Ground water

Open Access Article

1 - Long Term Simulation of Shazand Plain Aquifer under Changing Resources and Applications
Sh. Mokhtari H. Babazadeh H. Sedghi F. Kaveh

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Open Access Article

2 - Reservoir Deficit of Sabzvar’s Aquifir Approaches & Recommendations
سعداله velayati ابوالقاسم A.Ahmadi

Sabzevar basin aquifer is located 250 kilometers west of Mashhad in RazaviKhorasan province.Due to continuous over draw (Withdrawal more than discharge)since water year 1981 –82, this aquifer undergone imbalance, and facedfall in water level and consequently runni More

Sabzevar basin aquifer is located 250 kilometers west of Mashhad in RazaviKhorasan province.Due to continuous over draw (Withdrawal more than discharge)since water year 1981 –82, this aquifer undergone imbalance, and facedfall in water level and consequently running short of reserved water for about 64MCM/ year. Analysis of hydrograph indicates that, the aquifer was in criticalconditions from 1981-82 to 1989-90 water years in a way, that its hydrographcontiunes its path linearly, which is an indication of ultra-critical condition andevacuation of the aquifer is the main water source supplying agricultural andmunicipal water for Sabzvar, a city with 240000 population. Therefore, it is necessaryto take some consideration to counterbalance its aquifer. In this regardthree remedies are recommended which are;Artifical recharge in traditional method,Artifical recharge in modern method,And, finally %15 reduction of wells discharges.With the advantages of these methods, Sabzvar aquifer can be counterbalanced by supporting64 MCM water annually. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Hydro geomorphology of Garou plain water shed (Hormozgan Province)
Mohammad Ebrahim Afifi Mojtaba Yamani Yaser Hassanzadeh

The water shed basin of Garou plain is located in Makran Zone. National conditions such as climate and geography have affected the quality and quantity of the regional water resources. Over exploration of water resources as well as recent draughts, have drastically decr More

The water shed basin of Garou plain is located in Makran Zone. National conditions such as climate and geography have affected the quality and quantity of the regional water resources. Over exploration of water resources as well as recent draughts, have drastically decreased the amount of water in the region. For this reason for most of agriculture is around the banks of Garou village.  The main objective of this study is to explore the basic factor, particularly geomorphologic and human features which are effective on decreasing the quality and quantity of water resources of Garou plains as well as determining the risk of draught and the impact on decreasing drought risk in the region. To achieve the objectives of the project, geomorphologic features of Garou plain water shed basin and impacts on the quality and quantity of geomorphologic water resources. Methodology of this study was based on an analytic and descriptive approach. The instruments used to conduct the study were topographic geological maps as well as statistical data acquired from hydrometric stations in the region. Moreover, direct observations, interview, and data analysis have been used. The result of the study showed that geomorphologic features of the water shed basin of plain, from applied viewpoint, have directly and indirectly affected water resources because of human activities particularly in agricultural stations. Considering managerial perspective, it is necessary to observe geomorphologic principle while exploring the water resources for short and long-term programs. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Choice of Location of Underground Dams Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods TOPSIS and GIS in the Eastern Part of the Watershed of Gorganroud
Mohammad Reza Dahmardeh Ghaleno Ghasem Mirzaei Ehsan Alvandi

10.22034/jest.2021.25124.3412

Background and Objective: Groundwater dams are structures that have the ability to block subcortical water, retain water in local aquifers or divert water to adjacent aquifers, raise groundwater levels, store and make available groundwater. Taking into account the envir More

Background and Objective: Groundwater dams are structures that have the ability to block subcortical water, retain water in local aquifers or divert water to adjacent aquifers, raise groundwater levels, store and make available groundwater. Taking into account the environmental and socio-economic benefits of underground dams, proper location is the first step in the construction of these dams. New and innovative methods for correct location reduce the risks associated with improper location and construction of underground dams. For this purpose, in this research, through the use of multi-criteria decision-making methods along with the high capabilities of ArcGIS software, suitable location of underground dams in the eastern part of Gorganrood watershed in Golestan province has been done. Method: Criteria were considered including slope, drainage, geology, topography, land use, fault, soil texture, and positions of village. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to weighting the criteria. Then the TOPSIS technique is used to integrate criteria maps and locating underground dams. Findings: A consistency rate of 0.03, showed a relatively high accuracy of weighting process. Considering the normal weights, slope and positions of village were found to be the most and the least effective criteria, respectively. The results showed that the study area is classified into four categories for constructing underground dams: very suitable, suitable, partly suitable and unsuitable. The unsuitable category has the highest percentage of the surface area (76.7 percent) and the very suitable category has the lowest percentage of the surface area (2.1 percent). Discussion and Conclusion: In conclusion, with considering high capacities of multiple-criteria decision-making methods and GIS in locating underground dams, as expert opinions are more accurate and data are newer and it is more possible to get better results from these techniques and tools. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Physicochemical Pollution of Water Wells in the Villages around Damavand by Using the Geographic Information System
Mohadeseh Hadadi Maryam Rafati Mojtaba Sayyadi

10.30495/jest.2022.54092.5117

Background and Objective: Considering the water shortage and drought crisis in recent years, the importance of examining the quality of groundwater resources has become more important day by day, and in this regard, the Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the More

Background and Objective: Considering the water shortage and drought crisis in recent years, the importance of examining the quality of groundwater resources has become more important day by day, and in this regard, the Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the best methods to help managers for optimization their decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the pollution and qualitative changes in water well in villages around Damavand city by using GIS. Material and Methodology:  Eleven water wells were sampled in the villages of Masha, Chenar Sharghi, Luman, Wadan, Zan, Ayneh Varzan, Jaban, Sarbandan, Aro, Seyedabad, and Islamabad during wet and drought periods. Then, using IDW interpolation methods, the water well information, which is in the form of points, was generalized to the surface and map was prepared. Findings: The results showed that the water in the wells of the studied area is good for drinking and agriculture purposes. According to GIS maps, the most polluted well is located in the village of Vadan, where EC and sodium levels are above the standard level due to the geological structure of the south of the city and the improper water abstraction of this well. In terms of the GWQI index, it was found that the villages of Aynevarzan, Zan and Seyedabad in both periods of study, due to having a quality number of less than 20, are more suitable than other areas for drilling wells in the future. Discussion and Conclusion: Since Damavand has a lot of agricultural and orchards lands that are sprayed periodically and the use of chemical fertilizers are high, it is possible that in the future, the condition of these wells will exceed the standard threshold. However, based on the results of this study at the sampling time, the condition of these wells was suitable. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Investigation of the quality of drinking water wells in Lavasan-e Kouchak district
Mahsa Atefeh Lobat Taghavi Mohammad Reza Khani Aida Bayati Mojtaba Sayadi

Bachground and Objective: Role and importance of water in life and health of human being is a clear matter and  it is evident to everyone and more clear reality is that drinking water resources whether surface or underground in various ways is posed to pollution an More

Bachground and Objective: Role and importance of water in life and health of human being is a clear matter and  it is evident to everyone and more clear reality is that drinking water resources whether surface or underground in various ways is posed to pollution and shortage of ensured resources alternatives today has become one of most complicated problems in human society.Based on above,every factor which qualitatively and quantitavely treats resources ,will be followed with sensivity and considered.With considering that providing large part of drinking water in villages of Shemiran province from underground water and also because of existance of farm lands and gardens and use of fertilizers and poisens in this area ,examining quality of underground water is prompt.Also,because of establishing some wells of drinking water in Lavasanat village,so potential of effecting pollution to these wells and water analysis of waters are necessary. Method: In this research,4 no. wells in 4 villages called Hanzak,Anbaj,Kond olia and Kond sofla in two period of July and December are sampled and physical and chemical properties of water by adapting standard conditions and in trustful laboratory of environment ministry have been analysed . Findings: Based on findings and comparing them with existing standards, all of the physiochemical parameters of water were consistent with astandard state and only Phosphate, Fluoride, Magnesium and Total Hardness are slightly higher than astandard. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on results and comparing them with existing standards for drinking use by Schuler diagram, quality of water is relatively in suitable range. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Application Software Aq.QA the Quality of Chemical Characterization of Groundwater Resources (Case study Sonqor, Kermanshah)
Amir Hesam Hassani Parastoo Setareh Amir Hossein Javid Ali Akbar Zinatizadeh

10.22034/jest.2020.16304

Background and Objective: The study has been done with the aim of chemical Analyze of water sources in area with the help of Aq.QA software and compared with national standard. Method: Chemical quality of ground water sources of area were under study during two stages More

Background and Objective: The study has been done with the aim of chemical Analyze of water sources in area with the help of Aq.QA software and compared with national standard. Method: Chemical quality of ground water sources of area were under study during two stages of sampling the drinking water from 37 station of sampling water in the year of 2010-2011and tested 19 chemical parameters of drinking water. The results were compared with standard values of drinking water and chemical diagrams of water were drawn withAq.QA software. Water types by using stiff diagram and balance or imbalance of anion-cation by ion balance diagram to separate the sources and chemical specification of water by piper diagram were compared for all of the water sources. Findings: Results of the research showed that water type is calcium bicarbonate, in 97% of times. Concentration of florid is less than the authorized limit in 100% of times and concentration of nitrate in both low - water and full water seasons are more than the maximum limit in 3% of sources. Discussion and Conclusion: The type of water was present in all sources of calcium bicarbonate, except for the village of Bauleh, which was sodium bicarbonate, so calcium and bicarbonate ions, cation and anion are predominant. Ion Balance diagram was balanced in 11 water supply sources and had anion and cation balance. Fluoride concentration in 100% of cases was less than the minimum allowed and nitrate concentration in 3% of sources in both low and high water seasons was higher than the maximum allowed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The study of microbial pollution in ground water resources in Islamshar region
Amir Hesam i Hasan Mohammad Reza Khani Mojtaba Sayyadi Valiollah Ghadami Hamid Reza Khastoo

Islamshahr is located 30 km away from the capital. Over the past decades, it has grown quickly, but irregularly; a growth which has led to the pollution of ground water at which those living in the region have protested. No doubt, it is their right to have access to pur More

Islamshahr is located 30 km away from the capital. Over the past decades, it has grown quickly, but irregularly; a growth which has led to the pollution of ground water at which those living in the region have protested. No doubt, it is their right to have access to pure healthy water. Since the only source of drinking water provision for the villages of Islamshahr is ground water resources (i.e., wells), it is obviously important to study the quality of the water of these wells. In this research, which extended for 14 months from December 2005 to January 2006, the quality of drinking water of the region from the microbial point of view was determined twice through sampling and bacterial tests on the water of 14 wells situated in the residential areas of villages. Coliform pollution is reported in Nezamabad, Raziabad, Rrahimabad-shokrabad, Islamabad and Jafarabad Jangal villages. The excremental coliform pollution is not seen in the area except for one case in Islamabad village. As microbial pollution exists in some wells and as the only source of drinking water in Islamshahr is ground water, it is necessary to always pay attention to the quality of drinking water in this area. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Investigation of Natural Sources Contamination with Arsenic in the Suburbs of Hashtrood City, East Azerbayjan Province
Azita Behbahaninia Maryam Farahani

Background and Objective: Soil surface water and ground water contamination with arsenic (As), due to its high potential for food cycle entrance, has high risk for human safety. Evidences of as pollution in Hashtrood, in East Azerbayjan, in the form dermal disorders hav More

Background and Objective: Soil surface water and ground water contamination with arsenic (As), due to its high potential for food cycle entrance, has high risk for human safety. Evidences of as pollution in Hashtrood, in East Azerbayjan, in the form dermal disorders have been reported. Also, this pollution can lead to decrease of agricultural products in terms of both quality and quantity or some lesions in farm animals. Due to lack of knowledge the reason for this remains unknown, but it may be related to as pollution. This study was conducted to investigate the level of soil and water contamination with As in Hashtrood city.  Method: Based on the obtained information, the surface and ground waters, soil, river sediments, and rock were sampled and analyzed for physico-chemical and as in the laboratory. Results: There are significant differences for mean as contents in the samples and crust. The maximum level of as was observed in fly ash samples. Consequently, as pollution was related to geogenic and volcanic eruptions in this region. According to the results, the mechanisms for As pollution in the region are known to be: As release from rock units, As sorption by oxide minerals in aerobic and acidic to neutral conditions, desorption from oxide surfaces with increase of pH, increase of As concentration in solution, and causing pollution.    Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Evaluation of Diazinon Groundwater Resources in the Lavasanat area Based on SPME (Case Study: Large and Small Lavasanat)
marzieh Babaei Saeedreza Asemi Shahrzad Khoramnejad

Abstract Organophosphorus pesticides are widely used for agricultural purposes, so it is make the Diazinon one of environmental issues. Given the importance of water and the effects that pollution can have on human health and natural ecosystems, water quality monitoring More

Abstract Organophosphorus pesticides are widely used for agricultural purposes, so it is make the Diazinon one of environmental issues. Given the importance of water and the effects that pollution can have on human health and natural ecosystems, water quality monitoring is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the contamination entered in the area of large and small Lavasanat‘s groundwater. In the study area, were randomly selected 6 villages and six wells in each village (upstream and downstream) were sampled. After transferring the samples to the laboratory, using micro solid-phase extraction method, diazinon concentrations were measured. Results showed that Small Lavasanat is more polluted than Large Lavasanat. Niknam village and Hanzak with average concentrations of diazinon 13.792 and 13.328 micrograms per liter, respectively, were the most polluted underground water resources in the study area, respectively. Compare Diazinon estimated average by world standards, showed the amount of contamination of drinking water in the rural areas according to the standard, were higher than the standard limit and the groundwater does not match. The planning related to water resources management as well as monitoring the health of watersheds and change management in the study area should be prioritized.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - An investigation on the impacts of chemical fertilizer on aquifer of Hashtgerd plateau
Amirhesam Hassani Ali Torabian Amir hosseyn Javid Faezeh Aminian

Hashtgerd field (area: 650 Km2) is located in Tehran province which include mountainous region in south of central Arborz, alluvium area in west of Karaj field and east of Qazvin field. Hashtgerd field’s climate is cold and dry. The samples were collected from 18 More

Hashtgerd field (area: 650 Km2) is located in Tehran province which include mountainous region in south of central Arborz, alluvium area in west of Karaj field and east of Qazvin field. Hashtgerd field’s climate is cold and dry. The samples were collected from 18 wells in winter (1387) and spring (1388) and analyzed for the amount of nitrate, phosphate and potassium in samples. Extra uses of nitrate fertilizer cause the rise of nitrate through out the valley. The most amount of nitrate was observed in north east of Hashtgerd valley (19 mg/L) that was upper than standard amount (10 mg/L). Considering the movement direction of underground water in Hashtgerd field (from the north east to south west) the main resource of nitrate increase is the use of chemical fertilizer in agricultural activities. Although the most amount of phosphorus was in south west of Hashtgerd field (1.5 mg/L), it was less than standard amount (2 mg/L). Despite the low movement of phosphate in soil, it penetrated in to underground water. The main reason was the movement direction of underground water, up level of underground water and lack of unsaturated layer. Phosphorus of fertilizer enters the underground water and cause pollution. The amount of potassium in most of the wells was about 0.39- 1.96 (mg/L) that was lower than standard amount (2 mg/L). The most amount of potassium was in east north of the field to aquifer is predictable, because of the washing effect. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Determination of appropriate method for estimating of MTBE absorption coefficient by the soil of Tehran oil refinery (Ray city)
Mohammad Nickhah Monfared mohammad reza Sabour

Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) is one of the gas additives that can be more effective in increasing the octan rating of fuel. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has labeled MTBE in carcinogen compounds.This compound can leak into the soil from&nbsp More

Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MTBE) is one of the gas additives that can be more effective in increasing the octan rating of fuel. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has labeled MTBE in carcinogen compounds.This compound can leak into the soil from underground fuel tanks and its chemical and physical properties affords rapid influence.Sorption ability of soil, is so effective in influence of MTBE into the soil and “distribution Coefficient (Kd)” can show this ability. Kd is one of the important effectives that recently lionizes in Environmental Geotechnics and its range is so wide in as much as it can be “0” or “1000” and more; This wide range is important in using numerical models for underground water and contaminant trasformation modeling.In this study, the real value of sorption has been determined by several sorption tests on MTBE and the soil of Ray city and according this value, various isotherm models were studied to find the most accurate model for MTBE and this soil.In this study, all of the tests have done according to ASTM standards. Finally, it’s concluded that all of studied models are appropriate for calculating Kd but in similar cases,  we can offer foloing models sequently: Dubinin-Radushkevich Model; Langmuir Model; Freundlich Model; Linear Model. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Parameters of predicted changes in the Electrical Conductivity of groundwater in Tehran city with the help of neural network
Naser Mehrdadi Gholam Reza Nabi Bidhendi Akbar Baghvand Hamid Zare Abyaneh Pouyan Abbasi Maedeh

In an attempt to examine the quality of ground water in Tehran with respect to the consumption pattern in the last ten years for 71 examination point, three distinct neural networks of different Electrical Conductivity (EC),   input and output parameters were More

In an attempt to examine the quality of ground water in Tehran with respect to the consumption pattern in the last ten years for 71 examination point, three distinct neural networks of different Electrical Conductivity (EC),   input and output parameters were set out . It is observed that, in order to forecast with a great deal of trial and error, the tangent algorithms with the momentum-training algorithm turns out to be less error. As the number of the input parameters is reduced and the training algorithm is fixed with momentum and the stimulating algorithm gives way to the tangent algorithm, error falls off.  Finally, three model with one hidden layer, the momentum training algorithms and the stimulating tangent was constructed. The  maximum error occurring implies the maximum determination coefficient of 0.986 that its connected to models 1 and 3. Moreover, in line with the neural network laid out in one layer, the minimum normal root mean square error (NRMSE) is supposed to run out at 0.110 in models 1 and 3. According to lesser input parameter of model number 2 and very close approximation to this two models (1and 3) with maximum determination coefficient of 0.96 and the minimum normal root mean square error (NRMSE) 0.176 can be a very close approximation and can decrease inputs parameters and experience for Measurement of input parameters and the estimate is supposed to be excellently acceptable. As regards the effect of the parameters on the forecast made, the neural network involves the predominance of the two sulphate and chloride ions over the sodium parameter. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Determination of MODFLOW model sensitivity toward distribution coefficient (Kd)
Mohammad Nickhah Monfared Mohammad Reza Sabour

One of the important effectives that recently lionizes in Environmental Geotechnics, is"distribution Coefficient (Kd)". The range of this parameter is very wide, ranging as much as "0" to"1000" and more. This wide range is important in using numerical models for undergr More

One of the important effectives that recently lionizes in Environmental Geotechnics, is"distribution Coefficient (Kd)". The range of this parameter is very wide, ranging as much as "0" to"1000" and more. This wide range is important in using numerical models for underground water andcontaminant transformation modeling. MODFLOW is one of the appropriate models in undergroundwater and contaminant transformation modeling.It is very important to understand the sensitivity of this model towards Kd and the effects ofselected method in modeling given the necessity of this model to distribution Coefficient and itsability about calculation of Kd in 3 methods.This research has been performed for the soil of Rey zone with MTBE and all of the tests have beenperformed according to ASTM standards.Finally it is concluded that the sensitivity of MODFLOW toward value of Kd and itscalculation method is inconsiderable and the model is most appropriate when Kd is not known. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Investigating the quantity variation trend of ground water table using geostatistics and GIS (Case study: Sirjan Plain)
Halimeh Piri Abolfazl Bameri

The purpose of this research was to determine the temporal and spatial variation of groundwater levels of Sirjan Plain using geostatistical methods in the statistical period (1997-2007). The water level data of 30 wells were collected. The quality, accuracy and normalit More

The purpose of this research was to determine the temporal and spatial variation of groundwater levels of Sirjan Plain using geostatistical methods in the statistical period (1997-2007). The water level data of 30 wells were collected. The quality, accuracy and normality of data were controlled and the water table was interpolated by different interpolation methods including inverse distance weighted (IDW), local polynomial interpolation (LPI), radial basis function (RBF) completely regularized spline, spline with tension, multiquadric, inverse multiquadric, thin plate spline, ordinary kriging (OK), simple kriging (SK), disjunctive kriging (DK). The best interpolation method was determined based on mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination. The zoning map was also traced during investigation. The results showed that the Gaussian variogram model with 0.7 coefficient of determination was the best fitted model for the spatial data and local polynomial interpolation method and ordinary kriging method with root mean square error of 43.6 and 23.85 were the best method of interpolation respectively. The results also showed that the ordinary kriging with Gaussian variogram was statistically more accurate in comparison to other methods for estimating the depth of the groundwater table in the two periods. Zoning with ordinary kriging showed that groundwater level has dropped in most parts of the plains during the study period. The groundwater level drop ranged to 40 meters with an average of 15 meters. The water level has increased in the western parts of the plain which causing a shift of water from the western salty water aquifer into sweet water aquifer; and decreasing of Sirjan Plain Aquifer quality accordingly. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Sustainable Ground Water Development in Hard Rock Aquifers in Low-Income Countries and the Role of UNESCO _ IUGS - IGCP projec -GROWNET-
S. D. Limaye

Hard rock aquifers for the purpose of this Paper mean the non-carbonate, fractured rock aquifers in the terrain covered by crystalline basement complex, metamorphic rocks and also by extensive effusive volcanic rocks like the basalts of western India (Deccan traps. Grou More

Hard rock aquifers for the purpose of this Paper mean the non-carbonate, fractured rock aquifers in the terrain covered by crystalline basement complex, metamorphic rocks and also by extensive effusive volcanic rocks like the basalts of western India (Deccan traps. Ground water development in hard rock aquifer areas has always played a secondary role compared to that in the areas having high-yielding unconsolidated or semi-consolidated sediments and carbonate rocks. This has been due to the relatively poor ground water resources in hard rocks, low specific capacity of wells, erratic variations and discontinuities in the aquifer properties, and difficulties in exploration and assessment of the resource. It should, however, be remembered that for the millions of farmers in developing countries, having their small farms in the barren landscape of fractured hard rock terrain, whatever small supply available from these poor aquifers is the only hope for upgrading their standard of living by growing irrigated crops or by protecting their rain-fed crops from the vagaries of rainfall. It is also their only source for drinking water for the family and cattle. In many developing countries, hard rock hydrogeologists have therefore, an important role to play. In the developed countries, the interest in hard rock hydrogeology, apart from drinking water supplies to small communities, is recently promoted by the prospects of using these low permeability rocks for the storage of hazardous nuclear and chemical wastes. The study of ground water flow through faults, fissures and fractures is also of interest to scientists studying the migration of contaminants. Hard rock hydrogeologists, the world over, are therefore divided into two main groups: Those interested in obtaining ground water for domestic, irrigational or industrial use by exploring fractured and permeable zones in a relatively less permeable matrix of hard rock and those interested in locating impermeable or the least permeable zones for storage of hazardous nuclear waste. Ironically, for the first group even the most permeable zones are often not good enough to yield adequate water supply, while for the second group even the least permeable zones are often not good enough for safe storage of hazardous nuclear waste over a prolonged period of a few hundred years. This Paper discusses the occurrence of ground water and the precautions for sustainable development of ground water in arid and semi-arid regions, in view of the forthcoming climatic changes. It emphasizes the need for recharge augmentation hand-in-hand with development of new wells, so that the new development does not harm the traditional practices. In India, the neglect of recharge augmentation has caused lowering of water table and drying-up of old dug-wells of 12m to 15 m depth, which used to provide irrigational and drinking water supply for last several centuries. In Iran, many Qanats have dried up because of lowering of water table due to heavy pumping of ground water from newly developed deep tube-wells in their vicinity. The goal in many countries has, therefore, shifted from ground water development to ground water management which includes management of the quantity on Supply side and Demand side and also the management of ground water quality, especially with respect to pollution and salt water intrusion. Pollution of ground water in urban environment is becoming a cause of worry because in many developing countries there is a heavy migration of population from rural areas to urban centers and providing safe quality of drinking water to this population and managing the waste water generated in the cities and towns, is a major problem. The role of UNESCO-IUGS-IGCP Project GROWNET (Ground Water Network for Best Practices in Ground Water Development in Low Income Countries) is also described towards the end of this Paper. The Author is the Project Leader for GROWNET. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Shrimp Culture Impact on the Surface and Ground Water of Bangladesh
A. K. M. Munirul Haque M. Sarwar Jahan Md. Abul Kalam Azad

A case study was carried out to see the impacts of shrimp culture on the surface (pond) and ground water (tube-well) quality in three coastal sub-districts of Bagherhat Sadar, Rampal and Morrelganj of Bangladesh. The people of Rampal (100%), Morrelgonj (87.5%) and Baghe More

A case study was carried out to see the impacts of shrimp culture on the surface (pond) and ground water (tube-well) quality in three coastal sub-districts of Bagherhat Sadar, Rampal and Morrelganj of Bangladesh. The people of Rampal (100%), Morrelgonj (87.5%) and Bagherhat (75.5%) expressed that salinity of both surface and ground water increased after shrimp culture, and water becomes more turbid, odorous and less tasty compared to pre-shrimp culture scenario. The ground water pH was foo be slightly acidic (6.07– 6.71) but the surface water was mildly alkaline in nature (7.00–7.46). Ground water was more saline (1893–2673ppm) than surface water (513-2253ppm). Potassium level of surface water was very high (97-242ppm) compared to the ground water (11.73-27.37 ppm). This exceeds the WHO Guideline Value (10ppm) and the Bangladesh Standard for Drinking Water (12ppm). The pollution levels of phosphorous and iron were found to be a little higher but other pollutants like nitrate, boron and zinc were found to be very low in surface and ground water in the shrimp culture area of Bangladesh. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - پهنه بندی اسیدیته و هدایت الکتریکی آب‌های زیرزمینی با استفاده از روش های زمین آمار (مطالعه موردی: دشت سمیرم، استان اصفهان)
سیاوش طائی سمیرمی حمیدرضا مرادی مرتضی خداقلی وحید کریمیان

مطالعات و بررسیهای فراوانی در مورد کیفیت آبهای زیرزمینی و پیشگیری از آلودگی این منابع در اکثر کشور&rlm;ها به عمل آمده است که نشان دهنده حائز اهمیت بودن آن میباشد. کیفیت آبهای زیرزمینی دارای مقیاس مکانی و زمانی بوده و نمیتوان آن را در طول زمان و More

مطالعات و بررسیهای فراوانی در مورد کیفیت آبهای زیرزمینی و پیشگیری از آلودگی این منابع در اکثر کشور&rlm;ها به عمل آمده است که نشان دهنده حائز اهمیت بودن آن میباشد. کیفیت آبهای زیرزمینی دارای مقیاس مکانی و زمانی بوده و نمیتوان آن را در طول زمان و مکان ثابت فرض کرد. لذا تحقیق حاضر روشهای درونیابی برای برآورد اسیدیته و هدایت الکتریکی آبهای زیرزمینی دشت سمیرم واقع در استان اصفهان با استفاده از آمار 386 چشمه در سال آبی 85- 84 بررسی میکند. از آنجا که آمار کلاسیک قادر به در نظر گرفتن توزیع مکانی پارامترهای کیفیت آبهای زیرزمینی نیست، از روشهای زمین آمار مانند کریجینگ معمولی، کریجینگ ساده، کریجینگ گسسته، روش عکس فاصله، روش تابع شعاعی با نرم افزارهای  GS+و سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی به عنوان تکنیکی برای این هدف استفاده گردید. برای بررسی خطای درونیابی از تکنیک اعتبارسنجی حذفی و جهت مقایسه آماری مدل، از ریشه دوم میانگین مربعات خطا و میانگین خطای مطلق استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که واریوگرام مدل کروی به عنوان بهترین مدل برازش شده به ساختار فضایی داده های هدایت الکتریکی و اسیدیته میباشد. همچنین روش عکس فاصله با توان 1 (041/0 MAE= و 065/0 = (RMSEو روش تابع شعاعی (27/2 MAE= و 57/3 = (RMSE به دلیل داشتن RMSE ، MAE پایینتر و دقت آماری بالاتر، به ترتیب پراکنش مناسبتری از اسیدیته و هدایت الکتریکی آبهای زیرزمینی نشان میدهد. در نهایت نقشههای پهنه بندی هدایت الکتریکی و اسیدیته دشت سمیرم در محیط GIS ترسیم شد. نتایج بهدست آمده از نقشهها حاکی از کاهش هر دو متغیر از شرق دشت سمیرم به طرف غرب میباشد. Manuscript profile

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19 - برآورد شاخص های کارایی مصرف آب کشاورزی در شبکه آبیاری گتوند
بهنام شجاعی ستار کاظمی افشین سرکهکی علی عصاره

در این پژوهش کارایی مصرف آب با دو شاخص عملکرد به ازای هر واحد آب مصرفی (CPD) و درآمد ناخالص به ازای هر واحد آب مصرفی برای محصولات الگوی کشت موجود  شبکه آبیاری گتوند در شمال استان خوزستان، با استفاده از داده های واقعی الگوی کشت و با برآورد نیاز آبی در چهار سنار More

در این پژوهش کارایی مصرف آب با دو شاخص عملکرد به ازای هر واحد آب مصرفی (CPD) و درآمد ناخالص به ازای هر واحد آب مصرفی برای محصولات الگوی کشت موجود  شبکه آبیاری گتوند در شمال استان خوزستان، با استفاده از داده های واقعی الگوی کشت و با برآورد نیاز آبی در چهار سناریوی مختلف برای تحقق راندمان آبیاری، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد، بیشترین  مقدار شاخص CPD مربوط به محصولات هویچ و چغندرقند بود. کمترین مقادیر CPD مربوط به محصولات  کنجد و آفتابگردان به دست آمد. همینطور بیشترین مقدار شاخص BPD  به ترتیب  به محصولات توت فرنگی و بامیه اختصاص یافت. کمترین مقادیر BPD به ترتیب متعلق به محصولات زیتون و آفتابگردان بود. همچنین متوسط شاخص CPD شبکه آبیاری گتوند برای سناریوهای تحقق راندمان آبیاری 30، 35، 42 و 54 درصد، به ترتیب برابر 0.92، 1.08، 1.44، 1.85 کیلوگرم در مترمکب آب بدست آمد. مقادیر متوسط شاخص BPD شبکه آبیاری گتوند برای سناریوهای تحقق راندمان آبیاری 30، 35، 42 و 54 درصد،  به ترتیب برابر 34699، 40482، 53326 و 68563 ریال در مترمکعب آب مصرفی بود. مطابق داده های موجود، مقدار متوسط درآمد در واحد سطح برای الگوی کشت منطقه برابر 451.6 میلیون ریال در هر هکتار حاصل گردید. Manuscript profile

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20 - بررسی تغییرات هدایت هیدرولیکی و پارامترهای فیزیکی و شیمیائی خاک پس از بهره برداری از شبکه کوت و حمودی دشت آزادگان
آرش محجوبی کاظم طرفی محمد الباجی

واحدهای عمرانی کوت و حمودی دو واحد از واحدهای هفتگانه نواحی یک و دو شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی دشت آزادگان خوزستان هستند که از زمان بهرهبرداری آنها حدود هفت سال میگذرد. نتایج مطالعات قبل از احداث شبکه نشان داد که سطح آب زیرزمینی در مساحت قابل توجهی از این نواحی بالا بوده و بیش More

واحدهای عمرانی کوت و حمودی دو واحد از واحدهای هفتگانه نواحی یک و دو شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی دشت آزادگان خوزستان هستند که از زمان بهرهبرداری آنها حدود هفت سال میگذرد. نتایج مطالعات قبل از احداث شبکه نشان داد که سطح آب زیرزمینی در مساحت قابل توجهی از این نواحی بالا بوده و بیش از 90 درصد اراضی دارای شوری و قلیائی زیاد تا بسیار زیاد بودند. با اجراء، تکمیل و بهرهبرداری از شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی اصلی در این واحدهای عمرانی، سوالی مطرح شد که آیا احداث کانالهای پوششدار بتنی و زهکشهای سطحی نسبتاً عمیق )درجه یک و دو(، تغییراتی را در شرایط فیزیکی و شیمیائی خاک اراضی به وجود آورده است. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیقات نشان داد در واحد عمرانی حمودی سطح ایستابی مقداری پائین رفته ولی در واحد کوت سطح آب زیرزمینی نسبت به قبل بالاتر آمده است. شوری آب زیرزمینی در برخی از مناطق در هر دو ناحیه ثابت و در برخی نقاط دیگر، نسبت به قبل از احداث شبکه کاهش یافته است. هدایت هیدرولیکی در برخی از نقاط بدون تغییر و در برخی از نقاط کاهش یافته است. مقایسه سایر پارامترهای کیفی خاک در چاهک های حفاری شده در اعماق مختلف نشان داد که پارامترهای شیمیائی خاک در برخی از نقاط کاهش و در برخی از نقاط افزایش یافته است. Manuscript profile

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21 - Investigation of anions and heavy metals in surface and ground water quality in villages around Darallu copper mine
Fereshteh Hasanzadeh Mahmoud shamsaddini

The study area consists of two basins; the first basin consists of copper ore deposit, which mining operations are in the early stages. The second basin is located in the north of the mine, and two basins are separated by Sartashtak mountain. Sampling was carried out at More

The study area consists of two basins; the first basin consists of copper ore deposit, which mining operations are in the early stages. The second basin is located in the north of the mine, and two basins are separated by Sartashtak mountain. Sampling was carried out at 30 points and was analyzed using the ICP-MS method. The concentration of anions, cations and some of the heavy metals (As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Sn, U, Zn, V, B) in ground water in both basins are measured. These values were compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The concentration of all of heavy metals was very low except for cadmium and uranium, which showed little enrichment. The average concentration of cadmium and uranium in basin 1 was 6.99 and 9.1 μg / l, and in basin 2 was 10.38 and 22.91 μg / l, respectively. Cadmium and uranium were classified in minimal to moderate enrichment. Therefore, it is concluded that there are no water pollution sources in two basins, and now, mineral deposits and mining operations do not affect the quality of groundwater in the region, and drinking water in neighboring villages has a good quality. Manuscript profile

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22 - Assessing the potential of groundwater resources quality in the villages of Damavand city
maryam Zerang Lida Salimi Mojtaba Sayadi

Awareness of the quality of water resources is essential for assessing pollution trends for each region. The study area is located in the villages of Damavand city in Tehran, which is used to study the water quality parameters . Within 8 months , from January to August More

Awareness of the quality of water resources is essential for assessing pollution trends for each region. The study area is located in the villages of Damavand city in Tehran, which is used to study the water quality parameters . Within 8 months , from January to August 2016, has focused on sampling and measuring physical parameters (Ec, TDS, turbidity, pH, hardness and alkalinity) of the water from 11 wells in the villages of Damavand city, which was chosen according to the location of the village's residential texture and its proximity to agricultural areas as sample wells. Also, by sampling and analyzing for two times, the quality of each parameter in the studied area and finally a qualitative map for each parameter was prepared. The results of this study suggest that given the fact that the southern marginal areas of Damavand area, especially the village of Wadan, have the highest concentration in most water quality parameters, this area can be considered as a narrow zone of high-risk man-made pollution hazard due to the rise of the rock floor and reduced permeability. In addition, the state of governance of the village of Wadan at the end of sedimentation basin has caused the role of the effectiveness of natural (geological) and hydrogeological factors in this section to be quite evident, the effects of which are increasing the concentration of physical parameters in this area.  Due to the fact that some of the qualitative parameters have been observed in the groundwater resources of the area and, on the other hand, the only source of water supply in the Damavand area is groundwater, it is necessary that the quality of drinking water of the inhabitants of the area should always be considered. Manuscript profile

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23 - Investigation of changes in physical and chemical parameters of water wells in south Ray villages by using GIS
faezeh farajolahi Amir Hessam Hassani Ali Torabian

Surely, knowledge of the status of drinking water quality along with its changes in different seasons (wet and drought) as well as trends from one source to another can be used to optimize providing the proper conduct of the areas of drinking water on the one hand and t More

Surely, knowledge of the status of drinking water quality along with its changes in different seasons (wet and drought) as well as trends from one source to another can be used to optimize providing the proper conduct of the areas of drinking water on the one hand and the prevention of the unsafe and unsanitary resources on the other hand, along with planning for engineering projects to reduce the pollutant load implied to the water sources (collection and disposal and wastewater treatment plant) and sanitary limits & qualitative privacy legal far groundwater is important. Although source identification of pollutions and investigating of feasibility to determine quality limits and pollution concentration reduction strategies without understanding its possible standard deviations (who -1053) is not possible and the associated high costs and sometimes waste time, money and even non-transactional tasks in industrial aspects. Considering the limitations of water supply (quantity and quality) due to recurrent drought in recent years requires the efficient and proper management of water resources in a comprehensive map of the area were provided quality in GIS geographic system that can provide a solid base for decision-making on sustainable development based on quality and quantity of water supply and environmental principles. Therefore, with respect to the total pollution affecting groundwater resources of the Ray area, such as domestic sewage and industrial wastewater and conditions of recreational of the region, particularly the location of some small areas of water wells in the establishment of some wells of Rivers or in areas of lower topography and effectiveness of contaminant transport in the direction of the gradient Hydraulic and surface water caused the measuring and monitoring of chemical and physical parameters of resources and quality map as a must be manifested. Investigations on obtained results showed that the physico-chemical qualityof underground water in this region from east north toward west south accompanying with increasing the amounts of Cations and Anions as a results of coming up the bed rock, decreasing the height of water column and geologic range of wells of this region. Meanwhile the amounts of Nitrate concentration in wells of west north range caused by increasing human factors which was near to permitted level of standard. Manuscript profile

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24 - Effects of land use on groundwater quality, with an emphasis on the major cations and anions, case study of islamshar county
zahra farzanehdizaj zahra zanganesirdardi toraj nasrabadi mojtaba sayadi

Underground water resources in many regions of the world are the most important factor to create cities, and life in many areas depends on these waters. Also, in Islamshahr city, water supply of this area is ground water. Among 26 active wells in the rural part of city, More

Underground water resources in many regions of the world are the most important factor to create cities, and life in many areas depends on these waters. Also, in Islamshahr city, water supply of this area is ground water. Among 26 active wells in the rural part of city, by considering distribution of agricultural, residential and industrial areas, slope of the land (north west to south east), dispersion wells, having well’s information during 10 years and considering all Islamshar area, 14 wells were selected to study. The objective of this study is to evaluate the land use on the quality of water and study of process of changes on drinking water quality parameters in this area by using AqQa software, and GIS during 10 years (1385-1394). After study different elements and components of water and prepare their quality maps and determine the general trends of changes, it was known in the north west area, south west and south areas, most of chemical parameters of water have maximum concentration that in some cases these amounts are more than the limit set. Particularly for some elements like EC and TDS is more tangible. Finally, the study showed Geological structure, agricultural activities, Urban Development and population density are the most effective factors on the quality of ground water in Islamshahr city. Manuscript profile

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25 - The study of the effects of drought on the quantity and quality of groundwater in the Zarghan plain of Fars during 2011-2016
Fatemeh Tamadon haniyeh nowzari

Due to its position in dry and semi-arid region, Iran has a worse situation than the average of world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of drought on the quantitative and qualitative status of groundwater in Zarghan plain in Fars province. So, the More

Due to its position in dry and semi-arid region, Iran has a worse situation than the average of world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of drought on the quantitative and qualitative status of groundwater in Zarghan plain in Fars province. So, the meteorological data, groundwater level data, and physicochemical experiments of 10 drinking wells data of Zarghan rural district in Fars province during the period of 2011-2016 were used. The data was analyzed by Pearson-spearman Correlation matrices via SPSS software. The results showed that there was a significant positivecorrelation between rainfall reduction and lowering of groundwater level with a 3-month delay, and association the groundwater level reduction in the area was 1.11 meters. Also, with the decrease of groundwater level in The study period increased the amount of sodium ion, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate and total hardness increased in a number of wells, which resulted in increased salinity of water due to the reduction of water volume in the groundwater resources, because of drought and the increase in the concentration of salts in the Groundwater. The balance of groundwater is maintained, if the input and output levels of water are equal. However, according to the survey results it is clear that in addition to the lack of rainfall has not been able to compensate. The water deficiency, uncontrolled harvesting of aquifers has also been effective in reducing groundwater levels and increasing in the water salts in the area. Manuscript profile

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26 - Assessment of application the artificial recharges methods of aquifer of Imamzadeh Jafar plain in Gachsaran-southwest of Iran
Khodarahm Shafiei Motlagh Naser Ebadati

Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the religioustexts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent boundaries, atfuture. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Ga More

Before feeling water -shortage crisis human has understood the importance of water From the religioustexts. Considering recent conditions of the world the water will replace most recent boundaries, atfuture. Imamzadeh Jaafar plain is located 5 kilometers northeast of Gachsaran, south of Kohgilooye andBoerahmad province. The plain has 61km 2 area extents and contains two, alluvial and carbonateaquifers. These aquifers supply the water needs, agricultural, industrial and domestic. Highly exploitation andtransportation of groundwater resources, especially by National Oil Company, caused highly drawdown inalluvial aquifer, 1.85m in a 5 years period from 1361 to 1365 as reported by Mahab Ghods ConsultingEngineers. There are two artificial recharge projects, 1 flood spreading system and 1 recharge pondssystem, in the plain. To present the future water resources management program the hydrogeologicalbehaviors of the alluvial aquifer and the effects of artificial recharge must be evaluated. To develop theconceptual model of aquifer required information, meteorological, water level in the observationwells, depth to bedrock, hydrodynamic coefficients, topography, water resources and …, were collected, fieldsurveys were performed and required maps were prepared. Using conceptual model and MODFLOWPMWIN code the mathematical model of the plain was calibrated against water year 1380 -81 and thenverified against water year 1384 - 85. The verified model was used to predict future conditions ofaquifer. The results implied the rapid response of aquifer to precipitation due to high aquifertransmissivity, positive water budget at year 1385 comparing year 65, change of direction of groundwaterflow from plain outlet to the center of plain in response to highly exploitation at the center ofplain, water level in the wells located downward the flood spreading system will raise as 1 to 6m andwater level in t he wells located downward the recharge pond system will lower as 1 to 4m. Manuscript profile

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27 - Monitoring the land subsidence phenomenon using differential radar interferometry technique (Case Study: Khanmirza plain, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province)
Sadegh Karimi Mohsen pourkhosravani Ayda Ramezani

Land subsidence is one of the environmental hazards caused by various factors, and especially in recent years, it has caused a lot of damage to human societies. The Khanmirza plain aquifer has also faced this phenomenon in recent years. The creation of wide gaps and cra More

Land subsidence is one of the environmental hazards caused by various factors, and especially in recent years, it has caused a lot of damage to human societies. The Khanmirza plain aquifer has also faced this phenomenon in recent years. The creation of wide gaps and cracks on the surface of the plain and the release of gas from them makes the issue of subsidence important. For this reason, the present study tries to monitor and measure the amount of land subsidence in Khanmirza plain, and evaluate and analyze its relationship with the withdrawal of excess from underground water sources. For this purpose, in order to investigate the changes in the underground water level during 10 years and in two different time frames from the IDW geostatistics model and to estimate the subsidence of the land surface using the differential radar interferometric method and from the Sentinel-1A radar images during 5 years and in Three different time periods were used. The results of the research indicate that displacement of the earth's surface in different time periods is different and does not have a constant trend, while the trend of the drop of the underground water level has been increasing in the whole time period. Accordingly, according to the results of the research, there is no significant relationship between the indiscriminate extraction of underground water sources and the subsidence areas in Khanmirza plain. Manuscript profile

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28 - Investigating spatial and temporal changes in the quality of underground water sources in the Izadkhash basin
Maryam Ansari ایرج جباری

The increase in the world's population, the effects of climate change and lifestyle changes have put increasing pressure on water resources and have led to widespread water stress in many countries. An effective way to reduce and control the continuous degradation of gr More

The increase in the world's population, the effects of climate change and lifestyle changes have put increasing pressure on water resources and have led to widespread water stress in many countries. An effective way to reduce and control the continuous degradation of groundwater quality is to understand spatial and temporal changes and identify the main sources of pollution. In this research, using the geostatistical method, temporal and spatial changes in the underground water resources of Izadkhasht basin were investigated in a period of 11 years, considering the factors of water quality change. In this regard, different interpolation methods were compared, and the kriging method with exponential variogram showed better results for water quality parameters. The results of these analyzes showed that the most important factors in the salinity of water and soil resources in the region are destructive formations in the basin. So that in the quality maps of water resources, all parameters showed an increase in three points. Manuscript profile

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29 - Hazard Assessment Of Groundwater Resourses Degradation Using a Proposed Model And Geographical Information System (GIS) In Jahrom Township
Parviz Jokar Masoud Masoudi

Groundwater is an important source of water supply in arid and semi-arid areas. In order to optimal management of water resources, maintain and improve the quality and quantity of the location, amount and distribution of water data in a defined geographical area is requ More

Groundwater is an important source of water supply in arid and semi-arid areas. In order to optimal management of water resources, maintain and improve the quality and quantity of the location, amount and distribution of water data in a defined geographical area is required and necessary. The subject of this paper is assessing both qualitative and quantitative risk using the modified IMDPA model and geographical information system (GIS) in Jahrom Township. The purpose of this study is prepared a suitable zonation and vulnerability map of qualitative and quantitative status of groundwater in order to determine the areas with higher risk. The used parameters for qualitative and quantitative risk are included EC, CL, SAR and water table decline, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the Lowering of Water Table (quantitative status) in 40% of the plains is at severe and very severe hazard classes. The quality status of about 56% of the plains is at severe and very severe hazard classes. Overall, about 31% of the plains are in a state of severe and very severe hazard classes of ground water resources degradation. Manuscript profile

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30 - The Role Evaluation of Land Use on Changes of Ground Water Quality in Lajan Watershed
Rahman Mahmood Hasan Mahmood Habibnezhad Roshan Leila Gholami

The land use cause the changes in water quality and therefore this study, the changes study of land use in years from 2002 to 2016 in Lajan watershed of the southern province of West Azerbaijan created using Landsat 5 and 8 and satellite images of TM and OIL and also GI More

The land use cause the changes in water quality and therefore this study, the changes study of land use in years from 2002 to 2016 in Lajan watershed of the southern province of West Azerbaijan created using Landsat 5 and 8 and satellite images of TM and OIL and also GIS. The results showed that the rangeland and rain-fed land area decreased about 135.05 and 26.16 km2, respectively, but the area of irrigated agriculture, residential land and garden land increased with amount of 112.75, 28 and of 20.37 km2, respectively. Then, 22 pits for water resources quality of underground in years 2002 and 2016 selected for the study of land use change and parameters of chemical quality including residual salts, pH, electrical conductivity, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, and sodium adsorption ratio total hardness. The concentration of main ions and concentration of soluble salts measured by standard methods. Finally, the effective parameters on studied samples quality and water resources quality of underground evaluated for different applications in two years. The results showed that the water resources of underground in Lajan watershed had bicarbonate type. The Wilcox diagram showed that the more samples in the favorable category were for agricultural section and Schuler diagram also stated that the water resources of underground were in range of good to excellent for drinking application. Also, the results showed that the water quality changes did not depended to land use changes. Manuscript profile

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31 - Monitoring of the soil salinity in Kashan plain
abtahi morteza

Kashan plain located in central of Iran and its climate is arid. Population growth and increasing demand new sources, it is endangering the fragile ecosystems. Reduced agricultural production, abandoned agricultural land and desertification phenomena which appear in Kas More

Kashan plain located in central of Iran and its climate is arid. Population growth and increasing demand new sources, it is endangering the fragile ecosystems. Reduced agricultural production, abandoned agricultural land and desertification phenomena which appear in Kashan plain is clearly visible, the evidence for this claim. In this study, the factors affecting the spread of undesirable process in which water and soil have been studied. Changes in soil salinity and alkalinity in the Kashan plain area by drilling 8 profiles over 5 years. The results showed that increasing salinity changes at three sites, two fixed sites and 3 sites is decreasing. Therefore, increasing the salinity and soil degradation in the 5/37% of the area of Kashan plain is about to happen. The maximum EC of soil and water respectively was observed 30.1 and 17.73 dS/m site in Saleh Abad and least equal to 2.7 and 2.98 dS/m at the Mohammadia site. In order to maintain the status quo, changing the irrigation, cultivation of plants with low water needs, the use of alternating high and low water quality, flood spreading systems for the use of water in the upstream and prevent the drilling deep and uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater is proposed to Kashan plain.   Manuscript profile

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32 - Assessment of Changes in Groundwater Quality and Quantity of Mianab Shushtar Plain after the Construction of Irrigation and Drainage Network
mehrdad kakolaki Hossein Eslami

Irrigation and drainage networks construction are affecting the quality and quantity of groundwater. This study aims to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes of Mianab Shushtar plain aquifer after the construction of irrigation and drainage network in 2008. More

Irrigation and drainage networks construction are affecting the quality and quantity of groundwater. This study aims to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes of Mianab Shushtar plain aquifer after the construction of irrigation and drainage network in 2008. First by checking annual hydrograph of the plain, the changes of ground water storage volume during years of before and after the implementation of irrigation and drainage network were evaluated. During 2005-06 to 2008-09 in the third year, 6.4 million cubic meters of underground water reservoir storage volume decreased and from 2008-09 to 2013-14, 9.07 million cubic meters of underground water storage volume has been added. With comparison in the same period, it was found that change in the reservoir is largely influenced by the amount of annual precipitation. Then calculate the groundwater balance, factors affecting the reservoir volume changes were studied. The results showed that 2008-09 and 2009-10 balance was -3.59 and 5.44. Most important factor in changes in groundwater reservoir was the amount of annual rainfall and operation of the network had not a significant impact in increasing the groundwater level. In the following to investigate qualitative changes of underground water sources, the Wilcox diagram for two years before and after the construction of irrigation and drainage network was used. The results showed that due to high groundwater level before the network operation, more sampling points was in class of too salty and unusable for agriculture. Therefore network operation had not significant effect in the quality of groundwater resources. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Study the Effect of Drought on Groundwater Quality Using Statistical Methods (Case Study: Main Plains in Khuzestan Province)
Heydar zarei Masoumeh Ferasati Hadi Moazed

Drought is a natural phenomenon that occurrence of which has its own laws but the intensification, frequency, occurrence and its repetition depend on the human activities in nature. Destroying water quality, destroying plant cover and soil erosion are the main effects o More

Drought is a natural phenomenon that occurrence of which has its own laws but the intensification, frequency, occurrence and its repetition depend on the human activities in nature. Destroying water quality, destroying plant cover and soil erosion are the main effects of Drought. In this research in order to investigate the effect of the recent draughts on the groundwater quality, water samples taken from the wells in 3 plains (Ize-peun, Dezful-Andimeshk and Gotvand-Aghili) in Khuzestan province, in two hydrologic years; 2006 (With adequate rainfall) and 2007 (With a significant reduction in rainfall).The parameters under investigation include Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, SO4, EC, TDS and pH. To investigate that if the drought the change in the processes affecting groundwater quality in the plains or not, a non-parametric test Mann–Whitney and Factor Analysis were used. Results showed that although drought year of 2007 didn’t have a significant effect on the groundwater quality of plains, but if the drought continues, water quality may change. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Explanation of pollution underground water, to result of unsuit industry installation, using GIS and IRS, “Case study: Zanjan province”
esmaeil nasiri

In recent year, ecological problem of industry town is on of the important subject in different area of Iran. Because this location case pollution underground water. In this article have tray with using remote sensing and geography information system(GIS) and with integ More

In recent year, ecological problem of industry town is on of the important subject in different area of Iran. Because this location case pollution underground water. In this article have tray with using remote sensing and geography information system(GIS) and with integrate method the position industry town of zanjan province analyzed. First with using of geology, topography maps, aerial photo, deposit maps and with regard to pizometry information, underground water map have designed and position of town industry relative to underground water in GIS software have intergraded. The results showed that: all unit industry in zanjan province are upend under ground water that product over 4088 M.M waste water. With regard absorb soil and speed , movement a great wastewater without enter into environment and create pollution in under ground water. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article