Biology

Open Access Article

1 - Aristotle’s Essentialism and Brian Ellis’s Scientific Essentialism
مریم معیرزاده

Essentialism like many philosophical subjects is rooted in the ideas ofGreek philosophers. This theory is related to the stability, motion andchange. In fact, a reasonable explanation of the motion and change wasinterest of philosophers. Aristotle's theory is in this fi More

Essentialism like many philosophical subjects is rooted in the ideas ofGreek philosophers. This theory is related to the stability, motion andchange. In fact, a reasonable explanation of the motion and change wasinterest of philosophers. Aristotle's theory is in this field. This theorythat concerns to laws of nature was the most notable philosophicalachievements and metaphysical foundation for the science of that time.Aristotle was able to study species of plants and animals as a naturalkind because of variety and apparent difference between them. In hisview, any natural kind acts in goal-oriented. From this perspective,Aristotle’s essentialism has been criticism, so was not a serious activityon this topic till 20 century. Brian Ellis is formulated his scientificessentialism with offers to natural kinds and dispositional properties.He offers a variety of criteria for natural kind but he does not acceptbiological kind because it does not satisfy some of the criteria. Heclaims that his scientific essentialism is realistic. The natural kinds ofthis theory are in transition and interact to each other. What appearsdepends on a variety of roles of natural kinds that participating in theprocess. The paper presents two ideas of Aristotle and Ellis'essentialism and pays to new essentialism functionality. This studypresents why Ellis does not accept natural kind in biology even geneticstructure and unlike the traditional view, according to close relationshipbetween the definition and explanation, there is no such connection inEllis’s essentialism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Theory of Evolution and Historical Explanation in Biology
کیوان الستی

Many biologists believe that evolution is grant theory in modernbiology. Believing on the centrality of evolutionary theory to the rest ofbiology is a special case of a more general idea: nothing in biology canbe understood completely without attending to its history. A More

Many biologists believe that evolution is grant theory in modernbiology. Believing on the centrality of evolutionary theory to the rest ofbiology is a special case of a more general idea: nothing in biology canbe understood completely without attending to its history. According tothis idea, we should regard biology as a historical science rather than anomothetic one. But it may be supposed that as physics have beenchanged from a historical to nomothetic science, biology should also bechanged to a more “accurate” science; that is, a nomothetic science. Inthis essay, I try to reject this idea by presenting some historicalevidences to show that it is not because of evolutionary theory thatbiology is historical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Reduction, Function, and Double Operationalism in Philosophy of Biology
مجید داودی

The reduction of properties, method, and other concepts of biology tochemistry and/or physics appears in early literature of philosophy ofscience and to now is one of most debates in it. First, here, thereductionist approaches are, briefly, introduced; then it is illust More

The reduction of properties, method, and other concepts of biology tochemistry and/or physics appears in early literature of philosophy ofscience and to now is one of most debates in it. First, here, thereductionist approaches are, briefly, introduced; then it is illustratedthat which one is more applicable in biology; and is relevant to whichtopics. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Comparison of ocular microflora in New Zealand white, Angora and Dutch Rabbits
SM Rajaei, سیامک Mashhadi Rafie, مسعود Selk Ghaffari, M.N Masouleh, محمود Jamshidian,

One of the important ocular tests in case of ophthalmic infection and corneal ulcer is microbial culture. In the present study ocular microflora of Newzealand white, angora, and Dutch rabbits were evaluated. 96 rabbits from three different breeds (32 of each breed) were More

One of the important ocular tests in case of ophthalmic infection and corneal ulcer is microbial culture. In the present study ocular microflora of Newzealand white, angora, and Dutch rabbits were evaluated. 96 rabbits from three different breeds (32 of each breed) were studied. All animals enrolled in the study after complete physical and ophthalmic examination. Ophthalmic examination was including slit lamp biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, measurement of intraocular pressure, measurement of tear production, corneal dye with fluorescein. For microbiologic evaluation, sterile swabs were used for sampling from the cornea and lower conjunctival fornix. The culture was initiated immediately after sampling. After 48 hours of incubation, the growth of bacteria was observed, and then differential and biochemistry tests were performed. Results of microbiological culture revealed the difference in bacteria species, especially in gram-negative ones. More eyes with positive bacterial culture were observed in Dutch rabbits. No significant differences were reported in gram-positive bacteria population. Common isolated ocular microflora of rabbits is gram-positive. Clinical significant differences in isolated bacteria and species were observed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Aquatic Animals: With an Emphasis on Foraging Behaviour
Saeed Shafiei Sabet

10.22034/jest.2018.24761.3383

Backgroun and Objective:Noise pollution caused by human activities is one of the types of environmental pollution. Anthropogenic noise level is increasing in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. Human activities have acoustically changed aquatic environments over the More

Backgroun and Objective:Noise pollution caused by human activities is one of the types of environmental pollution. Anthropogenic noise level is increasing in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. Human activities have acoustically changed aquatic environments over the past decades and anthropogenic noise is now recognized as a ubiquitous pollutant in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Shipping activities, wind mills, pile driving, seismic surveys, naval sonars and fisheries activities are all accompanied by the introduction of anthropogenic sounds in the water. Method: Here, we investigate how anthropogenic noise impairs behaviour and foraging activities, which has direct and indirect consequences for aquatic species survival and reproductive success. Findings: While a broad range of direct destruction caused by human activities in terrestrial and aquatic habitats is relatively well understood, there is a lack of knowledge about such activities on wildlife and captive species. For example, in laboratory condition, elevated sound levels may affect predator-prey interactions. We still have little understanding of the potentially negative consequences of noise pollution for aquatic life. Discussion and conculation: Changes in foraging tendency and efficiency may directly and indirectly affect relative species abundance of both predator and prey and induce changes at the community level. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - PCR-DGGE: a new technique in the world of microbiology
arvin tavakoli

PCR-DGGE is one of the newest molecular methods. This technique separates co-size DNA fragments based on sequence differences and was originally devised to discover DNA polymorphism. PCR-DGGE uses in different fields of microbiology Such as medical microbiology, food mi More

PCR-DGGE is one of the newest molecular methods. This technique separates co-size DNA fragments based on sequence differences and was originally devised to discover DNA polymorphism. PCR-DGGE uses in different fields of microbiology Such as medical microbiology, food microbiology and industrial microbiology. In this method, after DNA extraction from the specimen, DNA is amplified by universal primers through PCR. Subsequently, the PCR is loaded on the DGGE gel containing denaturing gradient of urea and formamide and the electrophoresis is performed. The DGGE separates the DNA fragments that belong to different bacteria, which can be used for further analysis. Despite of some limitation such as length limit of considered DNA fragment, the PCR-DGGE technique can be used as a fast and efficient technique for many purposes in microbiology. In this study, following the introducing of PCR-DGGE method, we are going to investigate the advantages and limitations of this technique in microbiological research. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Reproductive Biology of Giant Cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis, Ehrenberg, 1831) in the Northern Waters of the Persian Gulf
Nassir Niamaimandi Ali Mobarrezi Gholam Moradi Khosrow Aeinjamshid

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the management of simultaneous catch season and spawning period of giant cuttlefish and determine a new solution for optimal management for conservation and continuity of fisheries in the region. Materials and Methods: More

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the management of simultaneous catch season and spawning period of giant cuttlefish and determine a new solution for optimal management for conservation and continuity of fisheries in the region. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from the catches of traditional gear of traps at landing places of Bushehr and Khuzestan. 100 to 150 samples were randomly selected and sorted by sex. Reproductive status in males and females were studied using gonadosomatic index (GSI) and statistical calculations. Results: The result of GSI in males and females indicated the highest reproductive activity in February and March, and then reproductive activities were reduced in both sexes. Sex ratio was ½ and Chi-squared (X2) tests gave for both sexes, indicating that the ratio of males to females was significantly different (p> 0.5). The results of present study show that opening period of the giant cuttlefish in the studied area is simultaneous with maximum spawning period of the species. Based on the results of the present study, it is necessary to develop a new management for exploitation of the giant cuttlefish in the area.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Effect of Burial Depth on Tuber Sprouting and Growth of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) Ecotypes
mohammad roozkhosh Seyed Vahid Eslami Majid Jami-Al-Ahmadi

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is a problematic weed in tropical regions particularly in Jiroft, Kahnooj and Birjand, so that farmers annually suffer severe damage to their vegetable and cucurbit crops. Currently, very little research on the biological basis of t More

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is a problematic weed in tropical regions particularly in Jiroft, Kahnooj and Birjand, so that farmers annually suffer severe damage to their vegetable and cucurbit crops. Currently, very little research on the biological basis of this noxious weed has been don.This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of burial depth on tubes germination and emergence of different purple nutsedge ecotypes. Purple nutsedge tubers were collected from birjand, kahnooj and jiroft regions. A factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design in University of Birjand with three replications. To investigate the viability of tubers before being used for bioassays, their germination potentials were examined in a growth chamber set at 25/15°C. Then, ten tubers of each ecotype with almost equal weight (3.6gr) and size were planted in polyethylene tubes with 25 cm in diameter and 50 cm in height. Ten tubers of each purple nutsedge ecotype were sown at 8 different depths, including 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm. At the termination of experiment, number of tubers and pre tubers, underground tuber dry weight, shoot number and above ground dry weight were recorded. Results showed that purple nutsedge tubers were able to emerge from very deep burial depths (up to a depth of 50 cm), and in this regard, there were some differences among the three ecotypes. Generally, as depth increases, the number and weight of tubers, and shoots decreased; whereas the burial depth showed no effect on the shoot height and pre-tuber production. Therefore, in addition to deep plowing, other control methods such as cultural control and chemical methods should be used in an integrated management. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Effect Education with Conceptual Mapping on the Academic Achievement of Biology Lesson for High School Students in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad
mohsen taghizadeh Eskandar Fathiazar moslem azarbakhsh

10.30486/jsre.2018.545166

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of educational method using a conceptual mapping on the amount of learning in the course of biology, especially in terms of meaningful learning. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-te More

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of educational method using a conceptual mapping on the amount of learning in the course of biology, especially in terms of meaningful learning. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test was used. The statistical population of this study was the third grade high school students of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province in the year 2013-2014. Two classes were selected through purposeful sampling (each class included 20), in the control group, the students learned the lessons in the usual way, and in the experimental group the curriculum was presented in the form of conceptual maps to the students. The impact of this application on the learner's academic achievement in the biology course was measured through academic achievement tests with acceptable indicators of validity and reliability. The findings of the present study show that conceptual learning training has a positive effect on the degree of academic achievement of the biology course as well as its meaningful learning. Manuscript profile

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10 - The study of the effect of inductively teaching biology on the creativity of the students
Saeed Veisi Sadaf Imani Rasoul Kordnoghabi Mehran Farhadi Behrooz Behrooz

Focusing on the male students in second grade of high school, in Hamadan, this essay is to identify how inductive thinking method can affect on the students’ creativity. The method being used, in this research, was of the experimental one, having both experimental More

Focusing on the male students in second grade of high school, in Hamadan, this essay is to identify how inductive thinking method can affect on the students’ creativity. The method being used, in this research, was of the experimental one, having both experimental and control groups as well as pre and post tests, randomly being chosen. All male students in second grade of state high school were the consistent parts of the statistical population sampling method was of clustering type.60 students, randomly being divided into two groups of 30, were selected. In order to test the students’ creativity, at first, a pre-test (Abedi 1993) was given. Then, seven training sessions were held. Having passed these sessions, the students, in both groups, were given Abedi’s creativity test, as the post-test. Both multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Spss21 software have been used to analyze the data. The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between teaching inductively and creativity (F=22/32, df=1, p>0/01). This very teaching method, also, is significantly related with the capability of development(F=13/27,df=1, p>0/01), mobility(F=14/23,df=1, p>0/01), creativity(F=16/51,df=1, p>0/01) and flexibility(F=9/90,df=1, p>0/01). Manuscript profile

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11 - Comparison of Influence of Cooperative Learning with Mixed Teaching Method of Short Lecture and Question & Answer in Biology Achievement
زهره همدانی فریبا حقانی محمد جواد لیاقتدار

  The purpose of this study has been comparison of influence of cooperative learning method with mixed teaching method of short lecture and question & answer in biology achievement . Method of this study was quasi-experimental. The statistics population was thi More

  The purpose of this study has been comparison of influence of cooperative learning method with mixed teaching method of short lecture and question & answer in biology achievement . Method of this study was quasi-experimental. The statistics population was third girl students in Isfahan high school in schooling year 2008– 2009. Sample volume was 68 which 30 person in experimental group and 38 person in control group. Sampling method was simple random. Cooperative learning was used in experimental group and was done common teaching in classrooms, compilation of short lecture and question & answer method, in control group. The study instruments was inclusive of text and made-researcher achievement tests whose validity and reliability had been confirmed before implementation by relative experts. The reliability tests was determined with implementation in sample group and then with using of split-halves method. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistics (including mean and SD) and by inferential statistics (as χ2 and independent t-test). The results indicated difference mean of pre-tests and post-tests within control group (P £ 0.05) that teaching with compilation of short lecture and question & answer method has been more than experimental group . Manuscript profile

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12 - Content analysis of biology book in second grade of high school based on Gardnerâs theory of Multiple Intelligences
مریم یوسفی قصابسرایی کامیان خزایی

This is a content analysis of biology book in second grade of high school based on Gardner’s multiple intelligences. Different units of biology book in second grade was evaluated to explore how muchvariables of Gardner’s multiple intelligences formed content More

This is a content analysis of biology book in second grade of high school based on Gardner’s multiple intelligences. Different units of biology book in second grade was evaluated to explore how muchvariables of Gardner’s multiple intelligences formed content of this book. Each sentence was considered as analysis unit. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and chi square test. Findings showed that more attention has been paid to logical-mathematical intelligence. Most content of book has been presented by text and there was not balanced volume in different chapters of book. Some chaptershave more volume and others were meaningfully brief. In addition, multiple intelligences variables has not beenusedequally in different parts (i.e. text, self-assessment, learn more, figures). Moreover, intelligence variables were not used equally in different chapters and the entire book. Based on findings, biology book of second grade of high school is more focused on logical-mathematical intelligence and there is less or lack of attention to the other aspects of intelligence. Manuscript profile

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13 - The study of the Impact of teaching Biology based on the Inductive Thinking Method on the learning levels: considering the Male Students in the second grade of high schools
Saaed Veisi Kahreh Rasool Kordnoghabi Mehran Farhadi

Focusing on the male students in the second grade of high school in Hamedan city, this research had been conducted to identify the effectiveness of the inductive teaching method on the learning levels :(remembering, understanding, and applying). It was, also, designed b More

Focusing on the male students in the second grade of high school in Hamedan city, this research had been conducted to identify the effectiveness of the inductive teaching method on the learning levels :(remembering, understanding, and applying). It was, also, designed based on the experimental type (Solomon's four groups). All the students in second grade of high schools in Hamedan had been chosen as the statistical population, based on the cluster sampling. To collect the data, a researcher-made questioner, including 30 multiple questions (with content validity) was used, the first ten of which focused on the remembering (the extent of learning) and the rest measured the understanding and applying (the depth of learning). Randomly selected, 80 students had been categorized in four groups of 20 students (2 control groups and 2 experimental groups). At first, the pre-test was taken and after passing seven sessions of education, all four groups were given the post- test. In order to analyze the data, MANOVA was used. Based on the findings, it was determined that inductive thinking method had significant effect on the extent of learning (remembering) however, there was no significant effect regarding the depth of learning (understanding, applying). It can be, therefore, said that this very teaching method can increase the extent of the learning but not the depth of learning. Manuscript profile

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14 - A preliminary study on the biology of Epiblema aquana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in rose gardens of Kashan, Iran
Mohammad Reza Nematollahi

Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.), a plant growing in low water area of Kashan (Iran), has economic importance. One of the pests of the plant is Epiblema aquana (Hubner) [=Notocelia raborana Den. & Sciff.]from Lepidoptera order and Tortricidaefamily. During 2000-20 More

Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.), a plant growing in low water area of Kashan (Iran), has economic importance. One of the pests of the plant is Epiblema aquana (Hubner) [=Notocelia raborana Den. & Sciff.]from Lepidoptera order and Tortricidaefamily. During 2000-2001 some aspects of pest morphology and biology were studied in rose gardens of Kashan region. By inspecting rose gardens in different regions of Isfahan province (Iran), host range of the pest was studied by inspecting different plants inside and margins of the rose gardens and infected regions were recorded. Results showed that the larvae start their feeding from early May. After formation of flower buds, they make a feeding nest, through spinning threads between buds and the nearest leaves. Larval feeding leads to destruction of small buds and damage to larger buds. Adults appeared from late June to early August and females laid the eggs in clusters, under leaves. In addition to damask rose, the pest could feed on other roses and also on fruit trees in the margins of rose gardens. The pest was distributed in different rose gardens of Kashan and Ghamsar regions. The highest density, however, belongs to Barzok region, which has the highest cultivation area of damask rose in the province. Manuscript profile

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15 - Study on some biological aspects of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cotton in the laboratory condtions
Seyed Hamid Reza Forghani Nazila Honarparvar

The two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch is a serious and extremely polyphagous pest in many parts of the world as well as one of the most common pests on cotton in Iran. In this study, the biology of T. urticae on Sahel cultivar of cotton was investigated More

The two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch is a serious and extremely polyphagous pest in many parts of the world as well as one of the most common pests on cotton in Iran. In this study, the biology of T. urticae on Sahel cultivar of cotton was investigated with 43 replications under laboratory condition with temperature 28±2ºC, humidity %60±5, and photo period 16:8 L: D. The result revealed that the average lifetime for female spider mite was 21.07±0.57 and for male 19.23±0.46 days. The average number of eggs laid by fertile female was 5.97±0.85 and infertile female were 6.31±0.6 eggs day. Incubation period for fertile eggs were 11.62±0.25 days and for infertile eggs were 10.69±0.93. The sex ratio of male to female was 1:2.3. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Seasonal abundance of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) in Jahrom vineyards, Fars Province-Iran
Majid Fallahzadeh Nazila Saghaei Hadi Ostovan

The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) has been found in most grape-production areas throughout the world. The damage of the pest has increased on grape in some parts of Fars province-Iran during recent years. Some ecological aspects of vine mealybug were studi More

The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) has been found in most grape-production areas throughout the world. The damage of the pest has increased on grape in some parts of Fars province-Iran during recent years. Some ecological aspects of vine mealybug were studied in vineyards in Jahrom during 2008-2009. Seasonal abundance of vine mealybugwas monitored by time-consuming examination technique. In geographical condition of Jahrom vineyards P. ficus has 5 generations of seasonal abundance from April to November. After fifth generation all stages of P. ficus (female adult, nymphal instars and egg) overwintered on root from late November to next March. Population density of female adult and nymphal instars increased rapidly in May and has a great decline after harvest in August. Vine mealybugs were found in trunk in spring, leaves, buds and fruit in summer, however, the mealybugs always were found in protected locations (under the bark of the trunk). Manuscript profile

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17 - Biology of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) on commercial cultivars of mandarin in Mazandaran province
Maryam Abbaspour Jinous Rastegar Shaban Ali Mafi Pashakolaei Esmaeil Gholamian

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephrtidae) is the most important pest causing damage to citrus fruit trees in the north of Iran. Biology of C. capitata was investigated on five mandarin cultivars under laboratory condition at temperature 27±1 OC, 70±5 RH and photo More

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephrtidae) is the most important pest causing damage to citrus fruit trees in the north of Iran. Biology of C. capitata was investigated on five mandarin cultivars under laboratory condition at temperature 27±1 OC, 70±5 RH and photo period 14L: 10D in control unit of Iran citrus research institute greenhouse in 2011. The result indicated that the mean developmental time of eggs under laboratory conditions on Page, Celementin, Onsho, Unesi and Yashar cultivars was 2.5±0.15, 1.8±0.2, 1.3±0.2, 2.4±0.18 and 2.7±0.12 days, respectively. The mean of larval period ranged from 9.8±0.2 days on Unesi to 12±0.22 days on page. Also, the experiments showed that there were no significant differences between pupal duration and pupae weight on mandarin cultivars. The mean developmental time for entire immature stages on Page, Celementin, Onsho, Unesi and Yashar was 27±0.52, 24.1±0.65, 22±0.57 25±0.65 and 26.5±0.47 days, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Effects of different regimes of photoperiod and temperature on biology of Callosobruchus maculatus (Col., Bruchidae)
H. Rezaei SH. Goldasteh E. Sanatgar S. Beigy

Callosobruchus maculatus Pic. (Col., Bruchidae) is one of the main pests inside the stores and farms. The effects of light (absolute darkness and light) and temperature (20, 25 and 30◦C) on growth of C. maculatus were investigated. The experiment was conducted in 6 trea More

Callosobruchus maculatus Pic. (Col., Bruchidae) is one of the main pests inside the stores and farms. The effects of light (absolute darkness and light) and temperature (20, 25 and 30◦C) on growth of C. maculatus were investigated. The experiment was conducted in 6 treatments using a factorial completely randomized design. The results showed that females under the conditions of 30ºC and complete darkness, the life stages of the pest passed in 40 days and under the conditions of 20ºC and complete light, the life stages passed in 86 days. The pre-adult period of females was 78.09 days under 20ºC and complete light, but it was 22 days in 30ºC and compelet darkness. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Study of cucumber plant nutrition effect by different levels of potassium on biological parameters and life table of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae)
M. Motahari K. Kheradmand A. M. Roustaee A. A. Talebi

Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pests of cucumber. In order to investigate the effect of different concentrations of potassium on biology and life table of this mite, cucumber plant was nourished by th More

Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pests of cucumber. In order to investigate the effect of different concentrations of potassium on biology and life table of this mite, cucumber plant was nourished by three levels of potassium including deficiency level of potassium K1 (5 meq/l K+), standard level of potassium K2 (7 meq/l K+) and excess level of potassium K3 (9 meq/l K+). The experiments were performed under laboratory conditions at 25±1 C°, 60±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hours. Based on the obtained results, the mean of pre-imaginal developmental time in deficiency, standard and excess levels of potassium was 11.66, 12.15 and 11.35 days for males and 12.2, 11.78 and 10.73 days for females, respectively. The highest mean of females life span was observed in plants which nourished by the lowest concentration of potassium and showed significant different with two other levels of potassium. The maen of oviposition period in mentioned levels was 13.71, 8.18 and 11.72 days, respectively. Also the maximum value of total fecundity was recorded in deficiency level of potassium. Mortality percentage of pre-imaginal stages was estimated 30.74, 23.65 and 20.34% in mentioned levels, respectively. Age specific survival rate (lx) at adult emergence in deficiency, standard and excess levels of potassium was estimated 0.55, 0.66 and 0.73, respectively. The highest value of life expectancy (ex) in the start of the experiments was recorded as 35.31 days in 9 meq/l K+ concentration. The results showed that deficiency of potassium in cucumber plants is caused more reproduction in two- spotted spider mite. So proper management of plant nutrition can be one of the most effective strategies to control this pest in integrated pest management programs. Manuscript profile

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20 - Biological study of olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis Hbn. (Lep., Pyralidae) in Golestan province, Iran
J. Alavi

The olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis Hubner, is one of the most important pest of olive trees in Golestan province. The larva attacks young shoots and feed on leaf parenchyma. In heavy infestations larvae also attack the fruits of late ripen cultivars. Biological stud More

The olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis Hubner, is one of the most important pest of olive trees in Golestan province. The larva attacks young shoots and feed on leaf parenchyma. In heavy infestations larvae also attack the fruits of late ripen cultivars. Biological studies in controlled and field conditions, during 2001-2003, showed that the insect has six generations per year in Gorgan. Adults of overwintered larvae appeared by the end of winter and adults of the first generation appeared in mid-March. Insect overwintered as larva among leaves on olive trees. Eggs were laid on the lower surface of terminal rows of leaves, most of eggs were laid solitary. Results showed that, the present work, the mean number of eggs that was laid by each female, was 231. Eggs hatched after 2.5 days, the larva and pupa stage duration were 21.5 and 8.6 days, respectively. Nearly most of pupae were formed in cocoons in the soil. The average longevity of female and male adults was 14 and 13.6 days, respectively.   Manuscript profile

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21 - Study on biology and distribution of biocontrol agents of the knapweed Acroptilon repens L. in South Khorasan and introduction of Metzneria paucipunctella (Zeller, 1839) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) for Iran
B. Khalil Tahmasbi S. Moodi Gh. Zamani GH. Assadi M. T. Alebrahim

During 2011 and 2012, field studies were conducted in different parts of the South of khorasan, where contaminated to Russian knapweed to find its natural enemies. Three insect species Urophora xanthippe (Dip.: Tephritidae) and Metzneria paucipunctella Zeller (Lep.: Gel More

During 2011 and 2012, field studies were conducted in different parts of the South of khorasan, where contaminated to Russian knapweed to find its natural enemies. Three insect species Urophora xanthippe (Dip.: Tephritidae) and Metzneria paucipunctella Zeller (Lep.: Gelechiidae) and Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi, 1794 (Dip.: Tephritidae( were identified. M. paucipunctella (Zeller, 1839) (Lep. Gelechiidae) is introduced for the first time for Iran and U. xanthippe (Munro, 1934) for the first time for fauna of Khorasan. Results showed that overwintering larvae of U. xanthippe become pupae in early May and converted to adult after 7/13 (d). Adults emerge from pupae and mate after 3 (h) with no feeding. Due to the high potential of head flies in reducing the number of seeds and also due to the limited host range of the knapweed, the insect can be used in biological control of knapweed. Manuscript profile

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22 - Effect of ultra violet irradiation on biological parameters of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lep., Pyralidae)
A. Bakhshi A. A. Talebi Y. Fathipour

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan species. This species has been distributed in Iran and all over the World. In this research, the effect of UV-irradiation on the biology and life table parameters of P.interpunct More

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan species. This species has been distributed in Iran and all over the World. In this research, the effect of UV-irradiation on the biology and life table parameters of P.interpunctella was investigated. Three age groups of eggs (1, 2 and 3-day-old)were exposed to UV-irradiation (254nm wavelength) for 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 minutes at temperature 25±5ºC and a photoperiod of 10:14 (L:D), without humidity control. The results indicated that all exposure periods of UV-irradiation reduced hatching eggs. An increase in time of exposure to irradiation caused a gradual decrease in percentage of hatching in all age groups of eggs. However, for each exposure duration, the hatching rate was decreased as the age of irradiated eggs increased from 1 to 3 days. Hatching rates decreased from 71.33% at 0.5 min to 0.67% at 8 min exposure time in 1-day-old eggs, from 35% at 0.5 min to 1.67% at 4 min exposure time in 2-day-old eggs and from 31.67% at 0.5 min to 1.67% at 2 min     exposure periods in 3-day-old eggs. No hatching eggs occurred at higher exposure times. At three age groups of eggs all exposure periods of UV-radiation increased significantly the incubation period of eggs of males and females in comparison to controls The longest incubation period in males and females was recorded in 3-day-old eggs which treated by 0.5 min exposure time. (7.00±0.00 and 7.67±0.33 days, respectively). There was no significant different between adult longevity of controls and irradiation adult in 1, 2 and 3-day-old eggs. In all age groups of eggs, adult longevity of females was longer than males. The results showed that UVC irradiation has greater effects on the eggs of P.interpunctella than other developmental stages. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Biology of Noghi scale, Salicicola davatchi, in the pistachio-growing areas of Rafsanjan, Iran
F. Kazemi M. R. Mehrnejad A. Rajabi H. Salmani Nejad

The Noghi scale, Salicicola davatchii Balachowski & Kaussari (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is considered as a pest for cultivated pistachio trees in Iran. This insect sucks up of plant sap and causes trees' weakness as well as decreases of yield quantity and quality. The More

The Noghi scale, Salicicola davatchii Balachowski & Kaussari (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is considered as a pest for cultivated pistachio trees in Iran. This insect sucks up of plant sap and causes trees' weakness as well as decreases of yield quantity and quality. The biology and lifecycle of S. davatchi were studied in commercial pistachio orchards in Rafsanjan, southern part of Iran. The results showed that this scale usually lives on trees' branches, although the nymphs were found on leaves and fruits occasionally. The crawlers move very slowly and just for a very short distances, therefore usually shields of scales are found in piles on branches. The males appear on pistachio branches from  late March that is continued for 20 days, and 7 to 10 days later, eggs were formed under female’s shield. The first stage nymphs appeared on branches from early May and reached the peak 5 to 10 days later. The second nymphal stage appeared at late June. Those scales that develop on either leaves or fruits produce second generation, although these nymphs are unable to complete their lifecycle due to fruit harvesting as well as leaves fall. This species produces one successful generation within a year including two nymphal stages. This scale hibernates as the second nymphal stage. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Comparison of the biological characteristics of two local populations of Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hem., Aphididae) on rape seed in laboratory conditions
F. Eskuruchi A. A. Talebi A. Hajgozar Sh. Goldasteh

The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hem., Aphididae) is one of the most important pests of rapeseed and most other crucifera in many parts of the world. In this study, demographic parameters including life table, reproduction and population growth parameters of More

The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hem., Aphididae) is one of the most important pests of rapeseed and most other crucifera in many parts of the world. In this study, demographic parameters including life table, reproduction and population growth parameters of two populations of B. Brassica, collected fromShiraz and Gorgan, were studied. Experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions at 25±1ºC, 60±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 hours (L: D). Data were analyzed according to Jackknife method using SAS and MINITAB statistical softwares. The results indicated that, there was significant difference between mean preimaginal developmental time of aphid in two population of Shiraz and Gorgan (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between mean lifespan of aphid in two population of Shiraz and Gorgan. The life expectancy of newly emerged adults was 7.92 and 9.46 days in two populations of Shiraz and Gorgan, respectively. The gross fecundity rate in Shiraz population was higher than Gorgan population. There was a significant difference between gross fecundity rate in two population of Shiraz and Gorgan (P<0.01). The net reproduction rate was 9.22 and 7.54 females per female per generation in Shiraz and Gorgan population, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase in two populations of Shiraz and Gorgan were 0.21 and 0.19 females/female/day, respectively. The finite rates of increase were obtained 1.23 and 1.21 days in Shiraz and Gorgan populations, respectively. The mean generation time of aphid was 10.58 and 10.48 days in two populations of Shiraz and Gorgan, respectively. The doubling time of aphid was 3.30 and 3.59 days in Shiraz and Gorgan populations, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Biology, seasonal population fluctuation and distribution of the Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hom: Margarodidae) in east of Mazandaran province, Iran
S. Javadi S. E. Mahdavian

The cottony cushion scale  Icerya purchasi Maskell is a  polyphagous pest which has been distributed all around the word including Iran. The pest attacks to citrus and many other plants. The biology of I. purchasi at laboratory conditions (21.7°C, 75 R. H. More

The cottony cushion scale  Icerya purchasi Maskell is a  polyphagous pest which has been distributed all around the word including Iran. The pest attacks to citrus and many other plants. The biology of I. purchasi at laboratory conditions (21.7°C, 75 R. H. and 10:14 L:D) and its seasonal  population fluctuations in two citrus orchards located in Sari (North of Iran) were studied during 2003- 2005. Samples were taken weekly from 10 trees in each orchard. Three 10cm twigs were taken randomly from each tree in each sampling occasion and number of adults and nymphs were recorded in laboratory. The mean  number of eggs per female was 295. 7 with incubation  period of 9. 1 days. Developmental  period of the 1st , 2nd and 3rd  instars was 19.5, 26.5 and 56.2 days respectively. Adults were observed from April to March. Three peaks of nymphs occurred in July, November and February and three for adults in May, August and February. According to these data, it is estimated that I. purchasi overwinters in all stages specially the 2nd  instar nymphs. The investigation showed that the cottony cushion scale distributed throughout the east  of  Mazandaran from Behshahr to Noor. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Biology of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso (Hem., Coccidae) under laboratory conditions and its seasonal fluctuations in citrus orchards in Mazandaran province
S. A. Mafi Pashakolaei

Biology of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso (Hem., Coccidae) and its seasonal fluctuations were studied in citrus orchards in Mazandaran province, Iran, during 1996-1997. The pest has 3-4 generations and over-winters as eggs, 2nd and 3rd stages and adu More

Biology of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso (Hem., Coccidae) and its seasonal fluctuations were studied in citrus orchards in Mazandaran province, Iran, during 1996-1997. The pest has 3-4 generations and over-winters as eggs, 2nd and 3rd stages and adults on different citrus varieties and ornamental plants in the region of study. The shortest and longest developmental periods of one generation were 38 and 50 days, respectively. The mean numbers of eggs per female were 159, 229 and 171 in spring, summer and autumn, respectively. The mean life-span of males was 41.1 and 65.8 and for females were 52.4 and 84.3 days at 20 and 25℃, respectively. The activity of over-wintering individual began at the end of April in both sprayed and unsprayed orchards. However, the peak of the mealybug population occurred in August and September in unsprayed orchards and in September and October in sprayed ones. The peak of population of natural enemies synchronized with the peak of the pest in unsprayed orchards. This synchronization might be a reason for reduction of the pest damage to fruit by 30%-40% in unsprayed orchards. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Effect of ultra violet irradiation (UVC) on biological parameters of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lep., Gelechiidae)
S. Moharramipour A. A. Talebi R. Sedaghat

The Angoumoise grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella(Olivier), is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan species. This pest is distributed in Iran and all over the world. In this research, the effect of UV-irradiation was investigated on the biological parameters of S. cerealella. T More

The Angoumoise grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella(Olivier), is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan species. This pest is distributed in Iran and all over the world. In this research, the effect of UV-irradiation was investigated on the biological parameters of S. cerealella. The 1, 2 and 3-days-old eggs were exposed to UV-irradiation (254 nm wavelength) for 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 minutes at temperature of 27±3ºC, a photoperiod of 10: 14 (L: D) and 60±5% relative humidity. The results indicated that all exposure periods of UV-irradiation reduced percentage of hatching eggs. An increase in time of exposure to irradiation caused a gradual decrease in percentage of hatching in all age groups of eggs. It was observed that 2 and 3-days-old of S. cerealella eggs were more sensitive to UV-irradiation than 1-day-old eggs. Percentage of hatching eggs was 88.33% in control. However, hatching were inhibited up to 35.83, 3.33 and 18.33, respectively by 4 min exposure of 1, 2 and 3-days-old eggs of S. cerealella to UV-irradiation. At 2 and 3-days-old eggs, all exposure periods of UV-radiation increased significantly the incubation period of eggs of males and females in comparison to control. Adult longevity of females originating from 2 and 3 days-old treated eggs decreased significantly in comparison to control. However, in all age groups of eggs, no significant difference was observed between adult longevity of males in treated eggs and control. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Study on biology and behavior of pod borer, Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. (Lep., Noctuidae) in laboratory conditions
M. Kahrarian R. Ebadi H. Seyedol-eslami M.T. Tohidi

The pod borer, Heliothis viriplaca Hufn., is one of the most serious pests of chickpea in the Middle East countries. For the life cycle studies, determination of different larval stages and other behavioral activity, the pupae were collected from cultivated fields and r More

The pod borer, Heliothis viriplaca Hufn., is one of the most serious pests of chickpea in the Middle East countries. For the life cycle studies, determination of different larval stages and other behavioral activity, the pupae were collected from cultivated fields and reared under laboratory conditions (25±2°C, %70±5 RH and 14/10 L:D). The laboratory test showed that this pest has one generation per year with obligate diapause. By measuring of head capsule width determined five larvae instars for the pest, with the ranges of 0.423, 0.699, 1.29, 1.84 and 2.64 mm respectively. It has been also indicated that larvae have high cannibalistic tendency under unsuitable conditions so that the larger larvae feed on other small larvae and prepupation stage. In addition the laboratory trials revealed that although all pupae held in 2±1°C condition for 30 days emerged, average      oviposition of females decreased and most of the eggs did not hatch. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Population fluctuation and biology of oak moth, Porthesia melania Stgr. (Lep., Lymantriidae)
E. Mohammadi A. A. Zamani Sh. Goldasteh F. Jalilian

Porthesia melania Stgr. (Lep., Lymantriidae) is the most important pest of oak trees in Kermanshah province iran and its larvae feed on upper surface of oak leaves. The population fluctuations of larvae were investigated weekly in the region, from March 2008 until April More

Porthesia melania Stgr. (Lep., Lymantriidae) is the most important pest of oak trees in Kermanshah province iran and its larvae feed on upper surface of oak leaves. The population fluctuations of larvae were investigated weekly in the region, from March 2008 until April 2009. The highest and lowest densities of larvae were observed in the late March and mid May, respectively. During summer and winter, no larvae were observed on oak leaves. The third larval stage which lasted eight months from the late July until mid March in diapauses form, was the longest life stage of the oak moth. The pupae were formed in the soil. The adults emerged gradually during 37 days in the nature. The peak of adult emergence was on 23 May. The egg hatch was started from 5 May. Female moths lay 60-140 eggs on the oak leaves. The latest eggs hatched in mid June. Investigation on biology of oak moth revealed that this pest had one generation in a year in Miandar region and overwintered as the third instar larvae. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Effect of feeding edible mushrooms powder on intestinal microbiology and morphology of male Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Abolfazl Asadi Dizaji Habib Aghdam-Shahryar Abdolahad Shaddel &ndash;Teli Naser Maheri sis Jamshid Ghiasi- Ghalehkandi

10.30495/qafj.2022.1967736.1041

This research performed to study the intestinal microbiology and morphology of male Japanese quails supplemented with two type of edible mushrooms including common (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) powders. A total of 420 twenty-one day old male quail More

This research performed to study the intestinal microbiology and morphology of male Japanese quails supplemented with two type of edible mushrooms including common (Agaricus bisporus) and oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) powders. A total of 420 twenty-one day old male quail chicks were randomly allocated to seven experimental treatments. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 20 birds. The birds within the control group were given the basal diet for the respective growth stage. The other six groups were fed experimental diets based on the basal diets containing 0.5, 1, and 2 percent of dried either common or oyster mushroom powders. Birds were allowed to free access to have feed and water during the 84 days of experimental period. Count of coli-form bacteria in the gut and intestinal morphological characteristics were studied at the age of 84 days. Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli populations were significantly increased (P<0.05) by the 2% mushrooms compared to the control. Total counts (Aerobes) and Escherichia coli were significantly decreased (P<0.05) by the 2% mushrooms compared to the control. Crypt depth and papillae height in parts of 10, 50 and 70 percent's of gut were positively influenced by the supplementation of mushroom (P<0.05). Therefore it seems that mushrooms could be increased useful microflora and prove helpful in the fight against pathogenic organisms colonizing quail chickens. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Comparative Study of Feeding on Some Pollens on Biology of Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Arutunjian & Wainstein (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
E. Hajmohammadloo D. Shirdel

In this research, effect of feeding of five pollen sources, apple, pear, almond, apricot and walnut, as 5 treatments on the period of egg to adult, longevity and fecundity of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus bagdasarjani, was studied in a complete randomized design (CRD More

In this research, effect of feeding of five pollen sources, apple, pear, almond, apricot and walnut, as 5 treatments on the period of egg to adult, longevity and fecundity of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus bagdasarjani, was studied in a complete randomized design (CRD). Mites kept individually on black mulberry leaf discs at 24±2 °C temperature, 60±5 % relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hours, with a sufficient quantity of the pollens. Results showed that T. bagdasarjani could develop and reproduce when the predatory mite feed on the all of diets. Thus, the pollens can be alternative foods for the mite. The mean of developmental time from egg to adult emergence varied between the treatments from 11.69 to 21.49 days for females and 11.70 to 20.07 days for males. The minimum mean of developmental time of females and males was on walnut, almond and apple pollens and the maximum mean of it was on pear pollen. The mean of longevity varied among the treatments from 17.45 to 31.26 days for the females and 18.23 to 31.44 days for the male insects. The maximum mean longevity was on apricot and almond pollens for females and it had maximum amount on apricot and walnut for males. The minimum mean of longevity of females and males was on pear pollen. Also the maximum means of daily and total fecundity (0.73 and 9.60 eggs/female) were on apple and walnut pollens. The minimum amount of these means was on pear pollen. According to these results, almond and walnut pollens were the most suitable diet for T. bagdasarjani as compared to the other pollens. Among diets, pear pollen had least desirability and nutritional value for the mite.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - The Comparison of the Effect of Study and Planning Training through Using Electronic Content and Traditional Method on Academic Achievement in Biology Courses
Habibeh Rezaei Hesar Roghayeh Vahdat

This research aimed to compare the effect of study and planning training through using electronic content and traditional method on academic achievement in biology courses. This was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical populati More

This research aimed to compare the effect of study and planning training through using electronic content and traditional method on academic achievement in biology courses. This was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population included all female students in the first grade of high school in Urmia city during the academic year 2014-2015. Totally, 52 students were selected through cluster sampling method who were randomly assigned in two equal groups (each with 26 students). The experimental and control groups respectively were trained in studying and planning using electronic content and traditional method in 10 sessions of 70 minutes. Both groups completed the teacher-made biology test of academic achievement as the pre-test and post-test. The data were analyzed running ANCOVA, using the SPSS-19 software. The findings showed that training studying and planning through electronic content as compared to traditional method significantly led to an increase in the academic achievement in biology (p<0/01). Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that counselors and teachers improve the studentsʼ academic achievement in biology through employing studying and planning strategies, using electronic content. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Evaluation of growth Feature of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum trees using stem analysis
jamshid eslam dost hormoz sohrabi seyed mohsen hoseyni

Tree growth has a great ecological and economic importance and stem analysis is one of the reliable and widely used methods which is used to study the growth of different attributes of the trees. In the present study, we evaluated diameter, basal area, and height and vo More

Tree growth has a great ecological and economic importance and stem analysis is one of the reliable and widely used methods which is used to study the growth of different attributes of the trees. In the present study, we evaluated diameter, basal area, and height and volume growth of two fast growing species (namely Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum). After falling down the trees, 5 centimeter thick disks at 2 meter intervals were collected and transported to the laboratory. The thickness of the annual rings was measured in two perpendicular directions up to1millimeter precision. The results showed that the highest value of the current growth of diameter of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 4 and 6 year ages, respectively, equal to 1.5 and 5.4 cm and the highest value of the current basal area growth of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 9 and 10 year ages, respectively, equal to 0.1 and 0.14 square meters. Furthermore, the highest value of the current growth of height of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 6 and 9 year ages, respectively, with value of 1.3 m 3.1 m and the highest value of the current growth in the volume of Populus deltoides and Taxodium distichum occurred in 8 and 12 year ages, with a value of 0.094 and 0.1 cubic meters, respectively. Finally, there would be concluded that both of these species in such sites can meet the environmental needs such as green spaces as well as economic goals such as commercial wood product. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - The Effect of Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and International Business on Greenhouse Gas Emission in Iran
taghi torabi Amin khajooeipour samaneh tarighi mohammadreza pakravan

Abstract Nowadays the people all over the world are increasingly worried about the emission of greenhouse gas and the environmental changes resulted. Since Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the main source of pollution and emission of greenhouse gas, this paper is to study the r More

Abstract Nowadays the people all over the world are increasingly worried about the emission of greenhouse gas and the environmental changes resulted. Since Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the main source of pollution and emission of greenhouse gas, this paper is to study the relationship between the emission of this gas caused by energy consumption, economic growth and international trading in Iran during 1971-2011 based on environmental biology Kuznets Curve in practice. So, auto-distribution method with vast stops is used. The results represent that the use of energy, real gross national production per person and the rate of economy openness has a positive and significant effect on the emission of CO2. Furthermore, for the acceleration of short-term dividend pattern adjustment toward long-term balancing, error correction pattern is used. The coefficient estimated for ECM is -0.49 representing that imbalance of CO2 emission can be adjusted after two years by changing the level of energy consumption, national gross production and the rate of economy openness. By considering the increase of CO2 emission in Iran, it is necessary to make new environmental policies to decrease environmental destruction. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Encapsulation in Student Writings: A Cross-Disciplinary Study
Seyed Foad Ebrahimi Azadeh Mallaki

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - Identifying the Position of Information Technology and Innovation of the Undergraduate Biology Curriculum at Kabul Education University-Afghanistan
wahidullah abdurahimzai Mahbobah Arefi Koroush Fathi vajargah Esmaeil Jafari

The purpose of the research is to identify the position of information technology and innovation in the Undergraduate Biology Curriculum at Kabul Education University. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and exploratory Grounded theory method in the More

The purpose of the research is to identify the position of information technology and innovation in the Undergraduate Biology Curriculum at Kabul Education University. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and exploratory Grounded theory method in the spring of 1401. To collect data, a semi-structured interview tool was used with two groups of biology professors and students who participated in 19. To analyze the data, the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin was used. Findings show that three important components include (the position of technology and innovation in the beauty of nature and environmental protection, the position of information technology and innovation in human and animal genetics and plant, the position of information technology and innovation in virtual education and augmented reality) were identified. The findings indicate that information technology and innovation in the field of biology are facing a deficiency of modern tools for conducting advanced experiments and using teaching-learning activities. To reduce the challenges, the officials and policymakers of information technology and innovation should pay attention to equipping modern laboratory materials and tools, building the capacity of human resources, and being aware of innovations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - The effect of virtual reality on learning, memorization and cognitive load
farzaneh gharibi Faezah Nateghi Saeid Mosavipour mohamad seifi

, the present study aimed to determine the effect of virtual reality education on learning, memorization and cognitive burden in biology. The research method was quasi-experimental using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included More

, the present study aimed to determine the effect of virtual reality education on learning, memorization and cognitive burden in biology. The research method was quasi-experimental using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all 10th grade female students in Arak who were randomly selected by cluster sampling of two schools and the method of replacing classes in the experimental and control groups was random. To measure the amount of learning and retention, the Academic Achievement Test was done by the researcher and to measure the amount of load, the Pass and Van Marinboer grading scale was used. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and repeated measures. Findings showed that the learning and retention of the virtual reality group was significantly higher than the group that was trained in the traditional way. Other findings showed a significant reduction in the cognitive load of the virtual reality group compared to the control group. According to the findings, it can be concluded that the correct use of virtual reality in the learning environment allows users to have less effective learning and forgetfulness. Therefore, it is recommended to use the potentials of this technology in teaching different courses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Changes of the sensory attributes and microbial load of grass-carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fillet affected by thermal drying process during storage at 4°C
Masoud Hedayatifard Nahmeh Youseftabar-Miri Abolfazl Fadavi

The sensory attributes (including color, odor, texture, taste and general acceptability) and microbial communities load (including TVC and number of mold-yeast) of Grass carp were investigated as affected by thermal drying. The samples were dried within 4-24 hrs in a la More

The sensory attributes (including color, odor, texture, taste and general acceptability) and microbial communities load (including TVC and number of mold-yeast) of Grass carp were investigated as affected by thermal drying. The samples were dried within 4-24 hrs in a laboratory dryer at 65°C and were packed under air condition and stored at 4°C. Temperature and time were recorded until moisture reduced to 35%. Both Row and dried samples were analyzed. The results showed that there were no difference in sensory attributes and microbal counts after drying processs (p>0.05). The results also showed that all of microbial counts and sensory attributes were changed during cold-storing. Microbial load of packed just-dried fish was lower than cold-stored samples; qua bacteria and mold-yeast counts were significantly increased at the day 30 from 2.90 to 3.58 and 1.62 to 3.31 Log cfu/g, respectively (p<0.05). Among of organoleptic parameters, taste and texture showed most changes during storing (p<0.05). Finally, dried products although showed a Quality loss in sensory and microbial indices, had an acceptable quality during 30 days of storage. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Evaluation of microbial quality of date fruit in southwest of Khuzestan in 2020-2021
Mehrdad khodadoust Somayeh elahi Masoumeh Moradi Hadis Koopi Hassan dehghan Mina Ganjali Dashti

10.30495/jfm.2023.1971796.1794

Dates are one of the most important agricultural products and have a high nutritional value. Quality control of dates is important to maintain the health of this food and also to compete in global markets. Annually, large quantities of dates lose their quality due to mi More

Dates are one of the most important agricultural products and have a high nutritional value. Quality control of dates is important to maintain the health of this food and also to compete in global markets. Annually, large quantities of dates lose their quality due to microbial contamination. This study is performed to analyze the microbiological quality of the date that is offered in the production units and the market in the southwest of Khuzestan province.70 date samples collected during 20 months were examined and analyzed according to relevant national and international standards. Total counts, mold and yeast, Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli identification were performed on all date samples and the results were statistically analyzed. It was found that 38 samples (54.28%) of the total samples were infected with various microbes. 54.27% of the total samples were mold, 18.57% yeast, 10% total counts, 7.14% of Enterobacteriaceae and 4.28% of E.coli cases were higher than the standard allowable date.The results showed the growth of microbes, especially mold and yeast in a significant number of date samples, which is considered as a serious risk factor to challenge the quality and safety of dates. Therefore, different methods of washing, processing and packaging of dates in different regions that have this product should be studied and the best methods should be selected according to geographical and local conditions and type of date cultivar to maintain microbial quality and subsequent quality of the final date product. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - تأثیر مکمل اسانس مورد (Myrtus communis) بر مورفولوژی و میکروبیولوژی روده در جوجه‌های گوشتی
S. Ghazanfari M. Adib Moradi M. Mahmoodi Bardzardi

این آزمایش به منظور تعیین اثرات اسانس مورد بر مورفولوژی و میکروبیولوژی روده کوچک جوجه‌های گوشتی انجام شد. 200 قطعه جوجه گوشتی (راس 308) به 5 تیمار و 4 تکرار در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی قرار گرفتند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل شاهد (جیره پایه)، سطوح مختلف اسانس مورد (100، 200 و More

این آزمایش به منظور تعیین اثرات اسانس مورد بر مورفولوژی و میکروبیولوژی روده کوچک جوجه‌های گوشتی انجام شد. 200 قطعه جوجه گوشتی (راس 308) به 5 تیمار و 4 تکرار در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی قرار گرفتند. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل شاهد (جیره پایه)، سطوح مختلف اسانس مورد (100، 200 و 300 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم+جیره پایه) و 600 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم آنتی ‌بیوتیک فلاووفسفولیپول + جیره پایه بودند. در 42 روزگی، یک پرنده از هر تکرار انتخاب و سپس کشتار شد و محتوای میکروفلورای سکوم و مورفولوژی روده آنالیز شد. نتایج نشان داد که تیمارهای آنتی‌بیوتیک و اسانس مورد باعث افزایش ارتفاع پرز، کاهش ضخامت اپیتلیوم و تعداد سلولهای گابلت روده کوچک در 42 روزگی در مقایسه با تیمار کنترل شدند(05/0P<). همچنین تعداد باکتری اشرشیاکلی کمتر و باکتری لاکتوباسیل بیشتری در سکوم جوجه‌هایی که اسانس مورد تغذیه می‌کردند، به دست آمد (001/0P<). نتایج این آزمایش پیشنهاد می‌کند که اسانس مورد می‌تواند به عنوان جایگزین آنتی بیوتیک باعث بهبود عملکرد طیور شود. Manuscript profile

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41 - An Efficient Artificial Intelligence Based Technique in Diseases Staging and Forecasting
Negar Ahmadi Alfredo Milani

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42 - Investigating Effects of a Prescribed Spring Fire on Symbiosis between Mycorrhiza Fungi and Range Plant Species
Jalil Ahmadi Mohammad Farzam Amir Lagzian

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43 - FULL PROFESSOR LAUCHLAN HUGH FRASER
Ali Ariapour

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44 - Flowering Features and Breeding Systems of Seven Native Salvia Species in Iran
Ghasem Esmaeili Majid Azizi Hossein Arouiee Jamil Vaezi

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45 - Cold Plasma Technology Impact on Microorganisms Inactivation in Foods: A Systematic Review
Leila Monjazeb Marvdashti Majid Arabameri Bahman Yousefi Majid Eslami Alireza Emadi Arezoo Ebrahimi anna abdolshahi Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhab

10.22034/jchr.2023.1971021.1633

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46 - The Study of Biological and Biosystematical Characteristics of Capoeta fusca in Southern Khorasan
حامد استواری هومن شجیعی حاجی قلی کمی

To the study of biological and biosystematic characteristics of Capoeta fusca Nikolskii, 1897 in Southern Khorasan province, 225 specimen were collected by Fish nets (with openings of 1 mm) of three location in Lut drainage basin and seven location in Bejestan drainage More

To the study of biological and biosystematic characteristics of Capoeta fusca Nikolskii, 1897 in Southern Khorasan province, 225 specimen were collected by Fish nets (with openings of 1 mm) of three location in Lut drainage basin and seven location in Bejestan drainage basin. In the survey were study 11 morphometric character and 6 meristic character of this species. The study of relationship between Total length- Head length, Total length- Body Depth and Head length-Body Depth factors showed they have a positive and significant correlation and have./99 of correlation coefficient and the study Length-weight relationship in this species showed these factors have the growth negatively allometric. Also calculation of the Relative length of glutindex(RLG) and Vacuity index(VI) showed this species is an herbivorous fishand relatively gluttonous. Manuscript profile

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47 - Biological study of reproduction in (Capoeta capeota gracilis) in south coasts of Caspian sea Mazandaran Province (Tajan River)
هومن شجیعی حسن فضلی ندا بانی

Black fish (Capoeta capoeta gracilis) is a valuable fish in fisheries industry, that exist in south coasts of Caspian Sea specially in Mazandaran province. In this research 180 pieces of fishes were studied about reproduction biology between 1386-1387 in Tajan River fro More

Black fish (Capoeta capoeta gracilis) is a valuable fish in fisheries industry, that exist in south coasts of Caspian Sea specially in Mazandaran province. In this research 180 pieces of fishes were studied about reproduction biology between 1386-1387 in Tajan River from south coasts of Caspian Sea in Mazandaran province. In this study biological factors related with reproduction for example: the variations of Gonad somatic index sex ratio, average fecundity and sex maturing stages have carried to account the main objectives. The maximum of GSIwas in April and may (spawning time) and the minimum was in October, November and December .GSI in spring and summer greater than autumn and winter. Like wise with age increasing the GSI increases consequently and the increasing gradient was more in premature stages in comparison with maturity. Sex maturing stages in different months were proportional with GSI and with age increasing the amount of maturity was higher subsequently. The maximum of GSI in male fishes were at ages 3-4 years and in females were 2-3 years. Manuscript profile

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48 - A Review on Biological Analysis of of Darwin's Evolutionary Theory on the Origin of Cellular Life on Earth
Naeimeh Shibaei

10.22034/ascij.2023.1978217.1458

The origin of cellular life is still unknown. According to Darwin's evolutionary theory that all species of life, due to the process of natural selection, originated from a common ancestor, some have assumed the origin of life to be a random process during which life ev More

The origin of cellular life is still unknown. According to Darwin's evolutionary theory that all species of life, due to the process of natural selection, originated from a common ancestor, some have assumed the origin of life to be a random process during which life evolved from non-living materials such as simple organic compounds to has come into existence. The prevailing hypothesis is that the transition from non-living organisms to living organisms was not a single event, but a complex evolutionary process that began after the formation of the Earth after the Big Bang, as a result of the transformation of inorganic molecules into organic molecules. And then with the spontaneous creation of organic molecules with the ability of self-replication, assembly, autocatalysis and then the emergence of cell membrane, nature has been able to choose the best compounds that have the ability to expand on earth and become prokaryotic cells and in the later stages as The ancestors of eukaryotic cells expanded to live on earth. In this research, the different dimensions of the probability of the random emergence of the primary cell are explained and the challenges related to them are examined from different aspects of the sciences of cell biology and genetics. Manuscript profile

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49 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
Ali Rahimi

Identifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal More

Identifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile

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50 - Branding New Policies in Educational Management
Marzieh Keramati Nojedeh sadat Elyas Emamian

The current research has been done with the aim of Identifying and prioritizing effective factors on the branding of new course in educational management. This research is based on the purpose, applied, descriptive and a combined (quantitative-qualitative) approach. The More

The current research has been done with the aim of Identifying and prioritizing effective factors on the branding of new course in educational management. This research is based on the purpose, applied, descriptive and a combined (quantitative-qualitative) approach. The statistical population of all biology teachers in Neyshabur city in 2020-2021was equal to 44 people, of which 12 people were selected based on the purposeful and snowball sampling method. The data collection was done by the researcher using a semi-structured interview process and in a quantitative part of the design of the Dematel-Fuzzy questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Dematel method. The findings of the research state that in order to name the strategies of teaching principles and techniques in the biology course, three indicators a) concept of teaching; b) teacher experience; and c) the perception of the teacher's quality was identified, which includes four main dimensions: a- Strengths (including seven indicators), b- Weaknesses (including 3 indicators), c- Opportunities (including four indicators) and d- Threats (including two indicators) were stated. The most effective strategy was teacher's interest and the most effective strategy was identified as teacher's awareness and recognition. Manuscript profile

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