Impact of some Environmental Factors on Germination and Emergence Characteristics of Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), Ground Cherry (Physalis divaricata) and Curly Dock (Rumex crispus)

Subject Areas : Journal of Crop Ecophysiology

رضا  Gorbani ¹ (Prof. Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
E.  ZeidAli ² (Assistant Prof. Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran)
M.  Hoseaini ³ (Ph.D. Student of Weed Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)

Received: 2014-11-19 Accepted : 2015-11-11 Published : 2015-12-22

Keywords: Salinity, temperature, Osmotic potential, frequency, Acidity, Seedling emergence, Seed planting depths,

Abstract :

To understand germination and emergence characteristics of black henbane, ground cherry and curly dock a laboratory experiment, based on randomized complete block design with four replications, was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2012. Treatments were temperature ranges (5/15, 10/20, 15/25, 15/30 and 20/35 ° C night / day) and different levels of salinity (0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mM of NaCl). The effect of pH adjusted to 5-9 by using acid buffer solution. Seeds were planted at different depth (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 cm) to study their effects on seedling emergence. Results showed that black henbane exhibited highest germination percentage at 25/15 diurnal tempratures, with 86.50 and 60.50 respectivly for daylight and complete darkness. Germination of ground cherry was highest (93%) at 10/20 diurnal temprature and 41% in complete darkness. Highest germination percentage for curly dock at diurnal temperatures of 20/10, 25/15 and 30/20 with light / dark regime of constant darkness was abserved. The seeds at diurnal temprature of 35/25 in both light regimes did not germinate. Increasing salinity reduced germination. Increasing the osmotic potential, also reduced germination significantly. Highest germination percentage of black henbane (97%) was observed at pH 7, and lowest germination (17%) at pH 9. Increasing planting depth reduced seedling emergence significantly. Germination percentages of ground cherry and curly dock at pH 6 and 7 were highest (97% and 96% respectively) and lowest 26 and 25 % respectively at pH 9.

References:

Benvenuti, S., and M. Macchia. 1998. Phytochrome mediated germination control of Daturea stramonium L. seeds. Weed Research. 38: 199-205.

Bradford, K.J. 2002. Application of hydrothermal time to quantifying and modeling seed germination and dormancy. Weed Science. 50: 248-260.

Chachalis, D., and K.N. Ready. 2000. Factors affecting Campsis radicans seed germination and seedling emergence. Weed Science. 48: 212-216.

Chachalis, D., N. Korres, and E.M. Khah. 2008 Factors affecting seed germination and emergence of Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionum). Weed Science. 56: 509-515.

Chejara, V. K., P. Kristiansen., R. D. B. Whalley., B. M. Sindel, and C. Nadolny. 2008. Factors affecting germination of coolatia grass (Hyparrhenia hirta). Weed Science. 56: 543-548.

Chauhan, B.S., and D.E. Johnson. 2008. Seed germination and seedling emergence of Nalta Jute (Corchorus olitorius) and Redweed (Melochia concatenate). Important broadleaf weeds of the tropics. Weed Science. 56:814-819.

Chauhan, B.S., G. Gill, and C. Preston, 2006. Factors affecting seed germination of threehorn bedstraw (Galium tricornutum). Weed Science. 54: 471-477.

Kaboli, M.M., and M. Sadeghi. 2002. Effects of water stress on germination of three species of sainfoin (Onobrychis sp.). Research and Development. 54: 18-21. (in Persian)

Grundy, A.C., Mead, A., and W. Bond. 2007. Modeling the effect of weed seed distribution in the soil profile on seedling emergence. Weed Research. 36: 375–384.

Lafond, G.P., and R.J. Baker. 1986. Effects of genotype and seed size on speed of emergence and seedling vigor in nine spring wheat cultivars. Crop Science. 26:341-346.

Martinez-Ghersa, M.A., E. H. Satorre, and. C.M. Chersa. 2003. Effect of soil water content and temperature on dormancy breaking and germination of three weeds. Weed Science. 45: 791-797.

Michel, B.E. 1983. Evaluation of the water potentials of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 in both the absence and presence of other solutes. Plant Physiol. 72: 66-70.

Mohler, C.L. 2001. Mechanical management of weeds. In Liebman, M., Mohler, and C.L., Staver, C.P, (eds.) Ecological Management of Agricultural Weeds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 139–209.

Mousavi, K., and A. Ahmadi. 2009. Influence of environmental factors on germination of Ground cherry (Physalis divaricata). Pest and Disease of Plants. 76 (1): 59-78. (in Persian) 

Pierce, G.L., S.L. Warren, R.L. Mikkelsen, and H. M. Linker. 1999. Effects of soil calcium and pH on seed germination and subsequent growth of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis). Weed Technology. 13: 421–424.

Pudersell K., E. Arak, and A. Raal. 1999. Determination of hyoscyamine and scopolamine in plant extracts by HPLC. Eurpean Journal Pharm Science. 8(Suppl.): S31.

Rehman, S., P.J.C. Harris, W.F. Bourne, and J. Wikin. 1997. The effect of sodium chloride on germination and the potassium and calcium contents of Acacia seeds. Seed Science and Technology. 25:45-57.

Ren, J., L. Tao, and X. M. Liu. 2002. Effect of sand burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of Galligonum spp. Species. Journal of Arid Environment. 51: 603-611.

Shakarami, Gh., E. Zeidali, ans K. Mousavi. 2011. Weeds and their control (Under the heading provided). Khorrmabad branch of Islamic Azad University Press, 410 p. (In Persian).

Singh, M., and N.R. Achhireddy. 1984. Germination ecology of Meelkweedvine (Morrenia odorata). Weed Science. 32:781-785.

Soltani, A., E. Zeinali, S. Galeshi, and N. Latifi. 2001. Genetic variation for and interrelationships among seed vigor traits in wheat from the Caspian Sea coast of Iran. Seed Sci. Technol. 29: 653-662.

Susko, D.J., J.P. Mueller, and J.F. Spears. 1999. Influence of environmental factors on germination and emergence of Pueraria lobata. Weed Science. 47: 585–588.

Szabolcs, I. 1994. Soils and salinisation. In Pessarakali, M. (eds.), Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. Pp: 311. Marcel Dekker, New York.

Tang, D.S., M. Hamayun, Y. M. Ko, Y. P. Zhang, S. M. Kang, and I.J. Lee. 2008. Role of red light. Temperature, stratification and nitrogen in breaking seed dormancy of Chenopodium album L. J. Crop Science. Biotechnology. 11: 199-204.

Yilmaz, D.D., and A. Aksoy. 2007. Physiological effects of different environmental condition of Rumex scutatus (Polygonaceae). Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 23(1-2):24 – 29.

Zhou, J., E. Deckard, and W.H. Ahrens. 2005. Factor affecting germination of hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides) seeds. Weed Science. 53: 41-45.