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Open Access Article
1 - Water use efficiency and water productivity in potato genotypes under water stress conditions
Marjan Samaee Ali Mohammad Modares Sanavi Ahmad Mousapour Gorji Eskandar ZandIn order to identify sensitivity of different potato genotypes to water stress, a research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj in 2014 and 2015. Potato genotypes at eleven levels (Agria, Caesar MoreIn order to identify sensitivity of different potato genotypes to water stress, a research was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj in 2014 and 2015. Potato genotypes at eleven levels (Agria, Caesar, Savalan, Sante, Marfona, Milva, Picasso, Hermes, Jelli, 397081-1, 397069-2) and irrigation treatments in two levels (stress and control) are conducted. Tape irrigation was done normally and in the early stages of tuber production, watering for stress plots was disconnected and control plots were irrigated in a normal way, after reaching to ninety percent of the soil moisture deficit, irrigation was done again until the soil moisture reached field capacity and irrigation was done normally up to the end of growing season. Combined analysis of data for two years showed a reduction of biological yield, healthy tuber fresh weight, marketable healthy tuber fresh weight, LAIM, dry weight of LAIM, evapotranspiration and water usage in genotypes under the stress compared to the control. WP based on fresh weight of healthy tubers and fresh weight of marketable healthy tubers reduced or showed a tendency to reduction in most of genotypes under the stress. WUE based on the healthy tuber yield and marketable healthy tuber yield decreased under the water stress compared to the control in all genotypes except for 397069-2. The most amount of WP based on fresh weight of the marketable healthy yield was observed in 397069-2, respectively (5.41) and (5) kg/m3 in two years under the stress. Based on results of this experiment, doing of additional researches in order to achieve suitable potato genotypes for planting in actual deficit water conditions of our country according to diversity of planting season, place, climate, quality of seed potato, experts and etc. are recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Effects of deficit irrigation on growth trend, quantity and quality characteristics of maize in Kermanshah
abdoreza ahmadpour Bahman Farhadi Bansouleh Mokhtar GhobadiThis study was conducted to investigate impacts of deficit irrigation on trend of crop growth, quantity and quality characteristics and water use efficiency of maize in Kermanshah. The field study was carried out at a randomized complete block design with four irrigatio MoreThis study was conducted to investigate impacts of deficit irrigation on trend of crop growth, quantity and quality characteristics and water use efficiency of maize in Kermanshah. The field study was carried out at a randomized complete block design with four irrigation treatments (40% deficit irrigation, 20% deficit irrigation, full irrigation (FAO Penman-Monteith method) and 20% over irrigation) and three replications with furrow irrigation method. Results indicated that impacts of deficit irrigation was significant on grain yield, biomass, weight of stems, weight of ears, weight of leaves, leaf area index, plant height, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear, grain protein and fat. The impacts of water stress on characteristics of maize were different in different stages of growth and were higher at the end of the growing season (grain filling stage). Maximum amount of water use efficiency in grain and fat was in T4 respectively 1.051 and 0.0549 Kg/ha and for biomass and protein was in T3 respectively 2.568 and 0.092 Kg/ha. So deficit irrigation is not recommended for maize in Kermanshah. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Study the effect of deficit irrigation on yield, quality characteristics and water use efficiency of three cultivars of soybean in Moghan plain
Abasalt Rostami Ajirloo محمدرضا اصغری پور احمد قنبری مهدی جودی محمود خرمی وفاWater deficit is the main factor that limit growth of plants, so achieving optimal performance under water deficitcondition requires the selection of a suitable variety is due to the circumstances of each region. According to this, anexperiment was conducted in a split MoreWater deficit is the main factor that limit growth of plants, so achieving optimal performance under water deficitcondition requires the selection of a suitable variety is due to the circumstances of each region. According to this, anexperiment was conducted in a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with threereplications on soybean in Moghan plain at 2015 and 2016 years. Main-plots were Normal irrigation (IR1), 80percent of full irrigation (IR2), 70 percent of full irrigation (IR3) and 50 percent of full irrigation (IR4) respectively,Cultivars included Williams (Cul1), M9 (Cul2) and Zan (Cul3) as a sub-plot. The results of comparing the means ofdata demonstrated that deficit irrigation decreased yield, yield components, percentage of seed oil of all cultivars.Also, the highest its characteristics (yield 4000 kg/hectare, Number of pods per plant 127.33, Number of seeds perplant 240, 1000 seeds weigh 300 gr, biomass 8900 kg/hectare, percentage of seed protein 25.3, WUE (yield) 0.95and WUE (grain oil) 0.23 kg.m-3) observed in Williams cultivar under normal irrigation and the lowest values forthese traits were obtained in Zan cultivar at IR3 and IR4 treatments. Also, the lowest protein content obtained innormal irrigation in the Williams cultivar and the highest that observed in the M9 cultivar at treatment IR4,respectively. Therefore, in order to this results Williams was the best cultivar under normal irrigation and waterdeficit conditions about yield and M9 was the sensitive variety to the deficit irrigation in Moghan Plain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Effect of partial root-zone drying irrigation and plant density on yield and water productivity of forage corn
Hossein Sahradi Fayaz AghayariTo study the effect of different methods of partial root-zone drying irrigation and plant density on yield and water productivity of forage corn a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at MoreTo study the effect of different methods of partial root-zone drying irrigation and plant density on yield and water productivity of forage corn a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at soil and water research institute, Karaj, Iran in 2014-2015 growing year. Different irrigation methods in three levels: I1: conventional furrow irrigation, I2: intermittent alternate furrow irrigation, I3: the fixed alternate furrow irrigation that were located in the main plots and plant density in three levels: D1: 75000 plants per hectare, D2: density of 85,000 per hectare, D3: density of 95,000 plants per hectare that were located in the sub plots. Results showed that the highest water productivity of Grain yield was achieved in treatment of the intermittent alternate furrow irrigation which showed 21.6 % significant increase in comparison to conventional furrow irrigation. Generally, method of intermittent alternate partial irrigation was a significant advantage compared to other irrigation methods in order to increase water productivity. The highest water productivity for biological fresh yield (11.97 kg.m-3) and WP for biological dry yield (3.91 kg.m-3) was achieved in treatment of the intermittent alternate furrow irrigation and density of 85,000 plant per hectare that increased 27.2% and 31.2% as compared to control treatment, respectively. Thus, method of partial root-zone drying irrigation (intermittent alternate) and density of 85,000 plants per hectare to increase productivity of forage corn is suggested in Karaj area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Responses of grass (Seashore Paspalum) to Rotational Management of Saline water
Sayyed-Hassan Tabatabaei Mohammad Pessarakli Negar NourmahnadApplying proper irrigation management can reduce the yield loss caused by salinity. Growth responses of Seashore Paspalum, in terms of shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights, and the general quality of the grasses were studied hydroponically in a greenhouse under MoreApplying proper irrigation management can reduce the yield loss caused by salinity. Growth responses of Seashore Paspalum, in terms of shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights, and the general quality of the grasses were studied hydroponically in a greenhouse under rotational levels of salinity stress. The experiment was arranged as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments include of five constant salinity levels as 5, 10, 20, and 30 gr/lit (named as Ctrl, C10, C20 and C30, respectively) as well as four more rotational salinity treatments (named as A10, A20 and A30). The results showed the maximum length of root and shoot (16.67 and 6.91 cm, respectively) was observed in Ctrl. At each salinity level, dry weight and fresh weight of shoot significantly increased in grasses grown under rotational salinity/control condition compared to their corresponding treatments under constant salinity stress condition. The percent of relative water content was higher in Ctrl, C10, A10 and A20. Also, C20 and C30 have the lower relative water content. Maximum water use efficiency observed at the Ctrl and then in A20 and A30. It concludes that rotational use of saline water causes improvement of WUE in grass. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Effect of magnetized water on hydraulic properties of tape irrigation system and yield and water use efficiency in maize
Jaefar Nikbakht Amir TaleiIn this research, effect of irrigation water crossing from fixed magnetized field on tape nozzle clogging and hydraulic properties of tape irrigation system as well as yield and water use efficiency in maize cv. Maxima were studied. The research was done from June to Oc MoreIn this research, effect of irrigation water crossing from fixed magnetized field on tape nozzle clogging and hydraulic properties of tape irrigation system as well as yield and water use efficiency in maize cv. Maxima were studied. The research was done from June to October in Research Farm of Zanjan University based on the complete randomized blocks in three replications with two treatments, irrigation water crossing and no crossing from field magnetic. Magnetic field was created by wire-tube method with an intensity of 0.1 Tesla. At the end of the growing season, drip irrigation system was evaluated. In addition, yield and yield components of maize were measured. Based on the results, at no magnetic irrigation system, mean of qa, Eu, Uc and Du decreased as 18%, 3%, 2% and 3% (respectively) and Cv increased 3% compared with magnetic irrigation system (significant differences). Calcite deposits in tape nozzles and their clogging caused it. Using magnetized water for maize watering increased total wet weight, total dry weight and leaf area (as 11%, 10% and 13%, respectively) comparing no magnetized watered crops and the differences were statically significant. As same water used for both magnetic and no magnetic treatments (5193 cubic meter per hectare), increasing of maize total wet weight in magnetic water caused significant increasing in water use efficiency as 1.7 kg/m3 (11%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Temporal and spatial study of water use efficiency of strategic crops in regional scale (Case study: Hamadan province)
Mohammad Ali Bayat Mohammad ManshouriAgriculture sector is the largest water consumer in Iran in terms of water volume. Improvement of water use efficiency in this sector would enhance economic efficiency on one hand, and alleviate the challenges of limited renewable water resources on the other MoreAgriculture sector is the largest water consumer in Iran in terms of water volume. Improvement of water use efficiency in this sector would enhance economic efficiency on one hand, and alleviate the challenges of limited renewable water resources on the other hand. Considering this fact, for identification of spatial and temporal variation of wheat crop water use efficiency, this research was carried out in Hamadan province area. The main objective of this study was to identify the best location and scheduling for planting wheat crop to obtain maximum water use efficiency. Wheat evapotranspiration was determined at selected meteorological stations and overall evapotranspiration in the area has been determined using IDW interpolation method. Then, the GIS map of wheat water use efficiency was produced using wheat yields data. The results indicated that west and south-west area of the province have the highest water use efficiency for wheat production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The effect of irrigation regime and manure on water use efficiency and yield of potato in Jiroft
Atefeh Afshar Ali Neshat GholamReza AfsharmaneshConsidering the limited resources of water and dominant draughts, deficit irrigation is an important strategy to obtain the product in water shortage conditions. Deficit irrigation aims to produce more products from less water. Therefore, an experiment was con MoreConsidering the limited resources of water and dominant draughts, deficit irrigation is an important strategy to obtain the product in water shortage conditions. Deficit irrigation aims to produce more products from less water. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the impact of deficit water and poultries manure on the performance, performance components, and water use efficiency of potato in Jiroft. The experiment was conducted in strip-plot form in the complete random blocks design with three replications. Three water levels as a main factor including 100, 75 and 50 percent of plant water requirement and four manure levels as secondary factor including 0, 5, 10 and 15 Ton ha-1 were considered. The results indicated that different levels of irrigation and poultries manure on both water use efficiency and potato yield were (1%). Also, the impact of different levels of irrigation and the poultries manure on the weight of potato tuber is significant. Moreover, the interaction of the irrigation regime and poultries manure on water use efficiency and potato yield was not significant. Furthermore, the effect of different levels of irrigation and poultries manure alone on the plant height was not significant, but their interaction was significant. Though the effect of different irrigation levels on the percentage of dried material of tuber was not significant, the impact of different levels of poultries manure, and the interaction of irrigation regime and poultry manure on tuber dry matter was significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Optimization of water use efficiency and yield in potato using marginal analysis theory
Parviz fathi Mohammad soltaniWater scarcity is a widespread problem in arid and semi arid regions. In this condition, evaluating crop response to water stress and estimation of ET production function (ETPF) is essential. The objective of this study was to investigate the dynamic interrela MoreWater scarcity is a widespread problem in arid and semi arid regions. In this condition, evaluating crop response to water stress and estimation of ET production function (ETPF) is essential. The objective of this study was to investigate the dynamic interrelations of yield, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of potato (Solanum Tuberosom L.) under trickle irrigation condition. This study was conducted in Dehgolan region of Kurdistan province in spring season of 1388. The experiment was arranged based on completely randomized block with 3 replication of water supply (60%, 80%, 100%, 120% of crop water requierment). In this study, evapotranspiration values and total yield of treatments were measured. To reveal the interrelations of yield, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency, two types of water production function including: Linear and Quadratic were used. The results showed that when the ETPF is linear, the EI will be numerically equal to the yield response factor (Ky), when ET reaches maximum ET (ETm). When ETPF was quadratic, the ET needed to maximize WUE is less than the ET for maximum yield (Ym). The results were also revealed that maximum yield was achieved at 345 mm of evapotranspiration and maximum water use efficiency (26.6 kg/m3) was achieved at 222 mm of evapotranspiration where 55.4 percent was less than the maximum evapotranspiration (ETm). However, the maximum yield was only 27.7 percent more than the yield in maximum water use efficiency. The interrelation of Y, ET and WUE are demonstrated that if water supply is limiting, seeking maximum water use efficiency may be desirable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Increasing the efficiency of consuming cotton water using refined domestic sewage water under the conditions of applying different irrigation levels
Ali Neshat Farzin ForouzeshBackground and Objective: The water resources restriction introduces the water use efficiency in the agricultural section. In this study, an experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of MoreBackground and Objective: The water resources restriction introduces the water use efficiency in the agricultural section. In this study, an experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of refined sewage on the performance and performance elements of cotton in the city of Kerman. Material and Methodology: The experiment treatments were considered as three percent water requirement of plant as main factors: I1 =100, I2=85, and I3 =70 and two water quality as secondary factors: Q1 = well water and Q2 = domestic refined sewage. Findings: The results showed that the 15 percent deficit-irrigation in comparison with the full water requirement when the domestic refined sewage is used in providing the full water requirement of the plant caused 14.8 percent increase in the water use efficiency and economizing 2405m3 water in conditions and the crop performance and morphologic characteristics remain constant relatively.Discussion and Conclusion: Accordingly, the refined sewage can face the water deficit problem of the country and increase the efficiency of irrigation. Also, the 15 percent deficit irrigation in comparison with the full providing of water requirement is recommended in the cotton planting in the Kerman province in order to economize the water use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Assess Effect of Water Deficit Stress and Clinoptilolite on Corn (Zea mays L.) Crop Production
mojtaba alavifazel Hojatollah Sohrabi Najme RazmandehBACKGROUND: Zeolite materials can reduce losing soil moisture in arid and semi-arid regions by soil physical improvement. These storage tanks absorb water provided by irrigation and rainfall and reduced permeability of soil. In drought stress condition, water saved in t MoreBACKGROUND: Zeolite materials can reduce losing soil moisture in arid and semi-arid regions by soil physical improvement. These storage tanks absorb water provided by irrigation and rainfall and reduced permeability of soil. In drought stress condition, water saved in the polymer is gradually depleted and reduces need for re-irrigation. OBJECTIVES: This research was carried out to evaluate effect different level of water stress and Clinoptilolite on effective traits on Corn seed yield. METHODS: This study was done via split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2021-2022 agronomic years. The main factor included Irrigation cycle based on evaporation from class A evaporation pan (I1: 50 mm evaporation or none stress or control, I2: 75 mm evaporation or Moderate stress, I3: 100 mm evaporation or severe stress). Also different level of Clinoptilolite (C1: control, C2: 4 and C3: 8 t.ha-1) belonged to subplots. RESULT: According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of water deficit and Clinoptilolite on all studied traits (instead harvest index) were significant but interaction effect of treatments was not significant. Compare different level of Clinoptilolite showed that the maximum amount of seed yield (4837.78 kg.ha-1), biologic yield (10486.7 kg.ha-1) and water use efficiency (1.5 kg.m-3) belonged to 8 t.ha-1 and lowest amount of mentioned traits were for control treatment. Mean comparison result of different level of water deficit indicated that maximum amount of measured traits was noted for control and minimum of those belonged to severe stress treatment. CONCLUSION: Adding Clinoptilolite to the soil under water stress conditions caused a 14% increase in biological yield and a 20% increase in corn seed yield in compare to the condition of not using this mineral. So that the consumption of 8 t.ha-1 of zeolite led to produce highest seed yield and it dose advised to farmers in studied region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Investigation Effect of Different Level of Fertilizer and Biologic Fertilizer on Basil Varieties Crop Production at Greenhouse in Khuzestan Province (Southwest of Iran)
Naser Zarifinia -
Open Access Article
13 - برآورد بهره وری سه محصول گندم، جو و ذرت دانه ای در خرمشهر
ایمان هرمزی نژادبا توجه به اینکه ایران از جمله کشورهایی است که در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک قرار دارد و با کمبود منابع آب رو به رو است به همین دلیل استفاده بهینه از منابع آب در مصارف کشاورزی، مقابله ای در برابر خشکسالی خواهد بود. لذا لزوم اعمال برنامه ریزی دقیق تری برای استفاده بهینه از منا Moreبا توجه به اینکه ایران از جمله کشورهایی است که در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک قرار دارد و با کمبود منابع آب رو به رو است به همین دلیل استفاده بهینه از منابع آب در مصارف کشاورزی، مقابله ای در برابر خشکسالی خواهد بود. لذا لزوم اعمال برنامه ریزی دقیق تری برای استفاده بهینه از منابع آب احساس می شود. در این بررسی ضمن مرور سایر نتایج موجود، مقدار شاخص کارایی مصرف آب غلات برای منطقه خرمشهر تعیین و با مقدار متوسط جهانی شاخص کارایی مصرف آب برای غلات مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده، میزان عملکرد محصول اولیه (کیلوگرم) و میزان حجم آب مصرفی (مترمکعب) برای تولید محصول، تعیین شده و در نهایت شاخص کارایی مصرف آب برای سه محصول گندم، ذرت و جو ضمن استفاده از داده های سه سال زراعی 1388تا1390محاسبه گردید. بر اساس نتایج حاصله متوسط مقدار کارایی مصرف آب محصولات زراعی گندم، جو و ذرت دانه ای به ترتیب 07/1، 02/1 و 35/1 کیلوگرم محصول بر متر مکعب آب مصرفی بدست آمد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - اثر بیوچار سبوس برنج و کم آبیاری بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و کارایی مصرف آب گیاه نعناع فلفلی
انیس کوشکی افسانه عالی نژادیان عباس ملکی تنش‎خشکی یکی از مهمترین تنشهای محیطی است که تولیدات محصولات کشاورزی را با مشکل روبرو میکند. در راستای بررسی اثر بیوچار حاصل از سبوس برنج بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی گیاه نعناع فلفلی آزمایشی در شرایط گلخانه به صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با تیمارهای More تنش‎خشکی یکی از مهمترین تنشهای محیطی است که تولیدات محصولات کشاورزی را با مشکل روبرو میکند. در راستای بررسی اثر بیوچار حاصل از سبوس برنج بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی گیاه نعناع فلفلی آزمایشی در شرایط گلخانه به صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با تیمارهای سه سطح بیوچار (صفر، 3 و 6 تن در هکتار) و چهار سطح آبیاری (100 درصد آبیاری ( بدون تنش)، 60، 80 و 120 درصد آبیاری کامل، با چهار تکرار در آبان سال 98 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد با توجه به معنی­دار شدن اثر برهم‎کنش تیمارها بر وزن‎تر برگ، بیش‎ترین وزن‎تر مربوط به سطح کاربرد 3 تن در هکتار بیوچار و تیمار 120 درصد آبیاری کامل به مقدار93/23 گرم در گلدان به‎دست آمد. همچنین کم‎ترین وزن‎تر (03/13 گرم در گلدان) در سطح 3 تن در هکتار بیوچار و تیمار 60 درصد آبیاری کامل مشاهده گردید، درحالیکه با تیمار شاهد تفاوت معنی­داری نشان نداد. همچنین کاربرد 6 تن در هکتار بیوچار سبب افزایش معنی­دار وزن خشک، ارتفاع، میزان آب مصرفی گیاه و کارایی مصرف آب به ترتیب به میزان 13/28، 73/10، 69/10 و 73/44 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. همچنین با کاهش اعمال سطوح مختلف آبیاری در سطح 60 درصد آبیاری کامل، وزن خشک، ارتفاع، مقدارآب مصرفی و کارایی مصرف آب گیاه در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد به ترتیب به میزان 89/39، 34/33، 69/14 و 46/29 درصد کاهش معنی­داری نشان داد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - مطالعه شاخص بهرهوری آب، در مزارع سیب زمینی دشت همدان ـ بهار
محمد رضا قاسمی نژاد صفر معروفیمحدودیت منابع آب، عدم برنامه­ریزی آبیاری و استفاده نامطلوب از آب، عامل اصلی محدود کننده توسعه کشاورزی در ایران است. در این پژوهش، زمان و میزان آب آبیاری، به­منظور افزایش بهره­وری آب، در مزارع سیب­زمینی دشت همدان – بهار، تعیین گردید. بدین منظور، سه Moreمحدودیت منابع آب، عدم برنامه­ریزی آبیاری و استفاده نامطلوب از آب، عامل اصلی محدود کننده توسعه کشاورزی در ایران است. در این پژوهش، زمان و میزان آب آبیاری، به­منظور افزایش بهره­وری آب، در مزارع سیب­زمینی دشت همدان – بهار، تعیین گردید. بدین منظور، سه مزرعه سیب­زمینی در بخش­های مختلف دشت، در سال زراعی 90-1389 انتخاب و با استفاده از تانسیومتر و بلوک­گچی، مصرف آب اندازه­گیری شده و نهایتاً شاخص بهره­وری آب (WUE) با استفاده از حجم آب مصرفی (W) و عملکرد محصول (Y) محاسبه شد. بر اساس اندازه­گیری­های انجام شده، حداقل و حداکثر میزان آب مصرفی، در مزارع تیمار، به­ترتیب 4481 و 7500 مترمکعب و نیز در مزارع شاهد نیز، به­ترتیب 5092 و 8279 مترمکعب در هکتار بوده است. نتایج نشان داد که با آموزش برنامه­ریزی صحیح مصرف آب، عملکرد محصول سیب­زمینی به مقدار قابل ملاحظه­ای (13 درصد) افزایش، می­یابد. این افزایش، با کاهش 1/13 درصد میزان آب مصرفی در تمامی مزارع مورد مطالعه همراه بوده­است و در نتیجه کارایی مصرف آب نیز 29 درصد افزایش یافت. نتایج نشان داد که میتوان از تانسیومتر به­عنوان یک ابزار مناسب جهت بهبود مدیریت آبیاری با آموزش آن به زارعین استفاده نمود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Agronomic and Economic Evaluation of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and Chickpea (Cicer arietinium L.) Intercropping under Micronutrient Applications
Yaser Esmaeilian Mohammad Behzad AmiriToday, intercropping as a key strategy of sustainable agriculture, is appreciated by both researchers and farmers in increasing efficiency of environmental resourceing uses, reduce damages due to environmental stresses, and improve the farm income. To this end, a split MoreToday, intercropping as a key strategy of sustainable agriculture, is appreciated by both researchers and farmers in increasing efficiency of environmental resourceing uses, reduce damages due to environmental stresses, and improve the farm income. To this end, a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm of Gonabad University.Main factor, comprised of 25% safflower + 75% chickpea, 50% safflower + 50% chickpea, 75% safflower + 25% chickpea, and 100% safflower + 100% chickpea intercropping patterns, and sole cropping of the two plants. Subfactors consisted of control (without foliar spray) and foliar spraying of 3 g.lit-1 Fe and Zn. The research results showed that the highest values of branches number (10.5) and head number per plant (22.5) of safflower were achieved from 25% safflower + 75% chickpea and 50% safflower + 50% chickpea intercropping, respectively and the highest seed yield (2070 kg.ha-1) from sole cropping. The branch and head number per plant, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield of safflower were increased significantly due to micronutrient foliar application as compared with control. The plant height (26.4 cm) and seed yield (1739 kg.ha-1) of chickpea showed the highest value in sole cropping while the highest values of pod number per plant (31.9) and seed number per plant (22.2) were obtained from 25% safflower + 75% chickpea intercropping. Micronutrients foliar application improved plant height, pod number per plant, pod length, and seed number per plant of chickpea. The land equivalent ratio values ranged from 1.12 to 1.52. The changes in water use efficiency indices were also higher in all intercropping patterns compared with sole cropping, and the highest value (1.31) was achieved from 75% safflower + 25% chickpea intercropping treatment. The aggressivity index indicated the dominance of safflower over chickpea. All of the intercropping treatments, except for 100% safflower + 100% chickpea pattern, showed real yield increase. The highest value of intercropping advantage (0.51) was obtained from 25% safflower + 75% chickpea treatment while the monetary advantage index (26454751) and the relative total value (1.44) were higher in 100% safflower + 100% chickpea intercropping as compared to the other cropping patterns. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Effect of Deficit Irrigation Conditions on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars in Ardabil Climatic
Atousa Shafaroodi Mahnaz Sharifi Abdolghayoum Gholipouri Broomand Salahi Mohammadbagher AalizadehSelection of tolerant cultivars to water stress in areas with reduced rainfall is important. A split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Ardabil Agricultural Research Center during 2015-2016. The exper MoreSelection of tolerant cultivars to water stress in areas with reduced rainfall is important. A split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Ardabil Agricultural Research Center during 2015-2016. The experiment factors consisted of three irrigation regimes: full irrigation (with 100% water requirement) considered as control and 15 and 30 days irrigation intervals assigned to main plots and five potato cultivars consisted of: 397081-1 and 397082-10 Clones and Agria, Caesar and Savalan cultivars assigned to sub plots. In this experiment, clones 397082-10 and 397081-1 and Savalan cultivar had relative superiority in terms of tuber yield, tuber dry matter, water use efficiency and high marketable tuber yield compared to Caesar and Agria. Also, in both years of experiment, the trend of variation of these cultivars for the studied traits were similar under deficit irrigation interval of 15-days. The results were not significantly different against control treatment. As a result, 15-days interval irrigation can be used to save water in the Ardabil area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Evaluation of AquaCrop Model in Simulating Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Three Corn Hybrids under Hot-Dry Climatic Conditions
Yaser Esmaeilian Mahmoud RamroudiNowadays, crop simulation models have a key role in crop growth and yield estimation, production planning, production economy and identifying strategies for crops supply. In this research, AquaCrop model was calibrated and evaluated for three corn hybrids; (DC 370, ZP 6 MoreNowadays, crop simulation models have a key role in crop growth and yield estimation, production planning, production economy and identifying strategies for crops supply. In this research, AquaCrop model was calibrated and evaluated for three corn hybrids; (DC 370, ZP 677, and SC 704) under different levels of water supply (non stress, mid stress, and severe stress) and nitrogen rates (0, 120, 180, and 240 kg N/ha). For model validation, normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) and determination of coefficient (R2) were used. Result showed that the model simulated grain yield of corn hybrids with high precision. Simulation precision decreased with increasing drought stress. The lowest nRMSE (7.5%) and highest R2 (0.93) were obtained from ZP 677 hybrid. The model simulated corn biological yield with more deviation percentage than grain yield. However, it´s variation trend due to variation in drought stress level or nitrogen fertilizer predicted well according to field experiment. nRMSE ranged from 6.8 and 10.9, while R2 varied from 0.82 to 0.92. AquaCrop model simulated the variation of water use efficiency of corn hybrids with reasonable accuracy, so that it´s value increased with increasing drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer application, while, model outputs in most situations were lower than measured values. The best model validation result (nRMSE=6.4% and R2= 0.93) obtained from ZP 677 hybrid. According to the results were obtained, AquaCrop model can be applied with high reliability for simulating corn yield under similar climatic regions of this experiment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Effect of Cold and Drought Stresses on Yield, Yield Components and Water Use Efficiency of some Corn Hybrids (Zea mays L.)
Mohsen Tarighaleslami Mohammad Kafi Ahmad Nezami Reza zarghamiCold and drought stresses are considered as the most important factors limiting crop production. To evaluate the effect of these tow stresses on yield and yield components of corn hybrids, a field experiment was implemented in split plots based on a randomized complete MoreCold and drought stresses are considered as the most important factors limiting crop production. To evaluate the effect of these tow stresses on yield and yield components of corn hybrids, a field experiment was implemented in split plots based on a randomized complete block design in 3 replicates during 2014 at the Research Greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. In this research, chilling stress in two levels (i.e. non-stress, and cold stress) is considered as the main factor and three levels of drought stress (i.e. irrigation equivalent to 100% of plants water requirement, non-stress as control, irrigation equivalent to 75% of plants water requirement, and irrigation equivalent to 50% of plants water requirement) as sub factor and three hybrid corn (i.e. single-cross 704, single-cross 400, single-cross 260). The results showed that the effects of drought and hybrids on traits under study were significant. Cold and drought stresses interaction of different corn varieties on the traits under study (seed number per ear, 100-seed weight, yield, biological yield and harvest index) was also significant. The highest seed yields of hybrid 704 and hybrid 400 under 100% water requirement were 7887 and 6862 kg.ha-1 respectively. Single-cross 400 variety had the highest water productivity in line with the 704 variety with the highest grain yield and water consumption efficiency, water consumption efficiency for biomass production in water-limited conditions increased. Finally, it shows that cold and drought stress interaction resulted in highest water consumption efficiency in the treatments of non-chilling stress and 100% water requirement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Effect of Different Deficit-Irrigation Methods on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Wheat (Parsi Cultivar)
Nadia Jafari Fayaz Aghayari Farzad PaknejadTo study the effect of different deficit-irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency of wheat under different water applications a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at the Re MoreTo study the effect of different deficit-irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency of wheat under different water applications a field experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design with four replications at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch, Iran in 2014-2015 growing year. Deficit irrigation with three levels were I100: use of 100% wheat water requirement, I75: use of 75% wheat water requirement and I50: use of 50% wheat water requirement, which were assigned to the main plots and irrigation methods with three levels, consisting of M1: conventional furrow irrigation, M2: fixed alternate-furrow irrigation and M3: periodic alternate-furrow irrigation which were assigned to the sub plots. The results showed that by using 100% wheat water requirement grain yield in the fixed and periodic alternate-furrow irrigation methods decreased by 21.8 and 23.7 percents as compared to conventional furrow irrigation method, respectively. The highest water use efficiency for grain yield (1.63 kg.m-3) was obtained when 75% wheat water requirement and fixed and alternate-furrow irrigation methods and the lowest water use efficiency for grain yield (1.24 kg.m-3) was obtained when to 50% wheat water requirement, with conventional furrow irrigation method, was used. Also, the highest water use efficiency for biologic yield (4.38 kg.m-3) was obtained at 50% wheat water requirement, with fixed alternate-furrow irrigation method, that decreased 31.5 percent as compared to I100M1. According to the results of this study, the application of alternate furrow irrigation with 75% crop water requirement can be used to increase water use efficiency for wheat yield in the studied area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Effect of different levels of biochar on physiological traits of pumpkin under water shortage stress
Ali reza Safahani Reza NooraBiochar has recently attracted lots of attention as a viable strategy for increasing crop productivity. Water shortage limits the productivity of agriculture, and one possible solution to this problem is the application of biochar. The objective of this study was to inv MoreBiochar has recently attracted lots of attention as a viable strategy for increasing crop productivity. Water shortage limits the productivity of agriculture, and one possible solution to this problem is the application of biochar. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biochar on physiology and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) under different irrigation regimes. For this purpose, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with four replicates was conducted in Gorgan, in two successive years (2014-2015) and consisting of a factorial combination of four irrigation regimes including 45%, 60%, 75%, and 90% (I1-I4) of maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of available soil water (ASW) and biochar was applied at rates 0, 5, 10, and 20 tons per ha(B0–B20). Drought increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the content of reactive oxygen species in leaf compared to control. In contrast, all of the antioxidant activities, reactive oxygen species and proline contents of leaves in soil treated with biochar, particularly at B20 biochar, declined. With the addition of biochar, the contents of MDA, O2•− and H2O2displayed remarkable decrease, however, maximum and minimum of these substances belonged to I4B0 and I1B20, respectively. Interestingly, biochar application alleviated the negative impact of reduced irrigation on the leaf gas exchange parameters, crop yields, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content, uptake of nutrients, and plant water status. Measured and simulated results revealed a special biochar application threshold for each irrigation regime with respect to seed yield. Response rate to biochar was ceased at lower biochar rates by prolonging irrigation. But the response of I2 treatment to biochar ceased at higher biochar rate as Bcritical (14 t ha-1). This implies that I2 improved response of pumpkin to biochar, which was accompanied by its higher WUE. These results indicate that biochar amendment could be considered as a successful strategy for improving the water productivity and increased crop production in study region (Gorgan). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Investigation of the effect of plant density and humic acid on paddy yield, water use efficiency, and biochemical traits of direct-seeded rice cultivation (Oryza sativa L.) in northern Iran
Manizhe Kalteh Hossein Ajam Norouzi Abolfazl Faraji Abdol Aziz Haghighi Ebrahim Gholamalipour AlamdariThe transition from transplanting rice cultivation to direct-seeding rice cultivation has recently begun in Iran, especially in Golestan province. No information is yet available on the effect of humic acid and plant density on paddy yield and some of its biochemical tr MoreThe transition from transplanting rice cultivation to direct-seeding rice cultivation has recently begun in Iran, especially in Golestan province. No information is yet available on the effect of humic acid and plant density on paddy yield and some of its biochemical traits. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in a research farm located in Gonbad city during May to September 2019 in the form of split plot-factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant density (plant spacing per row) was considered as the main factor with 4 levels (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) and humic acid consumption at 2 levels (humic acid consumption, no humic acid consumption) was considered as subplots. Humic acid fertilizer with a concentration of 250 ml per hectare was added in three stages including tillering (4-6 leaves), stalking (20-30 days after tillering), and before panicle initiation. Results showed that the effects of plant spacing on row and humic acid application on 1000-seed weight, paddy yield, biological yield, harvest index, grain protein, water use efficiency, and chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll were significant. Considering 5 and 10 cm plant spacing on rows along with humic acid application had the highest rice yield and water use efficiency. Also, chlorophyll content showed a significant change with increasing plant density and application of humic acid with a significant increase in chlorophyll a and b, which in turn was effective in increasing paddy yield. Rice protein also showed the highest level in 10 cm spacing between plants on each row along with the application of humic acid. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Effects of different irrigation methods and hormone application on water use efficiency, yield, and leaf biochemical traits in potato
Atefeh Pourasadollahi Adel Siosemardeh Farzad Hosseinpanahi Yusef Sohrabi -
Open Access Article
24 - Evaluation of AquaCrop and WOFOST in simulating of corn yield under deficit irrigation
Aslan Egdernezhad1 Ali Reza Masjedi 2 Ali Reza Shokouhfar 3 Mojtaba Alavifazel 4This study was conducted to evaluate two crop growth models (AquaCrop and WOFOST) in simulating corn yield under different irrigation water (T1:50, T2:75, T3:100 and T4: 150 mm evaporation from pan A) using data collected from a research farm station in Ahwaz during one MoreThis study was conducted to evaluate two crop growth models (AquaCrop and WOFOST) in simulating corn yield under different irrigation water (T1:50, T2:75, T3:100 and T4: 150 mm evaporation from pan A) using data collected from a research farm station in Ahwaz during one season crop. Results showed that the highest and the lowest different between collected and simulated yield values using AquaCrop were obtained in T3 (0.45 ton.ha-1) and T2 (0.10 ton.ha-1), respectively. Using WOFOST were obtained in T4 (0.15 ton.ha-1) and T1 (0.01 ton.ha-1), respectively. The lowest and the highest different for biomass values using AquaCrop were obtained in T4 (1.1 ton.ha-1) and T3 (2.03 ton.ha-1), respectively. Results for WOFOST were obtained in T2 (0.65 ton.ha-1) and T1 (1.95 ton.ha-1), respectively. RSME values for corn yield using AquaCrop and WOFOST were 0.16 and 0.15 ton.ha-1, respectively. RMSE values for corn biomass using AquaCrop and WOFOST were 0.92 and 0.88 ton.ha-1, respectively. Values for MBE using AquaCrop and WOFOST were 0.04 and -0.05 ton.ha-1 for corn yield, respectively, and -0.52 and -0.47 ton.ha-1 for corn biomass, respectively. In general, WOFOST had a better accuracy to simulate corn yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Evaluation of planting row spacing and plant spacing on the planting row in the sugar beet field in Karaj region
Reza Esmaeili Rahim Mohammadian Hossein Heidari Sharif Abad Ghorban Noor MohammadiSince the yield of sugar beet is affected by the length of the growing period and agronomic management, to investigate the delayed cultivation, this experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 with two treatments of planting row spacing (Pr) with two levels of 25 and 40 c MoreSince the yield of sugar beet is affected by the length of the growing period and agronomic management, to investigate the delayed cultivation, this experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 with two treatments of planting row spacing (Pr) with two levels of 25 and 40 cm (main plot) and three levels of plant spacing on row (Ps) using 1.7, 2.4, and 3.1 units per hectare seeds (sub-plot), it was carried out in the form of split plots with a RCBD in four replications. By adding the harvest date treatment with two levels of conventional and delayed in the second year, the statistical design was changed to split plots factorial (Ps and harvest date as factorial). The highest percentage of white sugar content (WSC) and potassium was obtained in the 40 cm row spacing. In the second year, a 37% decrease in the number of final roots compared to the first year caused a 25% decrease in root yield (RY), 31% in white sugar yield (WSY), and 21% in irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). Contrary to the first year, the effect of Ps was not significant on traits such as RY, WSY, and IWUE, while it had no significant effect on the percentage of WSC in any of the two years. In the second year, with a delay in harvesting, the increase in WSY and IWUE was 32% and 16%, respectively. Therefore, Pr of 25 cm and Ps of 22 cm (2.4 units) is recommended for the Karaj region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - ارزیابی پایداری بوم نظام های زراعی استان گلستان، ایران
مجید رستمی Hoda Mohammadiکشاورزی پایدار یک رویکرد جامع و مناسب برای تولید غذا، پوشاک، علوفه و سوخت مورد نیاز انسان است که نه تنها آسیبی به محیط زیست وارد نمی­سازد بلکه باعث تامین نیازهای جمعیت موجود و همچنین نسل­های بعدی خواهد شد و در عین حال به مفاهیمی همچون سلامت بوم­ نظامهای زراع Moreکشاورزی پایدار یک رویکرد جامع و مناسب برای تولید غذا، پوشاک، علوفه و سوخت مورد نیاز انسان است که نه تنها آسیبی به محیط زیست وارد نمی­سازد بلکه باعث تامین نیازهای جمعیت موجود و همچنین نسل­های بعدی خواهد شد و در عین حال به مفاهیمی همچون سلامت بوم­ نظامهای زراعی، عدالت اجتماعی و اقتصادی و سودآوری توجه دارد. بنابراین در هیچ کشوری مفهوم کشاورزی پایدار از توسعه پایدار تفکیک پذیر نیست. به منظور مطالعه پایداری بوم­نظامهای زراعی استان گلستان در دوره زمانی 1381 تا 1390 مطالعه حاضر انجام شد. داده­های مورد نیاز با استفاده از بانک­های اطلاعات آماری رسمی کشور جمع آوری شد. در هر سال ارزش عددی پایداری با استفاده از 21 شاخص مختلف محاسبه شد. از آنجا که شاخص­های مورد استفاده از لحاظ ماهیت و همچنین دامنه عددی بسیار با یکدیگر متفاوت بودند برای سهولت انجام مقایسه، همه شاخص­های محاسبه شده نرمال سازی شدند. بر اساس نتایج در طول دوره مورد مطالعه پایداری کشاورزی به صورت معنی­داری افزایش یافت. کمترین میزان پایداری در اولین سال دوره مطالعه (سال 1381) مشاهده شد در حالی که بیشترین میزان پایداری برای سال 1388 محاسبه شد و در سالهای بعدی میزان پایداری بوم­نظام­های زراعی به میزان اندکی کاهش یافت. مهمترین دلایل بهبود پایداری در سال­های انتهایی دوره مطالعه کاهش مصرف نهاده­های شیمیایی (آفت­کش­ها و کودهای شیمیایی)، افزایش کارایی مصرف آب و نیتروژن، افزایش عملکرد محصولات مختلف به ویژه عملکرد محصولات دیم و همچنین افزایش سطح زیر کشت گیاهان تثبیت کننده نیتروژن بودند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - ارزیابی شاخصهای کارایی مصرف آب در دشتهای منتخب استان فارس
حمیدرضا میرزایی خلیل مهدی اسفندیاری جواد شهرکی مرتضی یعقوبیهدف این مطالعه، بررسی شاخصهای مصرف آب محصولات زراعی و باغی است. دادهها از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبه با 164 کشاورز و با استفاده از دو روش نمونه گیری هدفمند و نمونه گیری تصادفی خوشهای چندمرحله ای گردآوری شد. در این راستا، شاخصهای هزینه استخراج آب و بازده ریالی Moreهدف این مطالعه، بررسی شاخصهای مصرف آب محصولات زراعی و باغی است. دادهها از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبه با 164 کشاورز و با استفاده از دو روش نمونه گیری هدفمند و نمونه گیری تصادفی خوشهای چندمرحله ای گردآوری شد. در این راستا، شاخصهای هزینه استخراج آب و بازده ریالی هر متر مکعب آب با دو روش اقتصادسنجی و مدیریتی محاسبه شد. قیمت سایهای و تولید ماده خشک هر متر مکعب آب نیز ارزیابی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین بازده ریالی هر متر مکعب آب 3875.4 ریال و هزینه هر متر مکعب آب چاه معادل 839.3 میباشد که چهار برابر بیشتر از ارزش برخی پروژههای توسعه منابع آبی است. در نهایت با توجه به نتایج اصلاح روابط مبادله قیمتی پیشنهاد شده است. در نهایت استفاده از سیاستهای کنترلی و مشارکت در تامین مالی پروژههای تغذیه مصنوعی سفرههای آب زیرزمینی توصیه میشود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Determining the optimum planting date of chickpea in Kermanshah province using modeling approach
seyedreza amiriCrop simulation models are useful tools for determination of optimum strategies for crop management and sustainability of the agricultural ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different planting dates on grain yield, biological yield and water MoreCrop simulation models are useful tools for determination of optimum strategies for crop management and sustainability of the agricultural ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different planting dates on grain yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of chickpea (Bivanij cultivar) under rainfed conditions at five locations in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, the SSM-Chickpea model along with historical daily weather data for the period of 1985–2014, were used. The results showed that early sowing date increased leaf area and biological yield and eliminated terminal drought stress. The highest and lowest grain yield was obtained on 20 Febraury and 4 March sowing dates with 1269 and 446 kg ha-1, respectively. The delayed sowing date substantially reduced grain yield by 64%. Furthermore, the highest and lowest biological yield was obtained on 20 Febraury (3448 kg ha-1) and 21April (2217 kg ha-1). On the other hand, the greatest water use efficiency was obtained on 20 Febraury (6.6 kg ha-1 mm-1). Overall, early sowing dates resulted in increased duration of growing season and seasonal rainfall which concurrency resulted in higher yield and WUE. Hence, early sowing chickpea is recommended over late sowing in arid and semi-arid areas of the study locations which are facing with lack of adequate and poor distribution of rainfall. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Response of various bread wheat genotypes to different planting method and terminal drought stress at southern Fars province
Vahid Barati Ehsan bijanzadeh Ali Barati Zahra ZinatiFars is the largest wheat producer province in Iran. In terms of planted area and output, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the number one crop in Fars and currently almost all irrigated wheat is conventionally planted in narrow spaced rows or broadcasting on the flat and MoreFars is the largest wheat producer province in Iran. In terms of planted area and output, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the number one crop in Fars and currently almost all irrigated wheat is conventionally planted in narrow spaced rows or broadcasting on the flat and is irrigated by flood irrigation within bordered basins. Conventional flat planting for wheat has some disadvantages. In order to study the response of wheat genotypes to flat planting and bed planting under different irrigation regimes, experiments were conducted in Darab region at two consecutive growing seasons. The experimental design was split-split plot with three replications. The main factor was two irrigation regimes (irrigation was applied normally and irrigation cut off after flowering stage). Sub plots were two planting methods (FP: flat planting, BP: bed planting). The sub-sub plots were four different wheat genotypes (Shiroudi-local check, Chamran 2, Aflak and a promising line: S-82-10). Based on results, post anthesis drought stress decreased grain yield and its components in all genotypes. The main reason of grain yield reduction in stress condition was reduction in grain number per spike and grain weight. The Aflak cultivar produced the highest grain yield (5712 kg ha-1) in non-stress condition while the highest grain yield in drought stress (3148 kg ha-1) condition was belonged to Shiroudi cultivar. The biological yield and harvest index were positively affected by bed planting. The bed planting method improved WUE (water use efficiency) and grain yield by more than 21% and 16%, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Study the effect of methanol and ascorbic acid foliar application on yield and physiological traits related to water relationships peanut under rainfed condition
Maral Moradi tochaee Saeid Saifzadeh Hamid Reza Zakerin Seyed Alireza ValadabadiIn order to investigate the effect of foliar application of methanol and ascorbic acid on growth and yield of peanut (varNC2) in during 2015 year, an experiment was carried out in two locations of Astaneh Ashrafiyeh and Kiashahr. A randomized complete block design with MoreIn order to investigate the effect of foliar application of methanol and ascorbic acid on growth and yield of peanut (varNC2) in during 2015 year, an experiment was carried out in two locations of Astaneh Ashrafiyeh and Kiashahr. A randomized complete block design with three replications on a factorial experiment with two factors including four levels of methanol include 0 (Control), 7, 14, and 21 volumetric percentage and four levels of ascorbic acid include (0 Control), 250, 500, and 750 mg/lit was used. Methanol and ascorbic acid foliar applications were done two times during the growing season with 15 days intervals and spraying started in 72 code stage of BBCH-scale. Measured traits in this experiment were consisted of: pod yield, seed yield, biological yield, protein yield, oil yield, pod water use efficiency, chlorophyll, leaf relative water content and leaf osmotic potential. The results showed the simple effects of methanol and ascorbic acid foliar applications on measured traits were positive significant. The maximum amount on measured traits were observed by two foliar application of methanol treatments (14 and 21 % (v/v)) and two foliar application of ascorbic acid treatments (500 and 750 mg/l) during experiment. In comparison to the control (without foliar application methanol), methanol application at 14 and 21 % v/v levels increased seed yield up to 20.15% and 24.65% respectively. The 17.36% and 20.67% amount of seed yield increase at 500 and 750 mg/l of ascorbic acid application respectively, in comparison to the control (without foliar application ascorbic acid). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Evaluation of the effect of growth stimulating bacteria on the yield and efficiency of wheat water consumption under the influence of irrigation rate and method
ashkan rostamian payam moaveni mehdi sadeghi shoae Hamid Mozafari faezeh rajabzadehThis research evaluated the reaction of wheat against different moisture stresses and different irrigation methods, as well as the reaction to growth-promoting bacteria in terms of different traits related to yield and water use efficiency during two crop years. The exp MoreThis research evaluated the reaction of wheat against different moisture stresses and different irrigation methods, as well as the reaction to growth-promoting bacteria in terms of different traits related to yield and water use efficiency during two crop years. The experimental factors include the irrigation regime with three levels (irrigation at 40% of available moisture discharge during the entire growth period (normal), normal irrigation until pollination and no irrigation up to 60% of available moisture discharge until the end of the growth period, irrigation until pollination and stop irrigation until the end of the growth period), irrigation methods with 5 levels (regular leakage, leakage of one furrow in the middle of variable, leakage of one furrow in the middle of constant, rain, type (strip-drop)) and the third factor of growth-increasing bacteria with There were two levels (non-use and use (combination of Microbacterium + Azobacter + Azosperlium + Pseudomonas). The results showed that the factor of irrigation regime had a significant effect on biological performance and grain yield, so that the second and third irrigation regimes (respectively with 7.89 and 4.70 tons per hectare) reduced these traits. Different irrigation methods had an effect on different quantitative and qualitative traits, but the most efficient water consumption was achieved in the tip irrigation method with a rate of 3 kg/m3. The use of bacterial integration increased the biological yield and grain to the extent of 9.79 and 13.51 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Effect of partial rootzone drying (PRD) and application potassium and zinc fertilizer on water use efficiency on corn
H.R. Ebrahimi H. Heydari Sharifabad Sh. Lak A. Naderi A. ModhejInnovations for saving water in irrigated agriculture and thereby improving water use efficiency are of paramount importance in water-scarce regions. Therefore, to see how restricted irrigation systems and different potassium and zinc fertilizer affect water use efficie MoreInnovations for saving water in irrigated agriculture and thereby improving water use efficiency are of paramount importance in water-scarce regions. Therefore, to see how restricted irrigation systems and different potassium and zinc fertilizer affect water use efficiency and yield of corn, an experiment was conducted in an arid area in Marvdasht, Iran in 2012. A split-Factorial experimental design was used based on a complete randomized block design with three replications. The main plots consisted of two irrigation methods: FI (full irrigation) and partial rootzoon drying (PRD). Each subplot received three rates of K fertilizer application: 0, 2.5 or 5 kg ha-1 and three rates of Zn fertilizer application: 0, 2.5 or 5 kg ha-1 .The results showed that the plots receiving the full irrigation resulted in significantly higher grain yields, 1000-kernel weight and grain number per cob than PRD treatment. However, the highest WUE and IWUE were obtained in PRD, 5 kg K ha-1 and 5 kg ZN ha-1 and the lowest one was found in the FI treatment .In general, PRD irrigation method at high level of potassium and zinc fertilizer improved WUE and decreased WU in corn to 40% in an arid region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Effects of Various Irrigation Levels and Biochar-Based Fertilizers on Peanut Production
Mahmoud M. Abbas Khalood W. Abooud Amjed Qasim Mohammed Sura Hasan Al-Zubaidi A'laa Hassan Abdul Hussain Noora M. Hameed Ahmed Ayoob Ibrahim Kahtan A. Mohammed Maytham T. Qasim Heba Takleef al salami Salam Ahjel Kholoud Ahmad batayneh -
Open Access Article
34 - Essential Oil Production, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) as Affected by Sowing Date and Plant Density
Seyyed Gholamreza MOHAMAD JAVAD SEGHATOLESLAMI -
Open Access Article
35 - Effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, potassium and water on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of roselle
halimeh piriToday, changing the pattern of planting towards dehydrating plants is proposed as a solution to drought. One of the plants resistant to drought is roselle. In this research, the effects of different levels of irrigation water, nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilize MoreToday, changing the pattern of planting towards dehydrating plants is proposed as a solution to drought. One of the plants resistant to drought is roselle. In this research, the effects of different levels of irrigation water, nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer on roselle were investigated. The experiments were carried out in a split plot design with four levels of irrigation water depths (I1, I2, I3 and I4, respectively 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the plant water requirement) and three levels of nitrogen (N1, N2 and N3 respectively 50, 75 and 100% nitrogen) as a sub plots and three levels of potassium (K1, K2 and K3 respectively 50, 75 and 100% potassium) as subplots. At the end of the experiment, plant height, capsule weight, dry yield, anthocyanin content and irrigation water productivity were measured. The results of the experiment showed that the effects of irrigation water and potassium fertilizer were significant at 1% and 5% probability level on all measured parameters and nitrogen fertilizer on all parameters except for irrigation water productivity. The highest yield was obtained from 100% fertilizer application and 100% water requirement, but no significant effect was observed between treatment of 100 and 75% of water requirement. The highest irrigation water productivity was obtained in 75% water treatment and 100% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer application, but no significant difference was found between different treatments of nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, considering the status of the water in the area and the reduction of water resources, the use of 75% of the water requirement will save water consumption without having a significant effect on the reduction of yield. Also, due to dry weather conditions in Sistan province, the use of potassium and nitrogen fertilizer can modify the drought stresses in roselle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - The study assessed effect of irrigation and nutrition management on yield and water productivity of forge and grain maize hybrids (S.c.704) in the north of the country
R. Rezaei Sokht Abandani M. Rezaei N. Rezaei M. EbrahimiExperimental crop year from 2010-2011 as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, salesperson biokola (Neka) was performed. The main factor for irrigation interval is in four levels of I1, I2, I3 an MoreExperimental crop year from 2010-2011 as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, salesperson biokola (Neka) was performed. The main factor for irrigation interval is in four levels of I1, I2, I3 and I4 (75, 100, 125 and 150mm grouped evaporation from pan evaporation respectively) and nitrogen sub factors are which equal to zero, 200 and 400 urea kg in hectar. Results show that more wet forage performance reached in hectar with 125mm evaporation from pan evaporation in irrigation interval 71230 in hectar, but the most wet forage performance in hectar in gain with 75 and 125mm evaporation from pan evaporation respectively which is equal 19030 and 17810 kg in hectar. Maximum profitability of dry material water usage reached with 125mm irrigation interval in evaporation from evaporation pan is equal to 15.37 kg on mg. Most performance of wet forage reached in wet forage performance according to irrigation + raining under the care of interaction effects in irrigation interval × nitrogen fertilizer for cares with 125mm irrigation interval and 150mm evaporation from evaporation pan with and 184 kg nitrogen usage in hectar which is equal 79200, 13000 kg in hectar and 67.34 and 12.44 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Effect of cycocel and Zinc Foliar Application on protein content and important elements and water use efficiency on Corn under water defcit condition
ehsan Abbaspour Jafar Masoud Sinaki Zarin taj Alipour Sakine Saeedi Sar To study the effect of water stress and the application of growth regulator (cycocel ) and Zinc spray on the protein rate, the major elements and some physical characteristics in corn (hybrid Ns540) .A split-split plot experime More To study the effect of water stress and the application of growth regulator (cycocel ) and Zinc spray on the protein rate, the major elements and some physical characteristics in corn (hybrid Ns540) .A split-split plot experimental with three replications in a randomized complete block design in Semnan Agricultural Research Station in 2010 in was run. The main factor included three levels of irrigation (irrigation complete, disconnect the water at 71 BBCH and 61 BBCH) in main plots and taking cycocel three levels (without taking cycocel consumption cycocel 1500, and 3000 parts per million) in the subplots and spraying zinc sulfate in three levels (no foliar applications, foliar applications of zinc sulfate at 3 and 5kg per thousands) as the subplots - are considered minor. Analysis of variance showed that the impact of cut irrigation on protein content, major elements such as phosphorus, potash, zinc, copper and iron, and water use efficiency is significantly. With the increased tension of the grain protein content and concentration of phosphorus, potash, zinc, iron and copper were reduced and increased water use efficiency. That results showed, taking cycocel, potash and phosphor decreased and other indicators increased. Zinc spraying the exception of the iron (Fe) increase in other indicators. the Correlation between Important elements and components of protein content and water use efficiency showed that Positive and significant correlation between water use efficiency and a high copper content of 0.474 percent is established And grain protein correlated with leaf phosphorus content of 0.522 percent. The findings can be to corn-growing of Semnan and similar region drought conditions that prohibit the use of certain materials and components that manufacturers offer to achieve good economic performance and quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Investigation of irrigation management and manure use for increasing water use efficiency in corn (SC 704)
R. Hassanzadeh S. Chavoshi H. Madani A. Asgari In order to investigate of manure consumption on used efficiency in corn (SC704) an experiment was conducted in agricultural researches center of Hajiabad in Hormozgan. The experimental design was CRBD with four replications. Main plots were con More In order to investigate of manure consumption on used efficiency in corn (SC704) an experiment was conducted in agricultural researches center of Hajiabad in Hormozgan. The experimental design was CRBD with four replications. Main plots were considered as four irrigation methods (irrigation of one side of hills to full growth, one side of hills Till steming and then from Two sides, one side of hills Till flowering then from Two sides irrigation) and four amounts of manure (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton/ha) were considered as subplots. Results showded that irrigation method and using manure have significant effects on water used efficiency, yield, 1000 cernel weight, biomass, number of grain per row and stem diameter (p<0.01). Maximum grain yield was related to Two side irrigation by 10070 kg/ha when 30 ton/ha manure. Also Maximum dry matter was related to notice trait. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Potato Irrigation Planning based on Moisture depletion using AquaCrop
Mohammad Ali Ansari Aslan Egdernezhad Niazali EbrahimipakIn order to potato irrigation planning based on moisture depletion, calibrated AquaCrop was used. This model was calibrated using data collected from a research station in Chahartakhteh, Shahrekord, in two years. Then, Aquacrop was implemented under multi run in differe MoreIn order to potato irrigation planning based on moisture depletion, calibrated AquaCrop was used. This model was calibrated using data collected from a research station in Chahartakhteh, Shahrekord, in two years. Then, Aquacrop was implemented under multi run in different depletion and irrigation scenarios (DyIx; which y indicates depletion amount and x indicates irrigation amount in mm). Results revealed that there was no water stress under 40 mm depletion and 40 mm irrigation. Crop yield and biomass was so low when depletion was more than 80 mm. In order to apply deficit irrigation, depletion must be between 40 to 70 mm. Based on the results, maximum yield was observed for D40I40 (22.6 ton.ha-1) and minimum yield was observed for D70I20 (10.8 ton.ha-1). In the case of water deficit, D60I40, D60I30, and D65I30 were the best scenarios so that the yields for mentioned scenarios were 16.8, 22.2, and 27 percent less than D40I40 yield. Biomass values for mentioned scenarios were 16.6, 21.8, and 26.7 percent less than D40I40 biomass. Water use efficiency for this scenarios were 0.7 (more), 0.7 (less), and 1.9 (less) than D40I40 one. So, D40I40 and D60I40 were the best scenario in full and deficit irrigation, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Evaluation of AquaCrop for Simulation of Wheat Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency under Different Irrigation Condition in Farm
Maryam Abedi Aslan Egdernezhad Niazali EbrahimipakWheat is one of the most important crops in the world. So, use of crop models helps to have an acceptable estimation of its grain yield in different conditions. Regarding that, in order to evaluate AquaCrop, as one of the most useful crop model, under different irrigati MoreWheat is one of the most important crops in the world. So, use of crop models helps to have an acceptable estimation of its grain yield in different conditions. Regarding that, in order to evaluate AquaCrop, as one of the most useful crop model, under different irrigation water condition in farm, this research was conducted in Kosar irrigation network located at Khuzistan province. Regarding that, long term data in three farms were collected. Then, 70 percent of data were used for calibration. AquaCrop validation results showed that this model had low error and good efficiency. AquaCrop were evaluated using the remaining 30 percent of data. Results showed that the difference between observed and simulated results for wheat grain yield and water use efficiency were 0.45 ton.ha-1 and 0.05 kg.m-3, respectively. In addition, MBE, RMSE and NRMSE results for wheat grain yield were 0.14 ton.ha-1, 0.52 ton.ha-1 and 0.13, respectively. Those results for water use efficiency were 0.01 kg.m-3, 0.06 kg.m-3 and 0.10, respectively. EF and d values for wheat grain yield 0.3 and 0.99, respectively, and those values for water use efficiency were 0.1 and 0.99, respectively. So, AquaCrop accuracy was acceptable for simulation of both parameters and it is recommended to use this model for simulation of mentioned parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
Ali RahimiIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal MoreIdentifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - The effect of irrigation intervals and different ratios of manure and chemical fertilizer on yield and yield components of roselle in Iranshahr climate conditions
Seyyed Mahdi JavadzadehTo study the effect of irrigation and fertilizer levels on yieldof roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Iranshahr, Iran in 2016.Treatments were included irrigatio MoreTo study the effect of irrigation and fertilizer levels on yieldof roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Iranshahr, Iran in 2016.Treatments were included irrigation intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days and fertilizer ratios were included0:100, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 100:0 manure and chemical fertilizers. Irrigation and fertilizer levels had a significant effect on most of roselle characteristics. Calyx yield with irrigation interval of 14 days, it was about 8.1 g/m2, which was increased to 10.6 g/m2 compared to 7 days irrigation interval. Integrated application of chemical fertilizer with manure was more incresing on roselle yield components than their separate application. The highest calyx yield was obtained in equal ratio of manure and chemical fertilizer, which was 23.7 and 32.2% higher than their individual application of manure and chemical fertilizer, respectively. Integrated application of manure and chemical produced more biomass. Therefore, application of equal ratio of manure and chemical fertilizer with irrigation intervals of 14 days in Iranshahr aquatic and climatic conditions isrecommended for roselle cultivation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Effect of different irrigation and planting methods on water use effeciency and some seed yield characteristics in three pinto common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Mehdi Mehrpouyan Manoucheher Farboodi Jalil Ajali Feraydoon Davoodi Asghar Jafari In order to study the effect of surface and local irrigation (Tape) methods on yield and water use efficiency of three common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in different planting patterns, a split split plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized More In order to study the effect of surface and local irrigation (Tape) methods on yield and water use efficiency of three common bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in different planting patterns, a split split plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Khoramdareh region, Iran in 2011 and 2012. Khomain, Talash and COS16 cultivars were planted in sub sub­-­plots, furrow and without furrow were placed in sub­-­plots and surface and local irrigation (Tape) methods were considered as levels of the main factor. Results showed that tape irrigation increased seed yield up to 28% in comparison to the surface irrigation in pinto common bean cultivation. Khomain and COS16 produced 36% and 32% more yield than Talash cultivar, respectively. It was duo to higher seed number per plant in COS16 and higher 100 seed weight of Khomain cultivar. COS16 showed a better response to local irrigation and furrow planting pattern, because it has type I (erect type) growth form. The response of cultivars to irrigation methods and planting patterns was different, so that the highest seed yield was obtained from Khomain cultivar with tape irrigation and without furrow (3329.8 kg/ha), Khomain cultivar with tape irrigation and furrow (3020 kg/ha) and COS16 cultivar with tape irrigation and furrow (3010.4 kg/ha). The highest value for water use efficiency (1.12 kg/m3) was obtained by local irrigation (Tape). In tape irrigation method, volume of used water was 32% lesser than the surface irrigation and seed yield was increased more than 28%. All cultivars produced higher yield in tape irrigation method, but they showed different responses to the planting pattern. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Effect of alternate furrow irrigation method on grain yield and water use efficiency of common bean genotypes
Omid Sadeghipour Ali FaramarziA field experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of alternate furrow irrigation on yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of common bean genotypes in Karaj, Iran during 2005 - 2006. The experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete blo MoreA field experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of alternate furrow irrigation on yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of common bean genotypes in Karaj, Iran during 2005 - 2006. The experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications. Three furrow irrigation methods including: alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI) methods were considered as main factor and three genotypes of Akhtar, Derakhshan and D81083 line were planted in subplots. Results showed no significant difference between the effect of AFI and FFI methods on grain yield of bean genotypes. However AFI decreased grain yield of line D81083, Akhtar and Derakhshan cultivars up to 10.2, 32.5 and 30.9 percent in comparison to CFI method, repectively. Line D81083 showed higher water use efficiency than other two studied genotypes. Irrigation water use efficiency of Akhtar and Derakhshan cultivars and line D81083 was also increased by AFI in comparison to CFI method up to 9.2%, 11.9% and 52.9%, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - The effect of drought stress and nitrogen levels on yield and water use efficiency of forage millet and sorghum
Seyed Golam Reza Moosavi mohammadjavad Mirhadi seyedataollah Siadat ghorban Noor Mohammadi farrokh DarvishIn order to evaluation of different irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components and water use efficiency of forage millet (cv. Notrifeed) and sorghum (cv. Speedfeed), an experiment was conducted in agricultural research station of Islamic Azad universit MoreIn order to evaluation of different irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components and water use efficiency of forage millet (cv. Notrifeed) and sorghum (cv. Speedfeed), an experiment was conducted in agricultural research station of Islamic Azad university of Birjand in 2005. Experimental design was split-split plot based on randomized compelet block design in three replications. The main plots were three irrigation levels (33, 67 and 100 precent of water requirment), sub plots were three nitrogen levels (46, 92 and 138 kg/ha) and sub-sub plots were plant species (forage sorghum and millet). The results showed that the effect of irrigation and nitrogen treatments and plant were significant at 0.01 confidence level on total fresh and dry yield and water use efficiency. The dry forage yield in 33 and 67 percent water requirement treatments were 62.6 and 15.5 percent lower than 100% water requirement treatment, respectively. The highest water use efficiency was belonge to medium water stress. Also total fresh and dry yield of forage and water use efficiency in millet were greater than sorghum. In addition, interaction between irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer in mentioned traits was significant at 0.01 confidence level. Application of higher levels of nitrogen increased total fresh and dry yield of forage and water use efficiency at all irrigation levels, significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Effects of partial root drying technique on agricultural and medicinal plants
Mahdi Malekpour Masood ParsinejadWater resources are very important to agricultural crop production due to increasing demand for food, feed, and fiber. There is a growing requirement for more use of our natural resources of land, soil, and water. There is ever-increasing pressure on water resources for MoreWater resources are very important to agricultural crop production due to increasing demand for food, feed, and fiber. There is a growing requirement for more use of our natural resources of land, soil, and water. There is ever-increasing pressure on water resources for our extensive use in agricultural production. There needs to be innovative solutions for more efficient irrigation techniques for better development of agricultural irrigation management. This review paper shows the consequences of partial root-zone drying happening on various plant species, its advantages and disadvantages, and also the hormone production under partial root-zone drying. In this technique of irrigation, a wet-dry cycle irrigates the crop, i.e., irrigation is scheduled at a regular interval with half way root drying. This is a water-saving irrigation strategy used in arid and semi-arid environments for increasing irrigation water use efficiency and water productivity as compared to fully irrigated crop plants in area with limited water resources. Scientists have worked a lot with different morphological, physiological, and yield related parameters of horticultural crops with partial root-zone drying but little work with agronomic crops. Manuscript profile
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