fairness

Open Access Article

1 - A Differentiated Pricing Framework for Improving the Performance of the Elastic Traffics in Data Networks
Pejman Goudarzi

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Open Access Article

2 - Fairness Tantamount To Protection of Investors in Finan-cial Markets
Mahdi Azarnezhad

10.30495/jfksa.2023.21902

One of the primary objectives of regulated markets is fairness in Financial Markets. In order to achieve this goal, legislatures have taken two approach regarding fair financial markets. Fairness in procedure and fairness in substantive. In view of some authors, fairnes More

One of the primary objectives of regulated markets is fairness in Financial Markets. In order to achieve this goal, legislatures have taken two approach regarding fair financial markets. Fairness in procedure and fairness in substantive. In view of some authors, fairness in the procedure is incomplete and may lead to unfair results indeed. And we need to exercise substantive fairness. Most countries take a mixed approach but a reflection of the mixed approach, in practice, is slightly different. To do this, first of all, we define fairness and explain types of fairness as a general concept, then we examine fairness in financial markets regulation including in Iran, US, EU, and Germany regulation and international standard-setting body known as IOSCO. As we see fairness in financial markets is employed in three concepts meaning fair market, integrity, and trust IOSCO (International Organization of Securities Commissions)as an international standard-setting body uses fairness in financial markets and many jurisdictions such as the Iranian legislature in article 2, securities markets Act, 1384 uses the fair market as it is used by IOSCO. In this article, we review some important financial market regulations in light of the Fairness and integrity of financial markets. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Pluralism; an Old but New Phenomenon in Socio-political Processes
Ali Shakoori

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Open Access Article

4 - The Impact of Various Source of Funds (Paying with Company’s Funds Against Personal Funds) on How to Judge the Price Fairness and the Intention of Subsequent Purchases
Mahsa Zibaian Shahrzad Chitsaz Hamid Saeedi

This article contributes to scholarly understanding of the significance of procedural fairness in pricing contexts. with the importance of price fairness and the relative equity of the fair and what should managers do in terms of pricing? Till that people do not feel th More

This article contributes to scholarly understanding of the significance of procedural fairness in pricing contexts. with the importance of price fairness and the relative equity of the fair and what should managers do in terms of pricing? Till that people do not feel they have been abused. Because people behavior is from their perceptions, and their belief both fault and correct can change consumer behavior before buying, at the time of purchase, after the purchase, also these perceptions at different times, and also these belief and response are different when paid from different source‌. This research aims to examine how source of funds (paying with company’s funds versus personal funds) affects buyer’s judgments of price fairness and via these judgments, buyer’s response to prices. A scenario-based experiment is used (N _ 224). To test the hypotheses, the authors run moderated mediation regression analyses with SPSS.22. This resulted in a 2x2x2 between-subjects experiment in which the type of preferential pricing practice (offering lower price to frequent customers versus to an employee’s friends, (magnitude of price difference [low (10 per cent), high (30per cent)] and source of funds (personal funds, company’s funds) were manipulated. After reading the scenario, participants responded to questions that measure perceived price difference, economic impact of price difference, social acceptability, price fairness and buyer’s response. Findings – Drawing on fairness heuristics theory, the authors hypothesize and find that relative to when paying with personal funds, when paying with company’s funds, the perceived price difference plays a less significant role, whereas the perceived social acceptability of the pricing practice underlying the price difference plays a more important role in shaping price fairness judgments and, via these judgments, buyer’s response to prices. The findings generate advice for companies that serve both the business and personal segments (e.g. airlines and hotels). Buyers in the personal segment typically pay with their own money. To persuade these buyers that a price is fair, it is crucial to show that the price represents a good deal for them. Buyers in the business segment often pay with company’s fund. Companies have more flexibility in charging different prices, but they should make sure that the reasons for the price difference are socially acceptable. Conclusion– The research findings point to the significance of the non-instrumental aspect of consumer’s demand for ethical (fair pricing) behavior and the need for companies to assess the fairness of their pricing practices from the consumer perspective. also how the relative role of price difference versus social acceptability in price fairness judgments varies as a function of source of funds and how an inconsistency between price difference and its economic impact affects price fairness judgments. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Evaluating the Effect of Brand Class, Brand Awareness, and Price on Customer Value and Behavorial Intentions
K. Heidarzadeh H. Zandehesami S. S. Ghafelehbashi

Recently, the concept of customer value has drawn increasing attention as a measure of business performance. Customer value focuses on consumer purchase decision making. Markets and companies need to understand consumer behavior becomes more than ever bef More

Recently, the concept of customer value has drawn increasing attention as a measure of business performance. Customer value focuses on consumer purchase decision making. Markets and companies need to understand consumer behavior becomes more than ever before.The present study tests a modified customer value theory in mobile cell companies. Some factors effectively stimulate the behavioral intentions. A survey was distributed to students at Islamic Azad University.The results show that three is a significant relationship between brand class and perceived quality. Perceived quality and customer value plus purchase intention has an indirect significant relationship between price and price fairness, and customer value and price, customer value and search intention. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - John Rawls’ Theory of Justice: From Moral Justice to Political Justice
شهلا اسلامی

The present article pursues the development of Rawls’ theory ofjustice from moral justice to political justice. Envolving Rawls'stheory of justice has two seminal stages. In the first, Rawlsintroduces fundamental concepts such as social contract, originalposition, More

The present article pursues the development of Rawls’ theory ofjustice from moral justice to political justice. Envolving Rawls'stheory of justice has two seminal stages. In the first, Rawlsintroduces fundamental concepts such as social contract, originalposition, and reflective equilibrium; these concepts have moralphilosophicalcontent. In the second, represented in his politicalliberalism and justice as fairness, Rawls introduces concepts likepluralism, well ordered society, public reason, and overlappingconsensus. Explicating these concepts makes it easy to realize thathow Ralws's theory is developed. Having discussed thisdevelopment, the article concludes that also the second stage ofRawls’ theory has moral-philosophical content. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Justice as Fairness, Political not Metaphysical
محمد علی صافی

Rawls’ thoughts can be divided into two significant periods. In his firstperiod, he is impressed by Kant’s ethical philosophy but in secondperiod, he goes far from abstract philosophy and tries to make histheory pragmatic, scientific and methodological. Most More

Rawls’ thoughts can be divided into two significant periods. In his firstperiod, he is impressed by Kant’s ethical philosophy but in secondperiod, he goes far from abstract philosophy and tries to make histheory pragmatic, scientific and methodological. Most of philosophersin enlightenment and after, try to applied metaphysical presuppositionsfor establishing their philosophical frameworks. Many Philosophicalschools have been established by these presuppositions. Even somestates have been applied some of that schools same as utilitarianism.For instance: Immanuel Kant had been established his philosophicalframework by applying ethical doctrine or Lock had been establishedhis philosophical theories by different interpretation of Christianity.But is Rawls that he called himself as follower of named philosophers,imitate their method? Or same as his claim that: he tried to establish histheory without depending of any metaphysical presuppositions and justcall it merely political concept. In this article, firstly, introductory aboutLock’s theory of justification and Kant’s effect on Rawls has beenconsidered then; I just try investigating of Rawls claim of justice asfairness is political concept, not metaphysical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Investors Reaction to the Disclosure of CEO Compensation
faezah Gholami Moghaddam Javad Rajabalizadeh Reza Hesarzadeh

In recent years, increasing conflicts agencies have caused legislators impose stricter requirements on executive compensation disclosure. However, theoretically and experimentally, compensation disclosure is one of the challenging issue. The porpuse of this study is to More

In recent years, increasing conflicts agencies have caused legislators impose stricter requirements on executive compensation disclosure. However, theoretically and experimentally, compensation disclosure is one of the challenging issue. The porpuse of this study is to investigate investors reaction to chief executive officer (CEO) compensation disclosure. Therefore, the present study by using the framework of the Kelly and Seow (2016), investigetes investors reaction to evaluate different scenarios. In this regard, three types of questionnaires were issued with the disclosure criteria of managers' bonuses, disclosure of high compensation to managers, and disclosure of the rewards ratio of managers to employees and the survey of 225 students of financial sciences was an indicator for the investor. Results show that the executive compensation disclosure to employee receive with executive compensation disclosure in similar firms is better than the other scenarios. Because this scenario have positive effect on investor perception of "fairness compensation, the company's ability to attract and retain the CEO and potential investment opportunities". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - A Study on Justice in Holy Quran from Three Points of Views
Ahmad Arabshahi Karizi

The goal of the current research is to study the justice in Holy Quran and depict its main pillar. It initially studies the concept of justice from various Sharia (Tradition), jurisprudents, scholars and philosophers views who all claim that justice in Islam is of diffe More

The goal of the current research is to study the justice in Holy Quran and depict its main pillar. It initially studies the concept of justice from various Sharia (Tradition), jurisprudents, scholars and philosophers views who all claim that justice in Islam is of different levels such as individual, existence system, Divine and social levels. Strictness as well as relatives of justice have been surveyed; Islam knows it strict and not relative, because justice depends on the religion's eternity. The article then studies the importance of justice and the reasons and finally studies the justice specifically in Holy Quran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Rol the rule of justice and fairness on jurisprudence and law
Alireza Asgari Ali Akbar Ghaffari seyed hasan abedini

The writers of the leading writing, by examining the concept of justice and fairness and comparing them with similar concepts, seek to answer the question that if the rule of justice and fairness is a legal rule, what effect does it have on the subject matter and law? A More

The writers of the leading writing, by examining the concept of justice and fairness and comparing them with similar concepts, seek to answer the question that if the rule of justice and fairness is a legal rule, what effect does it have on the subject matter and law? Also, assuming that justice means observing the rights and granting the right to the right, then it has been chosen as the focus of this paper and examined two important points. Then, by examining the reasons for the two views, they confirmed the second theory. The first point: Some jurisprudents, who are more than ours, believe that the principle of justice and fairness is assigned to one chapter from the jurisprudence. From the point of view of these jurisprudents, this rule is a judicial-financial rule, but the second point: Some contemporary jurisprudents do not consider the rule of justice and fairness specific to a tribe from the jurisprudential jurisprudence, and it is not considered by all jurisprudence and in various fields of social, political, Economic and ... current. A review of these two perspectives has been done by descriptive-analytical method Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - An Analytical Comparison of Justice in Plato's Political Philosophy and John Rawls (With an emphasis on the theory, for example, of Plato)
حبیب عشایری

In the city of Utopia, the Platonic hierarchy is characterized by the degree of knowledge that individuals possess. Hence, the rulers are representatives of "Intuitive Science" and are the guardians of their residents, and they analyze the issues and direct guidance of More

In the city of Utopia, the Platonic hierarchy is characterized by the degree of knowledge that individuals possess. Hence, the rulers are representatives of "Intuitive Science" and are the guardians of their residents, and they analyze the issues and direct guidance of the people's thoughts. Ordinary people also suffice for the faithful beliefs learned by the scholars. On this basis, Plato believes that the masses of the people hardly and the strength of the bronze, the class of assistant guardians, such as valuable silver and rulers like gold, are scarce. The city of Plato is a city of wise men, brave, selfish and righteous. Therefore, the establishment of a rule of justice in the soul will mean that the two powers of anger and lust under the rule of reason of the process to a perfectional order embrace all human existence. The John Rawls Justice Theory, which lies in the Cantonese tradition, focuses on the structure of society and its constituent institutions. The essence of his thoughts is justice as fairness. In short, fairness relates to the ethical approach to the principles of justice and justice to fair decision making. The method of this research is descriptive and analytic. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Handoff Optimization for Joint Base Station Association and Power Control with Proportional Fairness in NOMA Small-Cell Networks
Sina Pirnia Hamidreza Bakhshi Mohamad Dosaranian-Moghadam Ramin Khosravi

10.30495/jce.2022.1967097.1172

The handoff rate and load balancing are two important issues that have a great impact on the spectrum and energy efficiency in the small cell networks. This paper investigates the handoff optimization in small cell networks with power-domain non-orthogonal multiple acce More

The handoff rate and load balancing are two important issues that have a great impact on the spectrum and energy efficiency in the small cell networks. This paper investigates the handoff optimization in small cell networks with power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access that uses successive interference cancellation, considering the fairness among base stations. We study the joint base station association and power control problem by considering the motion of mobile users and load balancing in the small cell networks. Under the maximum allowable transmit power and minimum average-rate constraints, two optimization problems are formulated using the number of associated mobile users, the number of handoffs, and the transmit power of all MUs. The total power consumption minimization and the system-wide and handoff utility maximization problems are combined into a single-stage optimization problem through the weighted sum method. We solve the formulated problem using a game theory-based algorithm and primal decomposition theory. The simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the frequent handoffs and bring a fair power-controlled BS association in small cell networks. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The effect of obedience and compliance pressures on financial reporting by considering the moderating effect of fairnes
Zeinab barani mansour garkaz alireza maetoofi

10.30486/fbra.2023.1992983.1215

Financial reports should be able to disclose and provide fair and non-fraudulent information for the company's stakeholders. Fraud in financial reports is usually done by people who are either morally inclined to commit fraud or by people who have abandoned their moral More

Financial reports should be able to disclose and provide fair and non-fraudulent information for the company's stakeholders. Fraud in financial reports is usually done by people who are either morally inclined to commit fraud or by people who have abandoned their moral beliefs due to pressure, such people rationalize their decision-making in providing fraudulent financial reporting. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of obedience and compliance Pressures on the provision of financial reporting by considering the moderating effect of fairness. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of research method and the data required for this study was collected in 2021. The statistical population of this study was Chief financial officers and Chief Accountants companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample selection method was based on random sampling that finally, 271 questionnaires were answered and the obtained data have been analyzed in statistical analysis. The study hypotheses have been tested with the structural equation modeling approach using Smart PLS software. The result of the first hypothesis of the research showed that the social pressure of obedience has a positive and significant effect on the provision of incorrect financial reporting, and this hypothesis was accepted. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Justice as a Mystical Position in Nahjul-Balāghah
Bakhshali Ghanbari

Religious conductors and philosophers, especially ethic philosophers, have always mentioned تustice as mystical stage in s specially etic justice as a moral virtue; meanwhile, interpreters of religious texts confirmed this idea in different traditions, too.Nahjul-Balāg More

Religious conductors and philosophers, especially ethic philosophers, have always mentioned تustice as mystical stage in s specially etic justice as a moral virtue; meanwhile, interpreters of religious texts confirmed this idea in different traditions, too.Nahjul-Balāghah as one of the above texts has continually been a reference to learned men. Nearly, in an approach to this book , moral meaning of justice has been emphasized whereas its mystical place and basis have never been discussed about. However, the writer has tried to notify justice in the mystical discourse ofNahjul-Balāghah. Justice is used in Nahjul-Balāghah in general, meaning fairness while in mystical worldview; this book serves as a mystical stage. It must be fulfilled in the soul of disciple (Salek) and then in society. In discourse the components of justice have usually mystical meanings. So we can mention it as one of the individual and social stage of mysticism withinNahjul-Balāghah. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Fairness of an EFL test: the Case of the English Section of Konkour in Iran
Sanaz Behboudi Nazhame Massoud Siyyari Gholamreza Abbasian

Although many studies have documented the impact of fairness on enhancing students’ learning, only a few have been done in language learning situation in general and in the Iranian EFL context, in particular. Therefore, this study sought to investigate fairness in More

Although many studies have documented the impact of fairness on enhancing students’ learning, only a few have been done in language learning situation in general and in the Iranian EFL context, in particular. Therefore, this study sought to investigate fairness in the context of the Iranian General English University Entrance Examination (Konkoor) to see the extent to which it is a fair measure of the candidates’ English language ability in terms of admission requirements, format, structure, and content. The researchers developed a questionnaire called EUEE, containing two sections: a demographic box and close-ended items with a 5-point Likert-type scale asking respondents to express their opinions. The findings showed that while the majority of respondents agreed that the EUEE met the standards of corporate responsibility and no-test product services, there were significant concerns about its validity, fairness, reliability, test design, equating, linking, norming, cut score, test administration, scoring, reporting, and test takers’ rights and responsibilities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Examining the principle of joint responsibility of ‎governments in international environmental law and its ‎relationship with the position of the rule of fairness in Iranian ‎law
Mir hasan riazi &lrm; Ali Faqih Habibi Ali &lrm; Mashhadi Mansour pour Nouri

The principle of common but distinct responsibilities as a very subtle technique has helped governments to come together to ratify several international environmental conventions and thus enforce the rule of law and develop international environmental law. The global de More

The principle of common but distinct responsibilities as a very subtle technique has helped governments to come together to ratify several international environmental conventions and thus enforce the rule of law and develop international environmental law. The global desire for international cooperation in the direction of environmental protection has been specified in many binding and non-binding documents of international environmental law, which can be considered as the beginning of principle 24 of the Stockholm Declaration of 1972. Equity in jurisdictions subject to English Common Law refers to a set of general rules that "governe all laws" and "all civil laws derive from it" and form the foundation of the Common Law legal system. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, an attempt has been made to examine the principle of joint responsibility of governments in international environmental laws and its relationship with the position of the rule of equity in Iranian law. The basic question is that the principle of joint responsibility of governments in What is the relationship between international environmental laws and the principle of fairness, the resulting result indicates that fairness is not affected by any government law" and is everything, even beyond the law. Fairness allows the courts to act as they see fit; and apply justice in accordance with natural law Sometimes in the interpretation of the law, sometimes in filling the void of the law, and sometimes instead of the law, it is one of the examples and reflection of "just principles" and it is considered part of the rights at the decision-making level, and referring to it does not require the consent of the parties to the dispute. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Critical Review of "Fair Trial" in International Documents
Namdar Babayi Valiolah Ansari Ali qorbani

Namdar Babayi [1] Valiolah Ansari [2]  Ali qorbani [3] Abstract: The concept of fairness in modern criminal law has influenced by the defendant-oriented philosophy. The major part of the rules on the substantive criminal law andprocedure has been arranged to guaran More

Namdar Babayi [1] Valiolah Ansari [2]  Ali qorbani [3] Abstract: The concept of fairness in modern criminal law has influenced by the defendant-oriented philosophy. The major part of the rules on the substantive criminal law andprocedure has been arranged to guarantee the rights of the defendant. This approach creates a complicated situation for the victim: He shouldtolerate the cruel as well as the criminal system considering him insignificant. The Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights, and in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966),embodies such an idea. In so-called postmodern criminal law, this situation is undesirable, and the restorative justice approach, that guarantees the victim’s rights, tries to establish a balance between the plaintiff and defendant in the criminal justice process. In Islamic theology, correspondence of the hearing with God’s commands is the criteria of fairness while in Europe common’s judgment serves as the criteria of the fairness of the trial. [1]-Ph.D Candidate in Criminology and Criminal Law, Isalamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, goldenfit.web@gmail.com [2]- Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran, drvansari98@gmail.com [3] - Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad Universit, Chaloos branch, Chaloos, Iran, agt1350@gmail.com Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Investigating the Role of Social Justice in Mitigating the Exorbitant Damages Caused by Breach of Contract
Ali Haratiyan nezhadi bakhtiyar abasloo mehdi montazer mitra zarabi

It is certain that in the field of law, legal articles can never be free from the standard of justice. It sometimes happens that the law allows the parties to include cases contrary to justice and fairness in contracts. In such cases, can the imposition of excessive con More

It is certain that in the field of law, legal articles can never be free from the standard of justice. It sometimes happens that the law allows the parties to include cases contrary to justice and fairness in contracts. In such cases, can the imposition of excessive contractual damages due to the weakness of one of the parties in the transaction be moderated by taking the standard of justice? It is assumed that social justice with the definition provided in this study and by considering the intention of the parties without distorting it, is effective in adjusting the compensation of contract damages. The purpose of this paper is to achieve a contractual balance between the components of the contract and thus to create a balance between loss and compensation. The method adopted in this research is descriptive-analytical method and it is an applied type of research in which an attempt is made to solve a problem by placing an element as a criterion. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Fair Dispute Resolution in View of Jurisprudence and Law
Sayyd Kamal Hoseni javad niknejad

10.22034/ijrj.2022.689980

At the whole we talk about fairness maxims of dispute resolution in this essay. From our view and based on principles of procedure justice any dispute resolution mechanism must have three important principles: equal treatment with parties to dispute, rationality in maki More

At the whole we talk about fairness maxims of dispute resolution in this essay. From our view and based on principles of procedure justice any dispute resolution mechanism must have three important principles: equal treatment with parties to dispute, rationality in making decision and efficiency that this one contains access and possibility to reach to a dispute resolution and being tools for counter with procedural inequalities between parties in turn. According to access and possibility to reach to a dispute resolution parties should be able to reach to a dispute resolution mechanism. Proceeding on this method should be done by minimum costs and delay and based on the second criterion those issues making problem for parties for taking part in proceedings, which are not arisen of proceeding rules but have been created by one party inability to take part equally in process should be balanced or eliminated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Relationship between Employees΄ Work-life Quality and Human Power Productivity in Islamic Azad University Branches of Salmas, Khoy, and Urumia
Davvod Paydarfard Yadollah Abbaszadeh Mohsen Fanni Karim Hamdi

What has caused a major gap between the rich and poor nations in todays΄ world is the optimum use of resources and the increase in the rate of intelligence and tact in carrying out affairs.The foregoing statement is the definition of productivity .In fact ,productivity More

What has caused a major gap between the rich and poor nations in todays΄ world is the optimum use of resources and the increase in the rate of intelligence and tact in carrying out affairs.The foregoing statement is the definition of productivity .In fact ,productivity is a kind of culture or an attitude to work and life,the aim of which is to make activites smarter in order to attain a better and more active life .Paying attention to productivity  as one of the ways to improve and progress organizations in the present world as well as to do research in order to identify the factors promoting productivity in the organizations seems quite necessary.In this regard ,the present research aims to explain the relationship between the employees work-life quality and human power productivity in the three branches of the Islamic Azad University,i.e.,Salmas ,Khoy ,and Urumia.The research type is descriptive-correlation.The data were collected through two separate researcher-devised questionnaires,the validity and reliability of which were confirmed by pretest.The questionnaires were distributed among 180 employees selected from the statistical population,and the data were analyzed.The results confirmed the relationship between employees΄ security and safety, perceived participation of the employees΄ in organizational decision-making ,organizational commitment ,and team-work with human power productivity.Also,the results  indicated that among the different factors,the relationship between the cooperation and participation of employees in organizational decision-making and human power productivity is stronger. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Presenting the Model of Tax Compliance with the realization approach of Resistive Economy: The Role of Internal and Psychological Factors
Seyyed Yaser Ebrahimian Jolodar Masoud Ahmadi Niloofar Imankhan

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Open Access Article

22 - تدوین و اعتبارسنجی مدل انصاف معلم در کلاس درس زبان
Meghdad Sadeghi Valeh Jalali Neda Fatehi Rad

10.30495/jfl.2023.707776

پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین و اعتبارسنجی مدلی از عدالت کلاسی معلم زبان انگلیسی زبان ایرانی با استفاده از طرح روش‌های ترکیبی اکتشافی متوالی (QUAL + quan) انجام شد. شرکت کنندگان شامل دو گروه بودند. گروه اول 250 نفر از مدرسین زبان انگلیسی زبان ایرانی بودند که به روش نمونه گیری More

پژوهش حاضر با هدف تدوین و اعتبارسنجی مدلی از عدالت کلاسی معلم زبان انگلیسی زبان ایرانی با استفاده از طرح روش‌های ترکیبی اکتشافی متوالی (QUAL + quan) انجام شد. شرکت کنندگان شامل دو گروه بودند. گروه اول 250 نفر از مدرسین زبان انگلیسی زبان ایرانی بودند که به روش نمونه گیری در دسترس از طریق گروه های مجازی در شبکه های اجتماعی انتخاب شدند. گروه دوم شرکت کنندگان شامل 150 زبان آموز ایرانی زبان انگلیسی در سطح متوسط   از موسسات زبان خصوصی مختلف در ایران بودند که از طریق نمونه گیری در دسترس از گروه های مجازی مختلف در واتس اپ یا تلگرام انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای زیر برای جمع آوری داده ها در پژوهش حاضر استفاده شد: مقیاس اطلاعات دموگرافیک و پرسشنامه بسته. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار MAXQDA و مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری (SEM) و با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و تأییدی با استفاده از نرم افزارهای SPSS و AMOS 24 انجام شد. در نهایت پایایی مدل توسعه‌یافته انصاف معلم زبان انگلیسی با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برآورد شد. بر اساس نتایج، مدل انصاف کلاس درس معلم زبان انگلیسی زبان ایرانی در چهار مؤلفه اصلی شامل انصاف در تدریس، عدالت ارزشیابی، انصاف مدیریت کلاس و انصاف در ارتباطات کلاسی تدوین شد. در نهایت، مدل پیشنهادی انصاف در کلاس معلم زبان انگلیسی معتبر و قابل اعتماد تشخیص داده شد. این یافته ها پیامدهایی برای سیاست گذاران، مربیان معلمان، مدیران آموزش معلمان و توسعه دهندگان برنامه درسی دارد. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Resource Allocation for OFDMA Two-Hope Cooperative Cellular Networks: Considering QoS and Fairness Constraints
Hemed Bani Zaman

Abstract – Joint bit allocation, relay selection and subcarrier assignment are critical for achieving full benefits of OFDM-based cooperative relay networks. In this paper, first such a problem is studied in a dual hop OFDMA cooperative network consisting in multi More

Abstract – Joint bit allocation, relay selection and subcarrier assignment are critical for achieving full benefits of OFDM-based cooperative relay networks. In this paper, first such a problem is studied in a dual hop OFDMA cooperative network consisting in multi source nodes, multiple decode-and-forward (DF) relays and a single destination node. The aim is to minimize overall transmission power under the bit-error-rate (BER) and data rate constraints. However, the optimal solution to the optimization problem is computationally complex to obtain and may be unfair. Assuming knowledge of the instantaneous channel gains for all links in the entire network, an iterative three-step resource allocation algorithm with low complexity is proposed. It performs the privileged user selection based on fairness criterion first, and then allocates subcarrier-relay with the given constraints. Finally, power and bit are assigned to the selected subcarriers based on the water-filling algorithm. In order to guarantee the fairness of users, several fairness criteria are also proposed to provide attractive trade-offs between network performance (i.e. overall transmission power, average network lifetime and average outage probability) and fairness to all users. Numerical studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm in two practical scenarios. Simulation results show that the proposed allocation algorithm achieves an efficient trade-off between network performance and fairness among users. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - The view of the rule of justice with an approach to the literature of Imami jurisprudence
Abbasali Soltani

10.30495/jcld.2022.692291

The effect of identifying and applying the new rules of jurisprudence, in empowering Shiite jurisprudence more, during the inference and analysis of jurisprudential rules and, consequently, in the expansion and excellence of Shiite jurisprudence and also increasing its More

The effect of identifying and applying the new rules of jurisprudence, in empowering Shiite jurisprudence more, during the inference and analysis of jurisprudential rules and, consequently, in the expansion and excellence of Shiite jurisprudence and also increasing its power and efficiency in the field of accountability It is undeniable to the new needs and issues of the society. Fairness and justice is one of the important interventions in various chapters of jurisprudence that a significant number of jurisprudential rules are conditional or focused on it and today, in jurisprudence literature, it is viewed from different internal and external perspectives. And it is talked about with different approaches; Therefore, the present article tries to identify the rule of fairness with which, of course, the literature of Shiite jurisprudence is long familiar and is current and prevalent alongside the ideas and jurisprudential writings of Shiite jurists. It lays the foundations for the provability of the normative view of fairness and shows examples of its application in the literature of Shiite jurisprudence. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - ارزیابی درک زبان آموزان ایرانی پیرامون اجرای عادلانه کلاس درس توسط معلمان: تمرکز بر مشکلات اصلی
مقداد صادقی واله جلالی ندا فاتحی راد

10.30495/lct.2023.1997560.1101

پژوهش حاضر سعی در بررسی درک زبان آموزان ایرانی از عدالت کلاسی معلمان و همچنین مشکلات اصلی اجرای عدالت کلاسی توسط معلمان داشت. برای انجام این کار، پژوهش حاضر از روش کیفی استفاده کرد و 30 زبان‌آموز ایرانی سطح متوسطه از موسسات مختلف زبان خصوصی در آن شرکت کردند. زبان آموزان More

پژوهش حاضر سعی در بررسی درک زبان آموزان ایرانی از عدالت کلاسی معلمان و همچنین مشکلات اصلی اجرای عدالت کلاسی توسط معلمان داشت. برای انجام این کار، پژوهش حاضر از روش کیفی استفاده کرد و 30 زبان‌آموز ایرانی سطح متوسطه از موسسات مختلف زبان خصوصی در آن شرکت کردند. زبان آموزان از طریق نمونه گیری در دسترس از گروه های مجازی مختلف در واتسپ یا تلگرام انتخاب شدند. این پژوهش از دو مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته شامل پنج سوال باز طراحی شده توسط محققین بهره برده است. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار MAXQDA جمع آوری و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که درک زبان آموزان زبان انگلیسی از عدالت کلاسی معلم شامل استفاده از تکنیک های یکسان و فعالیت های آموزشی اضافی برای همه دانش آموزان، احترام یکسان به همه دانش آموزان، عینیت معلم در نمره گذاری، تعامل معلم با همه دانش آموزان، الزام همه دانش آموزان به رعایت قوانین کلاس درس و غیره بود. علاوه بر این، ادراک زبان آموزان از مشکلات اصلی اجرای عدالت کلاسی توسط معلمانشان به عنوان محدودیت زمانی، تنوع نیازهای دانش آموزان، تفاوت در سطح اجتماعی-اقتصادی دانش آموزان و عملکرد، عدم تطابق بین معلمان و دانش آموزان، بی ادبی و بی توجهی دانش آموزان به اخلاق شناسایی شد. یافته‌ها می‌توانند نگرش‌ها و فعالیت‌های گروه‌های مختلف در حوزه آموزش زبان از جمله سیاست‌گذاران، مربیان معلم، مدیران آموزش معلمان و توسعه‌دهندگان برنامه درسی را غنی‌تر کنند. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - The strategy of the rule of justice in climate change and the guarantee of sustainable human security with an emphasis on the principle of shared but different responsibilities.
Hadi Masoudifar Alireza Arashpoor Masoud Raei Dehaghi

Among the general principles of law and progressive scientific rules, the rule of fairness has a prominent value and position, and since this rule has considerable flexibility, it has the ability to be applied in dealing with new issues and challenges of public internat More

Among the general principles of law and progressive scientific rules, the rule of fairness has a prominent value and position, and since this rule has considerable flexibility, it has the ability to be applied in dealing with new issues and challenges of public international law. Is. Therefore, while defining the rule of fairness, it is necessary to evaluate the position of this rule in the implementation of international agreements related to the field of international environmental law, and also to analyze the need to protect the environment based on the requirements of public opinion in jurisprudence. Accordingly, in this study, which was conducted inductively and using library studies, while evaluating the application of the rule of justice in ensuring human security, it was found that the rule of justice through the principle of "joint but different responsibility" in the Paris Climate Change Conference Has been exploited. On the other hand, it has been shown that the rule of fairness in international environmental law has led to the introduction of the term "climate justice". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Cultural and Political Conservatism: The Significance of Moral Foundations
mahmoudreza rahbarghazi samaneh rahmani abolfazl bafgeri

Assessing the effect of moral foundations on different aspects of socio-cultural and political life is difficult because there has not been sufficient data yet. However, doubtlessly, the influence of moral factors on humans’ behaviors is definitive. Although moral More

Assessing the effect of moral foundations on different aspects of socio-cultural and political life is difficult because there has not been sufficient data yet. However, doubtlessly, the influence of moral factors on humans’ behaviors is definitive. Although moral priorities are not necessarily determinant, they construct a complicated system of causal factors which can be important motivating factor in long term periods. Accordingly, the present study aims at investigate the effects of moral values on citizens’ orientations towards conservatism in cultural and political domains among students of University of Isfahan using Haidt and Graham’s Moral Foundations Theory. The present study also is to compare the degree of the relative significance of moral foundations as a variable determining of each ideas of political and cultural conservatism. The results of the present study indicate that moral foundations with coefficient determination as 45% can explain the highest variance of cultural conservatism. In addition, findings of the present study indicate that only two variables of care and respecting authority are effective on political conservatism, while care morality causes the reduction in political conservatism and the variable of respecting authority causes the increase in tendency towards political conservatism Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - The position of the principle of fairness in Iranian subject law and English law
Hamid Bazrpach Moien Sabahi Garaghani

When the legal rules have defects, the institution of justice is a means to adapt and adjust the legal rules. Fairness originates from the human conscience, which has a desire to implement justice, and it gives the lawyer a special ability to look at the law from a diff More

When the legal rules have defects, the institution of justice is a means to adapt and adjust the legal rules. Fairness originates from the human conscience, which has a desire to implement justice, and it gives the lawyer a special ability to look at the law from a different perspective. Fairness is a special form of justice that corrects a rule that is incomplete or insufficient according to its general nature. Fairness emphasizes the spirit of the law and it is with fairness that the sentence of the law agrees and harmonizes with the purpose of the legislator. The purpose of this research is the comparative analysis of the concept and nature of fairness as a source of legal rules and the role of this institution in the interpretation of contracts in the legal systems of Iran and England. This research aims to answer these questions: can fairness be a source of contractual obligations or not? Can fairness play a role in interpreting contracts? And also, does fairness have an individualistic or social nature? Fairness should be recognized together with other sources of law and alongside them, and by resorting to this institution, it is possible to deviate from the appearance of the terms of the law and interpret it in a way that leads to a fair result, and also fairness has a social nature. and is consistent with the collectivists' understanding of the contract. Manuscript profile

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