غلامحسین زرگری نژاد Articles List

Open Access Article

1 - Investigating the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320)
lila sarveyas sina froozesh reaz Shabanisamghabadi Gholamhossein Zargarinejad

The present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. Ac More

The present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical data collection method in this research is a library. The findings of the research indicate that the markets and guilds, due to foreign influence, the expansion and publication of newspapers, their role and function has gone beyond the purely economic and commercial spheres has taken on a political and social aspect.This issue has fundamentally changed the structure and nature of guilds and bazaars and has taken them out of the status of a class and turned it into a class for itself. This issue has affected the bazaars and guilds on developments formation of the tobacco movement, the Chamber of Commerce, the Constitutional Revolution, the National Assembly and the formation of the National Bank so that the bazaars have a positive impact on the course of events and developments up to this time. But after the constitution until 1320, due the lack of unity within the group, the weakness of trade union and class consciousness and the coming to power of Reza Shah and the formation of government and class imbalance and tendency to land ownership, bazaars and guilds became inefficient and could not cope with political developments. Have positive social and economic effects. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Critical Analysis of The Raids on the Quraysh Merchant Caravans in Seraya and Ghazvat Early After the Immigration Based on The Issue of Revenge and Arabs’ traditions
mahdiyeh pakravan Gholamhossein Zargarinejad

Some of Islamic scholars believe that Since the Holy Prophet settled in Medina and found supporters and found himself in a position of power; therefore, he had the opportunity to take revenge on Makiyan because of their persecution. Thus, he started to raid on trading c More

Some of Islamic scholars believe that Since the Holy Prophet settled in Medina and found supporters and found himself in a position of power; therefore, he had the opportunity to take revenge on Makiyan because of their persecution. Thus, he started to raid on trading caravans of Quraysh and marauding them. The main goal of this paper to is not to critique the news of the reports that originated from this belief, but to focus on the two dimensions of retaliation in the prophetic world and the characteristics of the context and traditions of the Arab community in the critical analysis of this goal. It should be seen what are the grounds for revenge against the enemy and whether these platforms were available during the first months after the emigration? In addition, what challenges did they face in the cultural context of the Arab community? This research shows that the stated goal of the particle is not reasonable and is incompatible with historical data and analysis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Discourse of the Islamic Revolution on the Political and Social Status of Women with Emphasis on the State-Constructive and Reform Approach
Gholamhossein Zargarinejad sina forosezh fatemah haghani sarmi

At the threshold of the Islamic Revolution, a new discourse on women was introduced in Iran, which can be called the Islamic Revolution Discourse. This discourse, by critiquing existing discourses on women, traditional and quasi-modern discourse, introduced a new approa More

At the threshold of the Islamic Revolution, a new discourse on women was introduced in Iran, which can be called the Islamic Revolution Discourse. This discourse, by critiquing existing discourses on women, traditional and quasi-modern discourse, introduced a new approach to the way women look in Iran. The discourse of the Islamic Revolution as the dominant discourse after the revolution took the position of power and reconstructed the position of women. This article attempts to describe the discourses, constructive state approach and reform by explaining these discourses in an analytical way. To answer this question in particular, to what extent is the Islamic Republic of Iran respecting the social rights of women as half of the population? The hypothesis of the present study is that the emphasis of the Islamic Revolution discourse is on the active participation of women in the social and political spheres. So as the social and political developments of women's society have been able to gain social status and status Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Religious legitimacy in the Qajar era, its components and consequences in the era of Naser al-Din Shah
freydoun jaafari reza shabanisamghabadi Gholamhossein Zargarinejad

Studying the developments of the Qajar period and the rule of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar indicates the interaction, conflict and tension between the government institution and the religious scholars. The reason for this problem should be found in the concern of religious l More

Studying the developments of the Qajar period and the rule of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar indicates the interaction, conflict and tension between the government institution and the religious scholars. The reason for this problem should be found in the concern of religious legitimacy of the Qajar kings, the importance of the existence of a political system in order to ensure the security of the society, and the association of the Qajar kings with the religious culture that dominates the Iranian society. This research aims to answer this question with a descriptive and analytical method, relying on archival documents and library data. The hypothesis that is proposed in this direction indicates that one of the main levers of the legitimacy of the government in Iran during the Islamic period was the accompaniment of the political structure with the religious ideas ruling the society and its support. The Qajar kings tried to show their compatibility with the cultural environment by adopting micro and macro policies and cover the lacks in the numerous sources of religious legitimacy with their attention to this aspect of legitimacy. Examining Naseruddin Shah's approach to religion and religious scholars shows that he has not only moved with the cultural environment of the society to gain religious legitimacy, but at times he has also taken extremes in this way, which itself has consequences in the political environment. and had a social community. His religious policy varied from measures such as granting titles and government jobs to holding religious shows. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The role of Armenians in the peasant movement in Gilan during the Qajar period With an emphasis on constitutionalist ideas
Reza Refahi Taleghani Javad HERAVI Gholamhossein Zargarinejad

AbstractDuring the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During th More

AbstractDuring the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During the movement, the peasants took various measures to fight against the lords and benefited from the support of groups and political parties such as the civil society, the Abbasi Association and the Social Democrats of Gilan. How is the idea of constitutionalism evaluated? The hypothesis of the present study is: It seems that Armenians have played an effective role in the peasant movement of Gilan during the Qajar era by emphasizing constitutionalist ideas. The method of research in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting documentary and library information is In this way, the content will be described and analyzed. The main findings of the above study indicate that: Peasants during various stages of the movement, such as non-payment of property, quarrels and conflicts with landlords and their eviction from villages, and the formation of rural associations in this regard, the two parties Hu Nchak and Dashnak Armenians in the war The cities of Tabriz and Rasht actively and significantly influenced the Iranian constitution in two main ways: military and intellectual-cultural. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The origins and contexts of Reza Shah's contractionary policy towards the nomads
Hedayat Seid Khani, Gholamhossein Zargarinejad sina forozesh

After Reza Shah came to power, in a series of measures, he tried to limit the tribes and nomads and suppress their power in different ways; Among the policies that were used to suppress the tribes and nomads were the disarmament and forced resettlement of the tribes and More

After Reza Shah came to power, in a series of measures, he tried to limit the tribes and nomads and suppress their power in different ways; Among the policies that were used to suppress the tribes and nomads were the disarmament and forced resettlement of the tribes and tribes. The problem of the present research is, what were the roots and grounds of Reza Shah's contractionary and restrictive policies towards the nomads, and were these measures done out of necessity or were they just vengeful revenge?The research method in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting information is document and library, which will be used to describe and analyze the material.The findings of this research show that factors such as: gaining power of some tribes after the constitutional events and asking for a share of power, the accumulation of weapons especially after the First World War in the hands of tribes and tribes and the resulting threats, provocations by foreign countries and border threats, Refusal of elots and nomads from paying taxes in the chaotic situation after the constitution and the desire and support of intellectuals and the press can be seen as the implementation of nomadic policies of the first Pahlavi government. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Cultural consequences of housing policy in the lives of tribes and nomads of the first Pahlavi era
Hedayat Seid Khani, Gholamhossein Zargarinejad sina forozesh

One of the important policies of the first Pahlavi government (1304-1320 AD) regarding the tribes and nomads of Iran, was the policy of nomadic settlement or "boarding" them, although this policy was ultimately due to the resistance of tribes and nomads to forced settle More

One of the important policies of the first Pahlavi government (1304-1320 AD) regarding the tribes and nomads of Iran, was the policy of nomadic settlement or "boarding" them, although this policy was ultimately due to the resistance of tribes and nomads to forced settlement. And the lack of necessary infrastructure, with the fall of the first Pahlavi government failed; But it had a great impact on different aspects of tribal and nomadic life. The issue of the present study is the question of what cultural consequences have the anti-nomadic policies of the first Pahlavi in the form of forced settlement had on the lives of the tribes and nomads?The research method in this article is historical (inductive) and the method of collecting information, documents and libraries, which will be used to describe and analyze the material.The findings of this study indicate that the anti-nomadic policies of Reza Shah's government, including the policy of settlement, in addition to destroying and forgetting many cultural components of tribes and nomads, including handicrafts, created a culture of resistance among the people of the tribe. , Can be seen and followed in the folklore culture of nomadic people, especially local poems. Also, the government's efforts to improve the human characteristics of nomadic life, including literacy and the establishment of nomadic schools, although done, have been insufficient and have not been successful in encouraging nomads to settle. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The effect of heterogeneous social structure on the inefficiency and instability of parties in the second Pahlavi period
Aliakbar Mohammadialamuti sina foroozeh Gholam hossein zargarinezhad

Although different researchers have investigated various factors in the instability of parties and their inefficiency in the second Pahlavi period, but it can be said that the expansion of Iran and the heterogeneous social structure of Iranian society is one of the reas More

Although different researchers have investigated various factors in the instability of parties and their inefficiency in the second Pahlavi period, but it can be said that the expansion of Iran and the heterogeneous social structure of Iranian society is one of the reasons for its social divisions during the course of history, especially in After Reza Shah's coming to power, it has become more widespread and the social consensus necessary for political development and above all the formation of political parties has been reduced. National unity is of particular importance in societies that are made up of several ethnicities, groups and subcultures and is an important factor in political and social stability and cohesion without external control. "The consequences of the existence of heterogeneous social platforms, such as the widening of the ethnic-religious gap, the creation and expansion of the gap between traditionalists and modernists, the increase of the class gap between people and ideological conflicts among the political elites involved in the activities of political parties, caused Political parties could not achieve the desired efficiency and stability during the second Pahlavi period. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Renewal of competition between Osuli and Akhbari at the beginning of the Qajar period
Elham Amiri Gholamhossein Zargarinejad Sina Foroozesh

Renewal of competition between Usuliyan and akhbarians at the beginning of the Qajar periodAbstractDisagreement between the two schools of jurisprudence, Akhbari and Usuli, before the end of the 12th century AH, the series of challenges between the two schools in the 13 More

Renewal of competition between Usuliyan and akhbarians at the beginning of the Qajar periodAbstractDisagreement between the two schools of jurisprudence, Akhbari and Usuli, before the end of the 12th century AH, the series of challenges between the two schools in the 13th century begins again. In this process, the relative and causal connections between the fundamentalist clerics led to the strengthening of the mujtahids and their unity against the views of the Akhbari clerics. With the advent of Mirza Mohammad Astarabadi (in the thirteenth century AH and during the Qajar period), a new round of intensification of the confrontation between akhbarian and fundamentalist scholars took place. discussions about both fundamentalist and akhbarian ideas in the Qajar period had various political and religious consequences, especially in the field of incitement related to the clerical apparatus in spreading the ideas of ijtihad and imitation, strengthening the institution of authority and influence of the clergy among the Tuido people and confronting The government, part of the fundamentalists clergy, appeared to enlightenment and new ideas and to welcome some manifestations of modernity. Political developments in the region, including the Iran-Russia wars, were the cause of rivalry between the fundamentalists and the Akhbaris. This article tries to follow the existing similarities between religious scholars about the causes of akhbarian tendencies among the clergy of the Qajar era and to examine the renewed competition between these two sects in the field of intra-organizational developments of the clergy.Keywords: Akhbari, Ijtihad, Astarabadi, Clergy, Qajar era Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Causes of inefficiency and development of parties in Iran during the first Pahlavi period (Case study : the Social Democratic Party (Egtemaeeyoun Ameeyoun) from 1905-1911)
somaieh emadi rastegar sina forozesh Gholamhossein Zargarinejad

The Democratic Party with the name "Amoun Socialist Sect" entered the country's political scene in the years when the Iranian society was passing through the stormy path of the constitutional revolution from the second parliament of the National Council and became the f More

The Democratic Party with the name "Amoun Socialist Sect" entered the country's political scene in the years when the Iranian society was passing through the stormy path of the constitutional revolution from the second parliament of the National Council and became the first and most important political party of the organization with the influence of the European party systems.This party was considered the main symbol of the radical (revolutionary) current, with 28 members in the second parliament and having a clear mission statement and with a program including the complete separation of the political power from the clerical power, the establishment of a compulsory system, compulsory education and the distribution of property among subjects. He worked against the moderate party, which was mainly composed of nobles and clerics. The main issue of this article is why the Democratic Party, which had a more advanced and progressive organization than other parties, could not implement its plans and finally became an ineffective party?The basic finding of the current research is that the factors of inefficiency and non-continuity of the Democratic Party depend on two categories of internal and external factors, among which are the tendency towards imported ideology, the weakness of civil society, autocratic political socialization, not matching with cultural and political issues. and social, Islamization and threats of terror, dependence on foreign governments, disbelief in the position and function of parties, economic attitude and how to reform, and differences of opinion and multiple views. Manuscript profile

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List of Articles غلامحسین زرگری نژاد