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Open Access Article
1 - Comparison of PCR and conventional culture for the detection of Salmonella in raw milk
M. Bonyadian, تقی Zahraei salehi, A. Mehrabani,Salmonella is one of the authentic bacteria which cause illnesses, may exist in raw material andfood. The existence of these bacteria in food not only causes illnesses, but it also causes thedownfall of production quality and reduction of economic growth of the area and MoreSalmonella is one of the authentic bacteria which cause illnesses, may exist in raw material andfood. The existence of these bacteria in food not only causes illnesses, but it also causes thedownfall of production quality and reduction of economic growth of the area and country. Inthis study, 150 bulk raw milk samples were examined to comparison of PCR and conventionalculture for the identification of Salmonella in raw milk. Firstly raw milk was cultured andexamined through the conventional method; afterwards its supplementary procedures forisolating Salmonella were carried out. Regarding to the results of the culture method, sixsuspicious isolates were selected to carry out by PCR using invA gene. The results showed thatnone of the isolates were salmonella. Secondly DNA extracted from raw milk and samples wereassessed utilizing the invA gene by PCR method. Regarding to the results 3 out of 150 examinedsamples were positive. Totally 2 percent of all samples were contaminated with Salmonella.The results of this study revealed that PCR is more potent than conventional culture methods toidentification of salmonella in raw milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Evaluation of the prevalence of enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in raw milk and dairy products by Duplex-PCR
Abri, R., Razavilar, V., Javadi, A., Ahangarzadeh Rezaee, M., Zahraei Salehi, T. .Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is very important and usual, particularly in the developing countries and it is the main reason of diarrhea in travelers to developing countries. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains are defined as intimin-containing diarrheagenic E MoreEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is very important and usual, particularly in the developing countries and it is the main reason of diarrhea in travelers to developing countries. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains are defined as intimin-containing diarrheagenic E. coli but do not produce Shiga toxin, which can cause diarrhea in humans and different animal species. Pathogenic Escherichia coli strains are commonly transmitted through contaminated food and water. The aim of this study was to identify Escherichia coli pathotypes in raw milk and dairy product samples using Duplex PCR. A total of 102 raw milk and dairy products samples were randomly collected from different localities in Western Azerbaijan and transferred in sterile conditions to department of food and drug microbiology lab, affiliated to Tabriz University of medical sciences. 46 E. coli were identified based on culture and a number of biochemical tests. Duplex PCR assay were developed for detection of enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. The target genes selected for each category were the lt and st for ETEC, eae and bfp for EPEC isolates. According to the results, the rate of E. coli in samples was 45%. No ETEC strains were isolated from any of the samples examined and only 2 (4.34%) EPEC strains were identified. Previous studies and our results showed the high percentage of E. coli and EPEC in raw milk products. It was concluded that using raw milk without pasteurization, and using traditional dairy products produced in unsanitary conditions and are the main resources for growth of E. coli pathotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Evaluation of Arsenic Transfer from Soil and Water to Milk of Local Cattle Farms in Two Areas of Qazvin Province
M. Madadi N. MoayedniaIntroduction: Two areas suspected of Arsenic contamination regarding water and soil have been the subject of this investigation regarding raw milk The two selected areas are located at north west and south west of Qazvin province. Totally, 90 samples of water, soil and MoreIntroduction: Two areas suspected of Arsenic contamination regarding water and soil have been the subject of this investigation regarding raw milk The two selected areas are located at north west and south west of Qazvin province. Totally, 90 samples of water, soil and raw milk were collected during winter and summer. Materials and Methods: The samples were prepared and applied to Atomic absorption spectroscopy equipped with graphite furnace and the elements were quantified. Results: The results indicated that 86.6% of the samples were contaminated with Arsenic as compared to the standard limits for this element. The concentrations of Arsenic were 0.011-0.245, 7.662-29.89 and 0.0138-0.102 ppm for water, soil and milk samples respectively. Conclusion: This study has confirmed high concentrations of Arsenic in water and soil for the examined areas. The Arsenic contamination of milk might also be due to geographical location and area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Raw Milk of One-Humped Camel from Khur and Biabanak in Isfahan Province of Iran
S. Sanayei M. Jahadi M. Fazel M. Janigorban -
Open Access Article
5 - Evaluation of adulterations in raw and pasteurized milk samples, marketed in Birjand, Iran
Mohammad Reza Akbari Ataollah Azhdari Gholam Reza SharifzadehMilk is a valuable food,that contains essential nutrients for the body,but this product is very perishable and has a short shelf life,so various adulterations may be done in it in order to more profit and increase the shelf life and also to covering the signs of spoilag MoreMilk is a valuable food,that contains essential nutrients for the body,but this product is very perishable and has a short shelf life,so various adulterations may be done in it in order to more profit and increase the shelf life and also to covering the signs of spoilage.In this cross-sectional study,totally80samples(64samples of raw milk and16samples of pasteurized milk)were collected randomly from Birjand markets. All samples were tested in the food laboratory of South Khorasan provincial of standard and industrial research service for adulterations such as adding hydrogen peroxide,formalin, sodium hypochlorite,sodium bicarbonate,salt, starch and water to milk and removing the milk fat.Results of this study showed that water was not added to any of raw and pasteurized milk samples.The mean of fat and salt in raw milk samples was significantly higher and lower than the standard limits,respectively(P<0.001).Salt was not found in pasteurized samples. The mean of milk acidity after boiling,compared with before boiling, both in raw and pasteurized milk decreased significantly(P<0.05), but this decline was less than 1˚dornic.The mean of fat and salt in raw milk samples was significantly higher than pasteurized milk samples(P<0.001)but in terms of acidity before and after boiling,significant difference was not observed in raw and pasteurized milk samples(P>0.05).In terms of hydrogen peroxide,formalin,sodium hypochlorite and starch,any adulterations were not found in this study. Fortunately,the results of this research showed that in all samples of raw and pasteurized milk which collected from Birjand none of above mentioned adulterations was done and in this respect all samples were in appropriate conditions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Diversity of Bacillus species isolated from biofilm of raw milk tankers and dairy processing equipments
َA. Ansari S. HanifianBacillus is the dominant genus encloses gram-positive spore-formers that some are considered as a threat to the quality of foods and consumers’ health. This study aimed to explore the occurrence of Bacillus species in raw milk tankers and dairy processing equipmen MoreBacillus is the dominant genus encloses gram-positive spore-formers that some are considered as a threat to the quality of foods and consumers’ health. This study aimed to explore the occurrence of Bacillus species in raw milk tankers and dairy processing equipments as well as to examine the biofilm-forming ability of the isolates. For this reason, a total of 80 samples consisting of 30 samples obtained from raw milk tankers, 30 samples of dairy processing equipments and 20 samples from various surfaces of the production plant was collected. According to the results, 16.66% of the samples obtained from raw milk tankers, 20% of dairy processing equipments and 40% of surface samples were found positive for Bacillus species. Various species of the Bacillus were found; amongst B. cereus with 36% and B. aloe and B. pumilus with 4% occurrence rate, were the most and least abundant species, respectively. Results of biofilm production revealed that 96% of the isolates were capable of producing biofilm. Eventually, it was concluded that conventional CIP procedure is unable to entirely remove the biofilm of Bacillus species from dairy plant surfaces. Hence, there is a need for a new approach to conquer the problem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Inhibitory effect of native enterococci isolates on some of the foodborne bacterial pathogens
S. Tafkiki S. HanifianEnterococci are among lactic acid bacteria that are homogeneous and are commonly found in raw milk and its products. The purpose of this study was to isolate Enterococcus species from raw milk and traditional milk products in Tabriz region and to study their inhibitory MoreEnterococci are among lactic acid bacteria that are homogeneous and are commonly found in raw milk and its products. The purpose of this study was to isolate Enterococcus species from raw milk and traditional milk products in Tabriz region and to study their inhibitory effect on some of pathogenic bacteria. For this, 105 specimens including 15 samples of each of raw milk, yogurt, cheese, cream, butter, dough, and whey were tested. After isolation and differential identification of the species, 24 isolates were selected based on the sample type and the variety of Enterococcus species. Due to the pathogenic potential of E. faecalis and E. fascism species, they were evaluated for the presence of Esp < /em> and Asa1 genes, respectively. The inhibitory effect of Enterococcus isolates was tested on nine important foodborne pathogens using overlay method. According to the results, nine species of E. fascism, E. faecalis, E. gallinarum, E. avium, E. Benedetti, E. caseliflavus, E. hirae, E. saccharoliticus and E. raffinosus were isolated. All isolates had an inhibitory effect on indicator organisms; however, the inhibitory effect was found different among various species and various strains. E. faecalis and E. fascism species had the most antibacterial effects. The molecular evaluation showed that out of 5 isolates of E. faecalis, 2 isolates contained Esp < /em> gene. In the case of E. faecalis, none of the isolates harbored Asa1 gene. If further experiments are carried out in relation to the proven safety of enterococci, their inhibitory effect on food pathogenic bacteria can be used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Distribution of genes encoding biofilm production in Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk supplied in Tehran
B. Hendijani A. Shakerian E. Rahimi F. SalehzadehStaphylococcus aureus is one of the most important virulence factors in milk and dairy products that may cause of several disease in human. Several virulence factors are involved in its ability to cause disease that one of the most important of them is the ability of th MoreStaphylococcus aureus is one of the most important virulence factors in milk and dairy products that may cause of several disease in human. Several virulence factors are involved in its ability to cause disease that one of the most important of them is the ability of the bacterium to produce biofilm. These bacteria are capable of producing polysaccharides and proteinaceous substances attached to the surfaces that leads to biofilm formation. In this study to assess the presence of S.aureus and distribution of genes encoding biofilm formation in the raw milk from Tehran city, a total of 99 raw milk samples was obtained from 4 big milk plants in the sterile conditions and assessed by conventional microbiological culturing methods and confirmed by PCR assayed. For this, nuc gene was used as the specific target sequence to detect S.aureus to identify the presence of fnbA, clfB, icaA, icaD genes which encode biofilm formation, the specific primers of every gene were exploited. Based on results of microbiological culturing and after confirming them with molecular ways, 4 isolates were detected as s.aureus (4.04%). The genes encoding biofilm formation, fnbA, cltB, & icaD were identified in all 4 isolates (100 %) and only one isolate (25%) contained icaD gene. Because the frequency of biofilm encoding genes separated from raw milk samples of Tehran city is considerable implementing hygienic principles is essential to control and preventing biofilm formation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Antimicrobial activity of Zataria multiflora boiss. essential oil on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk
R. Narenji Sani A. Jebelli javan B. Roozbahan H. Staji H.R. MohammadiEnterotoxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus can cause food poisoning through the consumption of contaminated dairy products. Essential oil (EO) of Zataria multiflora Bioss. contains components with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The present study wa MoreEnterotoxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus can cause food poisoning through the consumption of contaminated dairy products. Essential oil (EO) of Zataria multiflora Bioss. contains components with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The present study was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Z. multiflora Boiss. EO on S. aureus isolated from raw milk. Extraction and gas isolation of the EO was provided and analyzed by Chromatography/mass spectrometry. A total of 84 samples of raw milk from a dairy farm in Semnan were analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. Fourteen S. aureus strains were isolated from raw milk. The chemical composition of hydrodistilled EO of Z. multiflora Boiss was analyzed by Chromatography/mass spectrometry. A total of 25 compounds representing 98.59% of the oil were identified: carvacrol (50.53%), thymol (14.7%), p-cymene (7.9%), Carvacryl acetate (3.85%) and Trans-caryophyllene (3.4%). The MIC of Z. multiflora Boiss. Using broth microdilution method, MIC of EO on all of the S. aureus isolates was estimated at 0.0001-0.004. Based on results, the EO ofZ. multiflora Boiss possesses antibacterial activity on S. aureus isolated from raw milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Detection of enterotoxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk buffalo in Khuzestan province
Azadeh Moradi Farsani Amir Shakerian Ebrahim Rahimi Hasan MomtazMilk provides an ideal medium for bacterial growth and can be quickly infected with a variety of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major milk-borne pathogens. Considering the importance of S. aureus enterotoxins in milk as one of the main sources of food poi MoreMilk provides an ideal medium for bacterial growth and can be quickly infected with a variety of bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major milk-borne pathogens. Considering the importance of S. aureus enterotoxins in milk as one of the main sources of food poisoning, it is necessary to isolate and to investigate various enterotoxins in foods. The present study was an attempt to detect enterotoxin-encoding genes in S. aureus isolates obtained from buffalo raw milk in Khuzestan province. For this, 100 samples of buffalo milk were obtained from milk distribution centers in Khuzestan province in 2016. The samples were evaluated through microbial and molecular assays and the presence of enterotoxin-generating genes in S. aureus isolates. According to the results, 7 samples contained SEA enterotoxin gene, which accounts for the highest number and distribution percentage. Also, two samples had both SEA and SEB, 2 samples had both SEA and SEC enterotoxin genes, and 1 sample had four SEA, SEB, SEC and SEH enterotoxin genes, and two samples included both SEH and SEJ enterotoxins genes, and one sample included the SEJ enterotoxin gene and one sample included both SEH and SEC enterotoxin gene. The relatively high presence of Staphylococcal enterotoxins encoding genes and the potential role of enterotoxin in human food poisoning indicates the significant role of buffalo milk as one of the human infection sources and the necessity of taking measures to prevent primary and secondary milk contamination by this bacterium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Isolation and enumeration of Bacillus cereus in raw milk distributed in Tabriz, Iran and detection of ces gene among the isolates
Mahdieh Heydarzadeh afshin JavadiBacillus cereus is a gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium which is widely distributed in nature. It also has been known as a major food borne pathogen that often plays a role in the contamination of ready-to-eat and dairy products. It causes two different types of MoreBacillus cereus is a gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium which is widely distributed in nature. It also has been known as a major food borne pathogen that often plays a role in the contamination of ready-to-eat and dairy products. It causes two different types of food poisoning in human: the diarrheal type and the emetic type. The aim of this study was to isolate and enumerate B. cereus in raw milk distributed in the stores of Tabriz city, Iran and to detect ces gene among the isolates. For this purpose, 120 samples of raw milk were randomly selected from the stores during February to June 2017. They were transferred to the Laboratory of food hygiene under sterile conditions in order to isolate, identify and enumerate B. cereus according to the national standard method of Iran and PCR. According to the results of microbial culture, out of 120 samples of raw milk, 13 (10.83%) samples were contaminated with B. cereus and the mean rate of contamination was 2.8 log10/ml. PCR results showed that of 13 positive samples, 12 (92.3%) samples contained ces gene which is responsible for vomiting. The results of this study showed that raw milk has the potential for human intoxication by B. cereus; and the use of procedures to reduce the bacterial contamination during the processing of dairy product is required. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Effect of season and farming system on aflatoxin M1 content and raw milk quality
M. Jalili F. KianiThe quality of raw milk plays an important role in the quality of dairy products. The current study was aimed to investigate the effect of season and farming system on aflatoxin M1 content and raw milk quality. For this reason, 600 samples were collected from 5 industri MoreThe quality of raw milk plays an important role in the quality of dairy products. The current study was aimed to investigate the effect of season and farming system on aflatoxin M1 content and raw milk quality. For this reason, 600 samples were collected from 5 industrial farms and 5 milk collection centers of Khorramabad city during the summer and winter of 2017 (300 samples in each season). The contamination level of aflatoxin M1 was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 40 samples (4 samples from each farm). All samples were investigated in terms of acidity, density, protein, water percent, protein, fat and total bacterial count. The results showed the aflatoxin M1 in 5 samples (12.5%), was higher than the permitted level of National Standard (50 ng / ml). The amount of fat, protein, and density of samples collected in the winter was higher than those collected in the summer (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the aflatoxin M1 level in milk samples of industrial farms and milk collection centers. Moreover, the total bacterial count of 93% and 100% of the samples collected during summer and winter has exceeded the permissible limit specified in the National Standard, respectively, It could be concluded that in order to reduce the microbial load of raw milk, appropriate methods should be applied and the livestock breeders should be provided with the necessary training on how to milk and feed the animal. Moreover, the raw milk delivered to dairy factories should also be considered for aflatoxin M1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Waterborne and foodborne zoonotic protozoa, an unknown threat as a biological agent in bioterrorism
N. Hajipour J. GharekhaniSome zoonotic protozoa can be easily transmitted through food and water and cause serious illnesses in humans and animals. Because these pathogenic agents have some characteristics of an effective biological agent such as latent period, low infectious doses, high resist MoreSome zoonotic protozoa can be easily transmitted through food and water and cause serious illnesses in humans and animals. Because these pathogenic agents have some characteristics of an effective biological agent such as latent period, low infectious doses, high resistance to disinfectants, they can play a role as an unknown biological agent in bioterrorism. Considering the increasing threats of bioterrorism, biological agents and their use by some colonial countries, it is necessary to identify and recognize these unknown agents and ways to prevent them. Based on a systematic study some keywords such as” bioterrorism”, “biologic”, and “protozoa zoonosis”, parasite” and names of some waterborne and foodborne parasites were searched in reliable information databases and then the related topics were studied carefully. The results of this study show that in addition to bacteria, viruses and their toxins, zoonotic protozoa such as Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Toxoplasma gondii which can be transmitted through food and water, can act as biologically hazardous agents in bioterrorism. Because these zoonotic protozoa are resistant to some disinfectants, for example, chlorine and low temperatures, so the only way to deal with these biological agents at times of crisis is to boil the water for 10-15 min at 60 ° C as well as to cook completely those food materials with the probability of contamination. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Determination of Aflatoxin M1 level in raw milk of East Mazandaran retails (Short Comunication)
l. Golestan kh. rahimiMycotoxin contamination of foodstuff and its transmission to consumers are extremely important from the public health point of view. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hepatocarcinogenic toxin found in the milk of animals that have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B1. T MoreMycotoxin contamination of foodstuff and its transmission to consumers are extremely important from the public health point of view. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hepatocarcinogenic toxin found in the milk of animals that have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B1. The aim of this study was to determine the level of AFM1 in raw milk at traditional dairy retails of the east of Mazandaran province. A total of 80 cow raw milk samples was randomly collected from retails of 10 cities of Mazandaran during March 2015. The level of AFM1 was measured by ELISA assay using commercial kits and a microplate reader. All raw milk samples contained measurable amounts of AFM1. The results showed that 6.25% of the total samples had higher concentrations permitted by the Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran; moreover, 17.5% of the samples were contaminated with higher concentrations of AFM1 than the maximum allowed limit set by the European Commission. Results revealed any significant relationship in the AFM1 concentrations between the sampling cities. According to the outcomes, it can be concluded that adequate control measures at the farm level may have resulted in reduced concentrations of AFM1 in raw milk of Mazandaran province; however, frequent monitoring is crucial. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Study of the Seasonal and Geographical Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in milk of ruminants by nested-PCR
M. Alipour Amroabadi E. Rahimi A. ShakerianToxoplasmosis is one of the most dangerous common protozoan diseases between humans and animals that infect humans in various ways. Contact with the infected animal, consuming contaminated food, and transmitting from mother to fetus is the most important means of transm MoreToxoplasmosis is one of the most dangerous common protozoan diseases between humans and animals that infect humans in various ways. Contact with the infected animal, consuming contaminated food, and transmitting from mother to fetus is the most important means of transmission. Based on the recorded data, this study is the first report of Toxoplasma gondii in buffalo and camel milk in some parts of Iran. For this purpose, 440 raw milk samples of 5 species of animals were collected from Isfahan, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, and Fars provinces during four seasons and studied for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii by nested-PCR. The results showed that 26 (5.9%) of the samples were infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The highest infection was observed in sheep milk (8%) and the lowest in buffalo milk (4.28%). The seasonal prevalence of infection was in winter (11.43%), autumn (6.8%), and spring (5.03%), while none of the samples obtained in summer the parasite was not infected. Contamination of raw milk and traditional dairy products with Toxoplasma gondii can either occur directly from infected animals or as a result of non-compliance with the principles of hygiene during the process of milking, transportation, storage, and cross-contamination. Therefore, proper pre-consumption of milk is recommended. TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back //TRANSLATE with xEnglishArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW BackEMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster PortalBack// Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Distribution of genes encoding biofilm production in S. aureus isolated from raw milk in Kurdistan
مهسا Shojaei هیوا Karimi Darehabi جوادی javadi Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bovine mastitis. Several virulence factors are involved in mastitis. One of the important virulence factors is the ability of the bacterium to produce biofilms. These bacteria are capable of producing polysaccharide More Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bovine mastitis. Several virulence factors are involved in mastitis. One of the important virulence factors is the ability of the bacterium to produce biofilms. These bacteria are capable of producing polysaccharides and proteinaceous substances attached to the surfaces, leads to biofilm formation. In this study, a total of 120 raw milk samples was obtained from Kurdistan province and analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. The presence of S. aureus was assessed by conventional culture method and confirmed by PCR assay. For this, nuc gene was exploited as the specific target sequence to detect S. aureus. Moreover, Multiplex PCR was used to identify the presence of clfaB, fnbA, icaD and icaA genes which encode biofilm formation. Based on results, S. aureus was found in 49 (40.83%) of the samples. The frequency of each of the genes was determined as 69.38%, 32.6%, 38.77%, and 59.18 for fnbA, clfaB, icaD and icaA, respectively. Results revealed a high contamination rate of raw milks with S. aureus, and the ability of the isolates to form biofilms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Molds contamination of raw milk and dairy products: Occurrence, diversity and contamination source
طاهره Moshtaghi Maleki شهرام HanifianThis study aimed to assess the occurrence and diversity of mold species in raw milk and its products along with the identification of potential contamination sources. For this reason, a total of 260 samples consisting of 80 raw milk, 100 dairy products (i.e., pasteurize MoreThis study aimed to assess the occurrence and diversity of mold species in raw milk and its products along with the identification of potential contamination sources. For this reason, a total of 260 samples consisting of 80 raw milk, 100 dairy products (i.e., pasteurized milk, yoghurt, cheese and buttermilk) and 80 environmental (i.e. ingredients, packaging materials, surface of processing equipments and air) specimens were collected. Using culture assay and microscopic observation, the occurrence as well as the diversity of mold species was investigated. According to the results, 82.3% of the samples were identified as positive for mold contamination. The percentage of mold contamination for raw milk was estimated as 97.5%. In the case of pasteurized milk, yoghurt, buttermilk, cheese and environmental samples, it was determined as 52%, 76%, 52%, 56% and 96.25%, respectively. Mold diversity among various samples consisted of Aspergillus, Geotrichum, Penicillium, Mucor, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Cladosporium, and Fusarium. Results revealed a significant (p < 0.01) correlation between kind of mold species isolated from raw milk and dairy products. Similarly, a correlation was observed between dairy products and environmental sources. Regarding the high occurrence of mold contamination in raw milk and environmental sources, it seems that in some instances heat treatment was not effective enough to inactivate all molds; whereas in some other cases, cross contamination may have resulted in mold contamination. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain hygienic conditions during raw milk handling as well as processing steps. These practices could efficiently reduce the occurrence of mold contaminations in dairy products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milks of Saqez
M.T Farajpour M.H Sadeghi zali مهدی GhiamiradStaphylococcus aureus is considered as a major foodborne pathogen worldwide which can contaminate milk either through mastitis or unsuitable processing conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in raw milk of Saqez as well as to asse MoreStaphylococcus aureus is considered as a major foodborne pathogen worldwide which can contaminate milk either through mastitis or unsuitable processing conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in raw milk of Saqez as well as to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates. For this reason, 100 raw milk samples were obtained across Saqez. Presence of S. aureus was determined using conventional culture method; moreover, the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was studied by disc diffusion method. Results indicated that 51 samples were contaminated by S. aureus. Amongst, 19 (37.25%) were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic, 19 (37.25%) to 2 antibiotics, 3 (5.88%) to 3 antibiotics, 5 (9.80%) to 4 antibiotics, 3 (5.88%) to 5 antibiotics, 1 (1.98%) to 6 antibiotic and 1 (1.98%) isolate was found resistant to 8 antibiotics. Results revealed a high prevalence rate of S. aureus in raw milks and also the board antibiotic resistance of the isolates Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Investigation of some additive residues in bulk raw milk collected from Pakdasht area in 2009
طناز Moosavi مجتبی Salehi M.M Sadegh لیلا MohammadyarMilk is one of the most important sources of human nutrition and because of high nutrient content; it is a very suitable medium for microbial growth and spoilage. Sometimes farmers cheat and add some additives to milk in order to cover the spoilage or other defects in m MoreMilk is one of the most important sources of human nutrition and because of high nutrient content; it is a very suitable medium for microbial growth and spoilage. Sometimes farmers cheat and add some additives to milk in order to cover the spoilage or other defects in milk. In this study 120 samples of bulk raw milk (10 samples each month) were collected from dairy farms of Pakdasht under sterile condition and send to veterinary faculty of GarmsarUniversity. The following tests were done on each sample: Anti-microbial residues, residues milk acidity neutralizer, evaluation of sugar, formalin, Hydrogen peroxide, Salicylic acid and salt presence. Results were analyzed with Spss software and the results of the first six months of the year were compared statistically with the results of the second six months of the year. The mean of antimicrobial agents, milk acid neutralizer, formalin, hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid showed no significant difference. But sugar in first semester were more than second semester (p<0.05). Also, salt of all samples were determined in normal value. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Determination of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu contents in raw milk from Khorram-Abad dairies
S. Sobhanardakani محسن TizhoshHeavy metals are the most important chemical pollutants of foods. Milk and dairy products due to the nutritional functions are largely consumed by infants and children around the world. The purpose of this study was to analyze Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu contents in raw cow milks MoreHeavy metals are the most important chemical pollutants of foods. Milk and dairy products due to the nutritional functions are largely consumed by infants and children around the world. The purpose of this study was to analyze Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu contents in raw cow milks produced in dairies of Lorestan industrial livestock zone during 2014. A total of 24 milk samples was collected from eight dairies. The samples were subjected to acid digestion according to standard method. Afterwards, the metal contents were determined using ICP-OES. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package. The results showed that mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu in milk samples were 3072±674, 2720±2790, 104±18.5 and 142±149 µg/kg, respectively. Also comparison of the mean concentrations of the metals with the WHO maximum permissible limits in milk revealed that the mean concentrations of all metals were significantly higher than permissible limits. Because of the mean concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu in milk samples were higher than Mean Residual Limits, therefore to achieve the consumers’ safety, monitoring of feed intake, water supplies, soil properties around livestock and forage crops and control of pollutants emission from industries near the livestock are recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Contamination levels of aflatoxin M1 in bulk raw milk of Chaloos and Ramsar
A.R Barami M.R Pour Elmi مهرداد IraniAflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appears in milk as a direct result of the ingestion of feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 by cattle. This study was conducted to investigate the contamination rate of raw milk whit aflatoxin M1 in Chaloos and Ramsar raw milk collection centers. Two MoreAflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appears in milk as a direct result of the ingestion of feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 by cattle. This study was conducted to investigate the contamination rate of raw milk whit aflatoxin M1 in Chaloos and Ramsar raw milk collection centers. Two hundred bulk raw milk samples were collected during winter (January and February) and summer (June and July) seasons. The milk samples were analyzed by ELISA method for the presence of AFM1. During the winter, AFM1 was detected in 100% and 59/79% of the bulk raw milk samples in Ramsar and Chaloos, respectively; however, during summer 83/52% and 50/1 of the samples was found as positive in Ramsar and Chaloos, respectively. Furthermore, 45% of Ramsar and 30% of Chaloos bulk milk samples showed higher contamination level of AFM1 than maximum tolerance limit (50 ng/l) accepted by National Standard as well as European Union. Although, the difference between the contamination rate in samples obtained during summer and winter seasons was not statistically significantly, (p<0/05) significant difference (p<0/05) was observed between Chaloos and Ramsar samples in each season. Moreover, highest contamination rate was found in February. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Effects of somatic cell count in subclinical mastitis on raw milk quality in dairy farms of Khuzestan province
mohammad Hossieni nejad zohreh Mashak Mastitis is an infectious disease that is spread in livestock and can cause cattle mortality. Generally a cow with mastitis has a 15 per cent decrease in milk production. In addition, losses from changes in some components of milk should also be considered. More Mastitis is an infectious disease that is spread in livestock and can cause cattle mortality. Generally a cow with mastitis has a 15 per cent decrease in milk production. In addition, losses from changes in some components of milk should also be considered. Any change in milk properties can be severe hazard for milk producers, dairy factories and consumers. In this study, the effect of somatic cell count on row milk quality of cows affected by subclinical mastitis was studied. For this purpose 240 milk samples were collected from dairy farms with subclinical mastitis (traditional and industrial) of Khuzestan province in 2014 and their somatic cell count, protein and lipid contact and acidity determined. The mean±SD for somatic cells, acidity, protein and fat were 3.20×105±1.37×105 SCC/ml, 14.50±0.62 D°, 3.12±0.06% and 3.23±0.14% respectively. After statistical analysis, reverse correlation were found between somatic cell count with milk fat and protein. However, direct correlation was observed between range of milk fat and protein (p>0.01). Furthermore the results indicated that the range of acidity in spring and winter, protein and fat in winter and somatic cell in summer and autumn were more than the other seasons. According to statistical analysis, protein percent of milk samples in industrial farms were higher than traditional farms although the range of somatic cells was higher for traditional milk samples ‏)p>0.05) According to the result, it seems that the somatic cell count of milk influences raw milk fat and protein content and acidity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - samples Antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from raw milk and traditional cheese
Maryam Mazhari Mojtaba Bonyadian Hamdallah MoshtaghiSalmonella is one of the most important bacteria which cause illnesses, may exist in raw foods. The presence of this bacterium in food also causes a decrease in the quality of productions and a decrease in the economic growth. Milk and its products are among the food th MoreSalmonella is one of the most important bacteria which cause illnesses, may exist in raw foods. The presence of this bacterium in food also causes a decrease in the quality of productions and a decrease in the economic growth. Milk and its products are among the food that may contaminate with Salmonella both primarily and secondarily by employees, water, etc., and transmitted to human. In this study, 100 samples of raw milk and 50 samples of traditional cheese from different parts of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province were obtained to isolate and identify Salmonella bacteria using microbiological, and polymerase chain reaction tests. Also, the antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolates was evaluated by the diffusion disk method. The results of microbiological tests showed that 7 samples were contaminated with salmonella. Suspicious isolates included 5 samples belonging to raw milk and 2 samples belonging to traditional cheeses. The results of PCR test revealed that 3 samples of suspected isolates of raw milk (%3) and 1 sample of suspected isolates of traditional cheese (%2) were S. typhimurium. The results of the antibiogram test on Salmonella isolates showed the highest sensitivity to Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin, and the highest resistance to Ampicillin, Tetracycline and Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole antibiotics. According to the results of the present study, raw milk and traditional cheeses are contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium, which are resistant to some antibiotics. Although the contamination of raw milk is removed during the heat treatment steps such as pasteurization, boiling or sterilization, traditional cheeses contaminated with this bacterium are considered a potential risk for the health of consumers. Therefore, the examination of traditional dairy products, especially cheese, in terms of preventing the occurrence of diseases in humans seems to be more necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Survey on contamination to Yersinia entrocolotica in raw cow milk distributed in Ahvaz area and evaluation of antibiotic resistance of isolates
ALI FAZLARA Mehdi Zarei AHMAD MAVALIZADEHTotally 150 samples of cow milk were collected in Ahvaz within 6 months. The collected samples were sent to the lab in cool conditions. The amount of 25 ml of each sample was added to 225 ml of Tris-Buffered Peptone Water with pH=8 as enrichment medium and stored at 4&d MoreTotally 150 samples of cow milk were collected in Ahvaz within 6 months. The collected samples were sent to the lab in cool conditions. The amount of 25 ml of each sample was added to 225 ml of Tris-Buffered Peptone Water with pH=8 as enrichment medium and stored at 4°C for three weeks. Then in 7th, 14th and 21th days of storage, one loopful equal to 10 µL of enriched broth were streaked out in plates of Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin agar contained supplement and incubated at 30°C for 24 hours. Then 3 to 5 colonies of typical bull's-eye appearance with 0.5-2 mm diameter with a deep red center and sharp border surrounded by a translucent zone were selected as suspect to Yersinia enterocolitica and cultured in TSA medium. After gram staining and observe gram negative rod and also implement some biochemical tests in next step due to absolute identification, specific primers for 16srRNA were used. Boiling method was used to extract DNA. The isolation of Yersinia entroclitica was confirmed from 36 samples (24%) of milks. The confirmed isolates due to antibiogram were spread out in agar culture and the antibiotic susceptibility was surveyed with utilization of antibiotic discs and CLSI tables. The results showed that the sensitivity to Ciprofloaxin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline, Ceftazidime, Nalidixic Acid, Kanamycin, Trimethoprim Sulfametaxazole, Amoxicillin and Cephalotin were 100%, 97.05%, 91.17%, 85.29%, 82.35%, 79.41%, 67,64%, 17.64% and 14.7% respectively. None of the isolates were susceptible to Erythromycin which shows that the isolates have the most resistance against this antibiotic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Prevalence rate and presence of virulence genes of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in raw milk and traditional cheese at Marand retails
Asgar Nagezadeh Hamid MirzaeiThe aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence rate of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in raw milk and traditional cheese at Marand retails. Moreover, the isolates were assessed for the presence of virulence gene of stx1, stx2, eaeA and hly. For this reason, 100 traditi MoreThe aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence rate of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in raw milk and traditional cheese at Marand retails. Moreover, the isolates were assessed for the presence of virulence gene of stx1, stx2, eaeA and hly. For this reason, 100 traditional cheese and 50 raw milk samples were collected randomly. The samples were enriched in EC broth containing novobiocin and were isolated on sorbitol MacConkey agar with cefixime and tellurite. The isolates were further assayed by VRBA, tryptone broth and Escherichia coli Chromogenic agar for the lactose fermentation, indole production and beta-glucuronidase activity, respectively. The selected colonies were confirmed by E. coli O157: H7 antiserum and finally the isolates were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes. According to the results, 9% (9/100) of cheese and 10% (5/50) of raw milk samples were found contaminated with sorbitol-negative E. coli. Using the anti-E. coli antiserum, 1 isolate (2%) among the milk samples was confirmed and the presence of virulence genes of eaeA and stx1 were determined by multiplex PCR. With respect to the occurrence of E. coli O157: H7 in raw milk and its high persistence to acidic environment, it was concluded that raw milks and traditional cheeses marketed at Marand could be considered as the potential source of infection to humans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Isolation and Identification of Pediococcus Species from Raw Milk of Iranian One Humped Camel and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Properties
Nafiseh Davati Farideh Tabatabaei yazdi Saeed ZibaeiIran is a country with vast arid desert and camels have many adaptations that allow them to live successfully in desert conditions. Lactic Acid Bacteria such as Pediococcus play an important role in quality of fermented products of camel milk. A total of three samples o MoreIran is a country with vast arid desert and camels have many adaptations that allow them to live successfully in desert conditions. Lactic Acid Bacteria such as Pediococcus play an important role in quality of fermented products of camel milk. A total of three samples of raw milk of Iranian one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) were collected from Golestan province in Iran under aseptic conditions. Among isolated bacteria, only six isolates were phenotypically characterized as pediococcus species. Six bacterial isolates were identified by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and were then grouped by the Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) method. Based on restriction analysis of 16S rRNA gene, the isolates of pediococcusgenus were grouped into one ARDRA pattern that were identified by ribosomal DNA sequencing as Pediococcus pentosaceus. The antimicrobial activity of Pediococcusisolatesagainst Salmonella typhi PTCC 1609 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 was examined by the Spot on lawn method. The results showed that antimicrobial activity of P. pentosaceus isolated from raw milk of Iranian camel was remarkable was remarkable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Contamination rate and biofilm formation by psychotrophic bacteria from bulk milk tanks and dairy processing equipments
Rasoul Rezapour Shahram HanifianPsychorotrophs are the heterogeneous group of bacteria that can grow at refrigerator temperatures. Most of these bacteria produce extracellular proteases and lipases which decompose lipids and proteins in milk that leads to undesirable defect in milk. These defects do n MorePsychorotrophs are the heterogeneous group of bacteria that can grow at refrigerator temperatures. Most of these bacteria produce extracellular proteases and lipases which decompose lipids and proteins in milk that leads to undesirable defect in milk. These defects do not disappear even after pasteurization and sterilization. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence rate and diversity of psychotropic bacteria in raw milk tankers and dairy processing equipments as well as the biofilm-forming ability of the isolates. A total of 80 samples including 30 samples of raw milk tanks, 30 samples of dairy product processing equipments and 20 samples from different surfaces of the production line were collected. According to the results, 26.25% of the samples were found contaminated with psychrotrophic bacteria. Amongst, 65% of the surface samples of production line, 23.33% of the raw milk tanks and 3.3% of the processing equipment were positive for psychrotrophic bacteria. Out of 31 isolates, Bacillus genus had the highest contamination rate (32.25%), whilst Alcaligenes showed the lowest rate (3.2%). The results of biofilm formation revealed that 21 isolates (67.75%) were able to produce biofilm. It was concluded that in some cases, current CIP procedure is not efficient for the entire removal of biofilm from the processing equipments. It seems that it is necessary to apply complementary physical/chemical approaches along with the current CIP procedure to complete obliteration of biofilms from dairy industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Aerobic spore-forming bacteria in raw and pasteurized milks of East-Azarbaijan area: occurrence, quantity and diversity
Maryam Jabbarpour Sattari Jalal Shayegh Shahram HanifianGrowth and proliferation of spore-forming bacteria cause food spoilage or may contribute in foodborne illness through the production of toxins. Aerobic spore-formers are widely distributed in nature and are of greater concern in dairy industry. The aim of this study was MoreGrowth and proliferation of spore-forming bacteria cause food spoilage or may contribute in foodborne illness through the production of toxins. Aerobic spore-formers are widely distributed in nature and are of greater concern in dairy industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, quantity and diversity of spore-forming bacteria in raw and pasteurized milks of East-Azarbaijan area. For this reason, 80 raw milks and 40 pasteurized milk samples were randomly obtained and the populations of mesophilic together with thermophilic spore-formers were estimated. The diversity of the enumerated colonies was determined using routine biochemical assays. According to the results, the occurrence of mesophilic and thermophilic spore-formers in raw milks was 82.5% and 87.5%, and for the pasteurized milk samples it was 77.5% and 82.5%, respectively. Results revealed remarkable loads of spore-formers (ranged 2-8 log cfu/ml) both in raw and pasteurized milks. Moreover, 12 and 8 Bacillus species were identified in raw and pasteurized milks, respectively; amongst B. macerans and B. cereus were the major species which accounted for the overall 76% and 64% of the isolates in raw and pasteurized milk samples, respectively. Results revealed that contamination of milk via environmental sources could be the main reason for the presence of high loads of spore-forming bacteria, so that pasteurization process was not appreciably efficient. It was concluded that the presence of toxin-producing species in pasteurized milks could be considered as a health hazard for the consumers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Study the total microbial load, coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and mold and yeast and Amyloid A concentration in bulk milk samples of animal farms of Tehran province
Mohammadreza Taghdiri Guiti Karim Shahabeddin Safi Abbas Rahimi Foroushani Abbasali MotalebiEvaluation of the microbial quality of raw milk is very important due to the increasing consumption of milk and the possibility of its converting into dairy products. The study of microbial load of raw milk and the evaluation of acute phase proteins can provide accurate MoreEvaluation of the microbial quality of raw milk is very important due to the increasing consumption of milk and the possibility of its converting into dairy products. The study of microbial load of raw milk and the evaluation of acute phase proteins can provide accurate information on the hygienic conditions and quality of raw milk. The present study was done to evaluate the microbial load and amyloid A measurement in bulk milk samples of animal farms of Tehran province. At first, 90 raw milk samples were collected and transferred to the laboratory. Somatic cell count of milk samples was done by electronic fluorescence. Then, total microbial, coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and mold and yeast counts were done. Amyloid A concentration in raw milk samples was determined using ELISA method. Mean count of total microbes, coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and mold and yeast were 15×105, 12×104, 29×103, 14×103 and 18×105 CFU/ml, respectively. Total microbial count in 72.23% of tested samples were higher than limit standard. Mean of somatic cell count was 3×105 cells in milliliter milk which were higher than limit standard in 61.11% of milk samples. Mean and standard deviation of amyloid A in milk samples was 551.83 ±47.96 ng/ml milk. The results of the present study show the relative quality of milk samples of animal farms of Tehran province. High number of somatic cells and also the concentration of amyloid A in raw milk samples indicate the possibility of occurrence of subclinical mastitis in the target cows. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Evaluation of Tetracycline Antibiotic Level in Raw Milk using Infrared Fourier Transform Spectrum
Ali Ghanbari Afshin Akhoondzadeh-BastiDue to the consumption of milk in the daily diet of humans as one of the main food groups, the health of this product is of particular importance. In this study, FTNIR and FTMID were used to evaluate the amount of tetracycline in raw milk and compared with the reference MoreDue to the consumption of milk in the daily diet of humans as one of the main food groups, the health of this product is of particular importance. In this study, FTNIR and FTMID were used to evaluate the amount of tetracycline in raw milk and compared with the reference HPLC method. Forty milk samples were prepared with different concentrations of tetracycline 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppb. Also, by comparing the control sample with the samples containing tetracycline, the most changes in the near-infrared spectrum occur in the wavelength range of 5200 to 5000 and 7000 to 6800 and the changes of the middle infrared spectrum occur in the wavelength range of 700 to 600, 1700 to 1500 and 3400 to 3200 cm-1. Using these predictions, the amount of tetracycline was predicted by NIR and MIR methods with correlation coefficients of 0.99 and 0.90 and RMSEP error rates of 18.60 and 20.06, respectively. Although the correlation coefficient of both methods is high, but the error rate of the prediction method is high for both methods, especially the MIR method. But the results of the NIR spectrum are closer to the reference method (HPLC) and can replace this method. Due to the lower error rate of NIR and the advantages of this identification method compared to High Performance Liquid Chromatography, this method can be introduced as a suitable alternative to destructive methods of measuring tetracycline in milk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Prevalence and Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw milk samples
Seyed Mohammad Hossein Hojjat Mohammadhossein MarhamatizadehDespite the high importance of Helicobacter pylori, the main source of the bacterium and the habits of its transmission to human populations have not been determined yet. The present study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori st MoreDespite the high importance of Helicobacter pylori, the main source of the bacterium and the habits of its transmission to human populations have not been determined yet. The present study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw milk samples. A total of 180 raw bovine, ovine and caprine milk samples were randomly collected from Fars province. The presence of Helicobacter pylori in raw milk samples were was studied using the microbial culture. Genomic DNA was extracted from Helicobacter pylori isolates and the frequency of VacA, CagA, IceA and OipA genotypes was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction. In total, 53 out of 180 (29.44%) raw milk samples were contaminated with Helicobacter pylori. The prevalence of contamination in raw milk samples of bovine, ovine and caprine was 20, 38.33 and 30%, respectively. VacA s1a (69.71%), m1a (67.92%), s2 (62.26%) and m2 (58.49%) and cagA (50.94%) were the most abundant detected genotypes. The rarest detected genotypes were VacA s1c (7.54%), s1b (16.98%), m1b (18.86%) and iceA2 (7.54%), respectively. S1am1a (39.62%), s2m1a (32.07%), s1am2 (28.30%) and s2m2 (26.41%) were the most commonly detected combined genotypes. Raw milk, especially raw sheep milk, was considered as a carrier for transmission of virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori. The similarity in the genotyping pattern of the isolates probably indicates the similarity in the source of infection of the samples with Helicobacter pylori. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Evaluation of contamination of raw milk and traditional butter in Amol city with Listeria monocytogenes and determination of their antibiotic resistance.
Negin Najafi Mahdi Sharifi Soltani Atefeh Bozorgi MakeraniListeria is one of the most important bacteria that contaminates milk and milk products. The main species that causes listeriosis in humans and animals and is transmitted through contaminated food is Listeria monocytogenes. For this purpose, in order to identify Listeri MoreListeria is one of the most important bacteria that contaminates milk and milk products. The main species that causes listeriosis in humans and animals and is transmitted through contaminated food is Listeria monocytogenes. For this purpose, in order to identify Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and traditional butter, in the spring of 1400, 40 samples of raw milk (20) and traditional butter (20) were collected from traditional dairy stores in Amol city. The samples were immediately transferred to a food microbiology laboratory in cold condition. The samples were first cultured in peptone water enrichment medium and then the enriched samples were transferred to Palkam Listeria selective agar medium with selective Listeria monocytogenes supplementation. Then antimicrobial susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes isolates was determined by disk diffusion method using the antibiotics ampicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. From the total samples, the prevalence of Listeria species in raw milk and butter was 35% and 10%, respectively. The results of antibiotic susceptibility and resistance test of raw milk samples showed that they were resistant to ampicillin 85.7% and tetracycline 71.4% and among butter samples only erythromycin was 100% resistant and ampicillin 100% semi-resistant. The mean of the obtained results in the antibiogram test were analyzed with 95% confidence and one-way analysis of variance. The results of the present study indicate the potential risk of infection due to consumption of raw milk and traditional butter to Listeria monocytogenes and raw milk had higher risk than butter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Application of ERIC-PCR method for genetic classification of campylobacter strains isolated from raw milk
GholamReza Banisharif Mohammad Hosein Marhamatizadeh Hassan MomtazIntroduction and purpose: Campylobacter species are one of the most important pathogens causing bacterial gastroenteritis, which are generally transmitted through food of animal origin. The present study was conducted with the aim of genetic classification of Campylobac MoreIntroduction and purpose: Campylobacter species are one of the most important pathogens causing bacterial gastroenteritis, which are generally transmitted through food of animal origin. The present study was conducted with the aim of genetic classification of Campylobacter isolated from raw milk of cows, sheep and goats in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Methods: 43 isolates of Campylobacter isolated from raw milk of cows, sheep and goats in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces were selected and confirmed by ERIC-PCR method. Results: The studied isolates revealed banding patterns ranging from 100 to 2000 open pairs, which were further classified into 5 main profiles with a similarity coefficient of simple matching at a similarity level above 80%. Except for 100% affinity which was observed in 1 case, other isolates had genetic affinity between 54% and 98%. Conclusion: The placement of the studied isolates in several subgroups showed the acceptable discrimination power of the ERIC-PCR technique in Campylobacter genotyping and the presence of different sources of contamination of dairy products with this pathogen. ERIC-PCR method is a simple, fast and low-cost method to describe the genetic diversity of different Campylobacter strains, including Campylobacter jejuni and coli strains. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk Produced in Qazvin Province By ELISA and HPLC
Reza Norian Ali Reza Pourfarzaneh Faramarz MashatianAbstract Use of raw milk and dairy products containing aflatoxin M1 has led to concern in consumers. The aim of this study was to determine the aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk in Qazvin Province. In this research, 170 raw cow milk were collected from dairy farm, dairy fac MoreAbstract Use of raw milk and dairy products containing aflatoxin M1 has led to concern in consumers. The aim of this study was to determine the aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk in Qazvin Province. In this research, 170 raw cow milk were collected from dairy farm, dairy factories, milk collection centers and milk supply centers in Qazvin Province during winter 2013. The samples were analyzed with a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) kit and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the samples with aflatoxin higher than 0.5 ng/ml. Statistical tests including ANOVA and Tukey were used to analyze the data. Aflatoxin M1 contamination was observed in 100% of the milk samples. Among the milk samples (33.52%) had a contamination of aflatoxin M1, higher than threshold level of The Institute of Standards & Industrial Research of Iran (0.5 ppb), while in 66.48%, concentration of aflatoxin M1 was less than the limits permitted. The mean concentration of aflatoxin in dairy farm was 0.215 ng/ml, in dairy factories was 0.268 ng/ml, in milk collection centers was 0.734 ng/ml and in milk supply centers was 0.409 ng/ml. Due to high level of contamination observed in samples, regular monitoring of production and distribution of milk and dairy products is necessary. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Frequency of Listeria species from raw milk, traditional cheese and ice-cream in Shahrekord and Shiraz
Ebrahim Rahimi Asma Behzadnia Amir Shakerian Hassan MomtazBackground and Objective: Listeria bacteria are widespread and commonly found in soil, sewage, dust and water. Listeria monocytogenes and the other Listeria species have been isolated from a variety of raw and processed foods as well. The objective of this study was to MoreBackground and Objective: Listeria bacteria are widespread and commonly found in soil, sewage, dust and water. Listeria monocytogenes and the other Listeria species have been isolated from a variety of raw and processed foods as well. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Listeria spp. in retail stores located retail raw milk, traditional cheese and ice-cream in Shahrekord and Shiraz. Materials and Methods: A total of 178 samples of raw cow milk (n=45), raw goat milk (n=32), traditional cheese (n=41) and traditional ice-cream (n=60) collected randomly. All the samples were evaluated for the presence of Listeria spp. by using standard cultural methods, then confirmed with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: Based on conventional bacteriologic tests, 24 of 178 samples (13.5%) were positive for Listeria spp. The prevalence of Listeria in raw cow milk, raw goat milk, traditional cheese and traditional ice-cream were 11.1%, 3.1%, 24.4% and 13.3%, respectively. The most species isolated was L. innocua (62.5%) and the others were L. monocytogenes (37.5%). Conclusion: Our results indicate the potential risk of infection with Listeria among people who consume raw and unpasteurized dairy products. Further intensive studies is suggested to evaluate of the prevalence of Listeria spp. in the other food products especially ready to eat foods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Measurement of Zinc, Copper, Lead, and Cadmium in the Variety of Packaging Milk and Raw Milk in Tehran Markets by Anodic Striping Voltammetry
Naficeh Sadeghi Masoomeh Behzad Shervin Homay Razavi Behrooz Jannat Mohammad Reza Oveisi Mannan Hajimahmoodi -
Open Access Article
37 - Changes of somatic cell count, somatic cell score and total bacterial count of raw milk in a dairy herd of Khuzestan province
مهرداد Yadegari پیروز Babamiri sh Nejat M.R Afshar zadeh Bulk milk somatic cell count(SCC), somatic cell score(SCS) and total bacterial count (TBC)are the most important milk health parameters.the aim of this study was to investigate SCC,SCS and TBC in a dairy herd of Khuzestan province.a general linear model(GL More Bulk milk somatic cell count(SCC), somatic cell score(SCS) and total bacterial count (TBC)are the most important milk health parameters.the aim of this study was to investigate SCC,SCS and TBC in a dairy herd of Khuzestan province.a general linear model(GLM) procedure was used for analyzing of data.the result showed effects of year and month are significant on variation of SCC,SCS, and TBC.the highest and lowest SCC and SCS were observed in September and January respectively and the highest and lowest TBC was observed in January and May.the result showed SCC,SCS and TBC increased significantly over time,and it implies the quality of milk decreased in mentioned years.it seems to control this upward movement applying new policies is necessary.in addition,high total bacterial count showed pasteurization is necessary to produce more healthy milk. Manuscript profile
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