ارزیابی پایداری بوم نظام های زراعی استان گلستان، ایران

Subject Areas : Farm Management

مجید  رستمی ¹ (Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University ,)
Hoda  Mohammadi ² (Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University)

Received: 2017-03-12 Accepted : 2017-11-13 Published : 2018-03-01

Keywords:

Abstract :

کشاورزی پایدار یک رویکرد جامع و مناسب برای تولید غذا، پوشاک، علوفه و سوخت مورد نیاز انسان است که نه تنها آسیبی به محیط زیست وارد نمی­سازد بلکه باعث تامین نیازهای جمعیت موجود و همچنین نسل­های بعدی خواهد شد و در عین حال به مفاهیمی همچون سلامت بوم­ نظامهای زراعی، عدالت اجتماعی و اقتصادی و سودآوری توجه دارد. بنابراین در هیچ کشوری مفهوم کشاورزی پایدار از توسعه پایدار تفکیک پذیر نیست. به منظور مطالعه پایداری بوم­نظامهای زراعی استان گلستان در دوره زمانی 1381 تا 1390 مطالعه حاضر انجام شد. داده­های مورد نیاز با استفاده از بانک­های اطلاعات آماری رسمی کشور جمع آوری شد. در هر سال ارزش عددی پایداری با استفاده از 21 شاخص مختلف محاسبه شد. از آنجا که شاخص­های مورد استفاده از لحاظ ماهیت و همچنین دامنه عددی بسیار با یکدیگر متفاوت بودند برای سهولت انجام مقایسه، همه شاخص­های محاسبه شده نرمال سازی شدند. بر اساس نتایج در طول دوره مورد مطالعه  پایداری کشاورزی به صورت معنی­داری افزایش یافت. کمترین میزان پایداری در اولین سال دوره مطالعه (سال 1381) مشاهده شد در حالی که بیشترین میزان پایداری برای سال 1388 محاسبه شد و در سالهای بعدی میزان پایداری بوم­نظام­های زراعی به میزان اندکی کاهش یافت. مهمترین دلایل بهبود پایداری در سال­های انتهایی دوره مطالعه کاهش مصرف نهاده­های شیمیایی (آفت­کش­ها و کودهای شیمیایی)، افزایش کارایی مصرف آب و نیتروژن، افزایش عملکرد محصولات مختلف به ویژه عملکرد محصولات دیم و همچنین افزایش سطح زیر کشت گیاهان تثبیت کننده نیتروژن بودند.

References:

Allahyari, M.S., Daghighi Masouleh, Z., & Koundinya, V. (2016). Implementing Minkowski fuzzy screening, entropy, and aggregation methods for selecting agricultural sustainability indicators. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 40(3), 277-294.

Altieri, M.A., & Nicholls, C.I. (2005). Agroecology and the search for a truly sustainable agriculture.Colonia Lomas de Virreyes, Panama City: United Nations Environmental Programme, Environmental Training Network for Latin America and the Caribbean.

Bell, S., & Morse, S. (2008). Sustainability indicators: Measuring the immeasurable?  London, UK: Earthscan Press.

Binder, C.R., & Feola, G. (2013). Normative, systemic and procedural aspects: A review of indicator-based sustainability assessments in agriculture. In Methods and Procedures for Building Sustainable Farming Systems (pp. 33-46). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

Bosshaq, M.R., Afzalinia, F., & Hedayat, N. (2013). The role of effective factors in sustainable agricultural system-A case study of Minudashat in Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5(6), 662-666.

Capowiez, Y., Cadoux, S., Bouchant, P., Ruy, S., Roger-Estrade, J., Richard, G., & Boizard, H. (2009). The effect of tillage type and cropping system on earthworm communities, macroporosity and water infiltration. Soil and Tillage Research, 105(2), 209-216.

Chartzoulakis, K., & Bertaki, M. (2015). Sustainable water management in agriculture under climate change. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 4, 88-98.

Chopra, A.K., Sharma, M.K., & Chamoli, S. (2011). Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides in aquatic system-an overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 173(1-4), 905-916.

Drechsel, P., Heffer, P., Magen, H., Mikkelsen, R., & Wichelns, D. (2015). Managing water and fertilizer for sustainable agricultural intensification (1^st Ed). Paris, France: International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), International Water Management Institute (IWMI), International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), and International Potash Institute (IPI).

Garcia-Tejero, I.F., Duran-Zuazo, V.H., Muriel-Fernandez, J.L., & Pleguezuelo, C.R.R. (2011). Water and sustainable agriculture (1^st Ed). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

Gaurav, S. (2015). Are rainfed agricultural households insured? Evidence from five villages in Vidarbha, India. World Development, 66, 719-736.

Gil, Y., & Sinfort, C. (2005). Emission of pesticides to the air during sprayer application: A bibliographic review. Atmospheric Environment, 39(28), 5183-5193.

Green, R.E., Cornell, S.J., Scharlemann, J.P., & Balmford, A. (2005). Farming and the fate of wild nature. Science, 307(5709), 550-555.

Häni, F. J., Stämpfli, A., Gerber, T., Porsche, H., Thalmann, C., & Studer, C. (2007). RISE: A Tool for Improving Sustainability in Agriculture. A case study with tea farmers in southern India. In Häni F.J., L. Pintér, H.R. Herren (eds.), From Common Principles to Common Practice, Proceedings and Outputs of the first Symposium of the International Forum on Assessing Sustainability in Agriculture (pp. 121-148). Bern, Switzerland: International Institute of Sustainable Development.

Jackson-Smith, D. (2010). Toward sustainable agricultural systems in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Jordan, C.F. (2013). An ecosystem approach to sustainable agriculture. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

Kerr, J.M., Byerlee, D., Govindan, K., Hazell, P., Hojjati, B., Thorat, S., & Yadav, S., (1996). Sustainable development of rainfed agriculture in India. EPTD Discussion paper 20. Washington, DC. IFPRI.

Kijne, J.W., Barker, R., & Molden, D.J. (eds). (2003). Water productivity in agriculture: limits and opportunities for improvement. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.

Koocheki, A., Nassiri, M., Gliessman, S.R., & Zarea, A. (2008). Agrobiodiversity of field crops: A case study for Iran. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 32(1), 95-122.

Köhler, H.R., & Triebskorn, R. (2013). Wildlife ecotoxicology of pesticides: Can we track effects to the population level and beyond? Science, 341(6147), 759-765.

Lavasani, A., Ghanbari, A., & Asgharipour, M.R. (2015). Quantifying of ecological sustainability of greenhouse production systems in Sistan. Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 25(3), 31-41.

Lee, S.J., Mehler, L., Beckman, J., Diebolt-Brown, B., Prado, J., Lackovic, M., Waltz, J., Mulay, P., Schwartz, A., Mitchell, Y., & Moraga-McHaley, S. (2011). Acute pesticide illnesses associated with off-target pesticide drift from agricultural applications: 11 States, 1998-2006. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(8), 1162-1169.

Lichtfouse, E. (ed.) (2012). Farming for food and water security (Vol. 10). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

Mahdavi Damghani, A., Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., & Nassiri Mahallati, M. (2006). Studying the sustainability of a wheat-cotton agroecosystem in Iran. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 5, 559-562.

Ministry of Agriculture Jihad (2015). Agricultural statistics (In Persian). Retrieved 16 December, 2015 from http://www.maj.ir/ Portal/File/ShowFile.aspx?ID=d017b964-cbc7-4c70-84e6-1c928aca0b2f.

Mollinga, P. (2010). The material conditions of a polarized discourse: Clamours and silences in critical analysis of agricultural water use in India. Journal of Agrarian Change, 10 (3), 414-436.

Ozier-Lafontaine, H., & Lesueur-Jannoyer, M. (2014). Sustainable agriculture reviews: Agroecology and Global Change (Vol. 14). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

Popescu, G., & Jean-Vasile, A. (2015). Agricultural management strategies in a changing economy. Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global.

Pretty, J. (2007). Agricultural sustainability: Concepts, principles and evidence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 363, 447-465.

Rockström, J., Falkenmark, M., Karlberg, L., Hoff, H., Rost, S., & Gerten, D. (2009). Future water availability for global food production: The potential of green water for increasing resilience to global change. Water Resources Research, 45(7), 1-16.

Sajjad, H., Nasreen, I., & Ansari, S.A. (2014). Assessing spatiotemporal variation in agricultural sustainability using sustainable livelihood security index: Empirical illustration from Vaishali district of Bihar, India. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 38(1), 46-68.

Schneiker, J., Weisser, W.W., Settele, J., Bustamante, J.V., Marquez, L., Villareal, S., Arida, G., Van Chien, H., Heong, K.L., & Türke, M. (2016). Is there hope for sustainable management of golden apple snails, a major invasive pest in irrigated rice? NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 79, 11-21.

Tilman, D., Cassman, k. G.  Matson, P.A., Naylor, R., & Polasky, S. (2002). Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature, 418, 671-677.

Van Buskirk, J., & Willi, Y. (2005). Met- analysis of farmland biodiversity within Set-aside land: Reply to Kleijn and Báldi. Conservation Biology, 19(3), 967-968.

Wezel, A., Casagrande, M., Celette, F., Vian, J.F., Ferrer, A., & Peigné, J. (2014). Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(1), 1-20.

Xu, W., & Mage, J. A. (2001). A review of concepts and criteria for assessing agroecosystem health including a preliminary case study of southern Ontario. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 83, 215-233.

Zahm, F., Viaux, P., Girardin, P., Vilain, L., & Mouchet, C. (2007). Farm sustainability assessment using the IDEA Method: From the concept of farm sustainability to the case studies on French farms. In Häni F.J., L. Pintér, H.R. Herren (eds.), From Common Principles to Common Practice, Proceedings and Outputs of the first Symposium of the International Forum on Assessing Sustainability in Agriculture (pp. 77-110). Bern, Switzerland: International Institute of Sustainable Development.