Greek

Open Access Article

1 - Leadership Style and Job Satisfaction of Greek Banking Institutions
D. Belias A. Koustelios A. Gkolia

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Open Access Article

2 - The Greek Tragedy and the Place of the Gods with Aristotle
Eisa Nouri vayghan Shamsolmolok Mostafavi Esmaeel Shafiee

10.30495/pi.2022.19564

Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, discussed tragedy in poetics but he did not care the “Gods”. While historical studies show that the “Gods” play an important role in tragedy. In this study we try to determine the causes of ignoring the &l More

Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, discussed tragedy in poetics but he did not care the “Gods”. While historical studies show that the “Gods” play an important role in tragedy. In this study we try to determine the causes of ignoring the “Gods” in tragedy with Aristotle. The method is descriptive-analytical and library resources have been used. In this study we first examine some of the Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides’s tragedies and examine Aristotle’s vision in this regard. The main question of this study is: what are the causes of ignoring the role of “Gods” in tragedy with Aristotle? The result of this study that can be used by researchers of philosophy and theatre show that the causes of ignoring the role of the gods in the event of tragedy by Aristotle are: realistic, logical and rational view of world phenomena, maintaining religious and moral principles and as well as belief in man as a creature of intellection and choice Manuscript profile

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3 - Effect Fenugreek seeds hydroethanolic extract on a full-thickness wound healing in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice
Farahpour, M.R., Aghaei, M. .

Disturbance in wound healing process is considered to be one of the most serious complications of diabetes, because it significantly increases the susceptibility of patient wounds to be infected. Fenugreek is an annual plant which its leaves and seeds used extensively i More

Disturbance in wound healing process is considered to be one of the most serious complications of diabetes, because it significantly increases the susceptibility of patient wounds to be infected. Fenugreek is an annual plant which its leaves and seeds used extensively in foods and has advantages to human health. Due to prevalence rate and side effects of diabetes, Fenugreek seed extract is one of medicinal herb have been used more frequently. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of using fenugreek seed hydroethanolic extract on wound healing process in the 54 mice model of diabetes type 2. One single full-thickness excisional wound was created with 6-mm&ensp;punch&ensp;biopsy on back of each mice. All animal, accidentally, divided in three groups: Control group, 10% and 5% fenugreek seed hydroethanolic extract treatment groups. In terms of microscopic, the rate of tissue edema, neo-vascularization, fibroblast infiltration, collagen deposition and re- epithelialization were evaluated. Results revealed that the edema score significantly decreased (P<0.05) in both treatment groups compared to the control group, whereas the neo-vascularization, fibroblast infiltration, collagen deposition and re- epithelialization significantly increased (P<0.05) in both treatment groups compared to the control group. These results showed that topical administration of fenugreek seed hydroethanolic extract promote skin full-thickness excision wound healing process in diabetic animal model.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Evaluation of the Effect of Foliar Application of Iron, Potassium and Zinc Nanochelate on the Enzymatic Activity and Nutritional Value of Some Leafy Vegetables
E. Danaee V. Abdossi

Introduction: Vegetables are known as a low-energy food source, rich in essentials and beneficial compounds for the body and might be regarded as an excellent nutritional supplement. The aim of this study is to evaluate some of the compounds present in some leafy vegeta More

Introduction: Vegetables are known as a low-energy food source, rich in essentials and beneficial compounds for the body and might be regarded as an excellent nutritional supplement. The aim of this study is to evaluate some of the compounds present in some leafy vegetables under treatment with nano-chelates. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments including two levels of iron, potassium and zinc nano-chelates (3 and 6 mg / l) in triplicate order. After about 4 weeks from sown of seeds, foliar application of iron, potassium and zinc nano-chelates was performed every two days for one week. A blank was carried out along with the experimental work. Characteristics such as total leaf chlorophyll, ascorbic acids, protein, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities, iron, potassium and zinc contents in leaves, were evaluated. Results: The highest total chlorophyll and ascorbic acid contents were determined in the treatment concerned with iron nano-chelate (6 mg /l) in savory and parsley. The highest protein and superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities and iron were obtained in treatment concerned with iron nano-chelate (6 mg /l) in fenugreek and the highest potassium content in treatment concerned with potassium nano-chelate (6 mg /l) was observed in fenugreek and the highest zinc in treatment concerned with zinc nano-chelate (6 mg /l) was determined in basil. There were not significant differences between the treatments at 1% level. Conclusion: All the treatments applied caused improved characteristics as compared to the blank. The best improved characteristics were obtained at the concentration of 6 mg / l of nano iron chelate, nano potassium chelate and zinc chelate. Manuscript profile

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5 - Comparison of Parable of “The Signet Ring and the Shepherd” in the Works of Nizami and Plato
Ahmad Farshbafian Safi

Persian literature is enriched by mellifluous and beauteous stories which have passed from one generation to another in centuries and thus we have access to them at present time. There are also tales, stories and parables from other nations intermingled into Persian li More

Persian literature is enriched by mellifluous and beauteous stories which have passed from one generation to another in centuries and thus we have access to them at present time. There are also tales, stories and parables from other nations intermingled into Persian literature. Some tales, stories and parables have also gone to other countries and nations from Iran. Researching on how these literary forms have penetrated or entered other cultures and literatures is a very precious activity in which many people spend time. The present article studies the origin of one of the parables of “Iqbal Nameh” by Nizami named “The Signet Ring and the Shepherd” and how it is rooted in the parables of the book “The Republic” by Plato. Manuscript profile

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6 - A Comparative Survey on Common Aspects of Persian and Greek Languages and Cultures
Abolghasem Radfar

Iran and Greece have had long important historical, political, cultural and literary relationships during the history. Hence the present article reviews the linguistic and literary relationships of Iran and Greece during Achemenid era as well as appearance of Greek word More

Iran and Greece have had long important historical, political, cultural and literary relationships during the history. Hence the present article reviews the linguistic and literary relationships of Iran and Greece during Achemenid era as well as appearance of Greek words in Persian and vise versa and some of the influences that their cultures have had on each other.  Manuscript profile

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7 - A Comparative Study of the Labors of Mythical Heroes in the Epics of Different Nations: Case Study of Persian, Greek and Indian Myths
Somaye Taghizadeh Samrin Abolghasem Radfar Ali Reza Shabanlu Faranak Jahangard

10.30495/dk.2021.1921400.2186

Mythical heroes appear in various forms; However, they often have the same story and go through the same steps. Labor and narratives related to it are one of the common themes of many world myths and it is usually one of the turning points of narratives and one of the m More

Mythical heroes appear in various forms; However, they often have the same story and go through the same steps. Labor and narratives related to it are one of the common themes of many world myths and it is usually one of the turning points of narratives and one of the most important motivational contexts of the hero for the initial action of narratives. Mythological tests are performed for various purposes and not only for heroes and heroines; Rather, in some myths they have been dedicated to the gods. The path of heroism of mythical brilliant characters passes through physical and spiritual trials. The test is one of the mirrors that existed among all the myths of the nations and has a history with its own myth. The test subjects, who are mostly from the class of heroes in mythology, sometimes accept the test voluntarily, such as Rostam and Esfandiar, sometimes, like Hercules and Ulysses, undergo the test out of compulsion and receive a flood of intervention from their supernatural forces. It takes another test. Tests are sometimes not accepted and the examiner has to pass another test instead of the unaccepted test. The heroes who are unquestionably tested are myths, each without exception suffering the test of purity and innocence; The wrestlers, where the test of ability is involved and must show the strength of their arm, try according to the difficulties and pass them successfully. This descriptive-analytical study answers the question that what are the similarities and differences between the comparative study of the labors of myths in the epics of different nations? Manuscript profile

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8 - The moral & didactic educates of philosophers’ Kheradnameh in Nezami’s Eghbalnameh
ali afzali

Nezami-Gangei is one of the few writers on whose works one can find the effects of Greek philosophy. As a matter of fact, he has combined Islamic thoughts with Greek philosophy and by means of which has given a didactic color to the world-view of theologians. As it is k More

Nezami-Gangei is one of the few writers on whose works one can find the effects of Greek philosophy. As a matter of fact, he has combined Islamic thoughts with Greek philosophy and by means of which has given a didactic color to the world-view of theologians. As it is known the philosophy of the old thinkers is based on training man’s moral aspects. As a result of this, it can be true to say that the source of didactic literature is in Greek philosophy. These philosophers, indeed, were the first teachers of morality for training the people, and by the use of rational reasons and by objectifying problems; they helped people find their way to happiness. Therefore, after the entrance of Greek philosophy in Persian literature, one can claim that this philosophy is a model for the poets and writers. In the article in hand, the philosophical world-view and the didactic teachings of three famous Greek philosophers (Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle) are going to be discussed with a special attention to the poetry of Nezami in Ighbal name. Manuscript profile

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9 - Sohrevardi and his Proceeding Intellects
محمّد بقائی ماکان

Comparative studies to identify minds and thinking bases are of prime position. Sohrevardi s beliefs emerges in the comparison. One of the achievements of Illumination philosophy is that it depicts lost identities and refrains from self-arousal. Out of those scholars de More

Comparative studies to identify minds and thinking bases are of prime position. Sohrevardi s beliefs emerges in the comparison. One of the achievements of Illumination philosophy is that it depicts lost identities and refrains from self-arousal. Out of those scholars devoted to Illumination Sheikh are Qotboddin Shirazi, Jalaleddin Davani, Mirdamad Asterabadi, followers of Azar Kyevan, Haj Molla Hadi Sabzevari, and others whose works if studied make the reader get closer to Sohrevardis beliefs. The same is true with comparing Sohrevardi with Hege. Niche, and other Western philosophers, showing the existing the existing similarities available. Just like the book titled Journey to East by Herman Hesse that is of great simillarity with Secret Treatises of Illumination Sheikh. Manuscript profile

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10 - Super human from Nietzsche’s point of view and the effect of Greek Myths on his Thoughts
seiran shariati Latifeh Salamat Bavil sayeed auyub naqshbandy

The influence of myth and its role in the formation of religions, culture, civilization and customs of any nation cannot be denied. In this regard, the geek mythology is remarkable due to the pivotal role of human and its subsequent effects on religions, philosophy, and More

The influence of myth and its role in the formation of religions, culture, civilization and customs of any nation cannot be denied. In this regard, the geek mythology is remarkable due to the pivotal role of human and its subsequent effects on religions, philosophy, and literary and philosophical schools. Fred rich Wilhelm Niche as a philosopher has always praised the Greek culture and mythology and has mentioned and adored the Greek mythology in most of his works. He has also discussed such ideas as super human and the eternal return. Perhaps those familiar with Niche know him by the idea of super human. Given studies carried out, it seems there are similarities between ancient Greek mythology (the third generation of Greek mythology i.e. heroes), humanism doctrine (naturalism, relativity of values in human, rationalism) and the meaning of Niche’s super human. This study aims to reach a comprehensive definition for Niche’s super human and/or perfect and superior human from his viewpoint then examine Niche being affected by Greek mythology using humanism doctrine. Manuscript profile

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11 - Comparative Analysis Hmsanyhay novel "The Blind Owl" and the novel "Zorba has Greek»
Asieh Zabihnia Emran

  Literary fictions of different nations can be very similar to each other in terms of both subject matter and themes, and structure and narrative style. No doubt, those works which have successfully gained the attention of their audience and have been fundamental More

  Literary fictions of different nations can be very similar to each other in terms of both subject matter and themes, and structure and narrative style. No doubt, those works which have successfully gained the attention of their audience and have been fundamental in creating literary movements, in line with the intellectual and social changes of their societies, can play a significant role in establishing dialogical interaction among literary works of various nations. Zorba the Greek (1946), the famous novel by Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957) and the Blind Owl by Sadegh Hedayat are in fact among these literary works. Given the significance of these two novels in the Greek and Persian Literature, the distinctive structural and thematic similarities between the two works and also the considerable acclamation earned by the writers and their academic and scholarly readers in the two countries, attempts have been made in this paper to examine these two works through a comparative analytical approach. Results of the analysis suggest that the two novels are substantially similar in terms of their Khayyami narrative style, critical and pessimistic view toward life, strong tendency to solitude and death and narrative and structural aspects. Manuscript profile

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12 - The Effect of social and Economic system on dichotomy of caliphat and monarchy Institution during Buyid dynasty
mohammad hashem rahnema

In this paper it has been tried to examine the relationship between «social and economic system» and «State Institution» during Buyid dyanasty and their effect on each other. For this purpose it is going to answer to this question that why Shia B More

In this paper it has been tried to examine the relationship between «social and economic system» and «State Institution» during Buyid dyanasty and their effect on each other. For this purpose it is going to answer to this question that why Shia Buyid did not expell the Sunni caliph while they had enough power to do so. It is going to explain the main reason for not doing so was the dichotomy of caliphate and monarch and the effect of «social and economic system on it which had formed long ago after» translation movmet. This study, incentives the political opportunism of Buyid rulers and explains that capabilities of «social and economic system» of caliphat preuonting Buyid to expell caliphate Manuscript profile

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13 - A study of the influential aspects of the translation movement in the formation of the philosophical thought of Etzali thought in the interpretation of the Qur'an
ali zarinmehr

The translation movement in the era of the Abbasid Caliphate introduced Muslims to the cultural and scientific heritage of ancient nations, and through it Muslims became acquainted with Greek, Indian, Syriac, Pahlavi works. The result was the formation of the foundation More

The translation movement in the era of the Abbasid Caliphate introduced Muslims to the cultural and scientific heritage of ancient nations, and through it Muslims became acquainted with Greek, Indian, Syriac, Pahlavi works. The result was the formation of the foundations of new Islamic sciences through this scientific movement. This translation of Greek works introduced Muslims to Greek philosophy and logic, which resulted in the formation of theology and the introduction of rational interpretations of the Holy Quran. The influence of the translation movement was different in the religious sects of that time. Because the Mu'tazilites were a current of thought that was in front of the reference and considered it necessary to use reason in explaining and interpreting religious rules. He used the rational method he had chosen to interpret religious principles. One of the most important manifestations of the influence of Greek logic and philosophy on the interpretation of the Qur'an was issues such as the accidentality of the Qur'an and Fordism in the interpretation of religious texts. Manuscript profile

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14 - The Effect of social and Economic system on dichotomy of caliphat and monarchy Institution during Buyid dynasty
Mohammad Hashem Rahnama

In this paper it has been tried to examine the relationship between «social and economic system» and «State Institution» during Buyid dyanasty and their effect on each other. For this purpose it is going to answer to this question that why Shi More

In this paper it has been tried to examine the relationship between «social and economic system» and «State Institution» during Buyid dyanasty and their effect on each other. For this purpose it is going to answer to this question that why Shia Buyid did not expell the Sunni caliph while they had enough power to do so. It is going to explain the main reason for not doing so was the dichotomy of caliphate and monarch and the effect of «social and economic system on it which had formed long ago after» translation movmet. This study, incentives the political opportunism of Buyid rulers and explains that capabilities of «social and economic system» of caliphat preuonting Buyid to expell caliphate.   Manuscript profile

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15 - Genetic Diversity in Some Characteristics of Iranian Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graceum L.)
P. Moradi M.R. Hassan Dokht A.K. Kashi

Fenugreek is an annual plant belonging to Legominosae family with a long history of farming in Iran. There exists various accessions of this plant in Iran; however, no comprehensive study to fully understand it has ever been carried out. Twenty populations of fenugreek More

Fenugreek is an annual plant belonging to Legominosae family with a long history of farming in Iran. There exists various accessions of this plant in Iran; however, no comprehensive study to fully understand it has ever been carried out. Twenty populations of fenugreek native to Iran were collected from different parts of the country to asses the genetic variability of the plant and study some of their features. The results suggest that there are significant differences in most of traits under study. The wet weight ranged between 23.93 and 44.41 grams of the wet weight per plant. Moreover, the accessions, were classified with regard to the flowering features into 3 categories of early blooming, inter blooming, and late blooming. The results also showed that the accessions started to produce flower within 39 to 76 days of plantation. The index of one thousand seed weight also showed meaningful differences ranging from a low of 5.56 grams in Semnan mass to a high of 19.44 grams in Kermanshah accession. The analysis of ploid level of the accessions native to Iran revealed that all the masses under study were diploid (2n=2x=16). Finally the results show that the native masses of Iranian Fenugreek enjoy high diversity regarding the features under study and make suitable genetic resource for breeding programs. Manuscript profile

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16 - The Effect of Salicylic Acid on Some Physiological Reactions of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Under Salinity Stress
A. Pasandi Pour H. Farahbakhsh M. Saffari B. Karamat

This study performed to investigate the effects different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 µM) on membrane lipid peroxidation of fenugreek under levels of salinity stress (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) in hydroponic condition. The experiment con More

This study performed to investigate the effects different concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 µM) on membrane lipid peroxidation of fenugreek under levels of salinity stress (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) in hydroponic condition. The experiment conducted as factorial, in completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed that in plants treated with salinity, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents were reduced in comparison with control plants. However, the salinity increased MDA, other aldehydes, catalase and peroxidase activity in shoots. Results also indicted that applying salicylic acid, especially with concentration of 10 and 15µM, increased the membrane lipid peroxidation and decreased the membrane stability index as compared to the control plants. Results also showed that using 5µM salicylic acid did not significantly improve the salt stress effects compared to the control plants. However, concentration of 20µM salicylic acid increased stress, and decreased the above mentioned parameters. Manuscript profile

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17 - Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) ethanolic extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Fatemeh Shirinabadi Farahani Akram Eidi Pejman Mortazavi Ali Haeri Rohani

10.30495/jvcp.2020.670352

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)has long been considered in traditional medicine due to its botanical and medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of fenugreek seed extract against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic More

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum)has long been considered in traditional medicine due to its botanical and medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of fenugreek seed extract against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. A total of 48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups. The normal control group was intact. The liver-injury control group received intraperitoneal injection of 50% CCl4 (1 ml/kg) twice a week for a total of 10 times. Normal experimental groups received fenugreek extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg intragastrically). Liver-injury experimental groups were administrated fenugreek extract (3 doses as above) along with CCl4. The rats were sacrificed on the 34th day, blood was withdrawn by cardiac puncture and the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT were measured. Administration of CCl4 significantly increased the levels of liver enzymes in the liver-injury control group in comparison to normal control (p < /em><0.001). Administration of fenugreek extract showed a significant tendency towards normalization of all measured biochemical parameters in CCl4-treated rats. These results demonstrate that fenugreek extract exerts protective effects against CCl4-induced damage in rat liver, and supports a potential therapeutic use of fenugreek as an alternative for patients with liver diseases. Manuscript profile

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18 - Investigation of antioxidant activities and biochemical characteristics of drought-stressed fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.) in response to biopotasse and iron sulfate
Mohammed Hossein Aminifard homeyra. homeyra Hassan bayat Ali Reza Samadzade

In order to investigate the effect of biopotasse and iron sulfate on antioxidant activity and biochemical characteristics of fenugreek under drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with thre More

In order to investigate the effect of biopotasse and iron sulfate on antioxidant activity and biochemical characteristics of fenugreek under drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017. Treatments included drought stress (normal irrigation as non-stress and irrigation in early growth for 14 days as drought stress) as the main factor and biopotasse (0 and 5 kg. ha-1) and iron sulfate (0 and 1.5 per thousand) as sub-factors biofertilizer. Results showed that the effect of drought stress, biopotasse, iron sulfate, and their interaction were significant on anthocyanin and phenolic compounds and flavonoids so that the highest amount of anthocyanin in fenugreek was obtained from 5 kg biopotasse treatment per hectare and 1.5 per thousand iron sulfate in drought stress conditions while the lowest amount was recorded in control treatment under stress conditions. Also, in drought stress, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids increased in fenugreek, as the highest amount of total flavonoid was achieved under drought stress conditions and 5 kg ha-1 biopotasse and 1.5 per thousand iron sulfates. The interaction of drought stress and iron sulfate was significant on the antioxidant activity of the plant, as the highest antioxidant activity (62.8%) was obtained in drought stress and iron sulfate treatment. Also, the highest amount of total carbohydrate in fenugreek was obtained under drought stress conditions and in 5 kg biopotasse treatment, and the lowest trait was obtained under non-stress conditions. Results showed that the highest total chlorophyll content of fenugreek was observed in non-drought stress conditions and 5kg .ha-1 biopotasse and iron sulfate 1.5 per thousand. Based on the findings, drought stress played an important role in increasing phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and soluble sugar contents of fenugreek and biopotasse biofertilizer and iron sulfate improved biochemical characteristics of the plants. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Effects of different levels of humic acid and planting density on antioxidant activity and biochemical properties of Trigonella foenum- graecum L.
Mohammed Hossein Aminifard homeyra. ghaderi

Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum- graecum L.) is one of the significant medicinal plants and application of organic materials is very important for achieving maximum yields of that. In this study, the effects of applications of humic acid and planting density on biochemical More

Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum- graecum L.) is one of the significant medicinal plants and application of organic materials is very important for achieving maximum yields of that. In this study, the effects of applications of humic acid and planting density on biochemical characteristics of fenugreek were evaluated under field conditions. Treatments were of three levels of humic acid (0.5 and 10 kg ha-1) and two plant density (25 and 50 plants/m2). This experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized completely block design with three replications in research farm of University of Birjand, Iran, during growing season 2016.The leaves` antioxidant compounds (antioxidant activity, total phenol and anthocyanin) were recorded at flowering stage. The results were showed that humic acid had significant effect on most biochemical characteristics(antioxidant activity, flavonoid content, total phenol and carbohydrate). The highest of antioxidant activity (64. 67%) and carbohydrate (6.73 mg/g) were observed in 10 kg/ha humicacid, while the lowest antioxidant activity (50.03%) and carbohydrate (3.45 mg/g) were recorded in control. Also, the humic acid uses significantly increased photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll, a, b and carotenoids). The highest and the lowest total chlorophyll content were observed (4.51 mg /g) in 10 kg/ha humic acid andcontrol (3.18 mg/g), respectively. Based on the results, the highest flavonoid content (6.43 mg/g) was obtained in the plant density of 25 plants /m2, whereas the lowest flavonoid content (5.46 mg /g) was in planting density of 50 plants /m 2. There were significant differences in the total phenolic and flavonoid content due to interaction plant density and humic acid treatments, in which the highest amount of total phenolic content (42.07 mg/g) was observed in 10 kg/ha humic acid with the plant density of 25 plants /m2.and the lowest content was recorded (41.86 mg /g) in the control with density of 25 plants /m 2. According to the results, using 10 kg ha-1 of humic acid and planting density of 25 plants/ m2 had a significant role in increasing biochemical characteristics of fenugreek. Manuscript profile

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20 - Herodotus’ Historiography and narrative of salamis
Narges shahnazari Aliasghar Mirzaei feizollah boushas gousheh,

The Battle of Salamis took place in 480, near Athens, between the Persians and the Greeks and permanently blocked the Persian’ advance westward. Herodotus' account of this battle has caused much controversy. This article intends to analyze Herodotus' account of th More

The Battle of Salamis took place in 480, near Athens, between the Persians and the Greeks and permanently blocked the Persian’ advance westward. Herodotus' account of this battle has caused much controversy. This article intends to analyze Herodotus' account of the Battle of Salamis using the method of narrative analysis? The findings of this study show that Herodotus, the most important narrator of this battle, has made the Salamis a catastrophic defeat among the Persian’s defeats. To convey the message to its addressees that the Persians had been claiming to occupy Greece since entering Asia Minor, and that only the victories of the Greeks in Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea had blocked their advance forever. In his account of the Battle of Salamis, he refrains from addressing the principle of battle, instead focusing on reporting issues before and after the war. From Herodotus’ point of view, Salamis was the end point of the Persian Wars, which was rooted in the defeat the Marathon, and the defeat of Xerxes brought freedom and liberation from slavery to the Greeks. Manuscript profile

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21 - Hitorical analysis of the Troy war causes
Mohammad Masih Hashemi Nia Fateme Janahmadi Ebrahim Khorasani parizi

Greece has had a turbulent history; sometimes at the hight of power and sometimes at weakest levels. Troy War is one of the Greek historical events that many chronicle writers and archeologists have studied. Even the Troy war was the reason that Homer composed Iliad and More

Greece has had a turbulent history; sometimes at the hight of power and sometimes at weakest levels. Troy War is one of the Greek historical events that many chronicle writers and archeologists have studied. Even the Troy war was the reason that Homer composed Iliad and Odyssey; the works influenced Greek classic literature. Some believe the Troy war is not more than a fiction, but chronicle writers like Herodot and Tocidid consider it as real. Also the great archeologist Sheliman did lots of research in 1876 and concluded that Troy war did happen in fact. The Troy war occured between Greece and Troy and Homer considered the reason of the war to be the fact that Paris kidnapped Helen. Some believe this reason is not convincing enough to cause a 10-year war; thus in this study we try to delve into the reasons of the Troy war and analyze its political and economical outcomes. According to Will Dorant economic and political reasons are the main reasons of the war. In the war, not only the atheletes but also the gods played roles, and even each one defended one side of the war and moved the war onwards. Manuscript profile

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22 - اثر عصاره هیدروالکلی دانه شنبلیله (Trigonella foenum- graceum L) بر فیزیولوژی تولید مثل جنس ماده Balb/c‏
مهرداد مدرسی بهناز مهدیان

مقدمه و هدف: شنبلیله گیاهی از خانواده باقلا (&rlm;Fabaceae&rlm;) است که دارای مصارف طبی متعدد می‌باشد. هدف از این مطالعه تأثیر عصاره &rlm;هیدروالکلی دانه شنبلیله بر دستگاه تولید مثل موش کوچک ماده &rlm;Balb/c&rlm; می باشد.&rlm; روش تحقیق: به این منظور موش‌ها به 5 گروه 10 More

مقدمه و هدف: شنبلیله گیاهی از خانواده باقلا (&rlm;Fabaceae&rlm;) است که دارای مصارف طبی متعدد می‌باشد. هدف از این مطالعه تأثیر عصاره &rlm;هیدروالکلی دانه شنبلیله بر دستگاه تولید مثل موش کوچک ماده &rlm;Balb/c&rlm; می باشد.&rlm; روش تحقیق: به این منظور موش‌ها به 5 گروه 10 تایی در قالب گروه‌های کنترل، شاهد و سه گروه تجربی تقسیم شده و جهت آغاز تجربیات &rlm;هم سیکل گردیدند. گروه کنترل هیچ دارویی دریافت نکرد، در حالی که گروه شاهد سرم فیزیولوژیک دریافت نموده و به &rlm;گروه‌های تجربی عصاره با مقادیر 50، 100 و 200 &rlm;mg/kg&rlm; به صورت درون صفاتی و یک روز در میان به مدت 20 روز تزریق &rlm;شد. پس از پایان تزریق از تمام گروه‌ها خون‌گیری به عمل آمد. سنجش هورمونی، شامل &rlm;FSH، &rlm;LH، استرادیول و پروژسترون &rlm;توسط روش &rlm;RIA&rlm; انجام شد. نتایج با استفاده از تجزیه واریانس یک طرفه و آزمون دانکن به کمک نرم افزار &rlm; SPSS 11.5 &rlm;ارزیابی شد. از تخمدان‌ها مقاطع بافتی تهیه شده و توسط میکروسکوپ نوری مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. &rlm; نتایج و بحث: داده‌ها در این مطالعه، کاهش معنی‌دار در سطح &rlm;FSH&rlm; و &rlm;LH&rlm; همچنین افزایش معنی‌دار در سطح استرادیول را در تمام &rlm;گروه‌های تجربی نشان داد، در حالی که سطح پروژسترون فقط در گروه تجربی دو افزایش یافت. نتایج حاصل از مطالعات &rlm;بافت‌شناسی تخمدان کاهش معنی‌دار میزان فولیکولوژنز را در هر سه گروه تجربی نشان داد. هم چنین افزایش تعداد جسم زرد &rlm;در گروه تجربی 100 معنی‌دار بود. علاوه بر این تخریب بافت تخمدان در گروه تجربی 200 مشاهده شد.&rlm; با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده، عصاره دانه شنبلیله باعث توقف روند فولیکولوژنز و در دوزهای بالا سبب تخریب &rlm;بافت تخمدان شده که نشان‌دهنده اثر ضدباروری در موش ماده است.&rlm; توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: نظر به افزایش توجه عمومی به کاربرد گیاهان دارویی در طب سنتی و نتایج حاصل از کاربرد شنبلیله در فیزیولوژی جنس ماده ، این گیاه می تواند به عنوان دارویی کاربردی مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد. Manuscript profile

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23 - بررسی جایگزینی یونجه با علوفه شنبلیله در جیره‌های غنی از کنسانتره در آزمایشگاه
ف. فریور ن.م. تربتی نژاد ی. جعفری آهنگری س. حسنی آ.م. قره باش م. مهاجر

این تحقیق به منظور بررسی امکان جایگزینی علوفه یونجه با علوفه شنبلیله برای نشخوارکنندگان، با استفاده از فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز و برخی خصوصیات تخمیر شکمبه‌ای در آزمایشگاه انجام گرفت. به این منظور، 5 جیره کاملاً مخلوط متفاوت برای تأمین احتیاجات بره‌های در حال رشد 35 کیلوگرم More

این تحقیق به منظور بررسی امکان جایگزینی علوفه یونجه با علوفه شنبلیله برای نشخوارکنندگان، با استفاده از فراسنجه‌های تولید گاز و برخی خصوصیات تخمیر شکمبه‌ای در آزمایشگاه انجام گرفت. به این منظور، 5 جیره کاملاً مخلوط متفاوت برای تأمین احتیاجات بره‌های در حال رشد 35 کیلوگرمی با جایگزینی تدریجی یونجه در جیره تیمار شاهد (تیمار1) با نسبت‌های مختلف علوفه شنبلیله (25، 50، 75 و 100 درصد، به ترتیب تیمارها ی 2، 3، 4 و 5) فرموله گردید. تولید گاز (میلی‌لیتر به ازای 200 میلی‌گرم ماده خشک) در ساعات 2، 4، 6، 8، 12، 24، 48، 72 و 96 انکوباسیون اندازه‌گیری شد. غلظت نیتروژن آمونیاکی (میلی‌گرم بر دسی‌لیتر) و pH مایع شکمبه بلافاصله پس از پایان انکوباسیون اندازه‌گیری شد. تولید گاز با افزایش سطوح علوفه شنبلیله افزایش یافت (05/0P<). با افزایش سطوح علوفه شنبلیله، افزایش معنی‌داری در تولید گاز از بخش نامحلول (b) مشاهده گردید (05/0P<). روند مشابهی در مورد پتانسیل تولید گاز (a+b، 05/0P<) مشاهده شد. همچنین ثابت نرخ تولید گاز (c) تیمارهای 2، 3 و 4 به طور معنی‌داری بالاتر از تیمار شاهد بود، ولی تفاوت بین تیمارهای 3 و 4 و 5 معنی‌دار نبود. جایگزینی علوفه شنبلیله در سطوح 25 و 75 درصد به طور معنی‌داری pH نهایی را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد افزایش داد (05/0P<)، اما تفاوت بین تمیارهای 3 و 5 با تیمار شاهد معنی‌دار نبود. تولید اسیدهای چرب فرار (میلی‌مول به ازای 200 میلی‌گرم ماده خشک) در تیمارهای با سطوح 50 درصد یا بالاتر جایگزینی علوفه شنبلیله (تیمارهای 3 و 4 و 5) بطور معنی‌داری بالاتر از سایر تیمارها بود (05/0P<). قابلیت هضم ماده آلی تیمارهای با سطح جایگزینی 50 درصد یا بیشتر علوفه شنبلیله نیز بطور معنی‌داری بالاتر از سایر تیمارها بود (05/0P<). به طور مشابه، انرژی متابولیسمی تخمینی این تیمارها نیز بطور معنی‌داری بالاتر از تیمار شاهد بود (05/0P<). بر اساس این نتایج، می‌توان استنباط کرد که شنبلیله قابلیت تولید علوفه‌ای با ارزش برای نشخوارکنندگان را با ارزش غذایی قابل مقایسه با یونجه دارا است و می‌توان در جیره یونجه را بدون هیچ مشکلی با علوفه شنبلیله جایگزین کرد. Manuscript profile

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24 - اثر تخم شنبلیله (Trigonella foenum-graecum) و ریشه مارچوبه (Asparagus officinalis) بر هضم و کینتیک تولید گاز یونجه با استفاده از تکنیک آزمایشگاهی
و. ناصری ف. کفیل‌زاده ف. هژبری

این تحقیق به منظور مطالعه اثر تخم شنبلیله و ریشه مارچوبه بر قابلیت هضم و کینتیک تولید گاز علوفه یونجه در شرایط آزمایشگاهی انجام شد. تخم شنبلیله (FS) و ریشه مارچوبه (AR) در سطوح مختلف (0، 5، 10، 15 و 20 درصد ماده خشک) اضافه شده بودند. کل ترکیبات فنولی علوفه یونجه (AH)، ت More

این تحقیق به منظور مطالعه اثر تخم شنبلیله و ریشه مارچوبه بر قابلیت هضم و کینتیک تولید گاز علوفه یونجه در شرایط آزمایشگاهی انجام شد. تخم شنبلیله (FS) و ریشه مارچوبه (AR) در سطوح مختلف (0، 5، 10، 15 و 20 درصد ماده خشک) اضافه شده بودند. کل ترکیبات فنولی علوفه یونجه (AH)، تخم شنبلیله و ریشه مارچوبه به ترتیب 9/5، 10 و 3/8 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک، کل تانن 4/0، 8/3 و 5/1 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک و ساپونین 4/10، 3/27 و 3/40 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک بود. قابلیت هضم آزمایشگاهی ماده خشک (DM)، ماده آلی (OM) و دیواره سلولی (NDF) یونجه با اضافه کردن سطوح مختلف تخم شنبلیله کاهش (05/0P<) یافت، اما با اضافه کردن ریشه مارچوبه تحت تأثیر قرار نگرفته بود. افزودن تخم شنبلیله تأثیری بر قابلیت هضم پروتئین خام (CP) یونجه نداشت، اما ریشه مارچوبه در سطح 5 و 20 درصد ماده خشک قابلیت هضم پروتئین خام یونجه را کاهش (05/0P<) داده بود. انرژی قابل متابولیسم (ME) یونجه بواسطه اضافه کردن تخم شنبلیله و ریشه مارچوبه به ترتیب افزایش و کاهش یافته بود (05/0P<). اضافه کردن تخم شنبلیله (در سطح 10 درصد ماده خشک) و ریشه مارچوبه (در سطح 5 درصد ماده خشک) پتانسیل تولید گاز یونجه را کاهش (05/0P<) داده بود. نرخ‌های ثابت تولید گاز (c و d) بواسطه اضافه کردن تخم شنبلیله و ریشه مارچوبه تحت تأثیر قرار نگرفته بودند. تخم شنبلیله و ریشه مارچوبه در سطح 5 درصد ماده خشک فاز تأخیر (l) را کاهش داده بودند. تخم شنبلیله تأثیری بر نرخ تخمیر (h-1) یونجه نداشت، اما ریشه مارچوبه در سطح 10 درصد ماده خشک نرخ تخمیر را افزایش (05/0P<) داده بود. نتایج این تحقیق پیشنهاد می‌کند که تخم شنبلیله و ریشه مارچوبه به واسطه محتوای متابولیت‌های ثانویه ممکن است پتانسیل بهبود ارزش غدایی علوفه یونجه را داشته باشند. Manuscript profile

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25 - Changes the vegetative characteristics and grain yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars in the presence of fenugreek as living mulch
Bita Abbasi Gholamreza Mohammadi Alireza Bagheri

   This study was done to investigate the response of vegetative traits of sunflower cultivars in the presence of fenugreek as living mulch at Razi University in 2017. The experiment was conducted as split-plot based on randomized complete block. First factor More

   This study was done to investigate the response of vegetative traits of sunflower cultivars in the presence of fenugreek as living mulch at Razi University in 2017. The experiment was conducted as split-plot based on randomized complete block. First factor was the sowing fenugreek at four levels (control (without living mulch), 15 days before sowing of sunflower, simultaneous sowing with sunflower, 15 days after sowing of sunflower) and the second factor was three sunflower cultivars (Progress, Farrokh, Lakomka). Results showed that with planting of fenugreek before sunflower, height, stem weight, number of leaves, leaf weight, leaf area index, content of chlorophyll a, b and total of chlorophylls were decreased by 26.4%, 62.1%, 24.8%, 68.5%, 63%, 7.4%, 3.7% and 6.8% compared to control, respectively. The lowest relative water content was also obtained by planting fenugreek before sunflower (65.2% and 52.7% at the one third of primary growth season and flowering stages). The effect of presence mulch under the simultaneous and 15 days after sunflower conditions had no significant effect on growth characteristics of sunflower compared to control condition. Among thecultivars, the highest of grain yield was assigned to Lacomka (3426 kg/ha). However, Progress had the highest height (212 cm), stem weight (523 g/plant), leaf number (25.5 per plant), leaf weight (157.4 g/plant), leaf area index (6.2) and relative water content (77.8% and 70.5% at the one third of of primary growth season and flowering stages). The highest of leaf area ratio (0.013 m2/g) and carotenoid content (2.5 mg) belonged to Farrokh. Manuscript profile

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26 - The effects of silicate and silicon nanoparticles on seed germination and growth parameters of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
Sanam Nazaralian Ahmad Majd Saeed Irian Farrokh Ghahremaninejad Farzaneh Najafi Maria Greger

The addition of silica increase plant biomass growth. The aim of this study was to find out if silicate and nano silica (SiNP) influence the growth processes in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) similarly. Plants were grown from seed with 0-2.5 mM of sodium silic More

The addition of silica increase plant biomass growth. The aim of this study was to find out if silicate and nano silica (SiNP) influence the growth processes in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) similarly. Plants were grown from seed with 0-2.5 mM of sodium silicate and SiNP in hydroculture for up to 30 days. Germination, seedlings development and other growth parameters in fenugreek plantsas well as Si uptake was examined. The results showed that Si concentration in root and shoot increased with Si addition. Seed germination and vitality index increased with Si at day 4 after seeding, but the effect was then levelled out. Seedlings length and fresh weight (FW), whole plant length and leaf area increased while dry weight (DW) and DW: FW ratio of shoot and radicle length decreased with silicate and SiNP treatment. The root central cylinder increased in diameter in young roots and the lignified tissue of the endodermis cells increased in thickness. The effects by silicate and SiNP was similar but the increase in whole plant length and cell wall thickness and the decrease in DW: FW ratio of shoot and radicle length was slightly more pronounced with SiNP than with silicate.In conclusion, both silicate and SiNP in general have similar effects on plant growth and therefore SiNP can be used instead of silicate. Manuscript profile

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27 - Hypolipidemic effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) on serum lipid profile and PPAR-gamma gene expression in adipose tissue of hyperlipidemic male rats
Maryam Eidi Mahdieh Mohseni

10.30495/jdb.2022.1964609.1325

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of hydro-methanolic extract of fenugreek on the serum lipids and PPAR-gamma gene expression in the adipose tissue of hyperlipidemic ra More

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of hydro-methanolic extract of fenugreek on the serum lipids and PPAR-gamma gene expression in the adipose tissue of hyperlipidemic rats. Thirty-six adult male rats randomly were divided into 6 groups including normal group, control hyperlipidemic group (received 10% lipid in food), positive control hyperlipidemic rats (received atorvastatin at dose of 10 mg/kg, daily) and experimental hyperlipidemic rats (received extract at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, daily). After 8 weeks and 12 h fastening, the animals were weighted and anesthetized by ether. The liver was removed and weighted. The blood and adipose tissue sampling were done. The weight gain, liver index, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, AST and ALT levels were measured by kit and PPAR-gamma gene expression in the adipose tissue was evaluated by real-time PCR. The results showed that oral treatment of atorvastatin and extract of fenugreek decreased weight gain, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, AST and ALT levels and PPAR-gamma gene expression in adipose tissue, while increased serum HDL level in experimental hyperlipidemic rats compared to control hyperlipidemic rats, significantly. So, the extract of fenugreek improved lipid profile and then down-regulated PPAR-gamma gene expression in adipose tissue. Manuscript profile

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28 - Iranian and Greek Mythological Characters and the Myths of Sin; A Comparative Study
Nosratollāh Ahmadifard Ali Heidary Masood Sepahvandi

In addition to epic, tale and folk, myth is one of the constituent elements of the culture and ethnic and national identity of societies. Some mythologists believe that the religions of the early civilizations and the period before the spread of monotheistic religions w More

In addition to epic, tale and folk, myth is one of the constituent elements of the culture and ethnic and national identity of societies. Some mythologists believe that the religions of the early civilizations and the period before the spread of monotheistic religions were based on myths. The Original Sin is a concept seen in the actions and deeds of the mythological characters of different nations. It seems that the doctrine of Original Sin is a theme that has had a great impact on the fate of nations. An examination of the various myths reveals that mythological characters commit the Original Sin, sometimes intentionally and voluntarily, and sometimes unintentionally and involuntarily.  The present study investigates the myth of sin in Iranian and Greek mythology by using analytical-comparative method. The attempts are made to study the motives for committing the Original Sin in Iranian and Greek mythology, and to consider the differences and commonalities between the mythological and epic characters of Iran and Greece. The results show that despite the fundamental differences between Iranian and Greek mythological characters, factors such as doubt, pride, intervention of Demon and evil forces, as well as gaining power and kingdom are the main reasons of committing the Original Sin. Unlike Iranian mythology, in Greek mythology, the gods have obvious implications for the Original Sin. Manuscript profile

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29 - The feasibility studies of using the Greeks' sensitivity formula in the Iranian capital market
siavosh ahmadi chehreh bargh

In this paper, the sensitivity of the Greeks to the capital market will be examined. The purpose of this research is to make the use of the Greeks formula in the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research has been carried out on the applied research and financial information More

In this paper, the sensitivity of the Greeks to the capital market will be examined. The purpose of this research is to make the use of the Greeks formula in the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research has been carried out on the applied research and financial information of Iran Khodro from September 9th to March 2010. In order to study and interpret the concepts of the Greek sensitivity formula, statistical and mathematical software such as MATLAB is used and calculations are performed with the European law (according to Tehran Stock Exchange). The outputs show that the mean and dispersion obtained in the selected sample is not normal distribution and it is proved with the help of the Lyon test that the mean and dispersion of the sample obtained can be replaced by the mean and dispersion of the society with a confidence coefficient of 99%, and the equation The Black-Scholes method is used to introduce the Greeks and examines the impact of each of the variables. Outputs show that the parameters of stock price, dispersion, maturity, and interest rate influence on the purchase price and have the effect of reducing market risk The stock introduces a mathematical model and Greek sensitivity coefficients such as d Leta, Rho, Vega, Theta and Gamma are necessary and it is necessary to use the Greek sensitivity coefficients in the Tehran Stock Exchange and acquaint investors with the concepts of mathematical finance. Manuscript profile

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30 - Effect of Biofertilizers and Irrigation Management on phisiological Indices of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum L.)
moslem jaberi reza baradaran seyyed Gholam Reza Mousavi mahsa aghhavani shajari

In order to study the effects of biological nutrition and irrigation managements on qualitative indices of fenugreek, an experiment was carried out in split plot based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and 15 treatments at Research Station, F More

In order to study the effects of biological nutrition and irrigation managements on qualitative indices of fenugreek, an experiment was carried out in split plot based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and 15 treatments at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Azad University, Birjand, Iran, during growing season of 2010-2011. Experimental treatments included irrigation interval (in three levels including irrigation every 6, 9 and 12 days) and biofertilizer (in five levels including nitroxin, biosphere, and micorhyza fungi of G. mosseae, G. intraradices and control treatment or none fertilizer). Results of statistical analysis showed that irrigation treatments had a significant effect on physiological indices like carbohydrate, chlorophyll a, ash, Na, K and proline. The effect of biofertilizer was significant on carbohydrate, chlorophyll a, and on ash. Results showed that proline, carbohydrate, Na, chlorophyll b and ash improved by increasing irrigation interval to every 12 days but K and chlorophyll a decreased. The highest content of carbohydrate, chlorophyll and ashwere observed in G. mosseae, biosphere and G. intraradices, respectively. Overall, results showed that application of biofertilizers had positive effects on qualitative indices of fenugreek and created type of plant adaptation to drought stress. Manuscript profile

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31 - Galactomannas and Diosgenin, Miracle of Natural Products
WENLI SUN MOHAMAD HESAM SHAHRAJABIAN QI CHENG

10.30486/roce.2019.678266

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32 - اثربخشی تجویز خوراکی عصاره آبی بذر شنبلیله بر التیام زخم برشی در موش‌های رت دیابتی
سید رزگار حسینی محمد رضا فرهپور سکینه نوری سعیدلو

10.30495/jbcvm.2022.1971855.1032

دیابت، یکی از بیماری های غده ای در جهان است و التیام زخم را به تأخیر می اندازد. شنبلیله، دارای اثرات دارویی است. بنابراین این مطالعه با هدف بررسی کارایی تجویز خوراکی عصاره آبی بذر شنبلیله بر التیام زخم باز در مدل حیوانی آزمایشی دیابت انجام شد. استرپتوزوتوسین برای القای More

دیابت، یکی از بیماری های غده ای در جهان است و التیام زخم را به تأخیر می اندازد. شنبلیله، دارای اثرات دارویی است. بنابراین این مطالعه با هدف بررسی کارایی تجویز خوراکی عصاره آبی بذر شنبلیله بر التیام زخم باز در مدل حیوانی آزمایشی دیابت انجام شد. استرپتوزوتوسین برای القای دیابت تجویز شد. یک زخم برشی با اندازه 6 میلیمتر روی ناحیه پشتی 24 موش صحرایی ایجاد شد. حیوانات به 4 گروه غیردیابتی، کنترل دیابتی و دیابتی تجویز خوراکی شده با 200 و 400 میلی گرم/کیلوگرم از عصاره شنبلیله تقسیم شدند. اندازه ناحیه زخم، پارامترهای بافت شناسی و غلظت سرمی انسولین و گلوکز خون در روزهای 3، 7 و 16 بررسی شدند. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که تجویز عصاره آبی بذر شنبلیله بطور معنی داری ناحیه زخم و غلظت گلوکز را در مقایسه با گروه کنترل از روز 7 کاهش داد  (0/05>P). در مجموع، تجویز خوراکی عصاره آبی بذر شنبلیله قند خون را کاهش داده و باعث بهبود التیام زخم در موش های صحرایی دیابتی شد. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Assessment of Phytoextraction Potential of Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.) to Remove Heavy Metals (Pb and Ni) from Contaminated Soil
Leela Kaur Kasturi Gadgil Satyawati Sharma

10.22034/jchr.2018.544087

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Open Access Article

34 - Study Effect of Fenugreek Seed Extract on HPG Axis and Spermatogenesis in Male NMRI Mouse
عبدالحسین شیروی بهناز نجفی هومن شجیعی

Population control is an important problem in the society that performs by chemical contraceptive drugs. Today, using the safer methods with lesser side effects and the usability of them for men were concerned more than before.In this research, the effects of fenugreek More

Population control is an important problem in the society that performs by chemical contraceptive drugs. Today, using the safer methods with lesser side effects and the usability of them for men were concerned more than before.In this research, the effects of fenugreek seed were studied on the spermatogenesis. Itand#39;s hopeful; this study could present a new drug in population control that use by men.In this study, the mature male mice, NMRI strain, 3 month old (30andplusmn;3 g) were used. Animals were divided into the four experimental groups and the one control (8 mice in each group). Experimental groups were obtained 70, 140, 280 and 560 Ml/kg dosage of alcohol extracts of fenugreek seed during 16 days. In this period, control group was obtained physiological serum by intraperitoneal injection. Then in 17th day, animalsand#39; blood was taken for hormone assays of measuring the testosterone, LH and FSH hormones. After that, animals were morphometrically and histologically studied and testis weight and volume, epididym weight and the number of sperms in epididyms. Statistical results were analyzed by ANOVA, tukey test (pandlt;0.05). There were no significant differences between testis weight and volume and epididym weight between experimental and control groups. There were no significant differences in testosterone and LH levels between experimental and control groups, but there was significant difference in FSH level between them.Significantly decrease was observed in the number of sperm in epididym between experimental and control groups. Obvious decreasing of sperms in the result of reduction of FSH level, confirm that the fenugreek seed extract effects on decreasing of male reproductive activities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - The Effect of Fenugreek Seed on the Signs of Breast Milk Sufficiency and Weight Gain in Infants at First Month after Birth
N. Vahdat S. Vahdat

For optimized growth of infants, WHO has recommended that infants should be exclusively breastfed for six months and must be continued in added to complementary feeding for two years. Insufficient production of breast milk is one of the most reasons that terminate breas More

For optimized growth of infants, WHO has recommended that infants should be exclusively breastfed for six months and must be continued in added to complementary feeding for two years. Insufficient production of breast milk is one of the most reasons that terminate breastfeeding. We aimed to investigate the effect of fenugreek seed on signs of milk production sufficiency in female infants at the first months after birth, in medical health centers in Bojnourd. This research was a double-blind clinical trial with control group. Overall, 44 mothers and female infants were randomly assigned to experiment, group, treated with 6 gr fenugreek seed powder, three times a day with food and control group treated with placebo. At the birth and during 4 wk, the signs of breast milk sufficiency were evaluated through measurement of growth parameters and daily follow up forms measuring number if wet diapers, frequency of defecation and breastfeeding time. Before intervention, there was no significant difference between two groups. The weight of infants which their mothers were treated with fenugreek seed, increased significantly from 3248.96±331.32 to 4985.87±1220.10, head circumference increased from 34.61± 1.23 to 38.85 ± 1.86. Number of wet diapers from 5.96 ± 1.50 to 7.97 ± 1.2, frequency of defection from 1.26 ± 1.85 to 2.41 ± 0.85, breastfeeding time 1085 ± 2.03 to 14.86 ± 2.03 which was significantly different with control group (P< 0.001). Fenugreek seed improves the signs of breast milk feeding sufficiency in comparison with placebo. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - Examining the Mythical Stance of " violet flower " in The Vays and Ramin Based on Greek Mythology
Masoomeh Nazari Ayyub Kooshan Mahin Masarrat

Abstract         Flowers and plants have manifested the unconscious mysteries of most nations and civilizations symbolically. They are natural symbols which have been considered holy and spiritual since the ancient times. Indeed, flow More

Abstract         Flowers and plants have manifested the unconscious mysteries of most nations and civilizations symbolically. They are natural symbols which have been considered holy and spiritual since the ancient times. Indeed, flowers were introduced mostly as an archetype of soul and a spiritual focus depicting inner states and unspoken emotions of humans. One of these mysterious fl₥owers is violet that is manipulated by god of love in Greek mythology. This research aims at examining the mythical stance of  violet in the poetry of Vays and Ramin which at the same time the symbol of love and loyalty. We want to investigate the mythical place of violet and respond to this question : from what myth has the implication been originated ? The research method is descriptive-analytic , that's, the symbolic stance of violet has been studied first then its application in the Vays and Ramin has been investigated. On the whole it can be said that the impact of Greek myths on Iranian literature especially in Parthian period cannot be overlooked. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - A Cognitive Study of the Instrumental View Towards Women in Russian and Greek Linguistic Communities
Hamed Akbarpour Ali Alizadeh Shahla Sharifi

The purpose of this study is to study and cognitively compare the cultural distance between the two non-adjacent language communities of Russia and Greece in terms of instrumental view towards women from the perspective of cultural linguistics. For this purpose, 330 com More

The purpose of this study is to study and cognitively compare the cultural distance between the two non-adjacent language communities of Russia and Greece in terms of instrumental view towards women from the perspective of cultural linguistics. For this purpose, 330 common tool-words in the comprehensive German list were equated into these two languages and then the frequency of feminine grammatical gender in them was extracted as an indicator in the theoretical framework of the research. The results of the Chi-square test with a significance level of 0.416 show that the difference between the two frequencies is not significant but still exists and the feminine grammatical gender in Greek tool-words is more than Russian. The insignificance of this difference can be found in the cultural convergence based on common religious foundations, the spread of Greek cultural conceptualizations to Russia, the commonalities of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the proximity of basic human values. On the basis of this study, the instrumental view towards women among Russians is less than the Greek. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Evaluation of (Fe) micronutrient on agronomic traits in different ecotypes of fenu greek
masoumeh Mohammadian far ghasem Mohammadinejad sayed mohamad ali Vakili shahr babaki

Fenugreek as an important medicinal plant is belonged to leguminous with Fenugreek characteristics. In order to evaluate the performance of 6 different ecotypes of Fenugreek under Iron Fertilizer Foliar spraying, an experiment was condors in arrangement of split plat ba More

Fenugreek as an important medicinal plant is belonged to leguminous with Fenugreek characteristics. In order to evaluate the performance of 6 different ecotypes of Fenugreek under Iron Fertilizer Foliar spraying, an experiment was condors in arrangement of split plat based on RCBD with three replication on grows season of 2012-13 at experimental Field of Islamic Azad university of Jiroft. The main plats were Iron Foliar application with EDTA at three levels (0, 2/1000 and 4/1000). Based the soil Analysis. The sub plats were considered as 6 different ecotypes of Fenugreek (Isfahan, mazandaran, Ilam, Kordestan, Kerman and Dena). In the majority of the these results, Iron spraying in 2/1000 is more suitable than, in the compare to 4/1000 and control showed Kerman ecotypes with 2/1000 iron app hate had the best seed yield while (162.3 Kg.ha) Isfahan ecotypes with (5.6 Kg.ha) seed yield had the lowed amount of seed yield, generally application of 2/1000 Iron Foliar spraying showed the best growth rate rather than 4/1000 and control condition. Drew to Availably of Cal curs soil in Iran and specially jiroft region kerman and Mazandaran with 2/1000 Finally, it can be concluded due to the different responses of different ecotypes to iron application in region of Kerman, Kordestan and Dena with 2/1000 ecotypes and Mazandaran with 4/1000 for Iron application are good so for each area speared survey will be needed.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Realm of bewilderment and light of mysticism
M. Mosaffa

This article is a literary review on the history of the vain mental endeavors of man to find the ultimate reality of being, to grasp the Divine essence and to unravel the riddle of the universe. It is the result of years of contemplation and introspection of an outstand More

This article is a literary review on the history of the vain mental endeavors of man to find the ultimate reality of being, to grasp the Divine essence and to unravel the riddle of the universe. It is the result of years of contemplation and introspection of an outstanding contemporary poet, in philosophy of life, who has observed the human turmoil. It is writlen in the form of prose poetry, or poetic prose. The writer claims, that which has not been realized by the trembling hands of philosophers, and deep thinkers of Greece, and the occident is attained by the mystics of the way through their spiritual experiences, and mysticism could finally illuminate the dark mind of man to pierce the inner secret of the divine mystery.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - Effect cover crops compound cultivation with potato on its yield and weeds control
Elham Fasihfar Zahra Hosseini Cici

To evaluate the effect of cover crops including sorghum, Persian clover and fenugreek on potato yield and weed population, an experiment was conducted as complete randomized block design with four replication in Shiraz University, Research Station of Agriculture Faculty More

To evaluate the effect of cover crops including sorghum, Persian clover and fenugreek on potato yield and weed population, an experiment was conducted as complete randomized block design with four replication in Shiraz University, Research Station of Agriculture Faculty, in spring and summer of 2012. The treatments control with and without weed control measures, and mentioned cover crops cultivated with potato. After weedy control, the less weed dry matter possessing plots was observed in potato-clover compound planting. Sorghum-potato and fenugreek systems were in the last places. Fieldbind weed, redroot pigweed and lambsquarters as dominant weeds had the least population in the sorghum-potato treatment and afterwards in the clover and fenugreek. All treatments reduced potato tuber yield and there was no significant differences between them. On the whole cover crops can be used for weeds management of potato farms as a none chemical option. Manuscript profile

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