سینا فروزش Articles List

Open Access Article

1 - Investigating the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320)
lila sarveyas sina froozesh reaz Shabanisamghabadi Gholamhossein Zargarinejad

The present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. Ac More

The present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical data collection method in this research is a library. The findings of the research indicate that the markets and guilds, due to foreign influence, the expansion and publication of newspapers, their role and function has gone beyond the purely economic and commercial spheres has taken on a political and social aspect.This issue has fundamentally changed the structure and nature of guilds and bazaars and has taken them out of the status of a class and turned it into a class for itself. This issue has affected the bazaars and guilds on developments formation of the tobacco movement, the Chamber of Commerce, the Constitutional Revolution, the National Assembly and the formation of the National Bank so that the bazaars have a positive impact on the course of events and developments up to this time. But after the constitution until 1320, due the lack of unity within the group, the weakness of trade union and class consciousness and the coming to power of Reza Shah and the formation of government and class imbalance and tendency to land ownership, bazaars and guilds became inefficient and could not cope with political developments. Have positive social and economic effects. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Strategic military management using a mixed stage model based on nervous structure ‌ in the era of Safavid government
Ali Reza Rashidi mahboobeh sharafi Sina Forouzeh

The rise of the Safavids is one of the most important events and a turning point in the history of Shiism and Iran. The Safavids were able to form the first powerful national Shiite state in Iran. The establishment of this Shiite and national government provoked the rea More

The rise of the Safavids is one of the most important events and a turning point in the history of Shiism and Iran. The Safavids were able to form the first powerful national Shiite state in Iran. The establishment of this Shiite and national government provoked the reaction of domestic opposition and foreign enemies. The suppression of internal opposition and foreign enemies led to the dominance of militaristic thinking, especially in the first half of this period, as one of the main features of the Safavid rule. Therefore, how the kings and high-ranking commanders of the war managed to lead the military and civilian forces was very important.This military nature led the Safavid government to focus on military thinking, in other words on the application of military tactics, to repair its structures according to the capabilities and inability of the two Ottoman and Uzbek governments in the form of changing traditional military patterns and designing a hybrid model based on nervous structure.Examining the history of military wars in the Safavid era, the role and impact of this military model on the military successes of the Safavid Corps is clearly visible. This study, while analyzing the military tactics of that particular period in the first half of that era, examines this military model Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Issues of followers of religions, sects and informal rituals of the Nasserite period in petition documents(1301-1303 AH)
maryam nilghaz Sina Foroozesh Reza Shaabani

By studying petition documents as one of the sources for studying social history in the contemporary era, one can take a new look at It had the social life and the cultural and economic life of the Iranian society, which may have been neglected until now. Followers issu More

By studying petition documents as one of the sources for studying social history in the contemporary era, one can take a new look at It had the social life and the cultural and economic life of the Iranian society, which may have been neglected until now. Followers issues unofficial religions, sects and rituals as one of the aspects of the social life of the Iranian people need to be examined.It is mostly in different historical periods and from this perspective, these documents can be of great help in understanding life and Have problems with these social groups. In this research, the documents of the petitions of the Nasiri period, during the years 1301 It has been studied until 1303 AH. The religions mentioned in these documents mainly include two Christian religious groups And he is Jewish. The research method in this article is the historical method (inductive) and the method of writing and compiling it as It is descriptive-analytical. Extraction of information and data has also been done in the form of libraries and documents.The findings of this study show that except for religious issues, in other matters, issues of followers of religions, sects and Formal and informal rituals have been common. regarding religious issues, we can boldly say that mainlyIt has been an excuse for lords and those in power to achieve their material goal. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Seyyed Zahirudin Marashi’s Historiographical Contradictions And Mistakes In the Religious Paradigm of Shiite
Seyedziaoddin Emadi sina frozesh reza shabani

Local historiography is a style of historiography to which historians pay special attention. Local historiography has local aspects and examines the near and distant past of the relevant geographical area with a detailed and more accurate look. In Mazandaran, various lo More

Local historiography is a style of historiography to which historians pay special attention. Local historiography has local aspects and examines the near and distant past of the relevant geographical area with a detailed and more accurate look. In Mazandaran, various local histories have been written, including Ibn Esfandyar’s »History of tabarestan«, Oliaollah Amoli’s »History of Royan«, and Seyyed Zahirudin Marashi’s »History of TAbarestan, Royan, and Mazandaran« and »History of Gilan and Dilmestan«. A historiographer reflects the type of his attitude and thought, and that of a nation towards his surroundings and the surrounding society, and no doubt there is a direct connection between the life of a historiographer and his historiography.The main issue of the present study is what factors have caused Seyyed Zahirudin Marashi’s contradictions and mistakes in historiography. It seems that Marashi’s contradictions and mistakes in explaining the events have been influenced by the duality of place and religion (Shia of the Twelve Imams). The research method in this article is historical (inductive) and its writing and compilation method is descriptive-analytical. The Extraction of information and data has been done in the form of libraries and documents. This article tries to take a religious (Shiite) approach to explain the historiography of Seyyed Zahirudin Marashi . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Cultural consequences of housing policy in the lives of tribes and nomads of the first Pahlavi era
Hedayat Seid Khani, Gholamhossein Zargarinejad sina forozesh

One of the important policies of the first Pahlavi government (1304-1320 AD) regarding the tribes and nomads of Iran, was the policy of nomadic settlement or "boarding" them, although this policy was ultimately due to the resistance of tribes and nomads to forced settle More

One of the important policies of the first Pahlavi government (1304-1320 AD) regarding the tribes and nomads of Iran, was the policy of nomadic settlement or "boarding" them, although this policy was ultimately due to the resistance of tribes and nomads to forced settlement. And the lack of necessary infrastructure, with the fall of the first Pahlavi government failed; But it had a great impact on different aspects of tribal and nomadic life. The issue of the present study is the question of what cultural consequences have the anti-nomadic policies of the first Pahlavi in the form of forced settlement had on the lives of the tribes and nomads?The research method in this article is historical (inductive) and the method of collecting information, documents and libraries, which will be used to describe and analyze the material.The findings of this study indicate that the anti-nomadic policies of Reza Shah's government, including the policy of settlement, in addition to destroying and forgetting many cultural components of tribes and nomads, including handicrafts, created a culture of resistance among the people of the tribe. , Can be seen and followed in the folklore culture of nomadic people, especially local poems. Also, the government's efforts to improve the human characteristics of nomadic life, including literacy and the establishment of nomadic schools, although done, have been insufficient and have not been successful in encouraging nomads to settle. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The effect of heterogeneous social structure on the inefficiency and instability of parties in the second Pahlavi period
Aliakbar Mohammadialamuti sina foroozeh Gholam hossein zargarinezhad

Although different researchers have investigated various factors in the instability of parties and their inefficiency in the second Pahlavi period, but it can be said that the expansion of Iran and the heterogeneous social structure of Iranian society is one of the reas More

Although different researchers have investigated various factors in the instability of parties and their inefficiency in the second Pahlavi period, but it can be said that the expansion of Iran and the heterogeneous social structure of Iranian society is one of the reasons for its social divisions during the course of history, especially in After Reza Shah's coming to power, it has become more widespread and the social consensus necessary for political development and above all the formation of political parties has been reduced. National unity is of particular importance in societies that are made up of several ethnicities, groups and subcultures and is an important factor in political and social stability and cohesion without external control. "The consequences of the existence of heterogeneous social platforms, such as the widening of the ethnic-religious gap, the creation and expansion of the gap between traditionalists and modernists, the increase of the class gap between people and ideological conflicts among the political elites involved in the activities of political parties, caused Political parties could not achieve the desired efficiency and stability during the second Pahlavi period. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Renewal of competition between Osuli and Akhbari at the beginning of the Qajar period
Elham Amiri Gholamhossein Zargarinejad Sina Foroozesh

Renewal of competition between Usuliyan and akhbarians at the beginning of the Qajar periodAbstractDisagreement between the two schools of jurisprudence, Akhbari and Usuli, before the end of the 12th century AH, the series of challenges between the two schools in the 13 More

Renewal of competition between Usuliyan and akhbarians at the beginning of the Qajar periodAbstractDisagreement between the two schools of jurisprudence, Akhbari and Usuli, before the end of the 12th century AH, the series of challenges between the two schools in the 13th century begins again. In this process, the relative and causal connections between the fundamentalist clerics led to the strengthening of the mujtahids and their unity against the views of the Akhbari clerics. With the advent of Mirza Mohammad Astarabadi (in the thirteenth century AH and during the Qajar period), a new round of intensification of the confrontation between akhbarian and fundamentalist scholars took place. discussions about both fundamentalist and akhbarian ideas in the Qajar period had various political and religious consequences, especially in the field of incitement related to the clerical apparatus in spreading the ideas of ijtihad and imitation, strengthening the institution of authority and influence of the clergy among the Tuido people and confronting The government, part of the fundamentalists clergy, appeared to enlightenment and new ideas and to welcome some manifestations of modernity. Political developments in the region, including the Iran-Russia wars, were the cause of rivalry between the fundamentalists and the Akhbaris. This article tries to follow the existing similarities between religious scholars about the causes of akhbarian tendencies among the clergy of the Qajar era and to examine the renewed competition between these two sects in the field of intra-organizational developments of the clergy.Keywords: Akhbari, Ijtihad, Astarabadi, Clergy, Qajar era Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The place of natural, political and military geography of Tabaristan in the historiography of Seyyed Zahiruddin Marashi
Seyedziaoddin Emadi Sina Frozesh Reza Shabani

Historical geography as a science includes the two sciences of geography and history, and the history of science is the study of human life that is realized in the context of geography. Local historiography has local aspects and examines the distant and recent past of t More

Historical geography as a science includes the two sciences of geography and history, and the history of science is the study of human life that is realized in the context of geography. Local historiography has local aspects and examines the distant and recent past of the geographical area with a more detailed and detailed look. The historian reflects the attitude and thinking of himself and a people and nation towards their surroundings and the surrounding society, The purpose of this study is to investigate the position of various geographical dimensions in Marashi historiography. Marashi narrates historical and social events in a geographical context that he himself has witnessed and observed. The interaction between man and geography as well as the relationship between the insight and attitude of the historian and his historical understanding is the main topic of the present study. The main issue of the present study is why Seyyed Zahiruddin Marashi in his historiography, among all geographical dimensions, has paid special attention to the natural, political and military geography of Tabaristan? In this research, no hypothesis has been imagined and the problem has been investigated exploratory. The special geographical location, economic and political independence, long and continuous failures of Iranian and non-Iranian invaders in the conquest of Tabaristan and its safety for political and religious refugees, The most important factors of Marashi's special attention to the natural, political and military geography of Tabaristan have been in local historiography Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Government in Shiite Imams' political theory
sina forozesh

the Islamic state is based on revelation-based thought or action, or more precisely, based on the interpretation of revelation. Hence, the recognition and evaluation of various theories about the state in Islam is a set of interpretations, each of which has a certain st More

the Islamic state is based on revelation-based thought or action, or more precisely, based on the interpretation of revelation. Hence, the recognition and evaluation of various theories about the state in Islam is a set of interpretations, each of which has a certain structure and speaks of certain functions and achievements. Now, the fundamental question of this research is the role and function of government in Shiite Imams' political theory. The present research hypothesis is that in the Shi'a's view, any government in the absence of time is illegitimate and must go to a comprehensive jurisprudence to resolve some of its affairs. This issue has led Shiite jurisprudents, while adhering to the fundamental principles of the Shi'a, regarding the Imamate and the leadership of the society, in certain circumstances, permit the cooperation and acceptance of the responsibility of the sultans, in spite of the illegitimate perception of the monarchy, the execution of a part of Soltani's orders under the titles of adoration To legitimize or maintain the system. In this research, the method of historical research (inductive) has been used, which seeks to explain the historical reasoning of the subject, observing the trusted and preserving of scientific principles, and also with an objective look at the events and events of the historical documentary that are presented in the documents and historical sources Pay. Key words: government, Islam, political theory, Shiite Imamiyah, Safavid, Qajar. Manuscript profile

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