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Open Access Article
1 - The effectiveness of media diplomacy with a foreign tourism development approach
Alireza Gharaati mohammad soltanifarTourism in 2019 accounts for ten percent of the world's gross domestic product, one-tenth of the world's jobs, seven percent of total exports and four percent of total global investment. Therefore, considering the policies of the economy without increasing the importanc MoreTourism in 2019 accounts for ten percent of the world's gross domestic product, one-tenth of the world's jobs, seven percent of total exports and four percent of total global investment. Therefore, considering the policies of the economy without increasing the importance of the foreign tourism industry, it was necessary to examine the factors of development of the tourism industry. In this study, the role of media diplomacy on the tourism industry is discussed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between media diplomacy and tourism industry, which was performed by cross-sectional descriptive method using a researcher-made questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha of 0.9 and a sample of 250 people based on Cochran's formula among media and tourism professionals. In the descriptive evaluation, the respondents rated the prosperity of media diplomacy and the tourism industry as low in the country, and in the inferential results, regression was used regarding the relationship between these two variables, which in the first five indicators of the tourism industry: “Soft power” have strong determinants and only the role of media diplomacy in identifying cities with a coefficient of determination of 0.04 has been assessed as weak. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The identity of soft threat , dimension and characteristics
Seyed Vahid Aghili Farahnaz MostafaviAlthough software orientation is considered as one of the best tools to provide betterand more national benefits for countries, But researches show that using soft powerby big governments has always been affected by security-strategy considerations, infact, one of disti MoreAlthough software orientation is considered as one of the best tools to provide betterand more national benefits for countries, But researches show that using soft powerby big governments has always been affected by security-strategy considerations, infact, one of distinguished aspects of today world from past world is “importanceincreasing” of soft power of countries and their capability in creating deep, invisibleand gradual changes in belief arrangement, life style, political situations andprospective and social preferences of target audiences, using “ soft threats” . softthreats means the expanded spectrum of actions and social, political and culturalactivities which is used by countries with higher communication technology inorder to impose indirectly their will to the others. The main purpose of this researchis to study the concept of dimension and characteristics of soft threat and softwareapproach in theories and solutions. In this research it has been attempted tointroduce the resources and different levels of threat and soft threat in order tounderstanding it generally, and finally to point the special affairs of soft threat inthese leve. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Assessing the Effect of Value and Identity Changes on National Security
Mehrdad Navabakhsh Hamid Sadjadi -
Open Access Article
4 - A Study of the Effective Purposes and Criteria of the U.S Foreign Policy in the Middle East from the View of Smart Power
Mojtaba Romouk Mashallah Hedarpour AliReza AminiThe purpose of the present research is to study effective purposes and criteria of the U.S foreign policy in the Middle East from the view of smart power. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that experiences of the past decades convinced t MoreThe purpose of the present research is to study effective purposes and criteria of the U.S foreign policy in the Middle East from the view of smart power. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that experiences of the past decades convinced the White House politicians to adopt smart power policy for collaboration and opposition as well as peaceful methods for making relations with middle eastern countries. Therefore, a new perspective was opened in western relations with the Middle East. Smart power and all its criteria made the White House politicians attempt to follow their objectives by that. Their purposes include rebuilding the U.S deteriorated foreign policy image during recent decades, public opinion management in the Middle East, improvement and betterment of its executive policies in the region, avoidance of coalition in the region against the U.S and Israel, supporting the emergence of moderate governments based on liberal democracy, sustenance of relative peace and stability in the region according to the U.S favorites, and maintenance of military bases in the U.S allies’ countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Role of the State Leader in Applying Public Diplomacy Relational Methods in the Country
Mohammad Sotoudeh Mohammad Ali SadeghzadehThe purpose of the present study is to answer the main question about the role of the state leader in applying public diplomacy relational methods to fulfill interests of Iran and the Islamic world. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that MoreThe purpose of the present study is to answer the main question about the role of the state leader in applying public diplomacy relational methods to fulfill interests of Iran and the Islamic world. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that with regard to his role in the political-legal structure of the country, having religious authority in the Shi’ite world, and the existing potentials in the discourse literature of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the state leader by applying soft power and relational methods through gatherings, meetings, approaches, mass media, relevant institutions, cultural and educational organizations, and sending messages and letters to the audience, has an effective role in right detection and enemy recognition, revival of the Islamic ideology, spiritual propagation of the revolution, enforcement of smart power of the Islamic Republic of Iran, preparation of resistance culture, and challenging the unjust nature of the international order in various aspects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Transformation and Smartization of the U.S Military Power Strategy in the Persian Gulf Region (2001-2022)
Ali Asghar Ghaffari Cherati Hasan Khodaverdi Garineh Keshishyan SirakiThe present study aims to answer how transformation and smartization of the U.S military power strategy has been conducted in the Persian Gulf region since 2001. The research relies on the hypothesis that consequences and high costs of the U.S military strategies during MoreThe present study aims to answer how transformation and smartization of the U.S military power strategy has been conducted in the Persian Gulf region since 2001. The research relies on the hypothesis that consequences and high costs of the U.S military strategies during the presidency of George W. Bush, under the influence of hard power, made later presidents in the country to follow the strategy of smart power. Along with military presence, they also attempted to rebuild the U.S deteriorated image in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf region by some strategies like diplomacy, trade, foreign assistance, and propagation of their values. The research method was content analysis and the results showed that consequences of the U.S military intervention in the Persian Gulf revealed strategic limitations of Washington’s hard power policy during the Bush presidency. Thus, Barack Obama and later presidents in the country emphasized on the simultaneous use of hard and soft power, under the title of smart power. Although their approaches were different, their most important smart and common objective was to intelligently change power balance in the Persian Gulf region, in favor of the U.S and against Iran, by coalition between Israel and Arabic countries especially Saudi Arabia and UAE in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Sports washing as a soft power to consolidate the political governance of sports
Taha Razmara Mozafar Yektayar Saeed AbdiSports washing is a new word in the form of soft power that appears in both authoritarian and democratic political environments and can play a dual role at the domestic and international levels. The present study was a conceptual analysis and the achievement of effectiv MoreSports washing is a new word in the form of soft power that appears in both authoritarian and democratic political environments and can play a dual role at the domestic and international levels. The present study was a conceptual analysis and the achievement of effective and key results of the dual role of sports washing in the domestic and international level in order to strengthen the political sovereignty of governments in this area. The present study was a conceptual analysis and the achievement of effective and key results of the dual role of sports washing in the domestic and international level in order to strengthen the political sovereignty of governments in this area.The sources of the present study were based on the articles of reliable international publications and reliable internet portals. The findings showed that sports washing in the form of soft power requires trust, international transparency and compliance with the Charter of Human Rights in order to achieve the desired goals of political governance. It is suggested that in order to prevent and control the negative approach of the phenomenon of Sports washing, individuals, governments and organizations that are involved in the phenomenon of Sports washing show resistance to the normalization of moral violations in sports, do not participate in Sports washing activities or how Change your participation. It is also necessary to carry out special supervision by international sports governing bodies on the activities of governments and individuals who are involved in Sports washing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Impact of Soft Power on the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the Perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei
karim abbasi samad ghaempanah hasan shamsinighyasvand seydasasdolah athariThe type and degree of threat of each country has a direct relationship with the goals and ideals of its government. The Islamic Republic of Iran as a government that relies on religious and religious values and ideals that relies on religious democracy and its most i MoreThe type and degree of threat of each country has a direct relationship with the goals and ideals of its government. The Islamic Republic of Iran as a government that relies on religious and religious values and ideals that relies on religious democracy and its most important goal is the realization of justice and the spread of the ideals of the Islamic Revolution throughout the world, a society with these ideals and goals always faces threats. One of the ways to examine the foundations of the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran is to study the speeches of Ayatollah Khamenei, who is in charge of the major policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this research, the main question is; What is the impact of soft power on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The position of Soft Power of Islamic Republic of Iran on the Statement of the Second Step of the Iranian Revolution
fazel feiziIn this article we have attempted to examine the position of soft power on the statement of the second step from the point of view of political science.This article sought to answer the question, what are the most fundamental elements affecting the national power MoreIn this article we have attempted to examine the position of soft power on the statement of the second step from the point of view of political science.This article sought to answer the question, what are the most fundamental elements affecting the national power of Iran in the statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution? Based on the findings of this article, which was obtained by using the descriptive-analytical method, the statement while paying attention to the hardware and software dimensions of national power, the most fundamental element of the national power of the Islamic Republic of Iran is the soft power based on the Islamic Revolution values, faith, divine motivation and Velayat-e Faqih. since the values of the Islamic Revolution are based on human nature, they are welcomed by all human societies and provide huge power to Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Cultural policy-Making and its Impact on the Soft Power of the Islamic Republic of Iran; a Case Study of the Film Industry
Khalil Borzoo Masoud Motallebi Abdolreza BaiKhalil Borzoo[1] Masoud Motallebi[2] Abdolreza Bai[3] Abstract: The concept of war has undergone a wide semantic transformation and today, the soft power, including cinema, plays an important and fundamental role in the cultural policy of any country. Accordingly, the p MoreKhalil Borzoo[1] Masoud Motallebi[2] Abdolreza Bai[3] Abstract: The concept of war has undergone a wide semantic transformation and today, the soft power, including cinema, plays an important and fundamental role in the cultural policy of any country. Accordingly, the present article has been done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of examining cultural policy-making in the Iranian film industry and its impact on the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results showed that the Iranian film industry originates from the political programs of its statesmen and this factor has created challenges in the field of soft power in the field of cinema. Nevertheless, the international recognition of the Iranian film industry (presence of Iranian films in international festivals, distribution of Iranian films and series on I Film and Asian television networks. In addition to displaying and encouraging the political, religious, lifestyle and Islamic culture of the Iranian people at the international level, in order to produce positive images and eliminate negative images of Iran (in Persian-speaking countries) Especially Iran's nuclear programs) to be used in the minds of the people of the world. Iranian artists, as Iranian ambassadors around the world, have not yet been sufficiently exploited as a source of soft power, while they can make a great difference in others' perceptions of Iranian identity. [1] -PhD Student in Political Science, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Golestan, Iran, borzoo50@yahoo.com [2] -Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Golestan, Iran) Corresponding author(, mmtph2006@yahoo.com [3] -Assistant Professor,Department of International Relations, Azadshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Golestan, Iran, phd_bay1979@yahoo.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The globalization of communications and evolution in the concept of diplomacy
Mohammad Youssef Jouybari Nasser Khorshidi Hussein i Shah MoradThe goal of this paper is to survey globalization and diplomacy and also analyzing the impact governments have been received from globalization phenomena in diplomacy and foreign affairs areas. Therefore, the question that can be raised is: What is the influence of glob MoreThe goal of this paper is to survey globalization and diplomacy and also analyzing the impact governments have been received from globalization phenomena in diplomacy and foreign affairs areas. Therefore, the question that can be raised is: What is the influence of globalization on foreign policy and diplomacy of countries? The hypothesis of the study is that, globalization by discrediting the place and time and also the extension of communication technologies are caused the countries to use soft power in foreign affairs that is manifested in their cultural diplomacy. The research method is descriptive-analytical and consists the period of post-cold war. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Soft Power and Asymmetric Action in Iran's Strategic Policy
masomeh reshad Afsaneh ReshadSoft power is one of the main indicators of Iran's foreign and security policies. Historical experience shows that revolutionary political systems always use the indicators of soft power to improve their regional and international position. Ideology and identity are amo MoreSoft power is one of the main indicators of Iran's foreign and security policies. Historical experience shows that revolutionary political systems always use the indicators of soft power to improve their regional and international position. Ideology and identity are among the main signs of soft power. When ideology is placed in the space of social, regional and international action, it turns into identity. Therefore, one of the main characteristics of Iran's soft power is production of identity. The use of soft power in Iran's foreign policy is laced with the indicators related to the export of the revolution. Asymmetric action can be considered as one of the main indicators of the behavior of revolutionary players in world politics. The export of revolution is considered as one of the signs of asymmetric action. Organization and leading of the Resistance Front will be the main pivot of asymmetric action in Iran’s strategic policy. Taking such signs into consideration, the question of this research is as follows: What are the features of soft power and asymmetric action in Iran’s strategic policy and in what process will it be materialized? The hypothesis of the present paper is: Soft power and asymmetric action in Iran’s strategic policy will be a dependent of the necessities of the identity of resistance in the regional environment. Barry Buzan’s structure, identity model has been used in this research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Recognition of Saudi Media Diplomacy in West Asia; A Case Study of Iran International Network Performance
zahra mohajeriamiri masoud motallebiAlong with the globalization of communication and the effective presence of the media in the international arena, traditional diplomacy has changed and "media diplomacy" has emerged as one of the main branches of the foreign policy apparatus. In the past two decades, th MoreAlong with the globalization of communication and the effective presence of the media in the international arena, traditional diplomacy has changed and "media diplomacy" has emerged as one of the main branches of the foreign policy apparatus. In the past two decades, the importance of using international media has caused the powers of the West Asian region, such as Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar, to think of benefiting from these media. In this regard, this article has been written with the aim of explaining and understanding Saudi Arabia's media diplomacy in West Asia through the media activism of "Iran International" network. The results and findings of this research, which was carried out using the analytical descriptive method, indicate that: Saudi Arabia, after King Salman came to power in 2015, in order to strengthen its foreign policy in pursuit of media hegemony and the use of media tools. It has been in dealing with regional rivals, such as helping to launch the anti-Iranian network "Iran International" against the Islamic Republic of Iran can be counted as one of these measures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Cultural Capacity of Islamic Republic of Iran in General Diplomacy
محمدعلی خسروی عباسعلی جباری ثانیImplementation of foreign policy in our contemporary world is more and more based on imagination and speculation of decision makers. Achievements in Foreign policy and the attainment of national goals and national interests are depended mainly on the availability of&nbs MoreImplementation of foreign policy in our contemporary world is more and more based on imagination and speculation of decision makers. Achievements in Foreign policy and the attainment of national goals and national interests are depended mainly on the availability of resources and, now a day, on software power of nation.General diplomacy as one of the sources of software power and a tool of foreign policy due to the changes in world power structure and displacement of hardware power by soft one and also increasing influence of public opinion in international relation all of which has now led to the stronger public and cultural role in the formation of foreign policy. In this article, it is tried to have a look at the principles of general diplomacy, the capacity and the role of culture as influential factors on the Iranian foreign policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The Role of Soft Power in Politics: from the Ancient Times to the Modern Time
Parviz EmamzadefardThe present study, firstly, aims at investigating the roots of soft power from the past to the present and secondly, it tries to describe the components of soft power and analyze the major possibilities and limitations of its application. From the ancient times soft pow MoreThe present study, firstly, aims at investigating the roots of soft power from the past to the present and secondly, it tries to describe the components of soft power and analyze the major possibilities and limitations of its application. From the ancient times soft power has been considered by many thinkers and governors of China, Greek, Egypt, and Iran. In the past decades, and before the time Josef Nye conceptualizes the soft power, thinkers like Alfered de Grazia, Klaus Knorr and John Kenneth Galbraith determined some forms of power which were similar to soft power and had the same meaning as legality, legitimacy, and democracy; in contrast, in the past, hard power has been associated with force and production ways. The resources for soft power are cultural values, political players, culture and policies of politicians and institutions but in some cases even the military forces – which normally relies on hard power- were able to play the role of soft power and pave the way for dictators like Hitler and Stalin to make use of the possibilities and become successful. Despite the enforcement limitations, soft power in the situation of post-cold war has gained importance and was overshadowed by foreign policies of many countries including America, China, and European Union. The soft power can be measured through public opinion poll, interviewing the political elite, and case studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the three European countries of Germany, France and Britain
abedin soleimani ali akbar amini Shiva JalalpoorThroughout history,the military power of countries has been decisive in international relations,but gradually soft power and especially cultural diplomacy has been added to one of the basic pillars in relations between countries in order to influence the destination cou MoreThroughout history,the military power of countries has been decisive in international relations,but gradually soft power and especially cultural diplomacy has been added to one of the basic pillars in relations between countries in order to influence the destination countries through persuasion and attraction.Iran has always been considered due to its geopolitical conditions,and Western countries have sought cultural influence over the Iranian people and rulers.the purpose of this study is to examine the capacity and results of cultural diplomacy between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Germany ,france and Britain .in this research ,an attempt was made to deal with the pathology of diplomacy of Islamic Republic of Iran and three Eutopean countries with the help of library resources and analytically.The main question is what success has the cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran achieved ?this article persues the hypothesis that the cultural diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran,despite its ups and downs,has not been able to achieve significant success .cultural diplomacy between Iran and three countries has always been overshadowed by political issues,human rights issues,nuclear issues,and accusations such as supporting terrorist groups .in addition,managerial and internal problems prevented cultural diplomacy from reflecting core Iranian-Islamic values. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Multi-aspect System of Power of Islamic Republic of Iran in Lebanon
Masoud JaafarinejadAbstract: With the increase of Iranian influence in Lebanon after the Islamic revolution it is necessary to examine the intelligent power of Islamic Republic of Iran in Lebanon. The issue of intelligent power which consists of soft and hard power has gained importance MoreAbstract: With the increase of Iranian influence in Lebanon after the Islamic revolution it is necessary to examine the intelligent power of Islamic Republic of Iran in Lebanon. The issue of intelligent power which consists of soft and hard power has gained importance in present day world. In this regard Iran’s soft power in Lebanon has been materialized in the form of intelligent power. The present paper by a descriptive-analytical method and by the help of library sources deals with the above issue. The underlying hypothesis is that the soft power of Islamic Republic of Iran in Lebanon has turned into intelligent power due to presence of Hezbollah in real battle field and participation in parliamentary process in political scene of Lebanon. The question raised by the paper is “what is the impact of intelligent power of Islamic Republic of Iran on Lebanon Hezbollah and Shiites?” The finding of the study shows that the intelligent power of Islamic Republic of Iran has helped the Hezbollah to gain important victory in both sensitive parliamentary and battle field struggle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Analysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power
Khosrow Dehghani محمد علی بصیری Enayatollah YazdaniAnalysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power Abstractkhosrow Dehghani Mohammad Ali Basiri Anayat Allah Yazdani AbstractSoft power is one of the most important and effective factors in foreign policy of countries. This article attempts to examine t MoreAnalysis of the impact of Donald Trump's policies on USA soft power Abstractkhosrow Dehghani Mohammad Ali Basiri Anayat Allah Yazdani AbstractSoft power is one of the most important and effective factors in foreign policy of countries. This article attempts to examine the impact of Donald Tramp's policies on American soft power. In this regard, the main question of the paper is that the domestic and foreign policies of Trump which have had effects on the soft power of the United States? In response to this question, the hypothesis of the article is that announcements and acts policies of Trump, in particular with the emphasis on the "First America", has led to the decline of American soft power.. Findings of the research, based on existing evidence and evidence, suggest that an economically oriented approach focused on cost-benefit logic, the adoption of intrinsic policies and renewal or the withdrawal of regional and international treaties has led to US soft power resources, including foreign policy And political values. The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive and is used for analyzing soft power theory and the data collection tool has been based on library and internet resources Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Soft Power of China in Africa: An Analysis beyond Nye Conceptualization
Marzieh Sadat Alvand Aboumohammad AsgarkhaniAbstract: The present article wants to study the soft power of China’s foreign policy towards Africa. Therefore, China’s development of its soft power and its sources are studied moving beyond Nye’s concept of soft power. One can come to the conclusio MoreAbstract: The present article wants to study the soft power of China’s foreign policy towards Africa. Therefore, China’s development of its soft power and its sources are studied moving beyond Nye’s concept of soft power. One can come to the conclusion that China’s political values and soft power sources can be seen in various fields like culture (traditional Chinese culture, Confucianism); economy (the China’s model of development, extensive commercial and economic relationship); and politics (win-win policy and principle of equality and mutual benefit). Besides that, China’s aim in newly expanded relations with African countries who are interested in China’s development model, commercial relations and investment opportunities, access to their developing markets and Chinese leaders idea of expanding relations with South countries, is to avail itself the opportunity to spread its soft power and this paves the way for China’s political and economic influence in Africa and play a responsible and constructive role in international relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - An Analysis of Computer Games’ Role in Improving U.S. Soft Power
farhad badiee hossein harsijAbstract: The world of video games is very interesting and attractive which could fascinate millions of people throughout the world and their audiences are increasing daily. Nevertheless there is a fundamental question that "what is the main objective behind producing MoreAbstract: The world of video games is very interesting and attractive which could fascinate millions of people throughout the world and their audiences are increasing daily. Nevertheless there is a fundamental question that "what is the main objective behind producing these games?" Whether the production of these games is only for entertainment or there are other goals behind them. The background location, story and characterization of some of these games are such that some sharp-sighted players feel doubtful whether the goal of producer of these games is just entertainment. The present article wants to answer the above question and it examines these games in two parts. First part is about battles in Islamic countries, the games which their story happens in Islamic countries. The second part is about future games, the games that are related to wars which happen in the near future. The methodology used in the paper is descriptive-analytical. The finding of the paper shows that these games help improve the soft power of the United States and could influence the audiences and change their way of thinking. Moreover, these games prepare the ground for implementation of the Western countries policies especially the United States one and try to legitimize those policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The importance of soft power in international relations; From China's cultural exports to the Middle East to the cultural opportunities of the Iran-China agreement
Seyed Hassan Mirfakhraei Farhad FarahaniInternational relation's arena is extremely effected of cultural and identity ingredients. So gain an aspect and international prestige, penetrate in public opinion and access to soft power are the important and at the same time unspecified goals is the diplomacy o MoreInternational relation's arena is extremely effected of cultural and identity ingredients. So gain an aspect and international prestige, penetrate in public opinion and access to soft power are the important and at the same time unspecified goals is the diplomacy of countries. China's emerging power is trying to export its cultural industries and penetrate as deeply as possible in the MiddleEast in order to strengthen its soft power.The importance of this Chinese strategy can be seen in the cooperation document with Iran.At the same time, the identity and cultural opportunities contained in this agreement have the potential to expand Iran's soft power in the international system.Therefore, the purpose of this study is with descriptive-explanatory method and using library texts and available data to answer the main question, how does China's cultural exports to the Middle East and the cultural opportunities of the Iran-China Cooperation Agreement highlight the role of soft power in international relations?This hypothesis is raised in response to this question: China's investment in the distribution of identity products in the Middle East and the cultural opportunities resulting from the 25-year cooperation agreement for Iran, express the need for governments to pay attention to the concept of soft power. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Using Russian soft power in Central Asia
Somaye Zangeneh ELAHEH KOOLAEE Shiva AlizadehIn recent years, Russia's soft power has attracted the attention of many Central Eurasian researchers. Actions taken by Russia to develop relations with Central Asian countries are usually called soft power. The using Russia's soft power policy in Central Asia can be ex MoreIn recent years, Russia's soft power has attracted the attention of many Central Eurasian researchers. Actions taken by Russia to develop relations with Central Asian countries are usually called soft power. The using Russia's soft power policy in Central Asia can be examined from different dimensions. Therefore, the article's central question is how Russia's use of soft power tools in Central Asia has influenced the foreign policy of the countries in the region. The hypothesis of the article is that Russia's use of soft power tools has led to the intellectual alignment of Central Asian leaders with Russia and their greater cooperation with the country's foreign policy goals. In this research, by using the theory of neoclassical realism and explanatory-analytical research method, the logic of using Russia's soft power in Central Asia, the efficiency of Russia's strategy in the Central Asia region, and the reasons and factors that determine Russia's soft power in the region have been discussed. It is the findings of this research show that transnational personal relations act as Moscow's main mechanism to influence the direction of the foreign policy of Central Asian countries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Confucianism and China's foreign policy doctrine
shahrooz shariati Sayyede sara MousaviThe remarkable growth of Confucian institutes and schools around the world since 2004 has been a sign of the rise of the People's Republic of China. Chinese leaders in the 1980s, after realizing that Communism was no longer attractive for a powerful international presen MoreThe remarkable growth of Confucian institutes and schools around the world since 2004 has been a sign of the rise of the People's Republic of China. Chinese leaders in the 1980s, after realizing that Communism was no longer attractive for a powerful international presence, sought to redesign the Confucius as a way to achieve the aspirations of the Chinese people. Today, the word “Confucius” by the Chinese government, refers to cultural institutions that are aimed at promoting Chinese language and culture throughout the world. This paper attempts to examine the Chinese government's plans to promote Confucius schools by using a descriptive and analytical way and tries to answer the question of what role do Confucius schools play in promoting the hegemonic goals of Chinese leaders around the world? The paper, examining the performance of these institutions, shows that "Confucian institutions strive to develop Chinese culture and literature for establishing the basis of a Chinese-led soft power in the framework of the world order." The article also shows that the establishment of these institutions is a deliberate move by Beijing's leaders to develop cultural hegemony and expand China's power and influence in the world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - The Impact of the Soft Power of Sports Diplomacy on Iran-US Relations: A Case Study of Wrestling Diplomacy (1998 – 2013)
Soudabeh Mokhtari Garineh Keshishyan SirakiOne of the most important issues in international relations is the concept of "power". Joseph Nye's initiative in separating hard power from soft power gave new form to the definition of power. Sports diplomacy is considered as one of the key ways of forming soft power MoreOne of the most important issues in international relations is the concept of "power". Joseph Nye's initiative in separating hard power from soft power gave new form to the definition of power. Sports diplomacy is considered as one of the key ways of forming soft power and countries are trying to find solutions to reduce tensions, political, economic and social effects with other actors in this supply. The strong presence of Iranian national teams, especially wrestling, in popular international events such as the Olympic Games has created an opportunity for sports to help improve Iran's position in the new world structure, even reducing tensions with its longtime enemy, the United States. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the question that what role did the soft power of sports diplomacy, especially wrestling, play in Iran-US relations from 1998 to 2013? Studies using the soft power theoretical framework showed that the main hypothesis about the impact of wrestling on the formation of the soft power of sports diplomacy, at critical times and at the lowest cost has helped to improve Iran-US relations. This study also offers suggestions for better use of ship soft power to reduce problems in Iran-US relations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The Synergic Interaction of Soft Power with Public Diplomacy against Soft War
Masoud Jaafarinejad Afsaneh Khosravi Mohammad Neamatpourhe public diplomacy in one way like political propaganda because it tries to convince people to think in a particular way but on the other hand it is different from political propaganda because it listens to what people say. The present article while examining the princ Morehe public diplomacy in one way like political propaganda because it tries to convince people to think in a particular way but on the other hand it is different from political propaganda because it listens to what people say. The present article while examining the principle, function, objective and aspects of public diplomacy answer a main question whether the basis of American public diplomacy makes use of soft war and what interaction soft power has with the above said diplomacy? The hypothesis of the paper is that the difference between public diplomacy and soft war is their pattern of connection. Soft power in a synergic interaction paves the way for furthering public diplomacy. The main objective of the article is to emphasize on soft aspect of public diplomacy. In this direction the bases of public diplomacy cannot be accompanied with soft war. Besides this public diplomacy have several aspects. One that it creates suitable atmosphere for foreign policies of governments, second that public diplomacy is against soft war because the soft war thinks in a realistic atmosphere and intends to make use of propaganda and psychological war to unconsciously influence their audiences. Soft war intentionally makes use of deception, lie and distortion of realities Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - The impact of Inter-Governmental Organization‘s Soft Power on Global Governance: the Case of UNESCO
Said Abadi Mohammad Javad BakhtiariAbstract The correlation between global governance and global organizations with soft power is the subject of present article. Globalization and global governance have added to the importance of IGOs in political, cultural and economic fields. On the other hand, one of MoreAbstract The correlation between global governance and global organizations with soft power is the subject of present article. Globalization and global governance have added to the importance of IGOs in political, cultural and economic fields. On the other hand, one of the most important aspect of each country’s power, which on the contrary of its existence, has been neglected and not been paid attention to, is the issue of its soft power. In this article the writers have tried to use library as well as Internet sources on the issue of inter-governmental organizations specially UNESCO while keeping in mind Nye’s theory of soft power and have applied the theory to the activities of IGOs. The primary sources are those documents and speeches which have been published by UNESCO on their activities. It seems that soft power among some of the international organizations such as UNESCO is more important than the others because UNESCO is having long standing in cultural practices around the world. Finally the Palestinian joining to UNESCO has been regarded as an important example of its soft power. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - The Place of Public Diplomacy in new Competitions between the US and Russian Federation (Reproduction of cold war in public diplomacy sphere)
Abbasgholi AsgarianAbstract: Public diplomacy is the main tool of soft power. This fact was an accepted fact since long time back but in recent years it has vividly shown itself in the performance of many countries. The United States and Russia are two strong countries who have the prece MoreAbstract: Public diplomacy is the main tool of soft power. This fact was an accepted fact since long time back but in recent years it has vividly shown itself in the performance of many countries. The United States and Russia are two strong countries who have the precedence of competition. Russia in recent years due to military and economic weakness cannot match her rival i.e. the United States and is investing more on public diplomacy but on this sphere also she is lagging behind despite that she has a good political and cultural potential. The present article wants to answer this question that what is the place of public diplomacy in the foreign policies of both the countries and in what fields they make use of it? The underlying hypothesis is that both the countries acknowledge the importance of public diplomacy in modern world but despite attempt made by Russia in recent years, she has not been successful in achieving its goals in the field of public diplomacy. One of the important obstacles in the way of promoting public diplomacy is the rigid and inflexible mentality of the Russian leaders. On the other hand the United States as one of the important actors in international system makes use of different tools to communicate her message to the peoples of the world and she has been more successful in this regard. The present article has examined the above issue by descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Impact of Ideology on the Proportion of Use of Soft and Hard Power in United States Middle East Foreign Policy (Case Study Arabs and Israel)
Mehrdad Halalkhor Mohammd Mehdi BabjannejadThe definition of national interest in different period of time and circumstances has not been and is not identical for governments in the world. Therefore the national interest to a considerable extent depends on different interpretations. In this regard ideology is an MoreThe definition of national interest in different period of time and circumstances has not been and is not identical for governments in the world. Therefore the national interest to a considerable extent depends on different interpretations. In this regard ideology is an effective variable in the United States political arena and it helps one to understand better the changes in the foreign policy of this country in different span of time and different interpretation of national interest. The present article wants to examine the place and importance of ideology in administration of Clinton, Bush junior and Obama to know what have been the changes in the proportion of use of hard and soft power in regard of Arabs, Palestinian and Israel disputes. The article tries to link these two subjects, one the place of ideology in foreign policy of the United States and second the proportion of use of hard and soft power in regard to question of Arabs, Palestinian and Israel. The article then concludes that the tendency to use force during Bush junior administration was due to their neo-conservative ideology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Chinese Soft Power: Creating a Charm Image in the Islamic World
Arsalan Ghorbani Sheikhneshin Behnam Vakili Hadi Amoei -
Open Access Article
30 - A comparative Study of Iranian and Turkish Cultural Diplomacy in Iraq (2003 to 2020)
پریسا پورعلی Mohammad Reza Dehshiri Mohamadreza Ghaedi -
Open Access Article
31 - The Impact of the 2020 US Election on Changing the Position of US Soft Power in the World
منصوره صادفی Mostafa Entezari -
Open Access Article
32 - Trump, overcoming institutionalism and challenging the status of "liberal hegemony" for the United States
Tajedin SalehiyanThe failure to strike a balance of power with the United States after the collapse of the Soviet Union for a quarter of a century has been a new phenomenon in international relations. Most liberals and proponents of hegemonic stability theory, along with America's extra MoreThe failure to strike a balance of power with the United States after the collapse of the Soviet Union for a quarter of a century has been a new phenomenon in international relations. Most liberals and proponents of hegemonic stability theory, along with America's extraordinary military power, have created international institutions, organizations, and regimes, produced public security, financial, commercial, and economic goods, multilateralism, and avoided unilateralism. Are considered to be the main reasons why the United States has gained the position of "liberal hegemony" and the balance of traditional power has not been formed against it. But with the coming to power of Donald Trump, and the policy of "America First" and the withdrawal of many international institutions and regimes, the refusal to produce public security and economic goods and the end of what he calls "free riding", the pursuit of nationalism Economic, one-sided, and ultimately disregard for the interests of other actors, including friends of allies, have seriously challenged America's position of "liberal hegemony.” Therefore, according to the teachings of the theory of hegemonic stability, the main purpose of this study is to state: US foreign policy in the Trump era, while passing the declared slogans, has undergone serious changes compared to the past, These changes have put the country's position in jeopardy, as Trump has taken steps to undermine the position of liberal hegemony by going through the elements of legitimacy. In this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used which has used library and electronic resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The Role of Cultural Diplomacy in Japan's Nation Branding
Seyed Davood Aghaee MILAD ADIB SERESHKIWith the expansion of information technology, the increase of communication between societies, and the growth of awareness of events in other parts of the world, governments have increased their soft power as a supplement to hard power in their macro policies, so buildi MoreWith the expansion of information technology, the increase of communication between societies, and the growth of awareness of events in other parts of the world, governments have increased their soft power as a supplement to hard power in their macro policies, so building a reliable national brand has become important for the governments of the world. It is because they have well understood that the better image they create of themselves and their countries in the minds of the people of other countries, the more successful they will be in advancing their goals and interests. Cultural diplomacy is one of the tools for exercising soft power in the hands of countries beyond the borders and one of the main pillars of public diplomacy in order to influence the target sosieties. Japan is one of the countries with high soft power and is the only non-Western country among the top ten countries in international rankings. In this article, by describing the components of cultural diplomacy and using the three main indicators of countries' soft power ranking, the construction of this country's national brand and its weaknesses and strengths are explained. The research hypothesis is that culture, which is one of the important dimensions in nation branding, is Japan's strong point and has improved the international image of this country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Analysis and evaluation of US foreign policy towards Iran in the light of the benefit of smart power(2008-2020)
mojtaba romouk mashallah heidarpour Alireza AminiAbstract This study tries to work on the US foreign policy on Iran based on Smart Power Theory. At the beginning of the 21st-century pivotal role of the US in globalization led to increasing the US power, credibility, and influence in the Middle East, so based on the US MoreAbstract This study tries to work on the US foreign policy on Iran based on Smart Power Theory. At the beginning of the 21st-century pivotal role of the US in globalization led to increasing the US power, credibility, and influence in the Middle East, so based on the US strategy in the foreign policy this power converted from soft and hard power to the "smart power" toward regional countries and especially Iran.The main question of this study is:How we can evaluate US policy based on "smart power" against Iran between the years 2008 to 2020? The hypothesis of this research is on the US foreign policy strategy towards Iran which admits the change in the meaning and use of power by concentrating on "smart power" which became more obvious after 2008. The theoretical framework of this research tries to evaluate and review the US foreign policy based on smart power towards Iran with considering multiple variables The Literature Review of this study is on uses descriptive-analytical and documentary methods that proceed by Literature Review method . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Comparative study of Iranian and Turkish cultural diplomacy in Iraq (2003 to 2020)
parisa pourali mohammadreza dehshiri mohammadreza ghaedi hasan khodaverdiIran and Turkey, as two influential powers in the developments in the Middle East, are trying to advance their cultural diplomacy in Iraq according to the nature of their government, goals and aspirations. The main question of the research is what are the effective char MoreIran and Turkey, as two influential powers in the developments in the Middle East, are trying to advance their cultural diplomacy in Iraq according to the nature of their government, goals and aspirations. The main question of the research is what are the effective characteristics of the cultural diplomacy of Iran and Turkey in Iraq in the years 2003 to 2020? The hypothesis is that Iranian cultural diplomacy in Iraq after 2003 has been proposed with the approach of Shiism, the axis of resistance and urban Iran as opposed to Turkish cultural diplomacy with the approach of Turkish nationalism and neo-Ottomanism. On this basis, each of these governments is trying to exert influence in Iraq with the approach of soft power and cultural diplomacy. In this way, Iran and Turkey have different conditions, opportunities, threats and tools to advance their cultural diplomacy. The research findings indicate that Iran is in a better position than Turkey in terms of conditions, opportunities and tools but the focus on Shiism and the issue of resistance in Iraq has led to little attention paid to other features of cultural diplomacy. In contrast, Turkey, with its utilitarian and opportunistic approach, has been able to make the most of it from tools such as Kurdish language and literature, media diplomacy, tourism development, scientific and educational topics, etc. through careful planning and gained more influence in Iraq. Data analysis was done by descriptive-analytical method and data collection was done by library method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - The Role of China's Health Diplomacy in Expanding its Soft Power in the Era of the Corona Virus
Mahdi Mohammad Nia Masoomeh PapiWith the emergence of the Covid-19 virus in 2019, international politics became an arena of competition and cooperation between great powers on how to deal with this virus. In this regard, one of the most important areas of competition between the great powers has been MoreWith the emergence of the Covid-19 virus in 2019, international politics became an arena of competition and cooperation between great powers on how to deal with this virus. In this regard, one of the most important areas of competition between the great powers has been the attempt to gain soft influence and accreditation to its international face through health assistance and consultation in connection with the control of this virus. As the country that was the main source of the corona virus,China tried to restore its international image and reduce the global psychological pressure by putting the development of its health diplomacy on the foreign policy agenda through the global distribution of the vaccine and the provision of health assistance and advice to different countries. On this basis, the main question of the article is, how has China's health diplomacy in the global fight against the corona virus affected the development of this country's soft power? In response to the mentioned question, the hypothesis of the article is that "the development of China's health diplomacy in the form of distributing vaccines, providing advice and providing health aid to third world countries to deal with the corona virus, has been a tool for geopolitical influence, the development of soft power in the post-corona environment and presenting a benevolent image of this country."The present article has been written with a descriptive and analytical approach and the method of data collection has been library, the use of specialized magazines and reputable Internet sites. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Russia's Smart Power Policy in Syria, with an emphasis on dealing with America 2011-2023
Habib Allah Abul Hasan Shirazi Ehsan Jafari Far Arsalan Ghorbani SheikhneshinTheSyrian crisis is one of the most complex international crises in terms of the multiplicity of regional and extra-regional actors and the presence of conflicting interests in it. Russia and the United States are trans-regional players in this crisis who, with conflict MoreTheSyrian crisis is one of the most complex international crises in terms of the multiplicity of regional and extra-regional actors and the presence of conflicting interests in it. Russia and the United States are trans-regional players in this crisis who, with conflicting approaches and conflicting interests,seek greater influence in the West Asian region through intervention in the Syrian crisis. In this regard, thetwo countries are seeking to take advantageof this crisis with hard and soft policies and strategies.he conflicting interestsof the two actors have made them try to make the most profit by considering the resources and costs and benefits. In this paper, an attempt will be made to deal with the strategic and intelligent combinationof Russia's soft and hard power against the United States, focusing on the Syrian crisis. The main questionishowRussia asused smart power against American intervention in the Syrian crisis (2011-2023)? In order to examine the issue in the framework of the intelligent power point of view, from Joseph Nye's point of view, the soft power of Russia in the dimensionsofculture,valueandforeignpolicyand thehard powerinthemilitaryand economic dimensions have been discussedThe outcomesof thisresearchshows that in the Syrian field,Russiassoft power has been discussedindimensionsofculture,valueand foreignpolicyand hard powerinthemilitary and economic dimensions.Russia's smart power ha beenusedwithmoreemphasis on soft power to restrain America, and the most important achievement of Russia fromtheuse of smart power, without serious military involvement withAmerica, isto preserve Basharal-Assad'sregime and prevent extensive military action. America against Syriahasbeen taking the initiativeofpeacenegotiations and gaining strategic advantage by signing militaryand conomic contracts Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - The Effect of Smart Diplomacy on International Political Communications
Jahanbakhsh Ezadi Mojtaba TakbiriEssence changes in custom speeches and tools are not usual between nations, also diplomacy as the most important international communication tool is like that. By study of history of diplomacy, we can see historical summit, history that was begin with classic diplomacy MoreEssence changes in custom speeches and tools are not usual between nations, also diplomacy as the most important international communication tool is like that. By study of history of diplomacy, we can see historical summit, history that was begin with classic diplomacy (state-state diplomacy) and by increasing social awareness, experience open diplomacy (nation-nation diplomacy). By increasing telecommunications, public diplomacy (nation-state diplomacy) was created. Last diplomacies could not answer to our new requirements, so smart diplomacy was born. Smart diplomacy by last experiences want to solve international problems and will have effect on speed, facilitate and accuracy of international political communications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Soft Powerand Its Position inthe Islamic Republicof Iran'sRegional Security
Mohammadali Khosravi SeyedNurollah MirashrafiSoft power is one of the main indicators of foreign and security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Every revolutionary political system is always using the indicators of Soft power for their promotion in regional and international position. What is the Islamic a MoreSoft power is one of the main indicators of foreign and security policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Every revolutionary political system is always using the indicators of Soft power for their promotion in regional and international position. What is the Islamic awakening in the Muslim world is gay identity from ideology and can be part of the Islamic Republic's soft power in the form of neo-liberal approach and reflected its links with the Constructivism values. Structural design is a simplistic approach to the use of soft power in Iran's foreign policy ideas has a further assimilation. The indicators and symptoms can be associated with a meaning -oriented approach to the issue of power, xenophobia and denial of whiskers on foreign policy, freedom of action and activism in international politics, activism cooperation based on equality and identity of the foreign policy interest of the contract. Thus components such as pragmatism and xenophobia in Iran's foreign policy can be seen as signs of the use of soft power. Islamic Republic of Iran to take advantage of soft power in the Islamic world and given a new identity by offering the doctrine of religious democracy in regional and trans-regional countries and Islam tends to intensify in the world, especially in the Middle East and Africa. In light of soft power in the Islamic Republic, this considered as a key factor in the creation of regional and international tensions and interactions and fertile fields for independent countries toward America and to promote the role of liberation movements as new actors in the international system. The anti- Zionism on the Islamic perspective and ideological struggle of the Palestinian people, and to fight against Israeli regime is the main priorities of Iran's foreign policy in recent years. Other priorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is in the form of soft power means a comprehensive fight against terrorism, ultramodern and the current climate of colonial domination in the form of multiple partnerships Independent and non-aligned countries of the world, particularly in Islamic countries, these priorities will achieve by strengthening multilateralism versus unilateralism experience. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Public Diplomacy and Soft Power with an Emphasis on Iran's Soft Power in Iraq
حسین رفیع Malihe Nikravesh Abstract Soft power as one of the components of international politics in the present era, has achieved high position, so that politicians are trying so much to achieve it. The reason for this can be searched in efficiency and success of soft power than classic More Abstract Soft power as one of the components of international politics in the present era, has achieved high position, so that politicians are trying so much to achieve it. The reason for this can be searched in efficiency and success of soft power than classical forms of power (Hard and Naked power). The Islamic Republic of Iran too needs to recognition, strengthening and application of soft power such as other politic units to improve its own national power by it. One of the countries which Iran has various sources of soft power in it is Iraq. Bilateral relations between Iran and Iraq, political and cultural history shared by the two countries shows that Iran has many political resources, cultural - religious and active diplomacy in Iraq. This paper was sought to analyze the public diplomacy as one of the components of soft power of Islamic Republic of Iran in Iraq, by considering the present backgrounds and strengthen these backgrounds after the Collapse of Baath regime. At this way, in regard to analytical data, major sources of Iran's soft power in Iraq and their effectiveness has been analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Micro Strategy of the U.S. in the Middle East: A Sense for Interaction of Soft Power and Hard Power
Seyed Mohammad Tabatabaei Yousef SayfiAbstract Soft Power theory is a definition of power which many governments have used it consciously or unconsciously long time before its exposure in states relations. However the importance of this theory is because of its new definition by which we can study behavior MoreAbstract Soft Power theory is a definition of power which many governments have used it consciously or unconsciously long time before its exposure in states relations. However the importance of this theory is because of its new definition by which we can study behaviors and the manner of governments in the domain of international affairs. This is to say that the contrast exists in this theory on power concept, could be considered as a scale for the governments facing with interests and aspirations that they have defined it before for themselves. Now, if we consider the United States main strategy in the Middle East with this view and the U.S. soft and hard power, we can find three special periods since new century up to now. During these three periods, gradually the importance of soft power has been increased against the hard power. The reason for the hard power declines is because of the limitations that U.S. has had in the Middle East from the beginning of his presence in this region. Therefore, the U.S. is left with no choice but to use soft power as a tool to overcome the hard power limitations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Analysis of the Strategies and Tools to Consolidate and Expand China's Soft Power
Golnaz Narimani Masoud AKHAVAN KAZEMI Seyed Shamseddin sadeghiChina's increasing power could be analyzed in two areas of soft and hard power. In the field of the extension and spread of China's hard power, one can say that in terms of financial and economic criteria, the country has experienced a rapid growth over the past three d MoreChina's increasing power could be analyzed in two areas of soft and hard power. In the field of the extension and spread of China's hard power, one can say that in terms of financial and economic criteria, the country has experienced a rapid growth over the past three decades. In terms of soft power, the country with regard to its cultural elements, and especially with the use of the effective foreign policies, has achieved a significantly regional and global influence. This study seeks to answer the fundamental question that, what is the nature of China's soft power and, what are the basics and principles which this power relies on? In order to answer these main questions, we will attempt to answer other questions in this regard, including what are the targeted geographic areas of China's soft power? And basically, to consolidate and expand its soft power, what tools and resources are used by China? This study, in analyzing the principles of China's soft power, emphasizes the importance of China's Confucian culture and Shows how China enjoying various facilities in the field of cultural diplomacy and by using the economic instruments and its active foreign policy, has gained a considerable power and influence at the global level, especially in its soft power targeted areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Soft power in Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Mohammadreza Mayeli Maryam MotieeAbstract In recent decades, different countries have been willing to use soft power. Power that emphasis on the use of tools in order to create attractive opportunities for influence and increased penetration in other countries. Islamic Republic of Iran is also aware o MoreAbstract In recent decades, different countries have been willing to use soft power. Power that emphasis on the use of tools in order to create attractive opportunities for influence and increased penetration in other countries. Islamic Republic of Iran is also aware of the importance of soft power in an age of interdependence, Iran exploited tools such as knowledge, culture and ideology to power regional countries. In this article, we questioned that “What is the effect of using the soft power (knowledge, culture and ideology) on the Islamic Republic's regional position?” In response, this hypothesis is designed, “The more use of soft power (knowledge, culture and ideology) by the Islamic Republic of Iran, strengthen and enhance Iran's regional position.” In the knowledge sphere, Iran has made significant progresses in the medical field, cyber, defense and technology, in the culture area. Iran has rich Iranian and Islamic history and cultural commons with the countries of the region. In the ideology sphere, after the Islamic Revolution and Presentation of concepts such as the rejection of foreign domination, justice and the relation between religion and politics has increased its soft power. Power that Iran use to increase its influence in the regional countries through foreign policy. We concluded that the use of soft power tools (knowledge, culture and ideology) has strengthened and enhanced Iran's regional position. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - The Role of Human Rights as a Soft power in America's Foreign Policy
Leila Reisi Maryam DerakhshandehChanges in the international system in recent years indicate the status of human rights and changing nature of these rights from an intellectual approach to a vital and strategic approach which is linked to the countries’ political life. So that today we see the d MoreChanges in the international system in recent years indicate the status of human rights and changing nature of these rights from an intellectual approach to a vital and strategic approach which is linked to the countries’ political life. So that today we see the deepening of human rights in foreign policy of countries in a vertical position and consequently, the absolute sovereignty of States is crystallized in the meaning of States responsibility. In the meantime, according to the liberalist themes and doctrines rooted in the traditions and values of the USA, human rights are institutionalized as critical component in the foreign policy of this country. With this approach in the analysis of foreign policy of the USA based on soft power, the Middle East is in the top of human rights policy of this country. In other words, given the history of the Middle East and its paradoxes, the cradle of civilization and the centre of cultural and religious discourse as intellectual, theoretical and philosophical capitals of human rights, and on the other hand, political sovereignty and foreign colonialism put an old wound on the body of human society of the region due to lack of respect for human rights and this is a good pretext to put pressure on the region by the major powers. In this context, the Middle East as the main audience of human rights policy of the USA is addressed in the form of Wilsonism tradition with liberal approach and the use of soft power in the context of public diplomacy as a governing principle of US foreign policy is emphasized. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - The influence of Islamic ideology as soft power in the future of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran with an emphasis on the horizon of 1404
Amir Sajedi Erfan ZandiOne of the major goals and policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the vision document of 1404 is to reach the first economic, scientific and technological position in the region of Southwest Asia. For this reason, the use of soft power can be effective in strengthe MoreOne of the major goals and policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the vision document of 1404 is to reach the first economic, scientific and technological position in the region of Southwest Asia. For this reason, the use of soft power can be effective in strengthening and expanding the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the region. Today, soft power is one of the new concepts that has a wide influence in countries because of its spiritual aspect. Soft power in foreign policy causes identification, development and strengthening of jihadist spirit and defense of the existence of the system and its ideals. The present article tries to deal with the influence of soft power in the future of Iran's foreign policy with a descriptive-analytical approach in connection with the vision document of 1404 and seeks to answer this question, the influence of soft power on the future performance of J.A.'s foreign policy. What is in the vision document 1404? The findings of this research show the deep influence of the Islamic and Shia elements of Iranian identity and the Islamic ideology of the Islamic Republic of Iran system as a soft power in the future of this country's foreign policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - شهادت سردار سلیمانی و قدرت نرم جمهوری اسلامی ایران
mohammad shojaiyanThe martyrdom of General Hajj Qassem Soleimani, the late commander of the Quds Force, by the United States of America, has very prominent effects in the domestic, regional and international arenas for the Islamic Republic, the Islamic Resistance Front and the Islamic wo MoreThe martyrdom of General Hajj Qassem Soleimani, the late commander of the Quds Force, by the United States of America, has very prominent effects in the domestic, regional and international arenas for the Islamic Republic, the Islamic Resistance Front and the Islamic world. This issue is investigated and studied from various military, political, social, cultural, legal, regional and international aspects. The present study examines the effects of the Quds Force commander's martyrdom on the writing and promotion of the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran. As time passes, the proud martyrdom of this mujahid commander and the upbringing of the school of the Islamic Revolution and Imam Khomeini (RA) show their increasing effects in stabilizing and expanding the power of resistance against the front of tyranny and arrogance. Based on this, the main question of the current research is "what effects did the martyrdom of General Hajj Qassem Soleimani have on the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran?" What is obtained from the examination of these effects is that the testimony of the commander of the Quds Force from the point of view of proving and showing the legitimacy of the political system; Expanding political and religious values, especially the prominent value of martyrdom; strengthening and expanding cohesion and social capital in Iranian society; And finally, the approval and strengthening of the regional and international foreign policy of the Islamic Republic has strengthened the soft power of the Islamic system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - The social movement and soft power of Muslims in the Arbaeen March, the Arbaeen March from a political and international perspective
abdollah taherkhani parvin savadian mansoor sharifiStatement: The United States and Western countries are trying to create differences between religions and incite Shiite phobia by using soft and hard power. The Arbaeen march, having the characteristics of a social movement, has been able to affect the unity and solidar MoreStatement: The United States and Western countries are trying to create differences between religions and incite Shiite phobia by using soft and hard power. The Arbaeen march, having the characteristics of a social movement, has been able to affect the unity and solidarity of Muslims and to influence the enemy's efforts to divide and create insecurity. Is it conceivable that the various dimensions of this march have led to the formation of elements of Muslim soft power?Objective: This study seeks to investigate the dimensions of the Arbaeen march and its relationship with the formation of elements of soft power of Muslims. This study introduces the characteristics of the Arbaeen movement to form the elements of the soft power of Muslims. Method: This research was conducted using a quantitative and survey method and its information was collected through a questionnaire. Results: The main hypothesis of the research, i.e., the existence of a relationship between the dimensions of the Arbaeen march and the formation of elements of soft power of Muslims was confirmed. The conceptual interaction of the Arbaeen march with the social movement and soft power is one of the new achievements of this research. In the Arbaeen march, a social movement is formed that leads to the emergence of elements of soft Muslim power, which are: convergence, unity and solidarity between religions and nations, the unification of Iran and Iraq, the Islamic Enlightenment and awakening, High power of Muslim mobilization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - American Academic Diplomacy Mechanisms for Attracting Iranian Academicians (1979-2017)
mohamadeaza dehshiri mehdi taheriToday, with the internationalization of higher education and the facilitation of global communication resulting from the globalization process, the use of higher education's capacity as an effective tool for national interest and soft power by countries in the world, es MoreToday, with the internationalization of higher education and the facilitation of global communication resulting from the globalization process, the use of higher education's capacity as an effective tool for national interest and soft power by countries in the world, especially developed countries, has grown more and more today; It can be regarded and interpreted as academic diplomacy The US government is seeking to establish connections with younger generation by expanding its cultural programs and academic diplomacy, creating a platform of relationship with countries' future leaders, inter allia Iran. Looking at the performance of American diplomacy in Iran over the past decades, it can be understood that US is trying to promote American values and lifestyle, to establish a west-oriented middle class, especially in the universities, and also to develop English language as a scientific and communication tool.Accordingly, understanding US experience and practice in the field of academic diplomacy towards a country such as the Islamic Republic of Iran will be important. The main question of the present article is to understand how the US academic diplomacy has attracted academicians, especially the Iranian elites? Our hypothesis is that, using its academic tools as well as educational attractiveness, the country has been able to have the largest educational exchanges around the world, and thus, to disseminate its values to academicians, simultaneously with increasing its soft power. These attractivenesses have led many Iranian scholars to study abroad especially in the United States. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - The Cinema and Soft Power, comparative politics of America and China
sadegh zibakalam jalil bayat The China's stunning economic growth in the past few decades has increased the likelihood of emerging a global superpower. However, in most researches, the importance of non-material dimensions of power has been neglected. Undoubtedly Concentration on the More The China's stunning economic growth in the past few decades has increased the likelihood of emerging a global superpower. However, in most researches, the importance of non-material dimensions of power has been neglected. Undoubtedly Concentration on the material dimensions of power has flaws and certainly it does not yield a comprehensive account of analysis. Thus the idea of "soft power" that was suggested by Joseph Nye would be required to fill gaps in this realm of research. Accordingly, one of the cultural resources of soft power is definitely cinema. Undoubtedly, cinema as strong tool of soft power plays a great role in propagating and shaping of norms and values. In this sense, film can be aligned with the values of others and play a major role in a country's international objectives. So, In this paper, we try to survey the cinema (as a tool of soft power) in America and China. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Explaining Iranian Cultural Diplomacy towards Iran Phobia
Seyed Mehdi Mirmohammad sadeghi rahmat hajimineh It is one of the most important mechanisms and means of acquiring foreign policy goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the formulation, regulation and implementation of effective cultural diplomacy as a prominent example of the supreme diplomacy and its soft po More It is one of the most important mechanisms and means of acquiring foreign policy goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the formulation, regulation and implementation of effective cultural diplomacy as a prominent example of the supreme diplomacy and its soft power. Cultural diplomacy is conducted by governments, but it is sometimes performed by other non - governmental actors, which are regarded as a support for foreign policy objectives and means of public diplomacy. With the events of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, because of the nature of the revolution and ideological conflict with the USA, Western countries and their regional allies, Iran has been on the verge of fear as a form of Iran phobia, from opposites in the scope of States and Muslim and Non Muslim nations. The main question of this research is that “How was Iran’s cultural diplomacy confronting with Iran phobia? According to the research findings; which has been done using descriptive method; the research hypothesis is that, considering the favorable capacities of Iranian cultural diplomacy, the use of these capacities is passive because of the multiplicity of decision - making centers and has failed to serve as a tool in the service of public diplomacy and Iran's soft power, and using different tools, challenges to the Iran phobia and confront it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Assessing the Capacities and Efficiency of iran Cultural Diplomacy in Bangladesh
sayed mahdi hosseini faeghDefining the concept of cultural diplomacy and determining its position in the field of international relations is one of the issues that is very important and based on it, the role and impact of this form of diplomacy in securing national interests can be measured. Ban MoreDefining the concept of cultural diplomacy and determining its position in the field of international relations is one of the issues that is very important and based on it, the role and impact of this form of diplomacy in securing national interests can be measured. Bangladesh is one of the countries that has many cultural affinities with the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the use of these capacities in the form of public diplomacy will increase Iran's soft power and sphere of influence in the subcontinent. Considering the goals, function and indicators of Iranian cultural diplomacy, cultural diplomacy in Bangladesh is organized based on the following axes: common historical and civilization capacity, religious capacity, Persian language, cultural similarities and similarities, official capacities, common cultural discourse. Considering the capacities and evaluating what has been done, it seems that due to some executive, structural and content problems, there is a significant gap between the current situation and the desired situation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - An analysis of Iran's position in the Middle East with an emphasis on smart power
Ali Mohamadian هانی عابدیFrom a realistic perspective, how to earn, retain, and increase power is always the most important goal of countries in the international arena. Regardless of other domestic considerations, the Islamic Republic of Iran is no exception to this general rule. Power, beside MoreFrom a realistic perspective, how to earn, retain, and increase power is always the most important goal of countries in the international arena. Regardless of other domestic considerations, the Islamic Republic of Iran is no exception to this general rule. Power, besides being a goal, can be considered as an instrument of the foreign policy device of our country. In this study, with emphasis on Intelligent Power Theory, Susan Nassl, is concerned with how smart power plays a role in increasing Iran's position in the Middle East? And how can it be used to promote the status of Iran in the region.According to the hypothesis of the article, according to the content of the 20-year vision document and the major targets for Iran in the year 1404, the application of intelligent power as a way of converting goals to desired results can be in the twentieth-century international conditions. And the first one that exercising power "with others" has replaced the exercise of power "against others", is also effective and effective in increasing the dignity of Iran. The present research, while analyzing the theoretical foundations of intelligent power and its dimensions, uses a descriptive-analytical method to explain Iran's position in the Middle East. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Threats of the israeil and strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran to deal with it
omid jafarzadeh ahmad azin masoud jaafarinejhadSince the formation of the Islamic Revolution because of the role of ideological issues, there has been a deep opposition between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Zionist regime. The Zionist regime has seen the Islamic Republic of Iran in contradiction with its nati MoreSince the formation of the Islamic Revolution because of the role of ideological issues, there has been a deep opposition between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Zionist regime. The Zionist regime has seen the Islamic Republic of Iran in contradiction with its national security and interests, and as a result of this, it has tried to counteract the Islamic Republic of Iran by various strategies. Regarding this, the main question of the present article is that what is the Islamic Republic of Iran's software solutions to deal with the threats of the Zionist regime? In response to this hypothesis, the use of the potential of Shia Islam and Islamic teachings, along with the formation of the resistance front, are the main pillars of Iranian soft power in countering the threats of the Zionist regime. In this article the main objective, the outlines of the Islamic revolution's soft power in the face of the threats of the Zionist regime, and this would be the result that use soft power by the Islamic Republic of Iran, and decrease the security threats of the Zionist regime. The research method is descriptive-analytic and based on library studies Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - A Comparative Study of the Evolution of the Concept of Power in Iran's Regional Politics in the Age of Globalization with Emphasis on Iraq, Yemen and Syria (2013-2009)
Reza Aliakbar pour Garineh Keshishyan SirakiSince cultural characteristics, ideological approaches, geography and religious beliefs are among the factors that determine Iran's position in the regional arena, Iran, according to the national and Islamic tradition as a revolutionary actor, By emphasizing Iran's majo MoreSince cultural characteristics, ideological approaches, geography and religious beliefs are among the factors that determine Iran's position in the regional arena, Iran, according to the national and Islamic tradition as a revolutionary actor, By emphasizing Iran's major role in the Islamic world, they emphasize the position of regional power in Iran. Now, according to the conditions and requirements of globalization; The question addressed in this article is what effect has the evolution of the concept of power due to globalization had on the nature of the regional politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the three countries of Iraq, Yemen and Syria? In response, in a comparative reaserch it seems that with the evolution of the concept of power from hard power to soft power and then smart power in the age of globalization, the nature of regional politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran also seeks to combine soft power cooperatively with hard politics asymmetric balance of power. Has changed. In this regard, it can be emphasized that the formation of Shiite groups throughout the Middle East, which is influenced by the principle of exporting the revolution and the model of Islamic government, is supported by the tactics of intelligent power and cultural diplomacy of Iran. The purpose of writing this article is to a comparative study the evolution of the concept of power in Iran's regional politics with emphasis on Iraq, Yemen and Syria from 2013 till 2019. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - The influence of the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran on resistance groups in the Middle East region; A case study of Hashd al-Shaabi
Karim Abbasi samad ghaempanah hasan shamsinighyasvand asadollah athariDifferent countries use different military, political, cultural and economic levers to influence the international arena. In this field, the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the characteristics of the revolution of 1357, by using the cultural lever by supporting t MoreDifferent countries use different military, political, cultural and economic levers to influence the international arena. In this field, the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the characteristics of the revolution of 1357, by using the cultural lever by supporting the attraction and organization of Islamic groups, the conditions for exerting influence in regional countries such as Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, etc., within the framework of interests The people, the region and the Islamic world have prepared.This article is compiled with the aim of examining the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran in regional Islamic groups, especially Hashd al-Shaabi.In this research, this question will be answered; What is the effect of the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the Islamic factions of the Middle East region with a case study of Hashd al-Shaabi?research hypothesis; The soft power components of the Islamic Republic of Iran, such as culture, religious beliefs, and internal and external policies, have been effective in creating and strengthening Islamic groups in the region. The results obtained from the mentioned research show that the Islamic Republic of Iran has caused the resistance groups in the region, especially Hashd al-Shaabi, to change from a potential state to an actual one, and in ensuring the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially in the fight against terrorism, Help with drug trafficking, human trafficking, etc.The method chosen in this article is descriptive and analytical, and the method of collecting materials is through a library. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Analyzing the components of soft power of Martyr Hassan Tehrani Moghadam with emphasis on the statements of Imam Khamenei
Mohammad Bidgoli asghar rajabi dehborzoei Abdullah Iraqi mohammad BakhtiyariIran's Islamic revolution centered on religion in the 20th century took place with a different form and content than other world revolutions, and various indicators of soft power were created with the occurrence of the Islamic revolution. Martyr Hassan Tehrani Moghadam MoreIran's Islamic revolution centered on religion in the 20th century took place with a different form and content than other world revolutions, and various indicators of soft power were created with the occurrence of the Islamic revolution. Martyr Hassan Tehrani Moghadam was one of the influencers of soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the region. He was one of the founders of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the military and command systems, a scholar, a mystic, and a great mujahideen. In the current research, an attempt has been made to answer this question, what are the components of the soft power of Shahid Hassan Tehrani Moghadam by emphasizing the statements of Imam Khamenei? Researchers have conceptualized the data obtained from the statements of Imam Khamenei by using the method of thematic analysis. Based on those concepts, the primary themes (divine intention, connection with the Quran and prayer, firm determination, strong will, being sharp, knowing the right path, heavy revolutionary work, seriousness in responsibilities, being powerful, moving wisely and prioritization of tasks) and organizing themes (good faith in God, belief in God's help, guardianship, adherence, cleverness, awareness, openness, diligence, jihadi effort, frost and double effort) were obtained. Finally, by combining and integrating the inclusive themes, the five dimensions of trust in God, responsibility, insight, tirelessness and quickness combined with tact were extracted with emphasis on the statements of Imam Khamenei. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The Role of Higher Educatio in US Cultural Diplomacy: Emphasis on Performance in Iran
Mohammad Reza Dehshiri Mahdi TaheriDue to the capacity of universities and higher education capacities in cultural diplomacy will be very important. This is the same issue that refers to academic diplomacy. Can be said for countries like Iran that significant capacity in the academic and scientific, and MoreDue to the capacity of universities and higher education capacities in cultural diplomacy will be very important. This is the same issue that refers to academic diplomacy. Can be said for countries like Iran that significant capacity in the academic and scientific, and this issue needs more attention to it. According to international experience in the capacity of higher education to cultural diplomacy and policy in this regard could contribute to faster along the road. Different countries according to their economic and cultural power, the cultural and educational exchange programs have invested. America's most prominent and most successful countries in this regard the United States. Through cultural diplomacy programs such as student exchanges and scholarships, Education International projects for foreign visitors, lecture programs, arranged for journalists, English language development, etc., the United States is in transition values and ethical principles. In this context, the United States of America has two major functions, one English and the other quality higher education system. Manuscript profile
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