boundary conditions on the natural convection in the cavity with obstacle filled with water
        mohammad nemati mohammad sefid ahmad reza rahmati
        In this article, the magnetic field effect on the natural convection heat transfer is simulated via LBM. The vertical wall of the left side of the cavity is at a constant hot temperature, while the vertical wall of the right side of the cavity has three different temper More
        In this article, the magnetic field effect on the natural convection heat transfer is simulated via LBM. The vertical wall of the left side of the cavity is at a constant hot temperature, while the vertical wall of the right side of the cavity has three different temperature boundary conditions, 1) constant cold temperature, 2) linear temperature and 3) constant hot temperature. A lozenge-shaped obstacle located in the center of the cavity is examined in four different modes, 1) cold, 2) conducting, 3) adiabatic, and 4) hot. The bottom wall of the cavity is also evaluated in three different slopes. The results show that increasing the slope of the wall and the Rayleigh number by unchanged all the parameters leads to an increase in heat transfer. Also, changing the boundary temperature of the walls and the obstacle can affect the amount of heat transfer. In addition, increasing the strength of the magnetic field reduces the average Nusselt number, which differs in different conditions. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        33 - نقش تبدیل مراتع کم بازده به باغات در اراضی شیبدار درکاهش میزان فرسایش و رسوب با استفاده از مدل RUSLE و GIS (مطالعه موردی : منطقه کش و لهران)
        زهرا چترسیماب
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        34 - Investigation of temporal-spatial distribution of Diurnal Temperature Range in Fars province
        Hakime Ajdarnia ashraf asadi
        Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) is an important indicator for identifying climate change. The purpose of this study is to analyze the seasonal and annual trends of the Diurnal Temperature Range and their changes during the 20-year statistical period from 2001/03/21 to 2 More
        Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR) is an important indicator for identifying climate change. The purpose of this study is to analyze the seasonal and annual trends of the Diurnal Temperature Range and their changes during the 20-year statistical period from 2001/03/21 to 2021/03/20 in Fars province. For this purpose, monthly minimum and maximum temperature data, which are the most important parameters related to climate change and affect ecological activities in 26 stations of the province were obtained from the Meteorological Organization. Among the stations in the province, only 13 stations had a statistical length of more than 20 years, which was selected for review and comparison for this study due to the common period, and the desired index was calculated for the selected stations. After performing the thigh homogeneity test on the data, Mann-Kendall statistical and graphical test was used to determine the trend and the sens slop Estimator Nonparametric Method was used to determine the trend slope rate. The highest trend rates and changes in time were observed in summer and the lowest in autumn. In estimating the sens slope to determine the direction of the index trend, it was revealed that some stations have experienced incremental changes of more than 2 degrees Celsius. Maps of trend type and amount of changes were also drawn. Examination of the maps showed that the western half of the province has experienced an increasing trend and the highest rate of change can be seen in the same area. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        35 - The effect of Canopy Cover, slope and direction of domain on continuing regeneration in zagross forest (case study: blooran. Koohdasht, lorestan)
        koorosh nazarpoor fard mehdi zarooni vahid etemad manoochehr namiranian
        The aim was to find out the relationships between three classes of regeneration(lower 0.5 m, 0.5 – 1.5m, and higher 1.5 m) with canopy cover percentage ( four classes: 1-5%, 5.1 – 12%, 12.1 – 25% and 25%<), slope (three classes: 0 – 30%, 30 &n More
        The aim was to find out the relationships between three classes of regeneration(lower 0.5 m, 0.5 – 1.5m, and higher 1.5 m) with canopy cover percentage ( four classes: 1-5%, 5.1 – 12%, 12.1 – 25% and 25%<), slope (three classes: 0 – 30%, 30 – 60% and 60%<), and aspect (( four classes: N, S, E and W). In order to investigate the natural regeneration in the Zagros forests, a forest area of 200 ha located in Blouran region, West part of Kuhdasht city, was selected. A number of 90 sample plot with an area of 1000 m2  (network dimensions of 20×50 m) were sampled. Result showed that high forest regeneration was scarce relative to those of coppice. Q. Branti had maximum number of regeneration. The maximum number of regeneration was less than 0.5 m in height. Maximum number of regeneration  was  observed  in  the  canopy  cover  of  12.1  –  25%  class (65.13). The slope class of 30 – 60 percent showed the maximum number of regeneration in all height classes (73.59). Maximum regeneration in the South aspect, and this was the maximum number of.It is noteworthy to consider the natural regeneration of the Zagros forest with reference to seed development to regeneration as well as regeneration establishment in several physiography, climate and edaphic conditions. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        36 - مطالعه تاثیر جهت‌های مختلف شیب بر میزان تولید کتیرا در Astragalus hypsogeton Bunge. در خراسان شمالی
        ابراهیم محمودی رمضان استیری
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        37 - Design, Simulation and Fabrication of a Wideband Filter Using Multi-Mode Resonators in Three Layer Stripline Structure
        Mehdi Karimiyan Pedram Seyed eftetahi Amir Mohammad Khezri
        In this paper, in order to overcome the coupling and fabrication constraints of microstrip structures, 3 layer stripline structure be introduced and based on impedance steps and microwave coupled lines as impedance inverters and multi mode resonators, new and miniaturiz More
        In this paper, in order to overcome the coupling and fabrication constraints of microstrip structures, 3 layer stripline structure be introduced and based on impedance steps and microwave coupled lines as impedance inverters and multi mode resonators, new and miniaturized structures are proposed. Using this structure, several 2-6 GHz wideband filters has been designed and simulated, and some effective techniques to reducing virtual resonances and improving slope of filter introduced. Finally, a wideband filter is fabricated and using simulation and measurement, efficiency of method is shown. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        38 - Abulmufḍḍal al-Shaybāni's Approach to Hadith
        mohammad taghi zakeri nemat allah safari froshani
        Abulmufḍal Sheibāni (d. 387 AH) is an Imami narrator whose numerous narrations have remained in various sources, but his method of gaining Hadith has been less explored so far. Despite all the efforts made by Abulmufḍal to receive and transmit the Hadith heritage, the e More
        Abulmufḍal Sheibāni (d. 387 AH) is an Imami narrator whose numerous narrations have remained in various sources, but his method of gaining Hadith has been less explored so far. Despite all the efforts made by Abulmufḍal to receive and transmit the Hadith heritage, the early Shiite and Muslim narrators and translators have accused him of various forms of forgery and theft in the Hadith. We know that he has made many efforts in transmitting the Hadith heritage of the Imams and Zaydis, and many important Shiite works and narrations have been narrated through him. The importance of his legacy has even caused the popular Muslim narrators not to ignore his narrations. Accordingly, it is necessary to study the approach of Abulmufḍal Sheibāni to narrate Hadiths. This study is done for the same purpose. By studying the evidence from the narrations of Abulmufḍal, we want to find out whether it is possible to make a judgment based on the narrations of Abulmufḍal,himself about the accusation leveled against him by the narrators. Also, we want to know what kind and to what extent his possible additions in the narrations, and what was the reason for these possible insertions; Was he possibly influenced by the currents of thought of the Qulāts that were active during his lifetime, or was he influenced by other factors? The hypothesis of this study is that Abulmufḍal,, aware of the interference and insertions of rival sects in the narration of Hadiths, has sometimes done such changes in Hadith as a retaliation. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        39 - Compilation of Moral Narrations in Hadith O' Abazar
        Seyed Mohammad Reza Lavasani
        “The Testament of the Prophet to Abū Dharr al-Ghifāri” is one of the long Traditions narrated in Amāli of al-Ṭūsī (d. 1067) containing dozens of phrases, each one expresses an ethical advice to Abū Dharr. This article concentrates on the whole format of this More
        “The Testament of the Prophet to Abū Dharr al-Ghifāri” is one of the long Traditions narrated in Amāli of al-Ṭūsī (d. 1067) containing dozens of phrases, each one expresses an ethical advice to Abū Dharr. This article concentrates on the whole format of this Hadith and by tracking each of its separated components in other antecedent Islamic corpora, elucidates that this Testament in its present format is a fabricated Hadith; its major part (more than 60%) has been configured by selecting and combining some of pietistic and renunciatory Hadiths from Kitāb al-Zuhd written by Abdullāh Ibn Mubārak al-Marwzī (d.797). Furthermore, it is shown that the fabricator had access to an unalike version of Ibn al-Mubārak’s book and placed the chosen Hadiths in a similar order to Kitāb al-Zuhd by omitting the chain of transmission and editing the texts to provide the Testament to Abū Dharr al-Ghifāri. Besides, the article sheds light on the biographical evaluations of accused narrators of Hadith(Rowāt) to conclude the whole of this unveiling, as an exterior evidence for the accuracy of Shia biographical evaluators’ (Rijālī) reports. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        40 - بررسی تأثیر ماندگاری شاغلین اداری بر توسعۀ اجتماعی – اقتصادی روستاهای بخش شیب‌آب شهرستان زابل
        محمودرضا میرلطفی محمودعلی خسروی
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        41 - Investigation of the scouring pattern around the fulcrum of the bridge, sloping support with their observation and comparison
        Behnam Nashaei mohsen solimani babarsad
        Many bridges are destroyed annually due to water erosion around their bases and their supports. Using the gap is one of the best ways to reduce the local scouring of the bridge supports. In this study, the effect of different fluxes on the effect of the gap in the exper More
        Many bridges are destroyed annually due to water erosion around their bases and their supports. Using the gap is one of the best ways to reduce the local scouring of the bridge supports. In this study, the effect of different fluxes on the effect of the gap in the experimental flume on the rectangular bridge support was investigated. Then, using the experimental model, the effect of slit and slope was studied simultaneously on the scour depth around the bridge supports and compared with non-slit and non-slip mode. The results showed that creating a gap on the base and simultaneously sloping the base significantly reduces the probability of scour stress. The results of the experiments show that the slope in the rectangular support reduces the maximum scour depth of 25% in a flow rate of 28 m 3 / h, and the simultaneous use of slopes and gaps at the base reduces the maximum scour depth by 25% The control stand in Dubai is 28 cubic meters per hour. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        42 - flow pattern numerical simulation and bridge pier reduction scouring hole with changing in pier shape
        Mohsen Solimani Bbabarsad Ghasem Ahmadfakhrodin
        Construction on rivers is inevitable to communicate and reduce costs quickly or to control and control the floods. But the construction of hydraulic structures that are directly exposed to flood currents is not possible only by relying on the assessment of the capacity More
        Construction on rivers is inevitable to communicate and reduce costs quickly or to control and control the floods. But the construction of hydraulic structures that are directly exposed to flood currents is not possible only by relying on the assessment of the capacity of structures and their analysis solely on the basis of the principles governing the solid mechanics and should be in addition to the structural examination, the impact of issues. The environment is also examined on structural stability. Estimation of maximum flow around the bridge base with semi-experimental relationships is not a reliable method. One of the methods for recognizing the erosion process is the flow of the flow structure. In this research, the three-dimensional simulation of the steep base is discussed. For this purpose, using the compass software that has a three-dimensional flow model was used to simulate the turbulent flow pattern around the bridge base. To verify the software, the study pattern was performed around the steep base. The simulation results have a good match with real results, which represents the high capability of the simulation model in predicting the steep base. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        43 - Geographical Analysis of Rural Development in Shaft County with Emphasis on Topography and Slope
        Fatemeh TAGHIZADEH Teymor amar Nasrollah Molaeihashjin parviz rezaei
        Introduction: Nowadays, topographic studies play a crucial role in rural development. Utilizing environmental indices allows the identification of existing flaws in the ongoing rural development plans and projects within the county, preventing their repetition in subseq More
        Introduction: Nowadays, topographic studies play a crucial role in rural development. Utilizing environmental indices allows the identification of existing flaws in the ongoing rural development plans and projects within the county, preventing their repetition in subsequent policymaking. Considering the settlements' positions within three levels (plain, foothill, and mountain) and natural factors (altitude, slope, direction), the most significant impact on development can be attributed to the environmental factor associated with the altitude level of rural habitats in Shaft County.Research Aim:  The aim is to assess and examine the relationships between natural elements and sustainable development within the studied area and answer the question: Considering geographical factors (altitude and slope), which villages in Shaft County are situated within the unstable range? Descriptive and spatial data were integrated for this purpose.Methodology: This study, characterized as descriptive-applied research, encompassed stages involving the identification of study resources, data analysis, and the creation of tables and maps to assess and examine the relationships between geographical factors (altitude and slope) and sustainable development within the studied area, covering all sampled villages as part of the research population. Based on this, information layers were referenced to the base map, converted into shapefiles, and subsequently underwent a process of merging, clipping, overlaying, and other data mining directives for analysis and integration. Consequently, a model representing the information within the studied layers was generated in the form of a map.Studied Areas: The rural under study belong to Shaft County within Giulan Province.Results: The findings indicate a weak developmental rank related to villages such as Zardkam, Vali Sara, Khorfakel, Vaneh Baneh, Kuchek Koomsar, Dakleh Sara, Moharraman, Mashallah Kal, Aqanur Setan, Lesom, Safidkhani, Tanz, Babarakab, Imamzadeh Ibrahim, and Talghan. In the foothill and mountainous villages (with specific altitude and slope conditions), proper measures haven't been implemented, and the villages are utilizing only the minimum of their capacities for the sustainability of the studied area. This situation solely stems from non-strategic management.Conclusion: The geographical position and natural conditions of each settled rurals within the districts, based on altitude, represent one of the most essential factors required for the development of Shaft County's rurals to plan for providing access to services aimed at increasing the developmental level within the county's district segments. For instance, communication routes, one of the primary environmental factors in rural development, have largely taken shape based on the topography of scattered rurals across Shaft County. However, in each of the four districts, they exist at an unacceptable qualitative and quantitative level in terms of sustainably utilizing the capacities of the county's rurals. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        44 - پهنه بندی خطر زمین لغزش در محدوده کانال آبرسانی دزکرد (شمال غرب فارس)
        قدرت الله فرهودی بابک سامانی افشین کریمی
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        45 - پهنه بندی خطر زمین لغزش در حوضه آبخیز چرداول ایلام با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)
        حاجی کریمی فتح الله نادری ابراهیم مرشدی مهدی نیک سرشت
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        46 - Study of Longshore Currents in the Amirabad Coast
        K. Lari A. Ebrahimi
        One of the most important effects of wave entrance to the shallow waters and sea bed topography on them in coastal zone is wave breaking phenomenon. This process is a crucial factor in production of cross-shore, rip and longshore currents that are generally introduced a More
        One of the most important effects of wave entrance to the shallow waters and sea bed topography on them in coastal zone is wave breaking phenomenon. This process is a crucial factor in production of cross-shore, rip and longshore currents that are generally introduced as near shore currents. In this research, longshore currents of Amirabad area were considered and then the most appropriate relation was obtained for computation of velocity for these kind of currents. In addition, pattern of the currents were obtained using the field data of waves and currents By using the hydrographic map of the study area and also the slope of the shore and using the data from the buoy in Amirabad station and wave rose fitted coefficient in Amirabad area, velocities of longshore currents were computed in experimental terms. The computed results were then compared (using MATLAB software) with velocities of currents measured by flow meter, to estimate the most compatible selected relationship and fitted coefficient term. The results showed that, the average of velocity of longshore current in Amirabad shore is 16cm/s and dominant direction of current is eastern. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        47 - فتح الله خان شیبانی و مقامه نویسی
        زهرا اسدی
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        48 - پژوهشی درجریان آب های زیرزمینی «مطالعه موردی حوضه آبریز مرند»
        محمدرضا اصغری مقدم کریم عباس زاده
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        49 - A Comparative Study on Some Biological Parameters in Wild and Farmed Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
        سکینه یگانه سیده زینب عابدی حسین رحمانی
        In this research, gonadosomatic index (GSI), growth pattern, condition factor (CF), and length-weight regression relationship (LWR) in farmed and wild Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated. In order to establish baseline for research, 85 wild and farmed common More
        In this research, gonadosomatic index (GSI), growth pattern, condition factor (CF), and length-weight regression relationship (LWR) in farmed and wild Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated. In order to establish baseline for research, 85 wild and farmed common carp were prepared during the different season of the year (averagely 10 farmed and 10 wild fish per each season). The results showed that the CF in farmed Common carp was higher than wild carp. GSI didnand#39;t show any significant differences between wild and farmed Common carp (Pandgt; 0.05). The seasonal variation of GSI had significant differences between 2 groups (Pandlt; 0.05). Correlation index or LWR in wild carp (W=3.391 L 0.78) was higher than farmed carp (W= 2.679 L0.7) (Pandlt; 0.05). The line slope of farmed and wild carp were ln W= 2.68 ln L -3.738 and ln W= 3.391 ln L -5.65, respectively. In this study, growth estimates of wild and farmed common carp showed an Isometric pattern. The increasing trend of wild and farmed carpand#39;s GSI during summer to spring was according to spawning period of this fish. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        50 - شبیه سازی عددی انتقال حرارت جابجایی توام نانوسیال در یک محفظه شیبدار کم عمق به کمک روش شبکه بولتزمن
        ارش کریم پور
        هدف کار حاضر بررسی جابجایی توام نانوسیال آب-مس در یک محفظه شیبدار دوبعدی کم عمق، به کمک روش شبکه بولتزمن است. از مدل شبکه 9Q2D مبتنی بر اپراتور برخورد BGK و مدل تابع توزیع انرژی گرمایی، جهت شبیه سازی دامنه ی حرارتی جریان استفاده می شود. درپوش گرم بالایی محفظه با سرعت ثا More
        هدف کار حاضر بررسی جابجایی توام نانوسیال آب-مس در یک محفظه شیبدار دوبعدی کم عمق، به کمک روش شبکه بولتزمن است. از مدل شبکه 9Q2D مبتنی بر اپراتور برخورد BGK و مدل تابع توزیع انرژی گرمایی، جهت شبیه سازی دامنه ی حرارتی جریان استفاده می شود. درپوش گرم بالایی محفظه با سرعت ثابت U0 حرکت کرده و دیوار سرد پایینی نیز ثابت است. وجوه کناری محفظه عایق می باشند. اثر مقادیر مختلف زاویه شیب محفظه و کسر حجمی ذرات نانو بر خواص حرکتی و حرارتی نانوسیال در سه حالت مختلف حاکمیت جابجایی آزاد، اجباری و توام و به ازای عدد رینولدز برابر با 10 و 100، بررسی می شود. مقایسه نتایج حاصل از کار حاضر با داده های محققین پیشین نشان دهنده دقت مطلوب نتایج حاصل از مقاله حاضر است که در قالب خطوط جریان، خطوط همدما و پروفیلهای سرعت و دما ترسیم می شوند. مشاهده شد که در حالت حاکمیت جابجایی آزاد، مقدار عدد ناسلت با افزایش کسر حجمی ذرات نانو و زاویه شیب محفظه، زیادتر خواهد شد. تحقیق حاضر به خوبی بیانگر قابلیت مطلوب روش شبکه بولتزمن جهت شبیه سازی انتقال حرارت جابجایی توام نانوسیال در یک محفظه شیبدار کم عمق است. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        51 - Effects of BAFoliar application on some qulity and quantity characteristics in hybrid Corn (Zea maysVar T.W.C.647) under cut irrigation in Pakdasht region.
        mahdi Bagheri
        To evaluate the effect of foliar application of BA on morphological and physiological characteristics l Maize (Zea mays Var T.W.C.647) under cut irrigation, the experiment was conducted split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications at a farm in More
        To evaluate the effect of foliar application of BA on morphological and physiological characteristics l Maize (Zea mays Var T.W.C.647) under cut irrigation, the experiment was conducted split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications at a farm in PAKDASHT at Tehran zone. Experimental treatments include main plots: C0 = Normal irrigation, C1= cut irrigation at stem elongation stage, C2 = cut irrigation at flowering stage, C3=cut irrigation at filling grain stage and sub plots of research include: M0= control (no application), M1 = 100 ppm, M2 = 200 ppm respectively. The results of this study showed that  cut irrigation can reduce grain yield, grain weight, biological yield, harvest index, protein yield, oil content, oil yield, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, relative water content, but foliar application BA were increased the following parameters. The highest T.G.W, G.Y, B.Y, oil percentage and Total chlorophyll a were achieved Normal Irrigation * 200 ppm BA(341.1 gr, 8982.7 (Kg.ha), 28942.2(Kg.ha), 6.97(%),1.94 Spad) had no significant difference with C0M0,C0M2,C1M2. Therefore, it is recommended to use foliar application of BA with a concentration of 200 ppm in case of cut irrigation.   Manuscript profile

Sanad

Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications

Links

Related Centers

Technical Support

Official pages

The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024

Home| Login| About Us| Contact Us|
[فارسی] [العربية] [fa] [ar]