explanation

Open Access Article

1 - On the Historical Explanation
مجید اکبری

An explanation is an answer to why-question as a description is an answer tohow-question. In the beginning of 20 century, a few philosophers of science,and philosophers of history too, believed that all scientists (and historians)must similarly explain the phenomena and More

An explanation is an answer to why-question as a description is an answer tohow-question. In the beginning of 20 century, a few philosophers of science,and philosophers of history too, believed that all scientists (and historians)must similarly explain the phenomena and (historical) events. D-N Modeland I-S Model have been introduced by philosophers and scientists duringthe four decade discussions. Moreover, the positivistic approach maintainsthat the explanations preserve the objectivity. Some philosophers, incontrast, argue that the early definition of objectivity isn't exact and rigorous.It is, here, claimed that Popper's view in which the objectivity is not a singlescientist's work but the critical debates and cooperative competitions amongthe scientists and philosophers, is the best proposal. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Explaining the process of merging villages to cities in warm and dry climate of Iran
Mohammad Mehdi Azizi Esfandiar Zebardast Reza Akbari

10.30495/hoviatshahr.2020.15715

In recent decades, urban exogenous development has led to unilateral but multidimensional movement in the physical, social, cultural and economic fields to the surrounding villages which forms the merger and encounter of urban-rural systems and creates pre-urbanization. More

In recent decades, urban exogenous development has led to unilateral but multidimensional movement in the physical, social, cultural and economic fields to the surrounding villages which forms the merger and encounter of urban-rural systems and creates pre-urbanization. In this process, the villages in pre-urban interface gradually adopt urban features and merge into it insofar are known as a part of the city. The merging villages to city in warm and dry climate regions has occurred frequently due to the proximity of villages to the city through shared traditional water networks in Iran (Qanat) and created different types of urban-rural areas in the cities. To answer this question that what steps are being taken in the process of merging villages to city, the general process of merging villages to city has formulated in this research. This process is based on the three stages including " start merging "(Creating transformation and transition areas between the city and villages), " degree of merging " (Complete, slow and incomplete transmutation) and " merging effects ". This process is elaborated in case studies include Yazd, Kerman and Kashan (selecting middle cities in warm and dry climates among a plurality of samples) and Ultimately, a special process of merging villages to city in warm and dry climate cities is produced. To convert the general process of merging into specific one in a warm and dry climate, the first step is typology of variety urban-rural areas and recognizing specific features of any one. Accordingly, in case studies analysis and evaluation, three urban- rural species including urban type (with dominant urban characteristics), urban-rural type (with both rural and urban characteristics) and rural type (with dominant rural characteristics) are achieved by using the cluster analysis and k- means method based on three factors. These factors are “physical oriented", " community oriented " and "natural oriented ". The results of the general process of merging analysis indicate that the degree of merging villages in the city (second step of the merging process) is determined Based on "rural location in the city", "type of development" and the mutual relationship between "population density", "area" and "construction density". It also shows that Environmental inequalities are formed in the first step, where Created a transition area that has directly proportional to the distance from the city and established push-pull forces based on the exchange, interaction and contrast forces between the city and villages, and in the second step, degree of merging villages in the city, fixed by battle of pull-push forces. Finally, by presenting a special process of merging villages in the cities of warm and dry climate, the level of environmental inequalities in types is presented. Study of the process of merging villages to the city is a new and effective action to achieving the root causes of inequalities and planning for them, which ultimately can provide a well-defined framework for investigation and analyzing past, existing and future rural-urban trends in the city in order to develop them more sustainable. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - A Critique of the Method of Explication of Concepts in Philosophy of Science: the Case of the Concept of Unification
هادی صمدی

Carnap’s method of explication of concepts proposed based on the ideathat the main responsibility of philosopher of science is the clarificationof vague scientific and unscientific concepts in the language of scienceand replacement of them by “crystal clear& More

Carnap’s method of explication of concepts proposed based on the ideathat the main responsibility of philosopher of science is the clarificationof vague scientific and unscientific concepts in the language of scienceand replacement of them by “crystal clear” ones. The critiques ofphilosophers like Strawson, Quine, and Popper caused mostphilosophers of science not to openly endorse Carnap’s method ofexplication, even though an important part of their philosophical worksdevoted to his project. In recent years, some philosophers of sciencehave fully defended the method of explication. Instead of criticizing thearguments of these philosophers, this paper criticizes the products ofapplying the method of explication on one important concept ofphilosophy of science, “unification”. It has been shown that the effortsof philosophers of science in offering an explication for this concepthave been futile. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Railton, Explanation, and Metaphysical Debates
سید محمد حسینی مجید اکبری

Metaphysical debate between realists and anti-realists is here at issue.P. Railton claimed that these debates reduced to explanation. All topicssuch as IBE, unification of scientific theories, science progress, conceptof observation, experimentation and primacy reductio More

Metaphysical debate between realists and anti-realists is here at issue.P. Railton claimed that these debates reduced to explanation. All topicssuch as IBE, unification of scientific theories, science progress, conceptof observation, experimentation and primacy reductionism deal withand depend on explanation.Railton suggests that metaphysical debates on the alleged topicsreduced to explanation because it depends on our account (andunderstanding) of the world and its necessary persistent of phenomena.Since, our perception of facts of worlds come to date which are notneutral and value free, the conflict couldn’t remove. In Railton’s view,very conflict and challenge go head to controversies without anyplausible outcome. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - A Critical Analysis of the Unification Account of Explanation
هدی آزاد

Explanation is one of the most important issues in the philosophy ofscience, which many attentions have been paid to it since Aristotle. Theunification account of explanation, first presented by Friedman (1974),is one of the most discussed contemporary models. According More

Explanation is one of the most important issues in the philosophy ofscience, which many attentions have been paid to it since Aristotle. Theunification account of explanation, first presented by Friedman (1974),is one of the most discussed contemporary models. According to thisconception, scientific explanation has to show that many separatedargument patterns have basic similarities and via these similarities wecan understand related phenomena deeper. Philip Kitcher has extendedthis idea and has argued that scientific explanation aims to represent amaximum of facts and natural regularities in terms of minimum oftheoretical concepts and assumptions. According to Kitcher, a few ofargument patterns can be used in the explanation of many beliefs, andso we can show that how scientific explanation amounts tounderstanding. However, the unification account of explanation facessome problems, including the point that the relationship betweenunification and understanding is not clear. Another difficulty concernsthe relationship between explanation and the causal direction. In thispaper, after presenting the main features of the unification account ofexplanation and its merits over the classical D-N model, it will beargued that due to some problems in the unification account it seemthat the best way to round about these problems is to adopt a kind ofexplanatory “pluralism”, depending on different philosophical andscientific contexts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Theory of Evolution and Historical Explanation in Biology
کیوان الستی

Many biologists believe that evolution is grant theory in modernbiology. Believing on the centrality of evolutionary theory to the rest ofbiology is a special case of a more general idea: nothing in biology canbe understood completely without attending to its history. A More

Many biologists believe that evolution is grant theory in modernbiology. Believing on the centrality of evolutionary theory to the rest ofbiology is a special case of a more general idea: nothing in biology canbe understood completely without attending to its history. According tothis idea, we should regard biology as a historical science rather than anomothetic one. But it may be supposed that as physics have beenchanged from a historical to nomothetic science, biology should also bechanged to a more “accurate” science; that is, a nomothetic science. Inthis essay, I try to reject this idea by presenting some historicalevidences to show that it is not because of evolutionary theory thatbiology is historical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Empiricism vs. Scientific Realism: A Historical Survey of the Developments of These Two Approaches until the Early Twentieth Century
یاسمن هوشیار

Scientific realism is the thesis that the claims of scientific theoriesabout the facts in the world are literally true. That the theoriessometimes even go beyond our sense data and experience in orderto give us an understanding of natural phenomena and their causes,and More

Scientific realism is the thesis that the claims of scientific theoriesabout the facts in the world are literally true. That the theoriessometimes even go beyond our sense data and experience in orderto give us an understanding of natural phenomena and their causes,and that if we accept a theory as true, we are also committed to theexistence of certain undetectable things as the causes of thosephenomena.Although scientific realism as an independent area in philosophy ofscience is almost recent, as a general idea it can be detectedthroughout the history of western thought where it meets withoppositions mainly coming from the empiricist quarter.Searching through the history of thought and focusing on scientificexplanation as the main goal of science, this paper shows thephilosophical roots of these two approaches as well as their gradualdevelopment since antiquity through intricate evolvement into moresophisticated and systematic forms which emerged almost whenphilosophy of science came to be known as an autonomous field,the period within which the dominant approach is scientific antirealism.The writer is therefore concerned with three majorphilosophers of science, Mach, Poincaré, and Duhem, emphasizingthe main features and trying to come into certain conclusions aboutthe two approaches at issue. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Inference to the Best Explanation
رضا علیزاده ممقانی

Explanation is one of the main purposes of scientific research thatphilosophers of science have paid attention on it. Inference to the BestExplanation (I.B.E) is one the explanation models for this aim. Here,firstly, a detailed account of I.B.E model is presented, accom More

Explanation is one of the main purposes of scientific research thatphilosophers of science have paid attention on it. Inference to the BestExplanation (I.B.E) is one the explanation models for this aim. Here,firstly, a detailed account of I.B.E model is presented, accompanying witha few critical explications on it; secondly, we take a realistic approachtowards the topic in question; finally, we propose an epistemologicalsummary and solution to the problem Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Muslim Philosophers' Philosophy of Science and its Aristotlean Legacy
موسی ملایری

It is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or&ldq More

It is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or“Philosophy of science” [or philosophical scientiology]. First, fourof the most important issues in the new philosophy of science i.e.criterions of scientific investigations, necessary conditions foraccuracy of scientific explanations, epistemic values, and status ofscientific theories and scientific methods for scientific discoveries,were selected. In each of them, first, we illustrate Aristotle'saccount, then, Muslim thinkers one. Tow point were attained: 1-Aristotle's idea contains all of these issues. 2- Muslim thinkers haveplayed significat role not only in, deepening and criticizing of theAristotelian philosophy of science, but also in its later development Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The Agricultural Products Commercialization Explanation In Rural Economy At Karganrood Of Talesh
Seyyedeh Sedigheh Hassanimehr

Agriculture has long been playing important role in the economy of rural areas , so that the livelihood villagers depends on this matter. Karganrood section is one of the most important agricultural region in Talesh, and has extra production about many agricultural prod More

Agriculture has long been playing important role in the economy of rural areas , so that the livelihood villagers depends on this matter. Karganrood section is one of the most important agricultural region in Talesh, and has extra production about many agricultural products such as Rice , Gardens, especially Kiwi...etc. Therefore Karganrood is suitable place for deployment of additional agricultural products and conversion industries. This paper focused on the commercialization explanation of agricultural products and its role in the rural economy of karganrood of Talesh in Guilan province, which selected 377 samples according to Cochran formula. Research methodology is descriptive – analytical . So some suggestions based on results in this region have been given: - The government must be support agricultures and farmers then encourage them for agricultural products production. - At this area any one has not permission for changing of land use from agricultural to settlement lands . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Role of Context-Oriented Management in the Formation of the Historical Landscape of Takht Suleiman
seyedMansour Rashidi Sahar Toofan Ahad Nejadabrahimi

10.30495/ums.2023.22996

Takht Suleiman is one of the historical complexes of Iran, which has been one of the most important religious, political and ceremonial centers in different periods. In the Sassanid period, it was the location of the most important fire temple, that is, the fire temple More

Takht Suleiman is one of the historical complexes of Iran, which has been one of the most important religious, political and ceremonial centers in different periods. In the Sassanid period, it was the location of the most important fire temple, that is, the fire temple of Azargashnesab. Purpose: The purpose of the research is to know the spatial organization, examine and explain the structural components and patterns examined in Takht Suleiman complex in the Sassanid period. In this article, first of all, qualitatively, it examines the structural patterns and spatial organization and the quality of the collection, and then evaluates the findings of the research, for the purpose of statistical analysis, quantitative data processing using the indicators and general characteristics of the collection. And statistical tests have been done. Method: This research, taking into account the rising trend of Takht Suleiman architecture and the spread of magnificent architecture, tries to understand the place and importance of the Takht complex through the interpretative-historical method and relying on library studies and field research. Suleiman, and how it affects the architectural body of Takht Suleiman in the Sassanid period and works from the Islamic period, especially from the Ilkhanid period. The technique of collecting information by means of a questionnaire depending on the answers of the researchers and analyzing the data collected with SPSS, the method of descriptive statistics of skewness and kurtosis and the histogram chart to examine the components of the spatial organization in Takht Suleiman, using statistical analysis. And the correlation and test of the received indicators are done, and finally the results have been extracted. The historical complex of Takht Suleiman, about 12.5 hectares, shows different types of architecture of the ancient period. to be And in terms of the general features of the building, geometry, hierarchy, circulation, communication, physical structure, privacy and confinement, sense of place, flexibility, geometric form of the building, introversion, open and semi-open spaces, spatial proportions, appropriate materials. And it is static. Findings: In this research, the numerical value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient, considering the 10 questions of the questionnaire, is equal to 0.840, which shows that the reliability of the questionnaire is average. Conclusion: As a result, the ability of structural architecture to meet human needs in various dimensions can be one of the important indicators in the examination of the architecture and spatial organization of the complex. The aim of investigating the spatial organization is to achieve the factors that play a role in the mutual relationship between the building and the spatial structure and establish the interaction between the environment and humans through spatial patterns in the architecture of Takht Suleiman complex.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Analysis of the written discourse of Ataba al-Kataba with a pragmatic approach based on Fairclough theory
Reza Heidari Nouri Delaram Baghdadi

10.30495/clq.2021.681943

This article is an analysis based on Norman Fairclough's theory in the Ataba Al-Kataba with a pragmatic approach that examines and analyzes linguistic forms, their purposes and functions based on Fairclough's views. The theoretical basis of the research is in the framew More

This article is an analysis based on Norman Fairclough's theory in the Ataba Al-Kataba with a pragmatic approach that examines and analyzes linguistic forms, their purposes and functions based on Fairclough's views. The theoretical basis of the research is in the framework of a three-level (layered) model of description, interpretation and explanation. The dimensions of discourse are very prominent in "Schools and Letters of Ataba al-Katabah" due to the close connection between language and social structures and the influence of the text on social relations. In this text, in addition to the effect of power relations, specific language choices that are specific to the style of this period are distinguished in the process of meaning production. The purpose of this study is to show the type and style of twentieth century discourse and to show the power of the author (Montajeb Jovini) in the form of his discourse. The different view on introduction and analysis of Ataba Al-Kataba is another goal of this study. This research has been conducted by descriptive-analytical method and it is examined by qualitative content analysis method and citing the text of the letters and mentioning the evidence of the example. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Critique of the researches of Abdolmajid Akjoo and Hossein Aydin in explaining the miracle of the Quran
amir joudavi mohammad ali heydri mazrae akhund mohammad hossein baroomand fateme yazdanmadad

10.30495/qsf.2022.1940846.2676

The purpose of this article is to review the works of Istanbul Turkish authors; That is, Abdolmajid Akjoo and Hussein Aydin are in the field of explaining the miracle of the Holy Quran. It is necessary, then presented, relying on its dual axes and its four stages, to cr More

The purpose of this article is to review the works of Istanbul Turkish authors; That is, Abdolmajid Akjoo and Hussein Aydin are in the field of explaining the miracle of the Holy Quran. It is necessary, then presented, relying on its dual axes and its four stages, to critique the works of Istanbul Turkish authors; That is, Abdolmajid Akjoo and Hussein Aydin have been trained in explaining the miracle of the Holy Quran. A comparison of the work of the mentioned authors shows how they function in the two mentioned axes; That is, 1- Examining the general form 2- Examining the stages independently of the general form has a completely opposite situation. It performs better.Some stages, such as the second and third stages or the third and fourth stages, are intertwined and we do not distinguish between them, which shows their negligence and lack of complete separation of these stages. It should be noted that the additions in the expression of the authors are either integral in one of the mentioned stages or are sub-issues and do not play a major role in the explanation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - The Effect of Quran and Hadith on Ibn Maytham al-Bahrani's Description in Nahj al-Balagha
Zahra Mahdavimehr Gholam Abbas Rezaei

Literary men had cited Quran's Verses to prove the accuracy of the words or lexicon or to explain some rules or syntactic grammars they applied. Since all agreed that Holy Quran is the highest and the best (masterpiece) in eloquence and syntax in Arabic language. But th More

Literary men had cited Quran's Verses to prove the accuracy of the words or lexicon or to explain some rules or syntactic grammars they applied. Since all agreed that Holy Quran is the highest and the best (masterpiece) in eloquence and syntax in Arabic language. But there are disagrees upon Hadith among scholars. Citing Hadith is permitted by some and is not permitted by others. Ibn Maytham al-Bahrani is one the Shia scholars of jurisprudence, philosophy and literature in seventh century. He has sited Quran verses and Hadith in many cases to explain and approve the accuracy of applied syntax and grammar. The present paper studies his citation to Quran and Hadith and explains some critics on his narrations and citations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Symbolic Application of Colors in Holy Quran
Mohammad Reza Azizipour Masoud Bavanpouri Mostafa Ahmadpanah Farouq Nemati

Holy Quran – God's real words – is known as rich literary book as well as a complete collection of religious – doctrinal one. This Holy Book contains images with wide and deep dreams in which simile, metaphor, rhythm, color and etc. are of vital roles. More

Holy Quran – God's real words – is known as rich literary book as well as a complete collection of religious – doctrinal one. This Holy Book contains images with wide and deep dreams in which simile, metaphor, rhythm, color and etc. are of vital roles. One of the most effective elements and fundamentals in literary beauty of these images is colors. Although the variety and diversity of colors are limit in Quran, they have valuable role in readers' dreaming. Applied colors in Holy Quran brought to explain a thing or phenomena or are of metaphoric, allusive or symbolic. The present research attempts to study existing colors' application in Quran in descriptive – analytical method and by librarian tools. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Typology of using the example of interpretive narrations of Ahl al-Bayt in interpreting Quranic verses
Mohammad Moradi Masoud Masoumi

10.30495/qsf.2021.683444

The Holy Quran, as an eternal miracle of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), needs to be interpreted and explained for various reasons. In the meantime, the interpretive narrations of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and his Ahl al-Bayt, which according to many verses and narrations, are t More

The Holy Quran, as an eternal miracle of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), needs to be interpreted and explained for various reasons. In the meantime, the interpretive narrations of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and his Ahl al-Bayt, which according to many verses and narrations, are the only ones who are fully aware of the teachings of the Qur'an and its purpose have reached us as a valuable gift through Shiite and Sunnis narrations and hadith books and these narrations are the most effective examples. Using descriptive-analytical methods and using library tools, this paper tries to examine the different types of examples, and their metaphorical features, which are generally neglected. In the end, we concluded that using these methods to interpret the Holy Qur'an is very useful and pleasant, and following this kind of interpretive tradition paves the way for commentators. It is in this way that the high and lofty meanings of the Qur'an can be presented to the audience in the form of sensations and axioms, and the final goal, which is to understand the content and then act on the verses, can be achieved. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Explanation of Chararcters in Yusuf Idris “Isn’t It”
Zohreh Ranjbar Pour Mohammad Mahdi Samti

Egypt is one of the countries which uses the stories and novels frequently and Yusuf Idris is one of this country’s famous authors. He is one of the realistic authors. He expresses his country’s occupation by England and strangers and states his nation&rsquo More

Egypt is one of the countries which uses the stories and novels frequently and Yusuf Idris is one of this country’s famous authors. He is one of the realistic authors. He expresses his country’s occupation by England and strangers and states his nation’s pains and griefs. The character is one of the most important elements of the story who the author depicts many social fact by that. “Isn’t It” is one of Yusuf Idris stories in which different characters such as weak and middle class of the society and their difficulties are surveyed. The present article – which is descriptive – analytical – depicts the characters’ thoughts, poverty, displacement and ignorance by characterization. Most of the characters of the story are mysterical and each one is a symbol of a group of  the society. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - A Critical Analysis of the Record and Exegesis of Some couplets from Shahnameh
mahmoud rezaei dasht arzhaneh MohammadHosein Karami Shahla Amoozegar

10.30495/dk.2021.1872914.1494

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) is the greatest and the most valuable Iranian national epic. Despite its simple-looking appearance, the epic has a great and complicated depth so that, far all the ongoing glosses and reports of the scholars of Shahnameh, there i More

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh (The Book of Kings) is the greatest and the most valuable Iranian national epic. Despite its simple-looking appearance, the epic has a great and complicated depth so that, far all the ongoing glosses and reports of the scholars of Shahnameh, there is no unanimous consent on many of its couplets. In this study subsequent to analyzing some of the couplets in the version edited by Jalal Khaleghi Motlagh and recounting the perspectives of the scholars of the epic, it was revealed that the record of some couplets is far from clear. This ambiguity emanates from either lack of attention to the context or from the wrong or unambiguous record of a word or phrase in the couplets. Thus in we explored critically how some couplets have been recorded and, based on numerous pieces of evidence, a more appropriate spelling was suggested. So after critically analyzing the reports of some couplets and representing the incongruities, we have sought to present a more proper interpretation by drawing on clues within and outside the text of the work. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - The Criticism of the Explanations of the Muallaqat (synchronized study
Somayeh Hasan Alian sayyedmohammadreza Ibnorrasool

Considering the importance of Muallaqat in Arabic literature, as well as  its importance in the various sciences of language , literature, grammar and also containing  many of  the  Jahelliah words  a great number of commentators paid attention More

Considering the importance of Muallaqat in Arabic literature, as well as  its importance in the various sciences of language , literature, grammar and also containing  many of  the  Jahelliah words  a great number of commentators paid attention to them.  In the present study, it is intended to study the critical method of commentators in  their explanations of the Muallaqat, descriptive - analytical method being employed. The results of the study reveals that commentators paid attention to criticism although it isn’t much. And their critical views are focused on technical levels (Dictionary, phonetics, syntax, rhetoric) and semantic level.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - A History of Exegesis up to the Sixth Century
Asghar Babasalar,

Discussing the interpretation and explanation of the holy Koran has been long regarded by those researchers who have worked on religion and theology. A lot of researches have been carried on in this regard. Most of these researches are concerned with the formation of in More

Discussing the interpretation and explanation of the holy Koran has been long regarded by those researchers who have worked on religion and theology. A lot of researches have been carried on in this regard. Most of these researches are concerned with the formation of interpretation schools and their tendency to interpret, limits and rules. Besides, these studies center on man’s intellectuality and sentimentality, and the way he realizes religious topics and revelations. They also deal with explaining the verses in terms of the interpreters’ mental, conceptual, and religious background. To illuminate a number of these subjects, including how interpretation schools emerged and the divisions within them, based on hermeneutic experiences, and the reasons of these interpretive schools’ inclination toward hermeneutic interpretations regarding internal experiences, without matching them with the historical topics, the researcher has here worked, in detail, on this change in view in the language and writings of the interpreters. Besides, he has mentioned, to the utmost possibility, the origins, causes, and intellectual and religious reasons concerning the tendency toward that interpretation or explanations. Meanwhile, the researcher has also pointed out the books written on different Islamic schools.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Mystical Thoughts Gohlawi in The Description Mohabbat Nameh Jami
Fatemeh Pahlavanshamsi Shahrzad Niazi Maryam Bolouri

The description of the jumbo's contribution to the work of Muhammad bin Ghulam ibn Muhammad gohlawi is from the writers of the Indian subcontinent, was the beginning of the thirteenth century AH.  Although it is a Persian work, it is important because of the knowle More

The description of the jumbo's contribution to the work of Muhammad bin Ghulam ibn Muhammad gohlawi is from the writers of the Indian subcontinent, was the beginning of the thirteenth century AH.  Although it is a Persian work, it is important because of the knowledge and information of the mystical.  In the description of the jama's book, the essence and spirit of the teachings of Sufism are reflected.  What is inferred from this edition is not merely encouraging people to be isolated and away from society and civilization, but rather, in the organization of human life and in the context of human civilization in human society.  He opens a broader horizon in the name of service and compassion for the creation of men.  Thoughts of Gohlawi have come from a cup.  In the Preface to the Companionship, he states that the heart is the source of love, and the reason that is lacking in love is a dead body and the world and everything in it is created from the influence of love.  The purpose of this study was to explain the position and emphasis on the importance of recognizing the publication of the Jami Prize in Persian literature, first briefly introducing this work and its subject, then seeking the mystical and social ideas of Muhammad ibn Ghulam  Gohlavi and retrieving these ideas in various fields and areas. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Critical discourse in independent images of Ebtehaj's poetry based on the characteristics of Norman Fairclough
mohammad shahbadizadeh leila kobari ghotbi javad mehraban ghezelhesar

Critical discourse is a theoretical linguistics and critiques whose principles and components are issues of power and are characterized by different discourses with specific characteristics that address and examine the two aspects of the form and meaning of the text. De More

Critical discourse is a theoretical linguistics and critiques whose principles and components are issues of power and are characterized by different discourses with specific characteristics that address and examine the two aspects of the form and meaning of the text. Descriptive-analytical We have evaluated and analyzed critical discourse in independent poetic images of Ebtehaj based on the view of Norman Fairclough. The results of this researcher are at the level of description, use of language, use of rhetorical aspects and secondary meanings of call and interrogation and dominance of vocabulary which indicates protest, conflict, sorrow and compassion. It is prominent in Ebtehaj's poems. At the level of interpretation and from the perspective of intertextuality, Ebtehaj's poems in the form of explicit and implicit intertextuality are influenced by classical poets (especially Hafez and Rumi). At the level of explanation, one can also achieve the hegemony of the idea of protest and emphasis on change and otherness in Ebtehaj's poems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Sociological Explanation of Women's Participation Affecting Factors in Public Sports in Gorgan
Mazanin Hosseini Karimabadi Akbar Talebpour Akbar Afarineshkhaki

The aim of this study was to explain the sociology of factors affecting women's participation in public sports in Gorgan. This research was a qualitative in which the Grounded Theory method was used. The statistical population of this study included elite female athlete More

The aim of this study was to explain the sociology of factors affecting women's participation in public sports in Gorgan. This research was a qualitative in which the Grounded Theory method was used. The statistical population of this study included elite female athletes, coaches and experts in the field of public sports, specialists and professors of physical education and sports sciences. Using snowball sampling method, 15 individuals were selected as the sample. In order to ensure the reliability of the obtained data, two methods of retest reliability and intercoder reliability were applied. Data analysis was performed in three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Based on the analysis, 46 open codes were extracted, which were classified into 5 categories (subcategories): personal barriers, family barriers, facilities and economic barriers, cultural barriers and social barriers. According to the results, it could be concluded that part of the barriers to women's participation in public sports were related to personal factors and the other part was related to environmental and social factors. It is suggested that by increasing women's awareness about the benefits of physical activity and also removing some cultural, environmental and social barriers, the necessary ground for women to participate more in public sports should be provided. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Explaining The Sociological Problems Of Women Cooperatives By Focusing On Managers’ Needed Capabilities
Nasim Izadi Pouria Ataei Ahmad Yaghoubi Farani

The aim of this study was to investigate the women cooperatives problems via focusing on the managers’ needed capabilities by qualitative method. Observation and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The population were executive managers of women More

The aim of this study was to investigate the women cooperatives problems via focusing on the managers’ needed capabilities by qualitative method. Observation and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The population were executive managers of women cooperatives in Hamedan province (55 executive managers), who were interviewed as all the numbers. The deductive content analysis, coding and classification methods was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the problems of women cooperatives included: restrictions within the family, worry about the life responsibilities, support organizations poor performance, financial problems, gender discrimination, poor health, worrying about the future and weaknesses in communication. The problems could be more generally fit into four categories: the problems of psychological, sociological, economic and administrative entity. Finally, these four categories  could be classified in two general categories, problems with interpersonal and intrapersonal problems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - The Comparison of the Effectiveness of the Thinking Cycle and Direct Explanation on Metacognitive Knowledge and Learning Speed of Sixth Grade Male Students in Ilam
masoud nazarzadeh Tahereh Nekouian Hassan Momeni Fereshteh Abdali

10.30495/ee.2022.1947170.1051

Considering the importance of two variables of metacognitive knowledge and learning speed in students, the use of thinking cycle teaching methods and direct explanation to achieve students' access to these two variables is important and necessary. Thinking Cycle and dir More

Considering the importance of two variables of metacognitive knowledge and learning speed in students, the use of thinking cycle teaching methods and direct explanation to achieve students' access to these two variables is important and necessary. Thinking Cycle and direct explanation are among those methods that can lead to students' self-regulation and educational achievement in different subjects. Thus, aim of this study was to compare the effect of thinking cycle and direct explanation on metacognitive knowledge and educational learning speed of elementary school students. The present study is a semi-experimental study in which 60 students from the sixth grade male students in Ilam city were selected using cluster sampling. Research tools included metacognitive knowledge and learning speed questionnaires. Data analysis was performed by multivariate analysis of covariance using SPSS-22 software. The results showed that the thinking cycle and direct explanation had a significant effect on increasing metacognitive knowledge (Partial ŋ2 = 0.61, p = 0.001, F = 106.15). Also, the thinking cycle and direct explanation a significant effect on increasing the speed of learning (36.36). Partial ŋ2 = 0, p = 0.001, F = 47.29). Likewise, the effectiveness of mutual education was higher than the direct explanation in metacognitive knowledge and students' learning speed (p <0.05). The present study showed that the thinking cycle and direct explanation improves the amount of metacognitive knowledge and the speed of students' learning. Accordingly, in the process of direct thinking and explanation (especially in the thinking cycle) students learn to act faster in solving problems in the learning process and in this way, improve their metacognitive knowledge and speed of learning. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Evaluating the effectiveness of training courses and exploring the improvement instructions: A usage of the follow-up explanations model
Mostafa Hadavinejad Fariba Heydari

Some organizations invest a lot on employee’s training so that improve performance and productivity, but sometimes that is not effective. So, evaluating effectiveness of training courses and exploring their improvement instructions seems important. In this regard, More

Some organizations invest a lot on employee’s training so that improve performance and productivity, but sometimes that is not effective. So, evaluating effectiveness of training courses and exploring their improvement instructions seems important. In this regard, our study is established in Rafsanjan Industrial Estate companies using follow-up explanations model of mixed methods. To this end, first Kirkpatrick questionnaire that it’s content validity and reliability were verified before, was distributed among a sample of 156 learners. In order to test the effectiveness of courses, one-sample t test were used. The post hoc tests were done using one-way ANOVA. All test were done in SPSS. Then, improvement instructions were explored through deep open interviews with a sample of 68 learners. Interviews were continued up to theoretical saturation and data were analyzed via MAXQDA.  Results showed that effectiveness of held training courses and its aspects (reaction, learning, behavior, and results) were located on a variable domain of middle to much base on different demographic variables in a 95 percent confidence level. Moreover, some instructions about time, site, title, and executive organization of training courses were presented base on research findings.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - The causal model of academic achievement based on the hardiness and perception of the classroom environment with the mediation of academic engagement
Fozieh Elhampour hamzeh Ganji Kadije Abolmaali Alhosani

Abstract Academic achievement is one of the indicators of the academic success and development of societies. The aim of this study was to explain a model of causal prediction of students' academi achievement based on hardiness and perception of the classroom environment More

Abstract Academic achievement is one of the indicators of the academic success and development of societies. The aim of this study was to explain a model of causal prediction of students' academi achievement based on hardiness and perception of the classroom environment by mediation of the academic engagement. Research method was correlation. A sample size of 300 of all (1411) male and female students of the third grade in empirical science course of high school in Dezful in 1393-94 was selected using multi-stage random sampling. They answered Kobasa.'S hardiness questionnaire (1994), Reliability =0/68,Index fit (GFI=0/93, RMSEA=0/074), Gentry, Gable and Rizza perception of the classroom environment (2002), Reliability=0/81, (GFI=0/93 (RMSEA=0/063) and Pintrich & De Groot academic engagement (1994), Reliability=0/90, (GFI=0/94, RMSEA=0/058).The data analyzed by structural equation modeling. Results showed that model, was good fit by data. Direct effect of the academic engagement on academic achievement was0/32, perception of the classroom environment on academic engagement was 0/758 and Indirect effect of the perception of the classroom environment on academic achievement by mediation of the academic engagement was0/24, which all (p<0/0001) were meaningful. Effect of the hardiness on academic achievement was -0/29 (p<0/0001) and meaningful. On the whole, hardiness and perception of the classroom environment explained16/7% of the variance of academic achievement and perception of the classroom environment explained 57/9 % of the variance of academic engagement. Thus, it is necessary that planners and teachers provide opportunities for activating and benefiting from challenging assignments for students. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - تبیین عوامل موثر بر سکونتگاههای انسانی غیررسمی از منظر کیفیت های عینی و ذهنی
shirin shahideh Mohammad Hadi Kaboli Fariborz Dolat Abadi Vahid Shali Amini

توسعه سکونتگاههای غیررسمی در شهرها و بویژه کلانشهرها، مفهومی از کیفیت را زندگی شهری مطرح می‌کند که باید مورد توجه و تجدید نظر قرارگیرد. در این راستا، مطالعه حاضر بر روی جوامع غیررسمی تمرکز کرده و به معرفی مولفه‌های کیفیت مربوط به محیط مصنوع از منظر کیفیتهای عینی و کیفیت More

توسعه سکونتگاههای غیررسمی در شهرها و بویژه کلانشهرها، مفهومی از کیفیت را زندگی شهری مطرح می‌کند که باید مورد توجه و تجدید نظر قرارگیرد. در این راستا، مطالعه حاضر بر روی جوامع غیررسمی تمرکز کرده و به معرفی مولفه‌های کیفیت مربوط به محیط مصنوع از منظر کیفیتهای عینی و کیفیتهای ذهنی در ارتباط با رضایت ساکنین از سکونتگاه در قالب ویژگیهای کالبدی–فضایی بستر این سکونتگاهها، با نقشی بی ‌بدیل در شکل دهی به نوع زندگی ساکنین، می‌پردازد. در این پژوهش با تمرکز بر محور اصلی از روش تحقیق کیفی و از راهبرد پیمایشی استفاده شده ‌است که با بهره‌گیری از اسناد کتابخانه‌ ای، روشهای تحلیل نظرسنجی و مشاهدات مستقیم از فضا به جمع‌‌آوری و تحلیل داده‌ها پرداخته ‌است. همچنین روش تحلیل سلسله‌‌مراتبی دلفی فازی به منظور ارزیابی نظر متخصصان و نیز تکنیک انتروپی شانون در جهت وزن‌‌دهی و اولویت‌بندی نهایی شاخصهای کیفیت بدست آمده از پرسشنامه دلفی استفاده شده‌ است. در بخش مطالعه اسنادی، 33 مولفه کیفی بدست آمده و از منظر "ارتقا کیفیت سکونتگاههای غیررسمی" با روش دلفی ارزیابی شدند. در غربالگری اولیه، 9 مولفه و در ادامه بنا به نظر متخصصین 3 مولفه دیگر از لیست حذف شدند. در نتیجه این مطالعه به 21 مولفه نهایی کیفیت دست یافت که زیر مجموعه دو بعد اصلی کیفیت‌های عینی و ذهنی قرارگرفته و سپس در 7 دسته موضوعی طبقه‌بندی شدند. یافته‌های حاصل از تحلیل مولفه‌ها با استفاده از تکنیک شانون نشان می‌دهد که مولفه‌ها در بعد "رضایت ساکنین" و نیز در دسته موضوعی "امنیت و ایمنی" بیشترین تاثیر را در بالابردن کیفیت سکونتگاههای غیررسمی دارا هستند. همچنین در میان تک شاخصها، "جلوگیری از جرم و جنایت"، "دسترسی و نفوذپذیری" و نیز "تسهیلات و زیرساختها" موثرترین مولفه های لیست بدست آمده در بافتهای غیر رسمی هستند و در نهایت تحلیلها به این نتیجه رسیدند که مولفه‌های دسته "عملکرد"، کم اثرترین در میان دسته‌های موضوعی تعریف شده می‌باشند. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Explaining the Model of Creative Tourism Futures Research in Isfahan
Maryam Mosahebi pour fard َAhmad Khademolseini Hamid Saberi Reza Mokhtari malek abadi

Patterns are simulations of reality, comparisons that make it easier to see the intricacies of the real world. Each explanatory paradigm looks at human life in different ways, and each of these paradigms offers specific hypotheses about the nature of the phenomenon's re More

Patterns are simulations of reality, comparisons that make it easier to see the intricacies of the real world. Each explanatory paradigm looks at human life in different ways, and each of these paradigms offers specific hypotheses about the nature of the phenomenon's reality. Creative tourism can also be mentioned as a tool to revive urban tourism. Because cities are considered as cultural systems that are formed by human and natural heritage. The purpose of this study is to explain the pattern of creative tourism in Isfahan. The prevailing approach is based on the applied goal and based on the profound nature, based on the questionnaire and the futures research approach. In order to model, first all the factors involved in the future of creative tourism in Isfahan have been prepared by studying and reviewing the research background and then by interviewing and reviewing documents and Delphi questionnaires. Snowball sampling method and 35 questionnaires were distributed among tourism elites and university professors as the statistical population of the study. Based on this, first indicators and 52 variables in 6 areas of political, social, economic, technological, environmental and physical have been identified. Then, for data processing, structural interaction analysis by Mikomak software has been used. The key factors for drawing a creative tourism model were identified and ranked, and based on this, an attempt was made to draw a suitable model for the realization of creative tourism in Isfahan. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Designing and explaining the pattern of organizational silence based on the personality patterns of employees Case study: (Bandar Abbas Municipality)
hosein akhlaghi mehdi bagheri Sirajuddin Mohebi

The current research intends to design and explain the pattern of organizational silence based on the personality patterns of employees. This research is exploratory and descriptive-survey. A questionnaire was used to collect information. that the Cronbach's alpha More

The current research intends to design and explain the pattern of organizational silence based on the personality patterns of employees. This research is exploratory and descriptive-survey. A questionnaire was used to collect information. that the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaires is above 7. To test the validity of the questions, content validity was used, and for this purpose, the opinions of experts, academic professors and expert experts were used. , Confirmed. The statistical population in this research consists of the employees of Bandar Abbas municipality, among whom 152 people were selected as a sample by simple random method. Exploratory factor analysis test was used to analyze the information. After conducting the exploratory factor analysis test, finally 5 factors has been identified: Causal conditions (management factors with the highest priority and target factors with the lowest priority), intervening conditions ( Environmental factors with the highest priority and cultural-factors with the lowest priority (conditions that create the foundation) Lack of capable and motivating managers with the highest priority and non-participatory decision-making with the lowest priority (leader conditions) Change in organizational structure with the highest priority and management of organizational culture with the lowest priority ), the outcome conditions (promoting organizational commitment with the highest priority and promoting the emotional commitment of employees with the lowest priority) Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - The comparison of the Effect of Reciprocal Education and Direct Explanation on Problem -Solving Skills and Educational Self-Concept of Female Students
Tahereh Nekooeiyan@gmail.com Ahmad Ghazanfari Maryam Chorami Tayebeh Sharifi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Indicators of Jihad of Explanation by Analyzing the Speeches of Lady Zainab (as) in the Introduction of Āshūrá Uprising
Hosein Barzegar

Taking advantage of the Āshūrá uprising and the enlightenments of Imam Sajjad (as) and Lady Zainab (as), in order to achieve an effective model for the jihad of explanation in religious fields, is one of the important concerns and issues in the cognitive war agai More

Taking advantage of the Āshūrá uprising and the enlightenments of Imam Sajjad (as) and Lady Zainab (as), in order to achieve an effective model for the jihad of explanation in religious fields, is one of the important concerns and issues in the cognitive war against the process of distortion for the guardians of the stronghold of divine knowledge. The present article, with the aim of identifying and introducing the central indicators, has analyzed the role and relationship of each in the Jihad of explanation of Lady Zainab (as) with an analytical and descriptive method. For this purpose, at first, the meaning of Jihad is explained from Islamic sources and the definitions of the two Imams of the Revolution, and then the description of the indicators and the logical analysis of the relationship of each of the indicators with jihad of explanation have been discussed. It is clear from the research that Lady Zainab (as) has authentic religious indicators such as belief, ethics and methodology in raising awareness and explanation in addition to a certain strategy. The crystallization of which is evident in her speeches in the form of Allah-centeredness, eschatological belief, patience and perseverance, situational awareness, audience awareness, observance of divine limits, especially modesty and chastity, streamlining and epic creation. The result is that rereading these indicators and recognizing the role of indicators in the field of jihad of explanation can provide a scientific and practical model for every group of believing men and women in every era and in different conditions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Evaluation of Different Determination Methods of Class A Pan Evaporation Coefficient For Estimation daily Evapotranspiration In Islamabad-Gharb Area
amirhosein nazemi mohammad amin parandin seyed aliashraf sadraddini

Thermal energy in the air, causing the evaporation of water in the hydrosphere Tremblay and This action continues until saturation the air from the water vapor. evaporate maybe accur from surface water or from wet soil or transpiration from the plants. a common method t More

Thermal energy in the air, causing the evaporation of water in the hydrosphere Tremblay and This action continues until saturation the air from the water vapor. evaporate maybe accur from surface water or from wet soil or transpiration from the plants. a common method to estimate ( ) is using class A pan Evaporation, In this case, multiplying of evaporation from class A pan Evaporation in pan coefficient (Kp) can be achieved (ET0). Pan coefficient (Kp) depends on the location and weather conditions. There are several ways to estimate evaporation pan Coefficient that in all of them is used from daily mean of wind speed (U), relative humidity (H) and the cover (F). The purpose of this research is to find the best evaporation pan coefficient method in Islamabad-Gharb Area, between empirical methods Doorenbos And Pruitt (1977), the Cuenca (1989), the Allen and Pruitt (1991), Model Schneider (1992), model Pereira et al. (1995), the Orang (1998) and the FAO 56 (Allen et al. (1998)) according to the data of meteorological stations Islamabad-Gharb and Compare them with Kp values obtained by dividing the . The values of ET0 are extracted from the lysimetric data from 1395. The results showed that Orang model with a correlation coefficient of 0.99, the root mean square difference of 0.008, efficiency or performance of 0.98 and the mean percentage error (0.003) is much less than other methods shows better and The coefficient of determination show the suitability of the Orang method (0.98). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Explain the Consequences of Spatial Tourism in Villages of Rezvanshahr
mehrangiz yaghoubi mohamadbaset GhoreshiMinabad nasrollah MolaeiHashjin

Rural areas with various functions, a network of interaction between man and the environment, which affected during the period of internal and external factors and the forces of change and developments that this process is based on two natural movement and planning the More

Rural areas with various functions, a network of interaction between man and the environment, which affected during the period of internal and external factors and the forces of change and developments that this process is based on two natural movement and planning the thought of what is happening in recent decades developing their activities Josh Tourism is one of the most important factors in the change and transformation of a village, which is the fundamental and deep developments in various" and mainly sub anatomical aspects to villages.Rezvanshahr tourist villages of this city are not Mstsny so that a variety of attractions, in recent years, we have witnessed different changes in these areas. The present paper, which aims to establish the consequences development tourism in the villages of tourists to formulate Rezvanshahr city, has been trying to the question of the main elements of the consequences of the creation of developing tourism village, from the point of view of society are example? The answer is given to the dimensions and indicators of sustainable tourism village defined and finally the conceptual model for tourism development in rural areas, provided. The research method in this study -a survey questionnaire was based on. Therefore, using Cochran's formula for tourists are 351 households from 23 villages Rezvanshahr city and all local administrators group and 8 cases of government officials and the questionnaire has been completed.The results obtained from the data shows that the society and observations, researcher in the manner of construction the rural landscape, Land use, environmental issues, but negative consequences, but such as job creation, strengthen the building, infrastructure development, raising awareness of indigenous people on the positive consequences, and consequences of a total of space - in the More coastal and mountain villages of the plains and foothillsthat to reduce the negative effects and increase the positive effects of strategic planning model partnership with an integrated management system for preserving the environment and the development of the village as the best strategy will be introduced. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Evaluation and Feasibility of Implementation of an Application Model of Knowledge Management (Case Study of Automobile Company)
ali zahedi mohammad Dalmanpoor فرناز عظیم زاده فیروزی علی محبی

Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices is essential for its implementation. Explanation and feasibility of knowledge management is one of the issues that is perhaps the least favored of organizations and most of the studies on More

Understanding knowledge management as a spirit governing organizational practices is essential for its implementation. Explanation and feasibility of knowledge management is one of the issues that is perhaps the least favored of organizations and most of the studies on knowledge management have been carried out. In this research it has been tried to evaluate the implementation contexts first and evaluate whether Are there any grounds for implementing knowledge management in Saipa (Color Hall)? Experts (with background in different management layers) have been surveyed to validate the research. Dimensions and indicators of organizational culture, organizational structure, organizational technology, knowledge acquisition, knowledge interaction between members and application of knowledge have been used and surveyed in order to evaluate the views of Saipa employees. It is the values of the people who speak the last word, and the barrier is so severe that it is referred to by Steve Ellis as the true destroyer; the cultural dimension has been further emphasized, and according to the results of this study, It demonstrates the fact that with the current conditions of Saipa's color salon, the implementation of knowledge management with regard to national There are remarks, and most of the respondents are culturally responsive, and in some indicators the answers vary. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - Identify and Prioritization of the Requirements of Explanation Jihad in the Statements of the Supreme Leader (1989-2022)
mohammad karimizadeh mohammad mohseni zahra lashkari

The present study has been done with the aim of identifying, categorizing and presenting of the hierarchy of requirements of Explanation Jihad in the statements of the Supreme Leadership. To achieve this goal, The thematic analysis of template analysis method was used a More

The present study has been done with the aim of identifying, categorizing and presenting of the hierarchy of requirements of Explanation Jihad in the statements of the Supreme Leadership. To achieve this goal, The thematic analysis of template analysis method was used and the research data was collected by documentary method. These data included the statements of the Supreme Leader in their various meetings, that has been identified in the framework of 40 concept and then 28 cognitive themes have been identified and in six hierarchical levels including: First level (thinking and continuous search of knowledge), Second level (analysis power, macro awareness, self-construction, innovation, problem identification), Third level (pragmatic spirit, good action, moralism, correct expression, timely action, patience in work, firm determination), Fourth level (insight, faith in God, cognition, legalism, clear orientation, hopefulness, prioritization), Fifth level (trusting the promise of God, courage, frankness in telling the truth, realistic view) and Sixth level (persistence spirit, non-creating division, distrust of the enemy), has been categorized. The findings indicated that the six levels of requirements of explanation jihad are the ingredients of inherent of this arena, that causes the occurrence, continuation and effectiveness of explanation Jihad. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Designing a model for the recognition of explanation jihad based on the intellectual system of the Supreme Leader
Ahad Norouzzadeh

Explanation Jihadis one of the most important demands of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, which he has emphasized many times and at various times to deal with any deviation and distortion in the discourse and values of the Islamic Revolution. In the present More

Explanation Jihadis one of the most important demands of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, which he has emphasized many times and at various times to deal with any deviation and distortion in the discourse and values of the Islamic Revolution. In the present study, an attempt was made to draw a model for the recognition of explanation Jihad based on his intellectual system and with two qualitative and quantitative approaches. The statistical population in the qualitative stage where the database method was used, 30cultural experts and professors of universities in Ardabil province, who were selected by the chain reference method (snowball), and after theoretical saturation in the interview, the coding process was done. In the quantitative part, based on Morgan's table, 169cultural managers of the province were studied. After the coding process and using MaxQDA, the data sets were categorized into 86open codes, 77concepts, 15categories and 6classes (causal conditions, intervening conditions, contextual conditions, central categories, strategies and consequences). Based on the research results and the output of Smatr PLS, the indicators of the formation of the Iranian-Islamic identity of the people, industrial constructions, synchronization and alignment and the fit of form and content, free space and criticism and correction, explanation for the general public and all strata and industrial development index as The most important indicators of the model for the recognition of jihad explanation were identified. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Sociological explanation of stigma in sports for the disabled (Case study of men and women athletes with disabilities in Tehran in 1398)
aboolfazl Tajarrod Bahram Ghadimi zahra alipourdarvishi Shahla Hojat Massoumeh shojaei

10.30495/jscc.2021.688243

The aim of this study was to identify and explain the phenomenon of hot stigma in the sports community of the disabled and used a combined research method with an exploratory design. A quantitative survey questionnaire was provided to 120 athletes with disabilities. The More

The aim of this study was to identify and explain the phenomenon of hot stigma in the sports community of the disabled and used a combined research method with an exploratory design. A quantitative survey questionnaire was provided to 120 athletes with disabilities. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha (0.971). The findings showed how hot stigma as a social construct plays a role in the norms of the sports community and social exclusion in these individuals and the prevention of their active participation in the social arena of sports, which is considered a criterion for the validity of "theory based." Leads to the phenomenon of instrumental exploitation of the disabled athlete at the level of the individual, family and sports community. This phenomenon of exploitation of the disabled athlete can simultaneously be considered as causal conditions, phenomena, action and interaction conditions. / 0, which indicates the strong desirability of the model and can be a good model with a holistic, systematic and long-term view of the sport of the disabled and tries to guide the action of managers in the distant time horizons and wider areas of implementation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Explaining the Strategic Pattern of Dwarf Breeding Management in Iranian Government Organizations
maryam razmjou Jafar beikzad&rlm; Nejad Irani Farhad Yahya adashkarimi

One of the foundations of the development of any society is its administrative system and management. It is obvious that an unfavorable and inefficient administrative system can facilitate and pave the way for the non-realization of the goals of development programs. Th More

One of the foundations of the development of any society is its administrative system and management. It is obvious that an unfavorable and inefficient administrative system can facilitate and pave the way for the non-realization of the goals of development programs. The main purpose of this study was to explaining the strategic pattern of dwarf breeding management in Iranian government organizations. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The statistical population of this study was all managers, deputies and high-level experts of Iranian government organizations. The statistical sample size was estimated to be 356 people using Cochran's formula and were selected by stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The research hypotheses were tested using PLS3 and SPSS software by structural equation modeling. The results showed that causal conditions have a positive and significant effect on the pivotal phenomenon, pivotal phenomenon has a positive and significant effect on strategies, contextual and intervening conditions have a positive and significant effect on strategies and also strategies have a positive and significant effect on dwarfism outcomes Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - Molaana a saint and beyond
Hassan Jafari Tabar

Maybe it is not going to be possible to find a man more knowledgeable and wise than Molaana lalaledin in the past nor in future. He was blessed and he wanted to share that with us in his own brilliant uniql'~ way. his poems which have let us know that he bared being More

Maybe it is not going to be possible to find a man more knowledgeable and wise than Molaana lalaledin in the past nor in future. He was blessed and he wanted to share that with us in his own brilliant uniql'~ way. his poems which have let us know that he bared being not only a human but a saint as well. this essay is focusing on the first thirty verses of his first book along with some of their explantion and interpretation and some possible suppositions about Molaana's own interpretation on the subject. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - The role of the General Command of the Police Force in the realization of the explanation jihad according to the statement of the second step of the revolution
محمد شریفانی nasrin alavinia

Background and purpose:The command of the police force (Faraja) as the institution in charge of security and order in the society has an important role in the realization of the jihad of explanation in the society. Explanation Jihad is one of the fundamental issues for More

Background and purpose:The command of the police force (Faraja) as the institution in charge of security and order in the society has an important role in the realization of the jihad of explanation in the society. Explanation Jihad is one of the fundamental issues for the future of the revolution, which is the concern of the supreme leader (Madazaleh) and he has pointed out some points in this regard on various occasions.Therefore, Faraja's awareness of the conditions and factors affecting the realization of Jihad Tabbin can be the basis for reaching the desired society and the continuation of the revolution.The purpose of the current research is to present the role of the police force command in the realization of Jihad-at-Bayin according to the statement of the second step of the revolution Method: Qualitative approach and data-based theory. The required data were collected through theoretical and targeted sampling with the method of semi-structured interviews with the commanders of the police forces of Kermanshah,Hamadan,Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces and through three processes; Open, central and selective coding has been conceptualized and analyzed Findings and conclusions: The findings of the research include 330 primary concepts, 157 sub-themes and 18 main themes, the core category of which was created, "Faraja Command and Realization of Jihad-Tabbin" and the obtained paradigm model, conditions and causes, Represent the necessary factors and necessities, and in order to achieve the desired results, it is necessary for all the influencing components to provide the consequences of this by adopting the necessary strategies Manuscript profile

List of Articles explanation

Sanad

Links

Related Centers

Technical Support

Official pages