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Open Access Article
1 - Effect of exogenous abscisic acid and cytokinin on wheat (Triticum aestivum)
سیف الله کیا چهارباغيCK and ABA not only regulate the process of senescence, but also have major roles in the formation of sink and source strength capacity. This study carried out to determine effect of exogenous application of ck and ABA(100Mm ) at the 9 levels : 1 - Control, 2 - CK at th MoreCK and ABA not only regulate the process of senescence, but also have major roles in the formation of sink and source strength capacity. This study carried out to determine effect of exogenous application of ck and ABA(100Mm ) at the 9 levels : 1 - Control, 2 - CK at the time of appearance, 3 - CK 14 days after its spike emergence 4 - ABA at the time of appearance 5 - ABA 14 days after its spike emergence, 6 - CK at the time of appearance and ABA 14 days after its spike emergence, 7 - ABA at the time of appearance and CK 14 days after its spike emergence, 8 - ABA at the time of 1 and 14 days after its spike emergence, 9 - CK at the time of 1 and 14 days after its spike emergence , on some aspects in different steps of wheat growth in using a Randomized complete Block design(RCBD) with three replications in experimental field of Islamic Azad university of Karaj branch in growing season 1387- 88. Results showed that when these plant growth regulators applied at different stages of spike appearance and 14 days after its spike emergence , grain yield, harvest index (HI), 1000 grain weight, were meaning fully influenced by the exogenous application of the two regulators. The highest grain yield (738.09 gr/m2) one related to exogenous application of CK at the time of spike emergence . The highest hardest index and number grain spike is related to the exogenous application of CK at both time ( 1 and 2 ). the highest 1000 grain weight is related to the exogenous application of CK at the time of appearance and ABA 14 days after its spike emergence respectively. The results of the study showed that exogenous application of CK at cell division and ABA at grain filling on stage in grain growth phase may significantly improve grain yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Comparison of the Emergence Success of Baby Sea Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata in the Coast of Qeshm Island by Ex-situ Protection Methods
Maryam Mahtabi Sohrab Ashrafi Afshin DanehkarBackground and Objective: Sea turtles are considered of the globally threatened species in the world. Mortality range of sea turtles in utero is very high due to several natural and human threats, affecting survival and regeneration of these reptiles. Method: There MoreBackground and Objective: Sea turtles are considered of the globally threatened species in the world. Mortality range of sea turtles in utero is very high due to several natural and human threats, affecting survival and regeneration of these reptiles. Method: Therefore, identification and control threats are vital to support habitat and survival rate. Eggs transfer to a safe place immediately after laying is a management tool for increasing the emergence success of these critically endangered species. In this study, emergence success of Eretmochelys imbricata in the coasts of Qeshm Island was studied. Findings: The emergence success rate was 59/92% out of 102 transferred nests (from Shib-deraz and shib- poiee beach). Results showed that no significant differences between Shib-deraz and shib- poiee beach, considering the emergence success of the transferred eggs. Discussionand Conclusion: According to the results, we believe that best way to protect hawks-bill turtles in this area is transferring eggs and protecting nests in a safe place to raise emerging success. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - A Comparative of “Self” and “the Other” in Germany by Madame de Staël and Westernization by Jalal al-Ahmad
Malahat Babayari Raveshti Majid Yousefi BehzadiAbstractJalal Al-Ahmad (1923-1969) and Madame de Staël (1717-1817) are among prominent writers of Iranian and French literature respectively. Their eras were similar in numerous ways: literature, society and culture, eventually leading to a contrast between German MoreAbstractJalal Al-Ahmad (1923-1969) and Madame de Staël (1717-1817) are among prominent writers of Iranian and French literature respectively. Their eras were similar in numerous ways: literature, society and culture, eventually leading to a contrast between German Romanticism and French Classicism in Germany by Madame de Staël, and east and west in Westernization by Jalal al-Ahmad. Analogy is one of the common aspects of these two works. The presence of looking at “the other” in the writings of these two authors is an influential factor in the evaluation of the “self”. The main goal of this study is to examine how Pierre Brunel’s theory of law of emergence can be applied to the the ideas of Al-Ahmad and Madame de Staël. this study takes a comparative approach to the analysis of “self” and “the other” in these two books, defining the affinity and contradiction between a society that “looks” and a society that is “looked at”. Also, the factors leading to this intellectual resemblance is identified and examined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The Unity of Existence in Holy Quran Verses and Narrations
Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi Darrehbidy Mohammad Ali HeidariThe unity of existence means the circulation of the absolute existence of God in every bit of the universe. That is, the essence of existence is one, the example of which is God Almighty, and the universe is the manifestation of God. That is, the universe is a shadow of MoreThe unity of existence means the circulation of the absolute existence of God in every bit of the universe. That is, the essence of existence is one, the example of which is God Almighty, and the universe is the manifestation of God. That is, the universe is a shadow of the Divine Essence. Therefore, the author with the question that the main subject of theoretical mysticism, i.e., the unity of existence in Holy Qur'an and in the words of its commentators has been raised? Follows up the issue by collecting information in a library and in a descriptive – analytical manner and by examining a number of verses of Holy Quran and the words of Innocent Imams, assuming that the issue of unity exists in many verses of Holy Quran and also the divine saints are seen in many cases of speeches, seeking to prove that the most important subject of theoretical mysticism, namely the unity of existence, is found in many Verses of Holy Qur'an and numerous words of the Great people and intellectuals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Analysis of Concepts Related to the Rational Proof of Messianism in Sunni and Shiite Quranic Interpretations
Mashallah Bakhshi Seyyed Adel Nader Ali Mehryar ShababiStudying the concepts of Holy Qur'an is of very importance, especially when it is accompanied by logic, reasoning and interpretation of Qur'an to Qur'an. The present article addresses important issues such as the Assigned and Messianism that are tied to the fate of huma MoreStudying the concepts of Holy Qur'an is of very importance, especially when it is accompanied by logic, reasoning and interpretation of Qur'an to Qur'an. The present article addresses important issues such as the Assigned and Messianism that are tied to the fate of humanity, and there are more than 65 verses that have a completely common view to messianism emphasizing Sunni and Shiite’s interpretations. By studying the meanings of 10 Verses of Qur'an, it is quite obvious that regardless of the interpretation and narration about mentioned verses according to the meanings of the verse itself and putting it next to the general meaning of HolyQur'an, we can argue and conclude that what the commentators and interpretations of Qur'an claim which is more or less narrative or derived from narrations, achieved and applied a kind of independent semantics. The most important results of this research indicate that the messianismas necessity for Jesus’s being alive, and the necessity of the Assigned to overcome the religion of God over all religions and the unification of all religions, can be proved by the conceptual style of the relevant verses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Beginning of the Universe Emergence in the Quran and Science Perspective
Abdolmajid Talebtash Javad Forooghi47th verse of the Surah Zariat addresses the way of emergence and continuous development of the universe and its expansion and 11th verse of Surah Foselat explains the model of creating the heavens by the God. The superficial difference of this verse with the scientific More47th verse of the Surah Zariat addresses the way of emergence and continuous development of the universe and its expansion and 11th verse of Surah Foselat explains the model of creating the heavens by the God. The superficial difference of this verse with the scientific findings at the age of Revelation and even after the Ptolemy domination the Galaxies are moving apart from each other in extraordinary speed. This paper studies the translations and interpretations of the 47th verse of the Surah Zariat by the religious scholars, examines the meaning of the verse and compares it with the recent scientific discoveries. It was concluded that the meaning of the verse consists with the new discoveries on universe. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Effect of Management Operations on the Thermal Time of Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus.) Emergence in Soybean (Glycine max L.)
rahman khakzad Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim Mostafa OveisiIn order to evaluate the effect of different management practices on the emergence time of vevetleaf, a split-split plot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications in Dasht-e-Naz Sari in 2016 and 2017. Two tillage systems (C MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of different management practices on the emergence time of vevetleaf, a split-split plot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications in Dasht-e-Naz Sari in 2016 and 2017. Two tillage systems (Conventional tillage and no-till), three soyabean seeding rates (200,000; 300,000 and 400,000 seeds ha-1), and three doses of imazethapyr (SL 10%) (0, 50, and 100 g ai ha-1) were considered as experimental factors. The velvetleaf emergence was significantly affected by management practices including tillage system, soybean seeding rate, and imazethapyr dose. No-till system, a density of 400 000 seeds ha-1 and a 100 g a.i. ha-1 imazethapyr dose not only resulted in the lowest velvetleaf seedling density m-2 but also caused the longest delay in the time to reach 50% of seedling emergence, thus resulting in a long lag phase of velvetleaf emergence early in the season. Findings from our study may facilitate the development of effective P. oleracea management strategies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Comparison of pendimethalin EC 33% herbicide (Titan) with metribuzin and atrazine in the control of weeds in sugarcane fields
ALI EHSANIPOUR Hakim Naseri Payam Zali kakesh Davood NeisiSugarcane has a vegetative stage sensitive to weed competition, which is about three to six weeks from the time of planting in the hot season. Weed control is very necessary at the beginning of the sugarcane growing season before the sugarcane canopy closes. In order to MoreSugarcane has a vegetative stage sensitive to weed competition, which is about three to six weeks from the time of planting in the hot season. Weed control is very necessary at the beginning of the sugarcane growing season before the sugarcane canopy closes. In order to investigate the density, dry weight and EWRC index of broad-leaved and narrow-leaved weeds after using pendimethalin EC 33% (Titan) herbicide pre-emergence with the aim of establishing rotation in the use of herbicides in sugarcane fields, An experiment was conducted in 2022-2023, it was conducted in the Dehkhoda Sugarcane Agro-Industry Company in Ahvaz city of Khuzestan province, in the form of a randomized complete block design. In the experiment, checking the traits including the average density and dry weight of broad-leaved and narrow-leaved weeds in five square meters, and the EWRC index of broad-leaved and narrow-leaved weeds on 20/2/2023 and 31/3/2023. Spraying experiments were carried out with six treatments and three replications. The treatments of the experiment include control (without spraying), Pendimethalin 4 lit/ha, Pendimethalin 3 lit/ha, Pendimethalin 3.5 lit/ha, Pendimethalin 3 lit/ha + metribuzin 1 kg/ha, Atrazine 2 kg/ha + metribuzin 2 kg/ha (Conventional field spraying).The results showed that different treatments had a significant effect on the measured traits at the probability level of 1%. According to the total results and also the necessity of herbicide use rotation, the use of Titan herbicide with a dose of 3.5 to 4 liters per hectare is recommended, especially in late harvest fields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Manifestation of end-of-the-world perfect man under socialmaturity from the quran and Islamic mysticism standpoint focusing on emergence factors
Mohsen karami Ali Hossein Ehteshami Seyed Hamid hoseiniSocial maturity begins with the steps of an individual from a single origin. Social maturity leads to the growth of intellectual and moral responsibilities and empathy in fulfilling the covenant and unity of purpose and the resulting attributes and laws. Moreover, it ca MoreSocial maturity begins with the steps of an individual from a single origin. Social maturity leads to the growth of intellectual and moral responsibilities and empathy in fulfilling the covenant and unity of purpose and the resulting attributes and laws. Moreover, it can continue with the manifestation of divine names and the full-length mirror of the Almighty towards the good life. The manifestation of the perfect human being, with one of the most important components of pre-emergence namely social maturity, is significantly affected by the causal relationship. Therefore, it is necessary to study it in the context of the emergence of the perfect man of the apocalypse. Undoubtedly, the emergence of the perfect man as a total evolution and according to ordinary providence is the product of the divine law of destiny and the element of authority, as well as the reflection of the divine tradition of thanksgiving and disbelief of blessings. In this study, the evaluation of the positive components of pre-emergence social maturity from the perspective of the Holy Quran and Islamic mysticism with an epistemological perspective and descriptive-analytical method using library resources has been considered. The results indicate that there is a significant two-way correlation between the positive components of social maturity and the occurrence of the complete emergence of the apocalypse. Thus, the growth in adornment with the positive causes of social maturity will increasingly hasten the emergence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Investigating the Effect of Management Operations on the Time of Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) Emergence in Soybean
rahman khakzad Behroz Khalil TahmasebiRedroot pigweed is one of the most common dicotyledonous weeds in the world that is widely distributed in many agricultural areas. Thus, in order to evaluate the effect of different management practices on the emergence time of spotted spurge, a split-split plot experim MoreRedroot pigweed is one of the most common dicotyledonous weeds in the world that is widely distributed in many agricultural areas. Thus, in order to evaluate the effect of different management practices on the emergence time of spotted spurge, a split-split plot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications in Dasht-e-Naz Sari in 2016 and 2017. Two tillage systems (Conventional tillage and no-till), three soybean densities (200,000; 300,000 and 400,000 plant ha-1), and three doses of imazethapyr (0, 50, and 100 g ai ha-1) were considered as experimental factors. The redroot pigweed emergence was significantly affected by management practices including tillage system, soybean seeding rate, and imazethapyr dose. Conventional tillage required a thermal time (TT) of 266.72 and 139.33 d °C to reach 50% emergence in 2016 and 2017, respectively, while for no-till, the respective TT requirements were 187.19 and 132.11 d °C. On increasing soyabean density from 200 000 to 400 000 seeds ha-1, the TT requirements for 50% emergence (T50) of redroot pigweed also increased. The T50 at the herbicide dose of 100 g a.i. ha-1 was 234.56 and 142.81 d °C in 2016 and 2017, respectively, while for the non-herbicide treatment, the respective TT requirements were 217.80 and 136.09 d °C. From an integrated weed management perspective, a combination of conventional tillage with a soyabean density of 400 000 seeds ha-1 and a 100 g a.i. ha-1 imazethapyr dose not only resulted in the lowest redroot pigweed seedling density m-2 but also caused the longest delay in the time to reach the T50. This condition provided more time for soybeans to establish better and improve their competitive ability. The results of our study could help to develop effective management strategies for this species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Predicting seedling emergence of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), jimsonweed (Daturastramonium) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) in different burial depths of soil
Marjan DiyanatKnowledge of emergence ability of weed species from different soil depths is important value in weed management strategies especially at different tillage systems. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil burial depth on seedling emergence of ve MoreKnowledge of emergence ability of weed species from different soil depths is important value in weed management strategies especially at different tillage systems. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil burial depth on seedling emergence of velvetleaf, large crab grass, jimsonweed and black nightshade. Seed portions of the species were buried in pots outdoors, at the depths of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 cm, in a Randomized Completely Block Design with four replications on May 2015. Soil depth had different effect on seedling emergence of weeds species but decreasing emergence with increasing soil depth was observed in all species. At 10 cm, only velvetleaf emerged albeit only in limited numbers among weeds species. Based on parameters of sigmoidal regression model, X50 (depth at which the number of emerged seedlings was halved) varied by weed species. These depths were 7.31, 4.02, 5.44 and 5.40 cm for velvetleaf, large crab grass, jimsonweed and black nightshade, respectively. Information gained in this study will contribute to an integrated control program for these weeds. Deep tillage that will bury weed seed below 6 cm or greater is a possible weed management option for farmers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Investigation of Salinity and Moisture on the Germination of Weed Seeds Mallow,Barnyard grass and Johnson grass in Terms of Deterioration of Seeds
Ghodratolah Fatahi Eynolah Hesami Nima ArdalanIn order to evaluate the effects of seed deterioration on capability of seed germination and seedling of three weeds-Malva neglecta L., Echinochloa crus-galli L.and Sorghum halepense L.-under saline stress conditions, an experiment was conducted at university of Ramin i MoreIn order to evaluate the effects of seed deterioration on capability of seed germination and seedling of three weeds-Malva neglecta L., Echinochloa crus-galli L.and Sorghum halepense L.-under saline stress conditions, an experiment was conducted at university of Ramin in Khuzesatan. The arrangement was factrorial in form of a completely randomized design with 4 replications (RCD) in 2012. In this experiment, The first factor was weed seeds at 3 levels (Malva neglecta, Echinochloa crus-galli and Sorghum halepense), the second factor was deterioration treatments at 4 levels (0, 3, 5 and 7 days), and the third factor was salinity (0,4,8 and 12dSm-1), and the forth factor was moisture stress at 3 levels (saturation field capacity(FC) and 50%FC). The results of experiment showed that seed deterioration and saline stress reduce all measured characteristics including time, speed, uniformity, persentage and emergence index, germination percentage, radicle length, plumul length, vigos index, and seedling dry weight. A significant difference was observed at %1 level. Saline stress resulted in reduction of determined characters in the experiment. Whwrase in Wherase in Malva niglecta moisture Stress of 50% FC, FC and saturation reduced percentage of germination, in barnyard grass and johnsongrass the highest germination percentage was observed in saturation tseated seeds and the least percentage of emergences was observed in %50 FC treated seeds. Our results indicated that seed deterioration increased the effect of salinity on weed seedling establishment and seed germination. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Review Paper Evolution and Prevalence of Cemeteries in Prehistoric Iran
Maryam Naseri -
Open Access Article
14 - On Complex Systems and Structure of Emergence in Games- A Survey
Hassan Rashidi Latifeh Pour Mohammad Bagher -
Open Access Article
15 - A system Dynamics Approach to Designing a Crowdfunding Model in Technological Entrepreneurship Ecosystem with a Focus on Technology Incubator Centers
Mehran Saeidi Aghdam Akbar Alamtabriz Asghar Sarafizadeh Qazvini Hessam Zandhessami -
Open Access Article
16 - Effect of Seed Treatment with Salicylic Acid on Some Seedling Characteristics of Borage
H. Khooshehkar F. ShekariThe effects of seed priming of borage (Borago officinalis)with salicylic acid on improving its seedling traits was investigated under field condition in a complete randomized block design. Treatments consisted of untreated seeds as control, hydropriming and treatme MoreThe effects of seed priming of borage (Borago officinalis)with salicylic acid on improving its seedling traits was investigated under field condition in a complete randomized block design. Treatments consisted of untreated seeds as control, hydropriming and treatment with 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 μM salicylic acid. Results showed that priming with salicylic acid significantly improved mean emergence time, emergence percent and index, fresh and dry weight of seedling, leaf area, leaf area ratio and specific leaf weight, but it did not affect seedling fresh weight to dry weight ratio. The highest emergence index and specific leaf weight and lowest mean emergence time (emergence rate) and leaf area ratio was found in plants which their seed were primed with 500 μM salicylic acid. It seems that seed priming with salicylic acid increased seedling dry weight more than leaf area. It was also revealed that treating seeds with the highest levels of salicylic acids resulted in negative effects on the traits measured. The lowest emergence index, emergence percent, fresh and dry weight of seedling and specific leaf weight and highest mean emergence time and leaf area ratio oblained from seedlings which primed with 2000 μM salicylic acid and followed by control and hydroprim treatments. It can be concluded that, priming with proper concentration of salicylic acid was more effective than hydropriming. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Effect of Oxadiargyl and Rimsulfuron Mixture on Weed Control and Tuber Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Sanaz Hanifezade Erdi Mohammad Taghi Alebrahim Rasoul FakhariTo evaluate the effects of two herbicides mixures, of Oxadiargyl and Rimsulfuron on weed control and potato yield and its components, a randomized complete block design experiment with 3 replications was conducted at the Research Field of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. MoreTo evaluate the effects of two herbicides mixures, of Oxadiargyl and Rimsulfuron on weed control and potato yield and its components, a randomized complete block design experiment with 3 replications was conducted at the Research Field of Mohaghegh Ardabili University. The factors include Rimsulfuron in 0, 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 gr a.i/ha and the Oxadiargyl in 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 lit a.i/ha in 5 herbicide mixture percentage two by two (include: 0:0.8, 12.5:0.6, 25:0.4, 37.5: 0.2 and 50:0) and the second factor is different time of application of these herbicides include (preplant and potato emergence). The statistical analysis showed that interaction effect of two herbicides mixture percentage and time of application had significant effect on reduction percentage of density of Commen Lambsquare, Redroot Pigweed and Field Bindweed. In order to results herbicide mixture application improved the efficacy of each herbicide on weed control, wherby these herbicide mixture percentages reduce density of Commen Lambsquare in 75% Oxadiargyl + 25% Rimsulfuron, Redroot Pigweed in 25% Oxadiargyl + 75% Rimsulfuron and Field Bindweed in 100% Rimsulfuron lonely recpectively 100%, 94.67% and 59.67% in preplant stage. Interaction effect of herbicide mixture percentage on time of application had significant effect on mean of tuber weight, yield of per plant and total tuber weight. The results of total yield showed that treatment of 25% Oxadiargyl + 75% Rimsulfuron in potato emergence application by 69.16% increasment in comparison to weedy was the best recommended treatment of experiment. Also the results showed that despite increasment in enzyme activity of Catalase, this increasment hadn’t destructive effect on yield of potato, so conclude application of this herbicide mixture hadn’t any destructive effect on potato. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Impact of some Environmental Factors on Germination and Emergence Characteristics of Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), Ground Cherry (Physalis divaricata) and Curly Dock (Rumex crispus)
رضا Gorbani E. ZeidAli M. HoseainiTo understand germination and emergence characteristics of black henbane, ground cherry and curly dock a laboratory experiment, based on randomized complete block design with four replications, was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashha MoreTo understand germination and emergence characteristics of black henbane, ground cherry and curly dock a laboratory experiment, based on randomized complete block design with four replications, was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2012. Treatments were temperature ranges (5/15, 10/20, 15/25, 15/30 and 20/35 ° C night / day) and different levels of salinity (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mM of NaCl). The effect of pH adjusted to 5-9 by using acid buffer solution. Seeds were planted at different depth (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 cm) to study their effects on seedling emergence. Results showed that black henbane exhibited highest germination percentage at 25/15 diurnal tempratures, with 86.50 and 60.50 respectivly for daylight and complete darkness. Germination of ground cherry was highest (93%) at 10/20 diurnal temprature and 41% in complete darkness. Highest germination percentage for curly dock at diurnal temperatures of 20/10, 25/15 and 30/20 with light / dark regime of constant darkness was abserved. The seeds at diurnal temprature of 35/25 in both light regimes did not germinate. Increasing salinity reduced germination. Increasing the osmotic potential, also reduced germination significantly. Highest germination percentage of black henbane (97%) was observed at pH 7, and lowest germination (17%) at pH 9. Increasing planting depth reduced seedling emergence significantly. Germination percentages of ground cherry and curly dock at pH 6 and 7 were highest (97% and 96% respectively) and lowest 26 and 25 % respectively at pH 9. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Economic and Military Take off of China and its Security Impact on Islamic Republic of Iran
محمدعلی بصیری معصومه رشیدAbstract Islamic Republic of Iran and China can be considered as revisionist state in current international system. Economic and commercial relations between the two have prepared the ground for close and friendly relations. In the question of nuclear program of Iran a MoreAbstract Islamic Republic of Iran and China can be considered as revisionist state in current international system. Economic and commercial relations between the two have prepared the ground for close and friendly relations. In the question of nuclear program of Iran and Syrian crisis both the countries have had similar stand. What will be the security consequences of the rise of China as a stronger power than the United States for Islamic Republic of Iran? The present article wants to examine the consequences of this event within the framework of Barry Buzan security approach. The Underlying assumption is; that after the rise of China as a stronger power than the United States the international system undergoes change and the United States no longer be able to dominate or put pressure on Iran or jeopardize Iran's security. The methodology used by the article is descriptive-analytical and collection of data is library sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - افزایش کیفیت جوانه زنی و رشد نهال در بذرهای Antirrhinum, Dahlia, Impatiens, Salvia و Zinnia
ایرن اوزدن Sıtkı Ermiş ابراهیم دمیراین مطالعه برای بررسی اثر هیدروپرایمینگ روی جوانه­زنی بذر و رشد دانهال 5 گونه گل بذری (میمون، کوکب، حنا، مریم گلی و آهار) انجام شد. هیدروپرایمینگ (20 درجه سانتی­گراد به مدت 24 ساعت)، خشک کردن سطحی یا خشک کردن در حد رطوبت اولیه، باعث افزایش درصد جوانه­زنی، ظه Moreاین مطالعه برای بررسی اثر هیدروپرایمینگ روی جوانه­زنی بذر و رشد دانهال 5 گونه گل بذری (میمون، کوکب، حنا، مریم گلی و آهار) انجام شد. هیدروپرایمینگ (20 درجه سانتی­گراد به مدت 24 ساعت)، خشک کردن سطحی یا خشک کردن در حد رطوبت اولیه، باعث افزایش درصد جوانه­زنی، ظهور گیاهچه و وزن تر و خشک شد. در تمام گونه­ها، حداکثر جوانه­زنی و ظهور گیاهچه در خشک کردن سطحی حاصل شد. حداکثر سودمندی در گل­های میمون و کوکب به چشم خورد. در این دو گونه، خشک کردن سطحی بذرها باعث به­ترتیب 18 و 17 درصد جوانه­زنی بیشتر و 20 و 13 درصد ظهور گیاهچه بیشتر در مقایسه با شاهد شد. در همه­ی گونه­ها، اگرچه این تیمارها اثر مثبت داشت؛ اما اثر آن کمتر بود. به­طورکلی می­توان نتیجه گرفت که هیدروپرایمینگ می­تواند کیفیت دانهال را در گل­های بذری بالا ببرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - اثر نو LED روی جوانهزنی بذر و کیفیت دانهالهای چهار گل فصلی
بهناز اکبریان منصور مطلوبی ناصر مهنادر سالهای اخیر، کاربرد دیودهای نورافشان (LED) در باغبانی به عنوان نور مصنوعی باخصوصیات طول موج قابل انتخاب، عمر طولانی، اندازۀ کوچک، درجه حرارت کم، کاهش مصرف انرژی و هزینه بهرهبرداری، مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در این تحقیق اثر کیفیت نور دیودهای نورافشان شامل نور قرمز، Moreدر سالهای اخیر، کاربرد دیودهای نورافشان (LED) در باغبانی به عنوان نور مصنوعی باخصوصیات طول موج قابل انتخاب، عمر طولانی، اندازۀ کوچک، درجه حرارت کم، کاهش مصرف انرژی و هزینه بهرهبرداری، مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در این تحقیق اثر کیفیت نور دیودهای نورافشان شامل نور قرمز، نور آبی، ترکیب نور قرمز و آبی با نسبت 75 به 25 درصد و نور سفید فلورسنت، بر جوانهزنی و رشد نشای چهار گل فصلی شامل آهار (Zinnia elegans)، حنا (Impatiens balsamina)، اطلسی (Petunia × hybrida) و شاهپسند (Verbena aubletia) بررسی گردید. پس از کشت بذر، گیاهان در محیط کنترل شده با طول مدّت نوردهی 12 ساعت در روز قرار گرفتند. حداکثر درصد، سرعت و ارزش ظهور گیاهچه در نور قرمز مشاهده شد. بااینحال، اثر کیفیت نور بر خصوصیات رشدی انواع گیاهان، متفاوت بود. نور آبی، موجب افزایش معنیدار تعداد برگ در آهار و حنا گردید. در حنا، نور قرمز موجب افزایش قطر ساقه گردید، در حالیکه، قطر ساقه اطلسی در نور آبی به طور معنی دار افزایش یافت. به طور کلی، افزودن 25% نور آبی به قرمز موجب کاهش طول هیپوکوتیل و ساقه و افزایش طول و وزن تر ریشه نسبت به فلورسنت گردید. کیفیت نور در مدّت ظهور گیاهچه، زمان رسیدن به مرحله برگ حقیقی، مرحله چهار برگی و وزن تر شاخه، تاثیری نداشت. بر اساس نتایج این آزمایش، ال ئی دی بهعنوان یک گزینه مناسب جهت نور مصنوعی در محیط کنترل شده برای تولید نشاء، قابل استفاده است. نتایج نشان میدهد که نور قرمز خالص، موجب بهبود جوانهزنی گردید و با وجود اختلافات بین انواع گیاهان آزمایششده، اغلب آنها واکنش مثبت نسبت به ترکیب نور قرمز و آبی نشان دادند. بنابراین نسبت نوری 75:25 درصد (آبی: قرمز) میتواند ترکیب مناسبی برای تهیّه نشاء گلهای فصلی باکیفیت مناسب باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Seed Germination Enhancement of Zinnia (Zinnia elegans) Using Electromagnetic Field
Anoosh Zamiran Vahid Reza Saffari Mohammad Reza MalekiThe effect of electromagnetic field was examined on Zinnia (Zinnia elegans) seeds to enhance seed germination and early growth. The seeds were exposed to four magnetic strengths of 15, 100, 400 and 800 mT in four durations of 30, 60, 120 and 240 min. The experiments wer MoreThe effect of electromagnetic field was examined on Zinnia (Zinnia elegans) seeds to enhance seed germination and early growth. The seeds were exposed to four magnetic strengths of 15, 100, 400 and 800 mT in four durations of 30, 60, 120 and 240 min. The experiments were carried out in two forms of laboratory germination and soil emergence. Results showed that magnetic field application enhanced seed performance in both terms of laboratory germination and soil emergence. The magnetic field significantly (p £0.05) affected root length, shoot length, fresh and dry root weight, fresh and dry shoot weight, seedling length and weight, germination percentage, speed of germination, vigor index I and II in laboratory germination. Also, the magnetic field exposure significantly affected soil emergence factors of root length, shoot length, dry root weight, dry shoot weight, seedling length, emergence percentage and emergence speed at 0.05 level of probability. The other factors were significantly (p £0.05) different compared with unexposed control. No significantly differences were found on the interaction of time and exposure field. The best results were found to 400 mT (micro Tesla) on seed germination and seed emergence. The exposure durations of 240 and 30 min showed promising results over all magnetic fields in seed germination and emergence, respectively. However, there was no significant difference among exposure times. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - The density of weeds in different planting dates of agricultural rice species in the conditions of direct cultivation using the dry-bed method.
hossein sabet zangeneh Abdolali gilani Sami jalaliTo investigate the weed response to ecosystems of local and high-yield rice cultivars at different planting dates in direct cultivation by dry-bed seeding, an experiment was conducted in the form of a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replicati MoreTo investigate the weed response to ecosystems of local and high-yield rice cultivars at different planting dates in direct cultivation by dry-bed seeding, an experiment was conducted in the form of a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Shavor Research Station. The main plot of planting date in three levels (June 15, June 25, and July 5) and four rice cultivars including two local cultivars Champa and Red-anbori and cultivars High-yielding and improved Danial and Shafagh was grown as a subplot at each planting date. According to the results, the highest and lowest number of weeds in the sampling on the first and second planting dates were obtained with an average of 123 and 61 plants, respectively. Among rice cultivars, the lowest weed density was observed in sample in Danial cultivar. In this experiment, the predominant species in the samples were two weeds barnyard grass and chinese lantern. The rate of weed emergence was around 0.56 to 0.63 number per day. in all three planting dates in the range of 20-40 days after planting. Therefore, weed control and field care during this period is essential to achieve optimal grain production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - GAME OF COORDINATION FOR BACTERIAL PATTERN FORMATION: A FINITE AUTOMATA MODELLING
Sudeepto Bhattacharya Gaurav Srivastava -
Open Access Article
25 - Evaluation of the yield and germination indices of maize hybrid seed (Zea mays .L cv KSC704) in different sowing dates and plant density of parental lines
عنایت رضوانی فرشید حسنیIn order to study the effect of different sowing dates and planting densities of female parent on yield and seed quality of hybrid maize KSC704, an experiment was conducted as split plot during two years of 2012 and 2013 in Karaj. Sowing dates was selected as early, med MoreIn order to study the effect of different sowing dates and planting densities of female parent on yield and seed quality of hybrid maize KSC704, an experiment was conducted as split plot during two years of 2012 and 2013 in Karaj. Sowing dates was selected as early, medium and late planting. Plant density selected in five levels for female parent B73. After harvesting the seeds that pollinated by male parent, yield and its components, laboratory germination, seed emergence in the field, mean emergence time (MET) and dry weight of emerged seedling was evaluated. The results showed that sowing date and plant density had significant effect on these traits in both years. The highest yield gained by early planting date and plant density above 50000 plants per hectare. The yield and its components in the first year (6130kg/ha) were greater than the second year (4990 kg/ha). The highest percentage of normal seedlings was observed in late sowing date and 40000 plants per hectare in both years. Because of heat stress in second year, the average indices of seed quality at the first year were higher than the second year, except MET. In general, to prevent the harmful effects of environmental stress especially heat stress at the critical stages of seed development, and for enhancement the seed quality, reasonable delaying at sowing date and plant population of 50000 per hectare might be recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Study of weed emergence pattern at potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Ardabil region
Afshar Azadbakht Mohammadtaghi Alebrahim Hamid Reza Mohammadduost Chamanabad Akbar Ghavidel حسین کربلایی خیاویThe present experiment in order to determine the pattern of weed emergence in potatoes was conducted in 2014- 2015 at two places in agricultural research stations Alarogh and Samian in the city of Ardabil- Iran. Each week after potatoes planting emergence weeds in the c MoreThe present experiment in order to determine the pattern of weed emergence in potatoes was conducted in 2014- 2015 at two places in agricultural research stations Alarogh and Samian in the city of Ardabil- Iran. Each week after potatoes planting emergence weeds in the constant sampling units inside the plots were transported to the laboratory in order to count and separation based on the results of this research, sampled weeds included 10 species and 7 families the highest germination and emergence of weeds occurred on average in 2-4 weeks after potatoes planting that's mean after receiving the 137 to 329 degree-days growth By potato in Samian station and 105 to 254 degree day in Alarogh station but the highest weed density in both stations Alarogh and Samian belonging to the species of Amaranth and after the amaranth in Samian station the highest density belong to the mustard compared to other weeds but also in this test, like amaranth, the lambs quarters in the third week belongs to the highest germination and density and declined from the third week onwards germination of this species. Green foxtail weed density in both studied stations had the highest rates in the third and fourth weeks equivalent to receiving the 233 to 329 degree day for Samian station and 177 to 254 degree day for Alarogh station but perennial weeds, field bindweed maintaining an emergence almost in the entire period... Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Investigation of seedling emergence of bean and maize affected by sowing depth with using probit models
Behnam Behtari Adel Dabbagh mohammadi nasab Kazem Ghassemi Golezani Mohammad reza ShakibaSeedling emergence probably is the single most important phenological event that influences the success of an annual plant. The main objective of this study was to develop a seedling emergence model for green bean and maize and select a best-fitted model associated with MoreSeedling emergence probably is the single most important phenological event that influences the success of an annual plant. The main objective of this study was to develop a seedling emergence model for green bean and maize and select a best-fitted model associated with sowing depth. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was conducted in 2015 at Research Farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, to quantify the response of seedling emergence to sowing depth. Treatments were four sowing depths (2, 4, 6 and 8 cm) in three replications. The results indicated that the percentage emergences of both species in the first two levels of sowing depth (2 and 4 cm) were high, but at deeper levels, seedling emergence were suffering a severe loss. Emergence indicators (MED, ERI, D50%) showed that seedling emergence of bean was greater than maize. For two species, an increase in pre-emergence mortality with increasing depth was observed. So that the highest germinated seeds mortality occurred at 8 cm depth. However, in probit fitted curves for each dataset, the rates of increasing between plants varied. The rate of emergence varied between plants and based on values of statistical criteria, because of less parameters number in linear probit model, it was showed suitable to fit model. Therefore, these models may provide a better basis for broad practical application in crop management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Evaluation of efficiency of new pre emergence and post emergence herbicides for weed control in apple and citrus orchards
batoul samedani Azar Maknali Ebrahim MamnoeiDue to the lack of diversity of herbicides in the orchards and the proposal to eliminate some of herbicides, such as parquets, it is necessary to investigate new pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides in orchards. These experiments were conducted in Tehran in apple MoreDue to the lack of diversity of herbicides in the orchards and the proposal to eliminate some of herbicides, such as parquets, it is necessary to investigate new pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides in orchards. These experiments were conducted in Tehran in apple and in Desfol and Jiroft in citrus orchards with 13 treatments in a completely randomized block design with 3 replications. Pre-emergence herbicides Napropamide (2.7,3.6, 4.5 kg a.i./ha) (SC 45%) and Trifluralin (1.2 kg a.i./ha )(EC 48%) and post-emergence herbicides a new Glyphosate (0.36, 0.54 kg a.i./ha)(SC 36%), 160g L-1 Amitrole, 143g L-1+ Ammonium thiocyanate + 60g L-1 Glyphosate (ATG) (2.2,2.9,3.6.4.3 kg a.i./ha) (SL 36.6%), Glyphosate (0.62 kg a.i./ha)(SL 41%), Paraquat (0.6 kg a.i./ha )(SL 20%) were the treatments. The results of the experiment showed that the napropamide in Dezful, controlled annual winter weeds 20-42 %, and in Jiroft in amounts of 3.6 and 4.45 kg a.i./ha, controlled 27 percent, while in Tehran because of perennial weeds unable to control winter weeds. Trifluralin herbicide at this time was not able to control weeds in all areas. Among post-emergence herbicides, ATG herbicides in the amounts of 3.6 and 3.6 kg a.i./ha and new glyphosate in the amount of 0.54 kg a.i./ha with paraquat and glyphosate were able to control summer weeds. According to the results of this study, it seems that the pre-emergence herbicide of napropamide at 3.6 kg a.i./ha, post- emergence herbicides ATG at 3.6 kg a.i./ha and new glyphosate at 0.54 kg a.i./ha are recommendable in orchards. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Germination and seedling emergence of green bean and maize in different soil depths and physical characteristics
Behnam Behtari Adel Dabbag Mohammadi Nasab Kazem Ghassemi Golezani Mohammad Reza ShakibaA field study was carried out to investigate the effects of four planting depths and three soil types with different physical characteristics on green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Var. sunray) and maize (Zea mays L. Var. Amyla) seed germination and seedling emergence.The ai MoreA field study was carried out to investigate the effects of four planting depths and three soil types with different physical characteristics on green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Var. sunray) and maize (Zea mays L. Var. Amyla) seed germination and seedling emergence.The aim of the experiments was to investigate the physical effects of the soil on seed ecology and emergence dynamics. The result revealed that germination inhibition was directly proportional to clay content and inversely proportional to sand content due to burial depth. Depth of fifty percent emergence inhibition (Di50%) were equal to 5.3 cm in clay soil for both green bean and maize, if this was for silty soil, respectively 5.4 and 2.7 cm. A significant linear regression between clay particle content and Di50% revealed that those soil components had opposite effects in terms of favoring or inhibiting depth mediated inhibition. Therefore, increasing soil clay contents increased inhibition of seedlings. The data also showed that the oxygen content in the surrounding soil of seeds can not be an important factor for seed germination differences, and its effect was insignificant. Increasing geometric mean decreased particle diameter soil inhibition. In conclusion, these experiments showed soil physical properties had a strong effect on buried-seed ecology and consequently on seed germination and seedling emergence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The study on interaction effect of biologic fertilizers, mineral nitrogen fertilizer and hydropriming on emergence properties and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
A. Baghbani Z. Adavi T. BakhtiariChickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world, grown widely across Asia and the Middle East. In order to study the effect of on-farm hydropriming and two bio-fertilizers on emergence rate and yield characteristics of irrigated chickpea cultivar arman, a f MoreChickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world, grown widely across Asia and the Middle East. In order to study the effect of on-farm hydropriming and two bio-fertilizers on emergence rate and yield characteristics of irrigated chickpea cultivar arman, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Kermanshah in the spring of 2016. The factors consisted of starter nitrogen (0, 25 and 50 kg/ha from sources urea) bio-fertilizer (Mycorrhizae, Azotobacter, both of them and no-application) and priming (priming and no-priming). Results showed that priming increased emergence percent by 7.6 and emergence rate by 19.8 in conjunction with mycorrhizae and 50 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer compared with no-primed, no- nitrogen and no bio-fertilizer. Highest biological and grain yield were 823.7 and 304 g.m-2 respectively that produced by primed seeds with application of two bio-fertilizers simultaneously at 50 and 25 kg/ha of nitrogen respectively that were 147 and 250 (1.47 and 2.50 times) percent more compared to their controls in own nitrogen fertilizer levels. In this study, the highest harvest index and number of pods/m2 were achieved in priming treatment with application of two bio-fertilizers simultaneously and nitrogen fertilizer consumption of 25 kg/ha. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Quantification of Critical Temperature Thresholds and Thermal Time Required for Seedling Emergence of Spring Rapeseed
MANDANA MIRBAKHSH MEHDI HAYATI MOHAMMAD ROOZKHOSH -
Open Access Article
32 - Effect of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) interference on growth period, chlorophyle content, leaf senescence and yield of marigold (Calendula officinalis)
B. Mirshekari In order to study effect of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) interference on some traits of marigold (Calendula officinalis) and weed seed production index a factorial experiment was conducted during 2012 in Islamic Azad University, More In order to study effect of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) interference on some traits of marigold (Calendula officinalis) and weed seed production index a factorial experiment was conducted during 2012 in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, based on randomized complete blocks design in 3 replications. Studied factors were weed densities of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 plants per meter row and its relative emergence times of simultaneously, 10, 20 and 30 days after crop. Results indicated that emergence of 4 weed plants per meter row had no significant effect on crop growth period. With increasing of weed density more than 4 plants per meter row leaf chlorophyle content index decreased fron 17.5 to 13.5 (17.5% reduction). Weed interference caused to earlier appearance of leaf senescence symptoms from 9 to 13 days. Effect of higher weed densities on plant height was more than lower densities. Lambsquarters had greater negative effect on marigold yield, and weed density was more effective than its emergence time. Harvest index in weedy plots reduced fron 32% to 25%. Essence yield in marigold decreased 14.4 mL m-2 per weed density. In weed plants emerged simultaneously, 10, 20 and 30 days after crop, 5.6%, 4.4%, 4.1% and 4% of above ground biomass allocated to seed, respectively. It is recommended for the weed controling in marigold field, when emerged atleast 2 plants per meter crop row simultaneously or 10 days after crop. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Effect of herbicides and mulch on some morphological traits and yield of sweet corn
Sayyed Mehdi Tavasoli Tabayi Hamidreza Larijani Mohammad NasriThere is no any selective herbicide for sweet corn in Iran and the practices of weed control strictly raise the costs of production. To study of the common dental herbicides for dent corn and mulch on the growth and yield of sweet corn and weed suppression, an experimen MoreThere is no any selective herbicide for sweet corn in Iran and the practices of weed control strictly raise the costs of production. To study of the common dental herbicides for dent corn and mulch on the growth and yield of sweet corn and weed suppression, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Varamin, Iran, in 2015. The treatments were included usage of 1.Nicosulfuron (1.5 lit.ha-1), 2. Nicosulfuron+ Rimsulfuron (Ultima, 175 g.ha-1) ,3. Bentazon (2.5 lit.ha-1), 4. mixed of Atrazine (1.5 kg.ha-1) +Acetochlor (4 lit.ha-1), 5. mixed of Nicosulfuron (1lit.ha-1) + Bromicide MA (1 lit. ha-1), 6.silver on black plastic mulch, 7. blue biodegradable plastic mulch, 8. non-weed control and 9.complete hand weeding. Results revealed that mixed of atrazine + acetochlor controlled weed 100% related to weedy check. The highest stem height (134 cm) and diameter (25 mm), total dry weight (5888 Kg.ha-1) and feed (13110 Kg.ha-1) was also obtained in the same treatment. The Most ear length without any significant difference was measured in the control, nicosulruron + bromicide MA, atrazine + acetochlor, and silver on black plastic mulch treatments, respectively. Yield in plastic and Biodegradable mulch treatments fell to 18% and 23% compared to control treatment. Also maximum protein content was in Nicosulfuron treatment (2.4%) and maximum sugar solution content was in biological mulch (13.2%). With regard to the fresh consumption of sweet corn, the use of mulch can eliminate harmful effects of herbicides on plants and environment Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Effect of weed competition on yield, yield components maize cultivar Early 704 (the second culture) in Lorestan Kuhdasht
Amin Adinehvand Masoud Rafeiee Manouchehr Sayah farIn order to effect of weeds relative time of emergence on single cross 704 Corn (Zea mays) yield was studied in different density levels of the mentioned weed. The experimental design was split plot based on Randomized Completed Block Design (RCBD) with three replicatio MoreIn order to effect of weeds relative time of emergence on single cross 704 Corn (Zea mays) yield was studied in different density levels of the mentioned weed. The experimental design was split plot based on Randomized Completed Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in 2012 was carried out in Koohdasht, Lurestan. The emergence time was considered in 3 levels of E1, E2 and E3 (emergence of the weed 14 days earlier, 7 days earlier and simultaneously with corn, respectively) as main plots and density of weed in 6 levels of D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 plants per m2, respectively)as subplots. The height, laef area index (LAI) of corn decreased with earlier emergence time and increasing the density of the Weeds. Also, earlier emergence time of weeds at high densities lead to the reduction in yield component (ear length, diameter and weight, number of seed row in ear, number of seed in row and thousand seed weight). The results showed that a decreasing in grain and biological yield of Corn, as the emergence time of Corn delayed in comparison with the emergence time of weeds. The maximum reduction in grain and biological yield of Corn was observed in 14 days earlier emergence of weeds compared to Corn in high density of this weed (20 plants per m2) with 100 and 99 percent respectively, as Corn plants were put in canopies of weeds plants. Totally, based on the results of this research it can be stated that as the number of the earlier emergence days of weeds compared to the Corn increase, the competitive potential of the Corn reduces and an intense decrease is being observed in its yield. Though, the increase in density of the weed resulted in grain and biological yield reduction, there was no difference between the process of reduction in high densities of weed. Manuscript profile
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