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Open Access Article
1 - Contingent Performance Assessment Measures Design Based on Futurology: A Theoretical Approach
ali akbar nonahal nahr fereydoon rahnama roodposhtiIn the recent competitive Business environments, the role of management accounting as a useful means for managers are important and vital. Management accounting can be used to improve the decision making process to create added values. The role of management accounting MoreIn the recent competitive Business environments, the role of management accounting as a useful means for managers are important and vital. Management accounting can be used to improve the decision making process to create added values. The role of management accounting is the measurement & providing useful information (financial & nonfinancial) to manage and to motivate create the values to achieve the strategic objectives (Rahnamay, 1387a; 38). Performance measurement and making strategic decisions to keep permanence, continuing operations, and continuous improvement are important issues in strategic cost management. Frequent changes in business environment and its extreme effects on all aspects of businesses, causes to, management accounting as arm of managers in this environment, changes continually and demonstrates its roles as new paradigm in evolution of accounting knowledge. In this paper, first we investigate the role of management accounting in assessing an organization performance, and affecting context and contingent context elements including external uncertainties, organization strategy, technologies, organization structures and size of businesses, then introduce the innovations in performance measures in new business based on futurology approach. We concluded that to designing and implementing the perfect and appropriate performance measures, we should consider the contingent and contextual elements and futurology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Assessment of urban resilience dimensions,with using the method average total distances of optimal limites(research on municipality 9 of Mashhad)
Hamid Ahmadzadeh kermani Bahram Aminzadeh GoharriziCities as the most complex human-made manifestations face a wide range of risks due to a wide range of hazards and multiple vulnerabilities.Natural disasters have always been a major challenge in achieving sustainable development of human societies. As a result, ways to MoreCities as the most complex human-made manifestations face a wide range of risks due to a wide range of hazards and multiple vulnerabilities.Natural disasters have always been a major challenge in achieving sustainable development of human societies. As a result, ways to achieve this development have become necessary through vulnerability reduction models. Today, disaster management and sustainable development perspectives and perspectives seek to create resilient societies against natural hazards. Hence, according to many researchers, resilience is one of the most important issues for achieving sustainability. Resilience is a way to strengthen societies by using its capacities, and different definitions, approaches, indicators, and measurement models have been developed. The view that has existed in disaster management and urban management has long been the focus of coping and mitigation. In the meantime, the concept of resilience is a new concept that is used more in the face of unknowns and uncertainties. It can be said that the domain of literature on hazards and disruptions has changed in a paradigm shift from (hazard assessment) to (vulnerability analysis). It can be understood that the system can absorb and manage risks ). The framework for the Hyogo plan was approved by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) on January 22, 2005, which is a positive move in this regard. This research is aimed at: the attempt to explain the components and characteristics of resilient constructivism and to determine the contribution of factors affecting the resilience strengthening, Emphasis on recognition of different levels of resilience of individuals and groups of society, efforts to provide solutions to reduce the natural disasters of earthquakes in urban areas.Considering the study and explanation of the relationship between urban community resilience to reduce the effects of natural disasters, especially earthquakes, in order to better understand the resilience dimensions and strategies for risk reduction policies, the four dimensions of the resiliency approach have been investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze Indicators and resiliency measures, explanation of different models of resilient measurements, survey of resilience of Mashhad 9th district in accordance with selected indicators in resiliency. 9 area of Mashhad municipality in terms of accumulation of main branch faults Mashhad is of high importance in terms of crisis. Therefore, after analyzing the indices in the field of resonance and measuring these indices in the region and comparing them with the optimum level, the numerical value of the area's resilience was calculated using the average distance of the optimal range. In this The three dimensions of social, economic, and spatial dimensions were studied and the numerical values of the IIF, DSF and URF indices were calculated. Finally, the numerical value of the resilience of the area was 0.89, which shows a rather resilient state. Given the degree of resilience The weaknesses in the area were studied in the indexes and crisis in the economic dimension was strongly observed. At the end, suggestions are also given to maintain and improve desirable indicators and to improve desirable indices. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Integrating Civil Defense Emergency Management of Cities (Case Study: District 10 of Tehran)
Hedieh Imani Alvecheh Zahra Sadat Saeideh Zarabadi Hamideh Aghamahdi Sarraf -
Open Access Article
4 - Solvability of Functional Integral-Differential Equations in the Sobolev space w^{k,infinity}(R^n)
Masoome Hosseini Farahi Mahmoud Hassani Reza AllahyariIn 1930, Kuratowski introduced the concept of measure of noncompactness. Later, Banas and Goebel generalized this concept axiomatically, which is more convenient in applications. The principal application of measures of noncompactness in fixed point theory is contained MoreIn 1930, Kuratowski introduced the concept of measure of noncompactness. Later, Banas and Goebel generalized this concept axiomatically, which is more convenient in applications. The principal application of measures of noncompactness in fixed point theory is contained in the Darbo'sfixed point theorem. This is a tool to investigate the existence and behaviour of solutions of manyclasses of integral equations such as Volterra, Fredholm and Uryson types.The technique of measure of noncompactness is applicable in several branches of nonlinear analysis. In particular, it is a very useful tool for several types of integral and integral-differential equations. In addition, the measure of noncompactness is also used in functional equations, fractional partial differential equations, ordinary and partial differential equations, operator theory and optimal control theory. The purpose of this article is to introduce a new measure of noncompactness in the Sobolev space W^(k,∞) (R^n). The results are obtained to solve integral-differential equations. Finally, by providing an example to show the efficiency of our results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Most Productive Scale Size with Environmental Factors in Data Envelopment Analysis
Hajar Haghighatpisheh Sohrab Kordrostami Alireza AmirteimooriNowadays, evaluating the efficiency of entities and knowing how resources should be organized is a significant aspect in order to achieve optimal results. One of methods for the performance evaluation is data envelopment analysis (DEA). Also, one of the important DEA to MoreNowadays, evaluating the efficiency of entities and knowing how resources should be organized is a significant aspect in order to achieve optimal results. One of methods for the performance evaluation is data envelopment analysis (DEA). Also, one of the important DEA topics is the most productive scale size (MPSS) estimation. Due to the presence of undesirable factors in the production systems, models are suggested in this paper for evaluating MPSS and determining the largest and smallest MPSS (nearest and farthest points of MPSS) while undesirable outputs with weak disposability are available. Models proposed determine the role of environmental factors in the performance estimation of units. These models can be used in factories, hospitals and as well as environmental protection for continual monitoring on the environmental situation affected by industrial activities and also showing the impact of environmental factors in measuring the efficiency. We use data from the Chinese industry to present the theoretical results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Classifying Flexible Factors Using Fuzzy Concept
S. Saati N. ImaniIn Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), it is assumed that the role of each factor is known asinput or output. However, in some cases, there are shared factors that their input versusoutput status is not clearly known. These are flexible measures. In such cases, determining MoreIn Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), it is assumed that the role of each factor is known asinput or output. However, in some cases, there are shared factors that their input versusoutput status is not clearly known. These are flexible measures. In such cases, determiningwhether a factor is input or output is ambiguous. Therefore, using fuzzy concept seems to benecessary.In this paper, a two phase procedure is proposed to fuzzy classification of flexible measures.In the first phase, applying the existing classification methods, an orientation of flexiblemeasures to aid in the definition of inputs and outputs is achieved. Through defining amembership function in second phase, the input versus output status of a factor is expressedby fuzzy notion. By the proposed method, the efficiency of a decision mating unit is defendedby a membership degree. We illustrate the proposed model in a practical problem setting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The proposed cost and profit models in presence of flexible measures
F. Matroud Gh. TohidiIn conventional DEA, measures are classified as either input or output. However, in some real cases there are variables whose status is not known as input or output before assessment. These variable are known as flexible measures. One of the most important economic dim MoreIn conventional DEA, measures are classified as either input or output. However, in some real cases there are variables whose status is not known as input or output before assessment. These variable are known as flexible measures. One of the most important economic dimensions for ensuring the success of a company is the efficiency with which it uses its resources. Therefore, centering on Assessment costs and profit of financial institutions is an important issue. Aware of the importance of this subject, we propose the cost and profit efficiency model in presence of flexible measures due to the many application of these variables in real world. The proposed models determine the status of each flexible measure as an input or output statue and simultaneously maximize profit/minimize cost in profit/cost model. In order to evaluate the capability model the proposed model are applied to a real-life data set of 50 U.S. banks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Condominium and Joint Ownership in Iranian and French Law
SH NikovandOne of the important issues the general civil practice dealswith is the significant benefits of the joint ownership and its realizedeconomic results. The author has fresh ideas on regarding theownership share regime and right of possession in the orders of thecivil law MoreOne of the important issues the general civil practice dealswith is the significant benefits of the joint ownership and its realizedeconomic results. The author has fresh ideas on regarding theownership share regime and right of possession in the orders of thecivil law in Iran. He offers good advices on the matter of exercisingthe right of possession and use by co-owners and the legal regulationswhich contain the legal relationship among the co-owners and alsothe way of obligation. He illustrates important trends that each coownerhas the right to possess and use whole common property,however, none of them shall exercise this right if it adversely affectsothers legal interest. He also emphasizes on the right of the co-ownersof disposition the property share. He documents the French approachon how they regulate this question Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Proposing a mathematical model to measure corporate governance and its consequences on the companies’ stock crash risk
maryam sadeghi Hossein Panahian mehdi safari geryli Meysam Arabzadeh rahman saediThe present study examines the impact of corporate governance on the stock crash risk of companies. Although in previous studies several indicators have been used to measure corporate governance, the present study using multi-criteria decision model to combine numerous MoreThe present study examines the impact of corporate governance on the stock crash risk of companies. Although in previous studies several indicators have been used to measure corporate governance, the present study using multi-criteria decision model to combine numerous individual metrics (one-dimensional) available in accounting and financial literature with the help of experts' opinions and their weighting, and by using mathematical modeling provides a Composite measures of corporate governance and then tests its impact on companies' stock crash. The research hypothesis was tested using a sample consisting of 125 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2015 to 2019 and using a multivariate regression model based on combined data technique. The results show that there is a negative and significant relationship between corporate governance and the stock crash risk. Also, the results of the sensitivity analysis test indicate that the use of alternative criteria to measure the stock crash risk does not affect the main results of the study and the research results are strong enough. The research findings, while filling the gap of previous studies on providing a Composite mathematical model for measuring corporate governance, can be a guide for capital market legislators, investors and other users of accounting information in making decision. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Emerging Patterns of Disparities in Industrialization in the state of West Bengal; A Macro-Economic Analysis with Case Study Research of Jessop India Limited
Sujata Mukhopadhyay -
Open Access Article
11 - The Mediating Effect of Self-Care Measures on the Relationship between Health literacy and Quality of life of Patients after Open Heart Surgery
mahdi homayounfar seyyed mohammad zargar abolfazl danaeiIntroduction: Health literacy refers to the ability of individuals to acquire, analyze and understand the information and basic health services they need to contribute to their health issues and make the right decisions. Today, health literacy is one of the pillars of c MoreIntroduction: Health literacy refers to the ability of individuals to acquire, analyze and understand the information and basic health services they need to contribute to their health issues and make the right decisions. Today, health literacy is one of the pillars of community health. The purpose of this study was to provide a model for assessing the effect of health literacy and self-care measures on the quality of life of cardiovascular patients after open heart surgery. Methods: This study is an applied research and based on the method of data collection is a descriptive-survey type that the statistical population of the study was all patients who had open heart surgery at the Tehran heart center and among them, 138 people were selected by available sampling. Data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by face validity and convergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. Structural equation method was used to analyze the collected data. Results: The results of hypothesis testing showed Health literacy with path coefficient (0.685) has a positive and significant effect on self-care measures, Health literacy with path coefficient (0. 350) has a positive and significant effect on patients' quality of life, and self-care measures with path coefficient (0.418) have a positive and significant effect on patients' quality of life. Conclusion: Improvement of health literacy and self-care behaviors in cardiac patients after open heart surgery can improve the quality of life of these patients after surgery and reduce complications after surgery. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The survey of effective factors on Equity Valution in the Presence of Accounting Noise (Empirical Evidence using profit Margins) in the accepted companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange
عباس طالب بیدختی سمیه علیشاهیThe main purpose of is studying effective factors on equity valution in the presenceof accounting noise ( Empirical Evidence using profit Margins) in the acceptedcompanies in theTehran Stock Exchange. Dependent variables in the present research market priceper share and MoreThe main purpose of is studying effective factors on equity valution in the presenceof accounting noise ( Empirical Evidence using profit Margins) in the acceptedcompanies in theTehran Stock Exchange. Dependent variables in the present research market priceper share and the independent variables are: the book values per share, measures ofprofit for per share, deviation of the profit measures per share, the differencebetween net profit and measures of profit for per share. The main hypothesis of thisstudy includes a main hypothesis and three sub-hypothesis. The studied period of thestudy is 1381 to 1386 years and selected pattern includes 69 companies. In order totest hypotheses, since the analysis of independent several variables are effective toexplain or the dependent variable changes, the multi-variable regression was used.The results of the main hypothesis suggests that the gross profit deviation, the profitdeviation before tax deduction and net profit deviation have a positive significanteffect on market prices, and operating profit per share doesn't significantly effect onmarket price per share, but among three profit standards deviation that have asignificant relation with the market price per share, just gross profit deviation embedsinto the optimum and the AEK model, when j = 4, is complete and is as following:P=2772.88 + 2.19 EPS4 +2.92 DIF4+2.03 S4+ 1.61 BPSAEK model indicates that accounting noise more likely occurs in the gross profitand this finding these noise and can be effective for price adjustment of market price.The results of sub-hypotheses indicate that the book value per share, measures ofprofit for per share, the difference between net profits and measures of profit per sharewith market price per share has a significant relation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The effect of distance measurement methods on the classification of ecological groups in Hyrcanian forests
Naghmeh Pakgohar Javad Eshaghi Rad Gholamhossein Gholami Ahmad Alijanpour David W. RobertsNowadays, the application of clustering methods is widely increased, although choosing the right method due to the existence of different method and effective factors is difficult. The present study aimed to compare the results of widely used clustering algorithms and t MoreNowadays, the application of clustering methods is widely increased, although choosing the right method due to the existence of different method and effective factors is difficult. The present study aimed to compare the results of widely used clustering algorithms and to determine the most effective methods according to the different evaluators and evaluate the effective distance measurement method for clustering algorithms. The data of Hyrcanian beech forests were examined in an area protected by the department of natural resources of Nowshahr. Random-systematic sampling method with regular grid of 100×200 m was used for determining the center of sample plots; 100-m2 (10×10 m) sample plots had been used to check the shrub species and 400-m2 (20×20 m) to check the herbaceous species. A total of 120 sample plots were measured. The abundance and coverage of tree, shrub and herbaceous species were estimated based on Braun-Blanquette scale. Three distance methods of measuring distance Bray Curtis, Hellinger and Manhattan were used and five clustering methods (Average method clustering methods, Ward method, flexible beta method with beta values of -0.1, -0.25, -0.4) with six evaluation indicators (silhouette evaluation criterion, PARATNA criterion, Indval criterion, ISAMIC criterion, MRPP criterion and Phi correlation coefficient) were examined. Different clustering algorithms were arranged from best to worst for each dataset. The comparison analysis revealed that Ward’s and flexible-beta with beta value of -0.1 had the best performance. The present findings illustrated that Hellinger distance measurement method is better in homogeneous data than other distance measurement methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Evaluating countermeasures for protection of national Symbols
Masoumeh Yeganeh Rad Reza Salehi Amiri Ebrahim HajianiIran due to an old and ancient history as well as the geographical extent, has a wide variety of national symbols but omission of the authorities and the Iranian nation has made not only achieved the little success in the field of national symbols but the neighboring co MoreIran due to an old and ancient history as well as the geographical extent, has a wide variety of national symbols but omission of the authorities and the Iranian nation has made not only achieved the little success in the field of national symbols but the neighboring countries have used this neglect and occasionally introduce an Iranian symbol to the world as their own. Therefore, this study while survey of the neighboring countries activities in order to confiscate the Iranian national symbols, try to review and assess the countermeasures to protect these symbols. This study, based on purpose, is an applied research and in terms of data collection is a survey research and in terms of data analysis method is a descriptive-survey research. In terms of how to implement the study is qualitatively and using the analysis of the importance / performance (IPA). Demographic targeting is based on Census of all symbols. Due to limitations, 10 of them (wicket, Pooriya Vali, coffee shop, Lavash Bread, Tar, Windward, Yalda, Hyrcanian Forests, Antelope, and Ferdowsi) have been addressed. Also, the respondent's population in this study is experts related to protection of national symbols that survey conducted in 30 experts using the Delphi method. In order to ranking the importance of each indicator examined the strengths and weaknesses of Iran countermeasures in protection of the disputed symbols using Chi-square test and the Friedman test was used in order to answer questions. According to research results the symbols importance are: Polo 30%; Puriya valy 61%; Coffee-house 60%; Lavash bread 66%; Monochord50%, louver 62%, Yalda 57%, Hirkanian forests 57%; Antelope67%; Ferdowsi 62.5% which is indicative of their high importance, but on the contrary, the performance of executive agencies in the field of countermeasures to prevent confiscation of symbols is weak and reported as Polo 30%; Puriya valy 31%; Coffee-house 20%; Lavash bread 17%; Monochord 20%, louver 12%, Yalda 14%, Hirkanian forests 14%; Antelope 34%; Ferdowsi 12%. Also, the results from the IP matrix show that experts' Opinions on countermeasures in the fourth quarter (the area of weakness), means the executive agencies, didn’t meet the expectations of the experts in this case and is below the total average of importance / performance, and some actions are in the third quarter (the field of indifference), means that it doesn’t matter in protecting of symbol confiscation. Therefore, better action is necessary to adopt appropriate policies to prevent the confiscation of national symbols. The results showed that Iran countermeasures in protection of the disputed symbols aren’t in a favorable condition and due to the significance of each symbol in national identity, it is necessary to take more effective action. So it can be said that registration of cultural elements in the National Book List and then on the World Heritage List; attention of all relevant organizations to Protecting national symbols as well as taking more serious measures about confronting the confiscation of national symbols can significantly affect the protection of national symbols. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The situation of abortion in the current society and the need for preventive measures
Esmat Savadi Nafiseh Fayazbakhsh Zahra HosseinabadiIllegal abortion in Iran is one of the most important social harms, but unfortunately, due to its hidden occurrence, accurate statistics are not available, and this issue has caused the lack of attention of the relevant authorities in related planning. This issue, which MoreIllegal abortion in Iran is one of the most important social harms, but unfortunately, due to its hidden occurrence, accurate statistics are not available, and this issue has caused the lack of attention of the relevant authorities in related planning. This issue, which is one of the major threats to the physical and mental health of the individual, family and community, has grown exponentially over the past ten years. Has studied the jurisprudential and legal aspects of abortion on the one hand and also analyzed the current situation of the country on the other hand and while preparing statistical information, analyzed and examined the very serious damage of this problem on the physical and mental body of society (including: hidden deaths, depression , Suicide, etc.) and considers the need to review the existing laws on abortion and preventive measures, including: implementation of laws related to hijab and chastity and facilitating youth marriage to solve this great social problem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Assessment of agricultural damages resulting from flood occurrence using HEC-RAS and Arc View
Hossein Hekmatifar Mehrdad Nazariha Saeed GivechiThe selection of a proper measure for flood control depends initially on the technical aspects of flood and floodplain, and then on economic aspects. Since in the cost-benefit analysis of flood control plans, flood mitigation is one of the most important benefits, it is MoreThe selection of a proper measure for flood control depends initially on the technical aspects of flood and floodplain, and then on economic aspects. Since in the cost-benefit analysis of flood control plans, flood mitigation is one of the most important benefits, it is necessary to refine flood damage assessment measures. In this research study, the agricultural damages to Qarasoo floodplain have been assessed for different flood control plans. The study is done on a length of 29.5 kilometers on both sides of the river. The flood control plans which are studied here are: modifying the river’s bed, dredging the river’s bed, and a combination of the two. These are simulated using HEC-RAS and ARC VIEW software and the damage related to each plan is assessed. The results show that there is not a significant difference between dredging on the one hand and the combination of modifying and dredging plans on the other hand, although the difference was expected to be great. This could be due to the improper selection of a new path in the modifying plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - presenting a model to optimize liquidity measures in tehran stock exchange
Alireza Fatemi Iraj Noravesh Farhad Hanifi Mani Sharifiliquidity is a fundamental aspect of stock market efficiency and in terms of methodology , most of the theories related to the structure of financial markets account for the implications of liquidity behavior more than other market characteristics . therefore , the cent Moreliquidity is a fundamental aspect of stock market efficiency and in terms of methodology , most of the theories related to the structure of financial markets account for the implications of liquidity behavior more than other market characteristics . therefore , the central role of market liquidity in the form of prices , and reducing the costs and risks of sustainable development and stability of financial systems is important , so liquidity issue has attracted much attention in recent years in academic studies as well as in important publications . in this research , the criteria of each liquidity type are introduced and the relationship between them is studied . in fact , the main question of this research is what measure is the criterion for the selection of liquidity in tehran stock exchange . the purpose of this thesis is to evaluate and compare liquidity capability and design a model for explaining liquidity measures in tehran stock exchange with emphasis on 11 different measures . for this purpose , a sample of eight firms listed in tehran stock exchange ( tse ) during the period 1380 to 1389 were reviewed . to achieve the goal of this research , factor analysis - vikor 's numerical algorithm which is one of multi - criteria decision making methods is used . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Comparing Efficiency of Performance Evaluation Measures Based on Post Modern Portfolio Theory in Ranking Portfolio formed by Grid Strategy Model
Hamidreza Vakilifard Shahram Babalooyan Mehrdokht MozaffariThis research aims to rank grid matrix model with performance evaluation by measures based on post modern portfolio and study the efficiency of these measures. Different types of portfolio resulting from grid matrix model are ranked by sortino ratio, omega ratio and pro MoreThis research aims to rank grid matrix model with performance evaluation by measures based on post modern portfolio and study the efficiency of these measures. Different types of portfolio resulting from grid matrix model are ranked by sortino ratio, omega ratio and prospect ratio. Since Kolmogrove - Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests don’t confirm the normality of monthly returns, so Non-Parametric tests – Spearman and Friedman Tests - applied. According to the results of these tests, not only no significant difference was found between rankings, but also was not endorsed a significant correlation between them. Therefore to study the efficiency of performance evaluation measures, portfolios performance evaluated over a period of 5 years and over a period of 2 years, the results of this evaluation investigated. For this purpose, Pearson Correlation Coefficient between evaluated and real ranks calculated and the two types of innovative portfolios made to show the efficiency of measures in general recognition of real ranks and top rated. As the result, prospect ratio shows best efficiency for ranking resulted portfolios from grid matrix model in Tehran Stock Exchange. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - دسته بندی اندازه های انعطاف پذیر در شبکه دو مرحله ای DEA
سیده نسرین حسینی منفرد محمدرضا مظفری محسن رستمی مال خلیفهتحلیل پوششی داده ها (DEA) استاندارد فرض می کند که وضعیت اندازه عملکردی از نقطه نظر ورودی یا خروجی مشخص است. با این وجود، در برخی شرایط، تعیین وضعیت یک اندازه عملکردی در شبکه دو مرحله ای آسان نیست. اندازه هایی با وضعیت نامعلوم ورودی /خروجی را اندازه های انعطاف پذیر می نا Moreتحلیل پوششی داده ها (DEA) استاندارد فرض می کند که وضعیت اندازه عملکردی از نقطه نظر ورودی یا خروجی مشخص است. با این وجود، در برخی شرایط، تعیین وضعیت یک اندازه عملکردی در شبکه دو مرحله ای آسان نیست. اندازه هایی با وضعیت نامعلوم ورودی /خروجی را اندازه های انعطاف پذیر می نامند. در همه مطالعات قبلی به طبقه بندی اندازه های انعطاف پذیر در شبکه دو مرحله ای DEA اشاره نشده بود. در این مقاله ما مدل های FNDEA را بر اساس مدل مضربی تحت بازده به مقیاس ثابت (CRS) و بازده به مقیاس متغیر (VRS) در ساختار شبکه دو مرحله ای کلی پیشنهاد می کنیم. مدل های ما اندازه های انعطاف پذیر را طبقه بندی می کند، که در آن هر یک از اندازه های انعطاف پذیر به عنوان ورودی یا خروجی در نظر گرفته می شود تا کارایی کلی شبکه تحت ارزیابی را به حداکثر برساند. مقاله حاضر یک روش تجزیه کارآیی جمعی را توسعه می دهد که در آن کارایی کلی به صورت مجموع وزن دار شده ای از کارایی های مراحل جداگانه بیان می شود. این روش می تواند تحت هر دو فرض CRS) و (VRS) اعمال شود. مثالهای عددی برای توضیح روش استفاده می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The Semi-Additive Production Technology in Presence Flexible Measures in DEA
J. Geramiتحلیل پوششی داده ها کارایی نسبی واحدهای تصمیم گیرنده را بر اساس ورودیها و خروجیهای آنها به دست می آورد. در موقعیتهای زیادی بعضی از متغیرها، برای یک واحد تصمیم گیرنده می توانند نقش ورودی یا خروجی را بازی کنند. ارائه یک مدل مناسب که بتواند کارایی واحد تحت ارزیابی را با Moreتحلیل پوششی داده ها کارایی نسبی واحدهای تصمیم گیرنده را بر اساس ورودیها و خروجیهای آنها به دست می آورد. در موقعیتهای زیادی بعضی از متغیرها، برای یک واحد تصمیم گیرنده می توانند نقش ورودی یا خروجی را بازی کنند. ارائه یک مدل مناسب که بتواند کارایی واحد تحت ارزیابی را با انتخاب صحیح نقش این متغیرها حداکثر کند دارای اهمیت می باشد. یکی از تکنولوژی های تولید در تحلیل پوششی دادهها، تکنولوژی شبه جمعی می باشد. این تکنولوژی علاوه بر واحدهای تصمیمگیرنده مشاهده شده، واحدهای تجمعی متناظر با آنها را نیز در ارزیابی کارایی در نظر می گیرد. در این مقاله در ابتدا تکنولوژی تولید شبه جمعی را در حضور اندازههای انعطاف پذیر بدست می آوریم. ما نشان میدهیم که واحدهای تجمعی متناظر با هر یک از واحدهای تصمیمگیرنده در حضور اندازه های انعطاف پذیر چگونه به دست می آیند. در ادامه دو تقریب متفاوت برای اندازه گیری کارایی واحدهای تصمیمگیرنده در حضور اندازه های انعطاف پذیر در تکنولوژی شبه جمعی ارائه می دهیم و به مقایسه مقادیر کارایی واحدها بر اساس این تقریب ها می پردازیم. همچنین تقریب های ارائه شده در این مقاله را برای ارزیابی کارایی مجموعه داده ها مربوط به واحدهای دانشگاهی به کار می¬بریم. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Evaluating the efficiency and classifying the fuzzy data: A DEA based approach
S. Kordrostami G. Farajpour‎ M. Jahani Sayyad Noveiri -
Open Access Article
22 - Investigation and Quantification of Variations of Landscape Measures using Remote Sensing and Biodiversity Indices (Case Study: Dez Protected Area)
Atousa Soleimani Majid HojatiNowadays the continuous irrational use of land has led to increase transformation, variation of land use and vegetation. Examining and quantifying these variations can be necessary for planning and sustainable management of land. Thus, in the present study, landscape me MoreNowadays the continuous irrational use of land has led to increase transformation, variation of land use and vegetation. Examining and quantifying these variations can be necessary for planning and sustainable management of land. Thus, in the present study, landscape measures were used as quantifying tools for investigation of land condition and variation. Here, patch spatial distribution and composition measures were used. The case study was Dez protected area, which is located in the Iranian Khuzestan Province. In order to prepare land cover and variation analysis maps, the satellite images of Landsat 7 from the TM sensor and Landsat 8 related to ETM+ sensor images were used respectively. Number of Patches (NP), Patch Density (PD), largest patch index, landscape shape, and total edge (TE) metrics, and diversity indices of Shannon and Simpsons were used. The class-level landscape patterns were analyzed using Fragstats 4.2 and Envi. The results show that the extent of vegetated land of the region has decreased, whereas the scope of land with no vegetation is on the rise. The decrease of vegetation and increase of bare soil indicate the destruction of the region's natural cover during the studied years. The decrease of NP and PD measures and increase of edge density shows the increasing destruction of natural land cover of the region, and its increasing common border with other peripheral areas that have different land use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Juridical and Juratory Study of Security and Corrective Measures with Emphasis on Islamic Punishment Law, 1392 (2013)
samane bagan احمد مرادخانیAbstract Paying attention to the security and corrective measures, in today's criminal laws, is of high importance. In fact, security and corrective measures are of the successful reactions against crime that stand beside punishment as one of the main reactions against MoreAbstract Paying attention to the security and corrective measures, in today's criminal laws, is of high importance. In fact, security and corrective measures are of the successful reactions against crime that stand beside punishment as one of the main reactions against crimes. In the Islamic law, also, the issue of social defense and social security against the criminal is not ignored, and it has a solid and academic background in early Islam. The aim of the security and corrective measures, to correct and rehabilitate the offender and to prevent the recidivating of the offender, has always been emphasized by the law. In the Islamic punishment law of 1392 (2013), by recognizing some new cases of security and corrective measures, more and more attention has been paid to this important issue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Poetic Measures in Modern Poetry
Ahmad Zakeri Fatemeh Bafghi ZadehKHKJKHKJ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The Relationship Between Teachers' Instruction Procedures and Job Burnout
Azizeh Chalak Parviz Birjandi S. Esmail Hosseini Ahmad Reza Jafari Dehkordi Omid Tabatabaei Sondos Mansouri Amir Farzad Ashouri Mansour Koosha Sahar Najarzadegan Ahmad Reza Lotfi MohammadAli Nadi Mohsen Salimian Fakhri Shatalebi Nader Soleimani Mansoor Tavakoli Omid Tabatabaei Hossein Bagheri Hossein Heidari Tabrizi Zahra Fotovatnia GholamReza Akbari Behrouz Nouri Samani Safura Masaeli GholamReza Zareie Naser Abasszadeh Narges SaeedianThe purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between teacher instruction procedure and job burnout. The participants in this study were 140 teachers (males=87,females=53) at secondary schools in Garmsar. Two instruments were used to collect data. The teacher MoreThe purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between teacher instruction procedure and job burnout. The participants in this study were 140 teachers (males=87,females=53) at secondary schools in Garmsar. Two instruments were used to collect data. The teachers' instruction procedure was measured by the use of a researcher made questionnaire (with three dimensions of instruction as direct, semi‐direct and indirect). The job burnout (namely: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and decreased professional efficacy) was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The data were analyzed using the Pearson product‐moment correlation technique, Chi‐Square test and regression. The major findings were as follows: 1) A signiicant relationship between total teachers' nstruction procedure and total burnout. 2) A positive relationship between teachers' direct instruction procedure and job burnout. 3) A Negative relationship between teachers' indirect instruction procedure and job burnout. 4) No significant relationship between teachers' semi‐direct instruction procedure and job burnout. 5) A positive relationship was found between teachers' direct instruction procedure with each three dimensions of job burnout (Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment). 6) A signiicantly negative relationship was found separate between teachers' direct instruction with each dimension of job burnout. 7) There was no relationship between teachers' semi‐direct instruction procedure with each three dimensions of job burnout. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - تاثیر عملیات آبخیزداری برآبنمود سیل با استفاده از مدل HEC-HMS (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبخیز رامیان)
پیام ابراهیمی جمیله سلیمی کوچی محسن محسنی سارویافزایش استفاده از منابع آب و خاک حوضه های آبخیز در چنددهه اخیر و بهره برداری غیراصولی و نامتناسب با اکولوژی سرزمین، تشدید وقوع سیلاب ها را به همراه داشته است. در همین زمینه، عملیات آبخیزداری یکی از موثرترین راه های مقابله با این بحران می باشد. این پژوهش از طریق بررسی تغ Moreافزایش استفاده از منابع آب و خاک حوضه های آبخیز در چنددهه اخیر و بهره برداری غیراصولی و نامتناسب با اکولوژی سرزمین، تشدید وقوع سیلاب ها را به همراه داشته است. در همین زمینه، عملیات آبخیزداری یکی از موثرترین راه های مقابله با این بحران می باشد. این پژوهش از طریق بررسی تغییرات حجم و دبی پیک در اثر اقدامات بیومکانیک صورت گرفته در حوضه آبخیز رامیان واقع در استان گلستان نتایج اقدامات آبخیزداری را کمی می نماید. با استفاده از مدل HEC-HMS و در نظر گرفتن ضرایب CN در سه دوره خشک، متوسط و مرطوب، مقدار کاهش دبی پیک و حجم سیلاب با دوره بازگشت های 2 تا 500 سال برآورد شد. به منظور کنترل برآوردها از چهار واقعه سیل در طول مدت آماری 21 سال و با استفاده از آمار ایستگاه هیدرومتری و باران سنجی موجود در منطقه استفاده شد. پس از بهینه سازی مقادیر CN ورودی به مدل HEC-HMS، دبی پیک و حجم کل سیلاب به ترتیب با دقت 16/3 درصد و 30/11 درصد برآورد شد. بررسی ها نشان می دهد عملیات بیومکانیکی می تواند با دوره بازگشت 10 ساله دبی اوج را 72/40 درصد و حجم دبی 20 ساله را 18/30 درصد کاهش دهد. از سوی دیگر هیدروگراف قبل و بعد از عملیات بیومکانیکی نشان می دهد حجم سیل و دبی اوج حوضه آبخیز رامیان با گذشت زمان کاهش پیدا کرده و عملیات آبخیزداری در این منطقه موثر بوده است. بدین ترتیب در مجموع، اثر اقدامات آبخیزداری با تاکید بر اقدامات بیومکانیک، بر روی دبی سیلابی حوزه آبخیز رامیان مثبت ارزیابی می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of the Customs Department Using the Balanced Scorecard (Case Study: West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan Provinces)
Mohammad NazaripourThe current paper aimed at utilizing the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework in evaluating the Customs Department in West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces of Iran. The BSC evaluates organization in terms of financial performance, customer satisfaction, inte MoreThe current paper aimed at utilizing the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework in evaluating the Customs Department in West Azerbaijan, Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces of Iran. The BSC evaluates organization in terms of financial performance, customer satisfaction, internal process, and growth and organization learning. Financial performance was measured by examining revenues, expenditures, and the ratio of customs revenues to total local revenues for the period (2007-2011). Regarding the customer perspective, a random sample of (384) customers of clearance customs was selected. The customers were asked to fill out a survey that measured their level of satisfaction about the Customs Department in regards to providing services and procedures. In addition, a random sample consisted of (280) of the employees of Customs Department in these provinces was chosen to fill out the survey regarding their assessment of the internal process and growth and organization learning perspectives of the BSC. The findings reported that the financial performance of Customs Department was negative for the whole study period (2007-2011) in terms of the number of Rials collected, revenues minus expenditures, and customs revenues as a share of total local revenues. Clearance customs customers reported a suitable satisfaction level toward the customs services and procedures. Analysis showed that customs employees had a suitable level of satisfaction toward both internal process and growth and organization learning of the BSC’s dimensions. The analysis revealed that West Azerbaijan province was better than Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces in all perspectives of BSC. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Role of Prevention in The "Responsibility to Protect" Doctrine with emphasis on the Primary Responsibility of States
Karim Mohammadi Hibatullah Nejandi Manesh Soudeh ShamlouNumerous deadly conflicts and human tragedies occur in the authority domain of national sovereignty. The doctrine of "responsibility to protect" (R2P) has primarily entrusted governments with the responsibility of preventing human crises by implementing some basic (stru MoreNumerous deadly conflicts and human tragedies occur in the authority domain of national sovereignty. The doctrine of "responsibility to protect" (R2P) has primarily entrusted governments with the responsibility of preventing human crises by implementing some basic (structural) measures, which, if carried out, will essentially prevent crises from happening or prevent their recurrence through a series of long-term structural adjustments. Many human crises stem from undue discrimination, poverty, and social, political, and economic inequality. A question rises here: what are the paramount fundamental preventive measures for which the government is responsible? The research findings show that the most important preventive measures to be taken by governments for good governance include respecting human rights, promoting social and economic development, promoting a sense of solidarity among ethnic groups, preventing environmental destruction, and boosting power regarding public security. Preventing conflicts and human disasters is not a mere local or national issue. Success in prevention generally requires solid support from the international community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Social Sustainability Measures for Rural Areas in Iran
Shahram Maleki Vahid Bigdeli Rad -
Open Access Article
30 - The necessities and predictions of international law for settlement of climate change immigrants in destination
Hassan MovassaghiOld Testament writes that the man forgot obligation and commitment tohis creator for a while and lost the paradise as divine place for vicinity andmercy of the Lord and took the departure journey. However, the almightyGod forgave him and placed him in an intact and pure MoreOld Testament writes that the man forgot obligation and commitment tohis creator for a while and lost the paradise as divine place for vicinity andmercy of the Lord and took the departure journey. However, the almightyGod forgave him and placed him in an intact and pure land and did notconsent on his vagrancy. Now due to different reasons, some people leavetheir land and live homeless in the continents. Vagrancy due to globalclimate change is one of the exemplars of mass immigration enhancementwhich their resettlement has been converted to an international challenge.This research aimed at investigating the problems of climate changeimmigration and assessment of the international law regulations inresettlement of the climate change immigration. The research methodologywas documentary and secondary analysis patterns and at the end theefficiency of the implementation of these measures was investigated byfeasibility study relaying on the achievements. The findings show that, theworld countries and international association should pay attention to theresettlement of the climate change immigrants as an opportunity and notas a threat and employ mild legal solutions in comparison to other refugeesto prevent exponential increase of the environmental immigrants andrefugees and their legal and practical uncertainty. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - The Effect of Perception of Financial and Nonfinancial Performance Evaluative Measures on Motivation and Behavioral Outcomes Water and Wastewater Employees’s Motivation in Ahwaz
hatam khalilipour Mahdi Nadaf Hasanali SinaeiThe pace of advances in science and technology, human resources are construed as the fundamental capital and driving force of any change in the organization in today's competitive world where organizational survival relies heavily on the extent to which the vital and st MoreThe pace of advances in science and technology, human resources are construed as the fundamental capital and driving force of any change in the organization in today's competitive world where organizational survival relies heavily on the extent to which the vital and strategic role of human resources is perceived and novel managerial methods and techniques are employed to promote the employees’ motivation, satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Hence, a key task involved in human resources management is the implementation of performance evaluation systems. Therefore, the present study commenced with an initial library research to explore the necessity of evaluating employees’ performance, its functions and modern methods. The aim of this applied descriptive correlational study was to investigate the effect of employees' perception of financial and nonfinancial evaluative measures on their motivation, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior. The research population comprised 1,300 employees of Water and Sewerage Company in Ahwaz, Iran from whom a convenience stratified sample of 299 participants were randomly selected. The research data were collected via questionnaires that were piloted to assess their face validity and Cranach’s alpha reliability. The research hypotheses were tested via correlation coefficient and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the SPSS22 and AMOS18 software. The findings indicated that financial measures had a significant effect on intrinsic motivation while nonfinancial measures had a significant effect on intrinsic motivation.Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were found to have significant effects on job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - A Study on the Relationship between Religion and Violence towards Children and Parents
Mohammad Yaghobi Doust Halimeh Enayat -
Open Access Article
33 - Similarity of Country Rankings on Sustainability Performance
John Mordeson Sunil MathewIn this paper, we extend the fuzzy similarity measure of two rankings to any finite number of rankings. We provide a method to convert a measure for a finite number of rankings to a number that represents the number for two rankings. We apply our results to the sustaina MoreIn this paper, we extend the fuzzy similarity measure of two rankings to any finite number of rankings. We provide a method to convert a measure for a finite number of rankings to a number that represents the number for two rankings. We apply our results to the sustainability ranking of countries by the Environmental Performance Index (EPI). The 2020 EPI provides a summary of the state of sustainability around the world. It uses 32 performance indicators across 11 categories. These indicators provide a way to determine problems, set targets, track trends, understand outcomes, and identify best policy practices. The EPI ranks 180 countries on environmental health and ecosystem vitality. The EPI provides a method in support of efforts to meet the targets of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The EPI determined that the Global West region ranked the highest. The purpose of our project is to find the similarity of the 11 rankings of the countries for eight different regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Sustainable Development Goals and Homelessness
John Mordeson Sunil Mathew Puzhikunnath SujithraThe United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals encourage countries to solve many social problems. One of these problems is homelessness. We consider those goals which are most pertinent to homelessness according to [13]. We rank countries with respect to the achievem MoreThe United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals encourage countries to solve many social problems. One of these problems is homelessness. We consider those goals which are most pertinent to homelessness according to [13]. We rank countries with respect to the achievement of these goals. We use fuzzy similarity measures to determine the degree of similarity between these rankings. We use three methods to rank the counties, namely, the Analytic Hierarchy Process, the Guiasu method, and the Yen method. Overall scores of categories in some basic research papers pertaining to Sustainable Development Goals were obtained by using multiplication of the scores of the category’s targets. Multiplication was used to agree with the philosophy that in order for a high score to be obtained, all targets must have a high score. To support this philosophy in the decision process, we use the t-norms bounded difference, algebraic product, and standard intersection as experts. We also suggest a way the techniques used here can be extended to nonstandard analysis Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Situational Measures to Prevent Cybercrimes in in the Light of the Dominant Pathology
amin amirian farsaniConsidering the huge changes that have been happening in the field of technology and the various revolutions that we have witnessed in the field of information and communication technology in the last few years, and considering the positive function of this technology, MoreConsidering the huge changes that have been happening in the field of technology and the various revolutions that we have witnessed in the field of information and communication technology in the last few years, and considering the positive function of this technology, it is sometimes observed that some profit-seeking and opportunistic people try to abuse the users and to create a series of problems by learning and having the necessary skills. The cyber space provides new and highly advanced opportunities for breaking the law, as well as the potential to commit conventional and classic types of crimes in unconventional and very new ways so that the cyber criminals can do whatever they want and have in their mind in this zero and one galaxy. Considering this issue, the present study aims to explain the status of the situational prevention of cybercrimes in the light of the dominant pathology. Through the descriptive and analytical research methodology the current research has reached this important achievement that preventive measures such as restricting or denying access, regulatory measures, licensing measures, anonymizing tools, and encryption can be helpful in situational prevention of crimes in the cyberspace. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Speech Coding in Noisy Environments based on Human Auditory System Model
Seyed Iman Abtahi Mohammad Reza Ashouri Rassol Amir FattahiIn this paper, an analysis/synthesis system based on the natural Cochlear model and the human auditory perception properties is presented that is capable of coding the speech signal under harsh acoustic conditions. For this purpose, the corrupted signal is decomposed in MoreIn this paper, an analysis/synthesis system based on the natural Cochlear model and the human auditory perception properties is presented that is capable of coding the speech signal under harsh acoustic conditions. For this purpose, the corrupted signal is decomposed into a number of sub-bands using complex Gammatone filter bank, and the sub-band signals are individually and adaptively denoised. Temporal masking, a combination of a novel non-uniform quantization method and lossless coding algorithms are then applied to reduce the number of coefficients and compression. The proposed system is very robust and effective in dealing with different kinds of noises such as white, colored and periodic noises. Objective and Subjective quality measurements demonstrate significant improvement in the perceptual quality of synthesized speech while considerable reduction in bit-rate to approximately 14.6 Kbps is achieved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Optimal intensity measures for probabilistic seismic demand modeling of multi-span continuous concrete box girder bridges subjected to near-field earthquakes
Hoodean Malekzadeh Hassan Abbasi Mahmood Hooseini Armin Aziminejad Mohammadreza Adib RamezaniSeismic intensity measures (IMs) perform a pivotal role in probabilistic seismic demand modeling. Past studies investigated appropriate IMs for structures, including the vital component of the transportation system, the highway bridges. These studies were mainly focused MoreSeismic intensity measures (IMs) perform a pivotal role in probabilistic seismic demand modeling. Past studies investigated appropriate IMs for structures, including the vital component of the transportation system, the highway bridges. These studies were mainly focused on far-field earthquakes and did not consider the strong vertical component of ground motions in near-field earthquakes. In order to evaluate the optimal IMs for the multi-span continuous concrete box girder bridges subjected to near-field earthquakes, ten sample bridges were modeled and then subjected to three-component records of 164 near-field earthquakes applying the OpenSees software framework. In the present research, 5 engineering demand parameters considering the most critical response parameters related to columns and deck were selected, along with 24 intensity measures considering the horizontal and vertical components of ground motions. Base on the optimality investigation method, parameters such as efficiency, practicality, proficiency, sufficiency, and relative sufficiency were considered. In total, 8200 nonlinear time-history analyses were conducted. The results presented that the peak ground velocity of the horizontal component (PGVH), velocity spectrum intensity of the horizontal components(VSIH), and Housner intensity of horizontal components (HIH) were the optimal intensity measures, and vertical component of ground motions in near-field earthquakes should be considered in optimality investigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - The Effect of Age and Location Pattern on the Morphometry of Purebred Redhead Barbary Ewes Reared under Arid Climate
S. Megdiche M. Ben Hamouda -
Open Access Article
39 - Population Viability Analysis on Kurd Horse Breed
H.R. Bahmani S. Badbarin H. Amin Rasouli -
Open Access Article
40 - Combining data envelopment analysis and multi-objective model for the efficient facility location–allocation decision
Jae-Dong Hong Ki‑Young Jeong -
Open Access Article
41 - Seismic Fragility Analysis of Base-Isolated Buildings resting on Sloping Ground under real earthquake ground motions
RAMA DEBBARMA -
Open Access Article
42 - A checklist for quality assessment of information technology-based services in academic libraries
alireza esfandyari moghadam fahimeh babalhavaejiPurpose: Accepting the fact that information technology-based services (ITBS) in academic libraries are considerably ubiquitous and emphasizing that little attention has been given to the overall assessment of ITBS quality in academic libraries, the present paper aims a MorePurpose: Accepting the fact that information technology-based services (ITBS) in academic libraries are considerably ubiquitous and emphasizing that little attention has been given to the overall assessment of ITBS quality in academic libraries, the present paper aims at reviewing the literature related to quality assessment and performance evaluation in academic libraries, and extract key issues. Hence, it attempts to identify a set of criteria that appears to be useful for assessing the quality of academic libraries ITBS and use these criteria to develop an instrument or evaluation checklist for evaluating the quality of academic libraries ITBS. Methodology: The method used in the research is literature review by which related literature concerning quality assessment of academic libraries’ services has been consulted. Findings: The literature tells us that evaluating ITBS in academic libraries should be considered more and thus, more evaluation studies on the basis of validated tools are needed. Conclusions: Hopefully, the suggested evaluation tool or some parts of it will be used by future studies. Undoubtedly, this evaluation checklist can be enriched by further studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - ....
Babak Rezaei ardeshir bazrkarThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of green human resource management measures on the environmental performance of the organization with respect to the mediating role of green organizational culture. The present study was based on the purpose of app MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of green human resource management measures on the environmental performance of the organization with respect to the mediating role of green organizational culture. The present study was based on the purpose of applied research and in terms of data collection and analysis method was survey-correlation. The statistical population of this study consisted of managers and human resource management experts of Saipa Automotive Group of 120 people. Data collection tools were three questionnaires related to human resource management measures, green organizational culture and environmental performance. After confirming the validity, the reliability of the questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.960, 0.975 and 0.944, respectively. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling method was used with the help of Smart PLS software. Findings showed that green human resource management measures directly explain 0.582 percent of the changes related to the environmental performance variable and 0.619 percent of the changes related to the green organizational culture variable. Green organizational culture also directly explains 0.657% of the changes related to the environmental performance variable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Rating Criteria Gordon model using analytic network process (ANP)
Maryam Fakheri Nia Fatemeh MohamadsharifiAccording to Gorden model perspective and applying multiple criteria decision making, this research is based on the factors that influence the rate and growth rate of dividend to review it. The aim of study is to establish an investment decision model and provide a suit MoreAccording to Gorden model perspective and applying multiple criteria decision making, this research is based on the factors that influence the rate and growth rate of dividend to review it. The aim of study is to establish an investment decision model and provide a suitable model for stock options is to get the most benefit. This study aims to assess the relationship between variables of the decision model (ANP) and the analytic network process used, and enhancing Chharsnt among the best in the industry for years 90 and 91 will be investigated. Continue to rank in the population studied, including automotive, chemical, financial institutions and Telecom TOPSIS technique was used. Reduced rates affect the market beta and dividend growth rate is affected. According to the literature, the rate of decline has an impact on their relationship. Among the eight criteria and analytical criteria, rate risk and market beta is the most important factor influencing investment decisions. Analysis of stock showed investment on the chemical industry enterprises is better investment than any other industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Measures of Job Stressors: Questionnaire, Instruction and Scoring
Mohtaram Nemat Tavousi -
Open Access Article
46 - AN investigation on environmental impact of Polrud Dam and providing strategies reducing environmental impacts
M. Moradi S. M. T. Sadatipour N. M. Sharifloo M. ZaeimdarPolrud dam is constructed on PolrudRiver, at 17 kilometers southwest of Kalachay city in EastGilanProvince. The capacity of the dam is 30 million cubic meters. The main goal of this study is to investigate adverse effects of the constructed dam. Also, a mitigation plan MorePolrud dam is constructed on PolrudRiver, at 17 kilometers southwest of Kalachay city in EastGilanProvince. The capacity of the dam is 30 million cubic meters. The main goal of this study is to investigate adverse effects of the constructed dam. Also, a mitigation plan was recommended. To achive this goal, some information was gathered about physical, biological, socio – economic characteristics of the up stream basin of the dam. In this paper, list of activities performed during the construction of the dam, was introduced in details. The combination matrix method (LEOPOLD & ICOLD) was applied to quantify the effects of such activities on the environment. Results of aggregate values for matrix,showed that 47 percent of values were negative and others were positive. Negative impacts (permanent or temperate) were not more than 50 percent of total. Hence construction and operation of polrud dam in the viewpoint of environmental management is justifiable. an dir=LTR> ICOLD Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - A comparative study of repressive measures against economic competition in Iranian and European Union criminal law
Rana Nadali Jaloukhani Mohsen Shekarchizade Faramarz AtrianIt reveals the need to reactive appropriate legal measures, the violation of competition law and committing the criminal phenomenon of disturbing economic competition. Guiding the process of verdict and implementing of these measures, requires the establishment of legal MoreIt reveals the need to reactive appropriate legal measures, the violation of competition law and committing the criminal phenomenon of disturbing economic competition. Guiding the process of verdict and implementing of these measures, requires the establishment of legal institutions, that in the European Union, it has been subjected to a system of multiplicity of complaints and follows the principle of unity in Iranian competition law. the application of criminal repression, as the last solution in the chain of legal measures, is exclusively within the jurisdiction of the competent national courts in both systems of criminal policy, despite this difference, its role in Iran's legislative criminal policy has been more prominent than the European Union and has created challenges. However, it has not been ignored the attention of both criminal policy systems to the necessity of a Variety of reactionary measures to the alleged criminal phenomenon and it has caused anticipate mechanisms based on non-criminal repression and also restorative measures, however, recent measures are still recent and require further support in both criminal policy systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Suspension of Criminal Prosecution of a Foreign Investor by Reliance to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Arbitration Tribunal’s Provisional Measures
Javad SalehiField and Aims: Reliance to Provisional Measures in the ICSID Arbitration Tribunal to suspend criminal prosecution is a new issue in international investment law. The host state will prosecute a foreign investor after to start investing disputes in the ICSID Arbitration MoreField and Aims: Reliance to Provisional Measures in the ICSID Arbitration Tribunal to suspend criminal prosecution is a new issue in international investment law. The host state will prosecute a foreign investor after to start investing disputes in the ICSID Arbitration Tribunal to prevent from international arbitration. Therefore, the study of different dimensions of this approach is important and one of the aims and subject of this paper. Method: The research method is descriptive-analytical and critical to answer a question by relying on the ICSID Arbitration Tribunal’s procedure. Research question is what are the effect of the ICSID Arbitration Tribunal’s Provisional Measures in denying the host state’s sovereignty in prosecuting a foreign investor? Findings and Conclusion: Research findings show that the imposition of Provisional Measures, acceptance of the investment agreement, reliance of the parties on the international arbitration mechanism before disputes arising to ignore the host state’s sovereignty in prosecuting foreign investors at the same time as the international arbitration begins, so that fair arbitration will be carried out while maintaining equality of arms Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - The legal nature and guarantee of the execution of the Provisional measures of the International Court of Justice in the light of the procedure of the Court and the performance of the countries
mahdiye Ardeshir Moghadam heybatolah Najandi Manesh mohamadali solhchiField and Aims: According to its statute, the International Court of Justice has the authority to issue temporary measures in order to protect the rights of the parties to the dispute and also to prevent the spread and deterioration of the dispute. From the beginning, t MoreField and Aims: According to its statute, the International Court of Justice has the authority to issue temporary measures in order to protect the rights of the parties to the dispute and also to prevent the spread and deterioration of the dispute. From the beginning, these appointments have been faced with different interpretations of the related countries. Some countries considered these appointments non-binding; while others considered them binding. There was some disagreement in doctrine as well. In this article, while examining the legal nature of temporary measures, it has been discussed whether there is an enforceable guarantee in international law for the implementation of temporary measures or not? In addition, what is the procedure of countries in this regard?Method: The present research was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method.Findings and Conclusions: According to the court's procedure, especially in the Lagrand case, the orders of temporary measures of the court are binding. Therefore, the addressee countries of these agreements are legally required to implement them. The agreement is a temporary measure, including the binding decisions of the court, and the countries use different methods to implement it, including unilateral measures, referring to the Security Council, referring to domestic courts, and countermeasures. The guarantee of the implementation of temporary measures is the same as the guarantee of the implementation of international law. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Inadequacies of Conservatory Measures in International Arbitration Institutions
MARYAM Ghalibafan Ahmad Shams Ahad BagherzadehField and Aims: In the current environment of international arbitration, the increasing importance of material and intellectual property and properties can be seen, which can easily lose their value if abused by one of the parties. In many cases, the delay or prolongati MoreField and Aims: In the current environment of international arbitration, the increasing importance of material and intellectual property and properties can be seen, which can easily lose their value if abused by one of the parties. In many cases, the delay or prolongation of arbitration causes heavy and sometimes irreparable damages to the claimant. In addition, in some lawsuits, the issue is so important for the claimant that it becomes urgent to determine the decision. This issue has led to an increase in the demand of individuals for precautionary measures so that by preserving and guaranteeing the issues under arbitration, the arbitration process does not become ineffective, and as a result, the parties do not suffer damages. Most international arbitration rules recognize the power of arbitrators to issue precautionary measures. In this regard, the present research aims to examine the regulations of International arbitration institutions such as the ICC arbitration court, WIPO Arbitration Center, PCA, ICSID Arbitration Center, and the CAS regarding the adoption of precautionary measures before and after the formation of the arbitral tribunal and finally examine the inadequacies and problems in the enforcement of precautionary measures and think of solutions for them as much as possible. Method: This research was done using descriptive analytical method. Finding and Conclusion: However, the adoption of these measures faces problems, the most important of which is deciding on precautionary measures before forming an arbitral tribunal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - The Impact of Supply Chain Quality Management Operations and Capabilities on Operational Performance and Innovation Mediated by Environmental Performance
mehrnaz bahramzad Mostafa MoballeghiWhereas the first goal of supply chain is creating satisfaction for the needs of customers in the supply process as well as generating profit for the supply chain themselves; And also, we know the supply chain is an important and vital part of a company’s survival MoreWhereas the first goal of supply chain is creating satisfaction for the needs of customers in the supply process as well as generating profit for the supply chain themselves; And also, we know the supply chain is an important and vital part of a company’s survival and can operate the same in similar companies. So, companies share the same units in the supply chain and as a result, as have mentioned, they reduce their costs and increase customer satisfaction. Supply chain quality management indicators are involved in various factors, including operational performance and innovation, and various studies have been conducted to prove the way and their impact. Each of these components can be affected by other factors and be strengthened or weakened, the way it has not been studied so far. In this article, an attempt has been made to impact of supply chain quality management operations and innovation mediated by environmental performance. Finally, the question of how environmental performance is effective on operational performance and innovation is answered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Designing a succession management model in public universities in Semnan province
yasaman modaresi Mirali SayyednaghaviLeading research was conducted with the aim of systematic study and presenting a comprehensive model of theoretical models and research conducted in the field of succession breeding and using the opinions of experts. The statistical population of this study is the manag MoreLeading research was conducted with the aim of systematic study and presenting a comprehensive model of theoretical models and research conducted in the field of succession breeding and using the opinions of experts. The statistical population of this study is the managers, professors and staff of public universities in Semnan province. The interview lasted until the saturation of 13 people. Also, 58 sources were purposefully selected from 75 reviewed articles. In this article, the themes and management model of succession breeding have been developed using the content analysis method. The results of this study show that succession management can be in the context of prerequisite measures (with three organizing themes and fourteen basic themes), context and contextual factors (with two organizing themes and twelve). Summarized the basic theme) and succession-management management planning (with seven organizing themes and twenty-one basic themes). The most important theme, considering the inclusion of the highest number of codes, was the theme of succession management management planning, and then the context theme and background factors of succession management, and finally the theme of prerequisite management management measures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Study of Institution Judicial Exemption from Punishment in Criminal Law of Iran
masoud Fadaei Dehcheshmeh Asal Azemeyan amir SoleymaniOne of the innovations of the new Islamic Penal Code in the matter of mitigation is exemption from punishment in the seventh and eighth degree punishment mentioned in Articles 19 and 39 of the new Islamic Penal Code. In above-mentioned crime'articles , with presence mit MoreOne of the innovations of the new Islamic Penal Code in the matter of mitigation is exemption from punishment in the seventh and eighth degree punishment mentioned in Articles 19 and 39 of the new Islamic Penal Code. In above-mentioned crime'articles , with presence mitigating circumstances, if the court finds after conviction that the perpetrator will be corrected by not serving the sentence. In the absence of an effective criminal record and the plaintiff's pardon and compensation for damages or arrangements for compensation can be issued a sentence of exemption from punishment, According to this article, the exemption sentence, although in Article 727 of the 1370 Law, referred to the waiver of punishment if the private plaintiff pardoned. But discount is one of the innovations of the new law In fact, this article is a kind of attention to the status of prosecution in French law.In Iranian law, the court and not the prosecutor has the right to Exempt punishment if there are conditions reflected in thethat article , recognizing the perpetrator's correction, the private plaintiff's pardon, lack of an effective criminal record, compensation for damages, or establishing an order for compensation.Such an option in the form of suspension of prosecution, former is repeated in Article 40 of the Code of Judicial Procedure 1290, amended in 1352 And Article 22 of the Law Amending Some Judicial Laws on Misdemeanor CrimesThe institution of suspension of prosecution has now been given to the prosecutor in Article 81 of the Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 1394. This research has been done in the form of a library-documentary that we first found the source in relation to the subject according to the subject and then studied the field by gathering resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - "Crime prevention in the light of preventive and educational measures with emphasis on jurisprudence"
amir arshad [our Hosein KhavaninzadehEducational and precautionary measures are the practical consequences of theoretical criminology which is currently considered as one of the constituents of the countries criminal policy. Today, there are several categories of such measures presented by lawyers. These m MoreEducational and precautionary measures are the practical consequences of theoretical criminology which is currently considered as one of the constituents of the countries criminal policy. Today, there are several categories of such measures presented by lawyers. These measures are the main outcome of the scientific intellectual movement having been common from the 18th century in Europe based on the Kant's sociological beliefs on the Criminal Code resulting in the logical positivism of the criminal law in the 19th century which have been regarded as solutions suggested by logical positivism for the neutralization of "dangerous state", against the recidivists and the crime prevention taken into account by penal systems from the late 19th century. Such actions were adopted as the first draft of the Swiss Criminal Code by Professor Carl Stoos, through draft Swiss Penal Code entrusted to him during 1892-1893. Subsequently and along with their traditional response to crime, i.e. punishment, the legislatures in other countries gradually accepted this concept and predicted it in their Criminal Code. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Restorative strategies for the disruptive acts of obtaining bank credits, focusing on the criminal policy of Iran and the European Union
Omid Ebrahimi Hasan Poorbafrani Mohsen Shekarchizadehthe role of bank credit in giving liquidity into the economy, necessitates need for legal protection of credit and the adoption of remedial measures against its disruption. the analytical and comparative study of "arbitration in banking lawsuits", "bank l Morethe role of bank credit in giving liquidity into the economy, necessitates need for legal protection of credit and the adoption of remedial measures against its disruption. the analytical and comparative study of "arbitration in banking lawsuits", "bank liability" and "mechanisms related to the bankruptcy of creditors" as the most important remedial measures against the disruption of bank lending in the criminal policy of Iran and the European Union, shows that in comparison with the stipulation of arbitration in (CFR), article 139 of the iranian constitution, has faced a challenge reference claims related to obtaining loans from state-owned banks to arbitration. Regarding the bank's civil liability, both legal systems have tended to the theory of "fault-free liability". Regarding the bankruptcy of the creditor, the wide applicability of the EU regulations on bankruptcy and the special rules of credit institutions and the granting of privileges to creditors with collateral in the Iranian legal system indicate the importance of the rights of creditors in both legal systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - A Typology of Financial Networks According to Their Typological Characteristics (A Study of Tehran Stock Exchange)
Majid Montasheri Hojjatollah SadeqiThe purpose of this study is ‎to establish and introduce a new financial network and to examine centrality ‎measures for optimizing the portfolio of investors as well as identifying ‎stock market leaders. In this study, 100 top stock companies with largest & MoreThe purpose of this study is ‎to establish and introduce a new financial network and to examine centrality ‎measures for optimizing the portfolio of investors as well as identifying ‎stock market leaders. In this study, 100 top stock companies with largest ‎average market capitalization were selected from January 2009 to January ‎‎2020. The financial network was converted to logarithmic returns using ‎adjusted closing price. The concepts of graph theory and prim algorithm ‎were used to explore the relationships and distances between stocks to ‎construct a minimum spanning tree. The results showed that based on the ‎degree centrality measure, Iranian telecommunication stocks and Ayandeh ‎Bank, based on closeness centrality measure, Bahman investment stocks, ‎Omid capital financing and tourism bank, based on Betweenness centrality ‎measure, Omid capital financing stocks, Bahman investment and Asia ‎insurance, based on the bottleneck centrality measure, Asian Insurance ‎stocks, Tourism Bank and Omid Capital has the most impact on the financial ‎network and stock market. Finally, the financial network was divided into 9 ‎clusters, each cluster showing the stronger relationship of its components ‎with each other. ‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Development of Financial Networks Based on Cointegration Concept (A Study on Tehran Stock Exchange)
Fateme Rasti Hojjatollah SadeqiNetwork theory can be used to better understand the financial markets, which are one of the most complex concepts in today's world. Financial networks are a set of Nodes(vertices) and edges. Each node represents one stock and each edge indicates the relationship between MoreNetwork theory can be used to better understand the financial markets, which are one of the most complex concepts in today's world. Financial networks are a set of Nodes(vertices) and edges. Each node represents one stock and each edge indicates the relationship between the stocks. Early studies in this area used correlation coefficients to describe short-term relationships between stocks and market modeling. This modeling method applies to data that have symmetry and only determines the presence or absence of a relationship between stocks, and does not specify the type of relationship, the direction and weight of that relationship. In recent years, financial time series modeling has been done using the concept of cointegration. In this study using the time series stationary test,unit root tests of Dickey Fuller and KPSS ,and Engle-Granger test, cointegration based network were designed. In order to analyze this network, the centrality measures such as: centrality degree, between centrality, closeness centrality, page ranking and Bonacich were used. The results of this study show that cointegration networks can provide more complete graph of markets, and also central measures analysis can play an effective role in stock portfolio selection and provide a good model for understanding stock relationships. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Analysis of Financial networks in Tehran Stock Exchange using the application of centrality measures
Majid Montasheri Hojjatollah SadeqiThe purpose of this study is to create a Financial network to identify stock market leaders using centrality measures.This study finally provides a clustering of superior stocks that can be used as an optimal stock portfolio by investors.The statistical population of al MoreThe purpose of this study is to create a Financial network to identify stock market leaders using centrality measures.This study finally provides a clustering of superior stocks that can be used as an optimal stock portfolio by investors.The statistical population of all stock exchanges is that the 100 companies with the most capital were selected as a statistical sample over a period of 11 years.Due to the nature of the research ranking, the Kendall correlation coefficient was used to calculate the correlation.The Prime algorithm was used to identify relationships and construct the minimum spanning tree, and the fast-greedy algorithm was used to cluster stocks.The results show that in terms of degree centrality measure, stocks of Sepahan Cement companies,Omid Investment Management and Bank Melli Investment, based on closeness centrality measure, stocks of Sepahan Cement companies,International Building Development, and Khuzestan Steel, based on Betweenness centrality measure, the stocks of Sepahan Cement, Ghadir Investment and Bank Melli Investments, and finally based on the bottleneck centrality measure,the shares of Sepahan Cement, Khuzestan Steel and International Building Development have the greatest impact on the stock exchange network. Also, the top stocks were classified into 11 clusters,each of which shows a strong relationship between its components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Tail Risk Analysis Using realized measure and Dynamic Asymmetric Laplace Models in Tehran Stock Exchange
esmail mohammadi salari Mohammad Reza Rostami Reza Gholami Jamkarani Mojganm safaAbstractThe main objective of this study is to estimate and evaluate the performance of the dynamic realized conditioned autoregressive value at risk model (Realized-ES-CAViaR-Add-RV-SAV) in forecasting tail risk measures (VaR and ES). In this regard, daily as well as i MoreAbstractThe main objective of this study is to estimate and evaluate the performance of the dynamic realized conditioned autoregressive value at risk model (Realized-ES-CAViaR-Add-RV-SAV) in forecasting tail risk measures (VaR and ES). In this regard, daily as well as intraday (hourly) data of Tehran Stock Exchange Index in the period of 24/6/2014 – 2/2/2021are used. The results of the model are compared to the results of ES-CAViaR-SAV and ES-CAViaR-AS models to investigate the effect of incorporating the realized component to the model. Using backtesting tools such as Bin, POF, TUFF, CC, CCI, VRate tests, Lopez loss function (LL) (in VaR part) and McNeil and Frey test and ranking according to MCS method in The ES part, the efficiency of the models are examined. The results of this study indicate the efficiency of all three models in forecasting the tail risk measures. In addition, the results show that the use of realized criteria increases the tail risk forecasting efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - FINITE POPULATION SINGLE SERVER BATCH SERVICE QUEUE WITH COMPULSORY SERVER VACATION
Rathinasabapathy Kalyanaraman R. Mahalakshmi -
Open Access Article
61 - AN M/G/1 QUEUE WITH REGULAR AND OPTIONAL PHASE VACATION AND WITH STATE DEPENDENT ARRIVAL RATE
Rathinasabapathy Kalyanaraman Shanthi R -
Open Access Article
62 - A SINGLE SERVER BERNOULLI VACATION QUEUE WITH TWO TYPE OF SERVICES AND WITH RESTRICTED ADMISSIBILITY
R. Kalyanaraman V. Suvitha -
Open Access Article
63 - Brief Discussion on Mercury Poisoning, Its Sources and Remedies to Cure It
Tabinda Sattar -
Open Access Article
64 - Prevalence of Diabetes type 2 and relationship of it with anthropometric measures in urban population of Mashhad during 2011 -2013
Zahra Mostafavi Zahra MostafavianIntroduction: Obesity is the most important known risk factor of diabetes type 2; the goal of this study was determine Prevalence of Diabetes type 2 and relationship of it with anthropometric measures in urban population of Mashhad between 2011 to 2013. Materia MoreIntroduction: Obesity is the most important known risk factor of diabetes type 2; the goal of this study was determine Prevalence of Diabetes type 2 and relationship of it with anthropometric measures in urban population of Mashhad between 2011 to 2013. Materials and methods: In a cross sectional study that was done upon urban population of Mashhad more than 30 years via cluster sampling, diabetes type 2 and anthropometric measures in them were assessed. Data were analyzed in SPSS V.18 by using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney, chi-square and logistic regression test in significance level was lower than the 5% . Results: The mean age of samples was 43/74±10/23, including 996 (38.2%) men and 1608 (61.8%) women. Prevalence of diabetes type 2 was 19.7% .The Odds Ratio ( OR )of diabetes was 2/41 folds in cases aged under 45 years of old compared to the ones aged 45 and older(p<0/001). OR was also 1/26 folds in men compared to women (p=0/025). The mean age, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio in diabetic and non-diabetic groups was statistically different (P<0/001). Conclusion: According to high prevalence of diabetes type 2 in our study and significant relationship with waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, it is recommended to screen for type2 diabetes in individuals with increased anthropometric indexes, faster than routine. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Effect of Firm Life Cycle Theory on the relevance of Risk Measures
Abdollah Amiri Parviz Saeidi -
Open Access Article
66 - Fuzzy Implication Operators Applied to Country Health Preparation
John Mordeson Sunil Mathew Aswathi PrabhathWe use a new method to determine a fuzzy similarity measure using fuzzy implication operators. We use this method to determine the fuzzy similarity between the two rankings of countries involving health security and health care. We then find a fuzzy similarity of co MoreWe use a new method to determine a fuzzy similarity measure using fuzzy implication operators. We use this method to determine the fuzzy similarity between the two rankings of countries involving health security and health care. We then find a fuzzy similarity of countries involving the two rankings of countries with respect to national disaster and political disaster. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Construction measures for the moral development scale of students
Davood Manavipour Abstract This study aims at measuring the construction validity of moral development scale. Theoretical foundationsare the theory of moral development. Items were prepared based on their initial assessment of moral development. The content validitywas investiga More Abstract This study aims at measuring the construction validity of moral development scale. Theoretical foundationsare the theory of moral development. Items were prepared based on their initial assessment of moral development. The content validitywas investigated through experts' opinion. Some items over 75% were confirmed and chosen. The population consisted of high school students in Tehran. Test reliability coefficient was 0.93. Factor analysis showed that 55 percent of variance in the improvement of the scores can be explained by the scale of moral development. After that, varimax rotation of four major factors were identified and named. Confirmatory factor analysis of indicators of structural equation model testing demonstrated that a model is fit to the data. Finally, this questionnaire can be used to measure the moral development of students and can be used by various researches. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Criminal liability of children and adolescents in Iranian and English jurisprudence
Nasim SaghiriThis article aims to investigate the criminal liability policies for children in Iran and England, with the goal of understanding the gradual or immediate nature of juvenile criminal responsibility, the investigative and prosecutorial process for juvenile crimes, and ho MoreThis article aims to investigate the criminal liability policies for children in Iran and England, with the goal of understanding the gradual or immediate nature of juvenile criminal responsibility, the investigative and prosecutorial process for juvenile crimes, and how these two legal systems respond to crimes committed by minors. In Iran's legislative policy, criminal responsibility is gradual, with the age of 9 as the starting point for partial criminal responsibility and the age of 18 as the beginning of full criminal responsibility, primarily for crimes subject to hadd and qisas (retaliation) punishments. In contrast, in England's criminal policy, gradual criminal responsibility is applied to all crimes, considering the age of 10 as the threshold for relative criminal responsibility.The emphasis on specialized juvenile courts in Iran and the right of police and prosecutors to intervene in investigations and prosecutions in all cases in the English legal system, as well as the detention of juveniles in both legal systems, are among the findings of this research. In terms of responses to juvenile crimes in both legal systems, we observe rehabilitative approaches and diversion policies, although the diversity of punitive responses in the English legal system has made it more capable of achieving a desirable level of proportionality between the crime and punishment compared to the Iranian legal system. Manuscript profile
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