Hippocampus

Open Access Article

1 - Evaluation of the effect of aflatoxin B1 on neuronal differentiation and hippocampal development in rats
سارا Alhoei Nazari Nasim Hayati Roodbari , K Parivar , A. Eidi

Aflatoxin B1 has harmful effects on the nervous-cerebral system. Therefore, in this study the effects of Aflatoxin B1 on the development of the hippocampus of neonatal rats were investigated. After the preparation of Aflatoxin B1, 18 pregnant female Wistar rats with an More

Aflatoxin B1 has harmful effects on the nervous-cerebral system. Therefore, in this study the effects of Aflatoxin B1 on the development of the hippocampus of neonatal rats were investigated. After the preparation of Aflatoxin B1, 18 pregnant female Wistar rats with an average weight of 85±10 g were used. Animals were divided into three groups: sham (receiving sesame oil as a solvent of Aflatoxin B1), Aflatoxin B1 and Healthy control. According to the results of immunohistochemical studies, Aflatoxin B1 treated groups showed a statistically significant decrease in Ki-67 and NeuN expression compared to the control group (P <0.01). While the expression level of the GFAP in comparison with the control group had a statistically significant increase (P <0.01). On the other hand, a significant decrease in the expression of NeuN and Ki-67 proteins and an increase in the expression of GFAP were observed, which were confirmed by observations from fluorescent immunohistochemical imaging. Aflatoxin B1 disrupts neuronal differentiation and increases brain damage by disrupting the activity and expression of vital proteins in the hippocampus, which was demonstrated by a sharp decrease in NeuN and an increase in GFAP. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Expression of Zinc Transporter 1-4 Genes in the Male rat hippocampal cell line
Maede Nilechi Akram Eidi Hamid Galehdari Mahnaz Kesmati

Introduction: Zinc plays an important role in the function of vital organs, especially the central nervous system. Zinc homeostasis disorder causes and progresses nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer, depression, learning disabilities and stress. Zinc homeostasis i More

Introduction: Zinc plays an important role in the function of vital organs, especially the central nervous system. Zinc homeostasis disorder causes and progresses nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer, depression, learning disabilities and stress. Zinc homeostasis in the body is mediated by ZnT and ZIP proteins. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the expression of Znt1, Znt2, Znt3, and Znt4 genes in hippocampus cells as one of the tissues with high zinc density. Material and methods: First, the cell passage of the hippocampus cell line was performed, then the MTT assay test was performed for zinc oxide nanoparticles. In the next step, RNA extraction and CDNA synthesis were performed, and nanodrop spectrophotometer was used to ensure the purity of the RNA samples. Specific and appropriate primers of the desired genes were designed and synthesized. Then, changes in the expression of Znt1, Znt2, Znt3, and Znt4 genes were investigated using Real-Tim e RT-PCR. Results: Concentrations of 10 and 20 μg/mL of zinc oxide nanoparticles, significantly increased the expression of Znt1, Znt2, Znt3, and Znt4 genes in the hippocampus cell line of rat, while creating the lowest cytotoxicity. Conclusion: Zinc oxide nanoparticles can be investigated pharmacologically by increasing the expression of Znt1, Znt2, Znt3, and Znt4 genes in the treatment of zinc homeostasis disorders such as Alzheimer, depression, learning disabilities and stress.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The effect of four weeks of aerobic exercise on cognitive function and expression levels of PGC1α and VEGF genes in the hippocampus of old rats
Ensieh Ahmadpour Maghsoud Peeri Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani

Aging is an important risk factor for cognitive functions. On the other hand, exercise improves brain health and improves cognitive functions. However, the mechanisms of these benefits have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study was conducted with t More

Aging is an important risk factor for cognitive functions. On the other hand, exercise improves brain health and improves cognitive functions. However, the mechanisms of these benefits have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of four weeks of intermittent aerobic exercise with moderate intensity on cognitive function and the expression level of PGC1α and VEGF genes in the hippocampus of old rats. For this purpose, 20-month-old male Wistar rats were divided into 2 exercise training groups (number = 8 heads) and control (number = 8 heads). The animals of the sports group performed intermittent aerobic training with moderate intensity for 4 weeks, 5 days a week. In order to investigate learning and spatial memory, the animals were subjected to the Morris water maze test 48 hours after the last training session. Then, the animals were killed and the hippocampal tissue was extracted. Real time-PCR method was used to measure gene expression. Statistical analysis was done using independent t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient at a significant level of P£0.05. The results showed that aerobic exercise improved learning performance (P ≥ 0.05) and spatial memory (P ≥ 0.001) and the expression level of PGC1α (P ≥ 0.01) and VEGF (P ≥ 0.001) Increasing. Also, a significant positive correlation between PGC1α gene expression and VEGF gene expression in the hippocampus was observed (p≥0.001, r=0.894). In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between VEGF gene expression and the average time spent to find the platform (p≥0.05, r=-0.578), and there was a significant positive relationship with the time spent in the quadrant of the target circle (p≥0.01, r=0.713). In general, aerobic exercise improves learning performance and spatial memory in old animals; It seems that exercise-induced upregulation of the PGC1α/VEGF signaling pathway in the brain is at least partially involved in this adaptation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Effects Of Intraperitoneal Administration Of Nano-Silver on Rat Hippocampal Cells
Hamid Nasrollahzade Parvin Khodarahmi Mitra Heidari Nasrabadi

Inroduction and Objective: Silver nanoparticles are very promising engineered which play an important role in the world biomedical, healthcare and in general nanotechnology applications. In this study, the necrotic effects of short and long term administrations of nan More

Inroduction and Objective: Silver nanoparticles are very promising engineered which play an important role in the world biomedical, healthcare and in general nanotechnology applications. In this study, the necrotic effects of short and long term administrations of nanosilver on rat hippocampus, which is involved in memory and learning, was investigated.Materials and Methods : 56 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups of short term and long term injections which were treated for 5 and 10 consecutive days, respectively. Each group was divided into four subgroups of control, 100, 200 and 400 ppm nanosilver administration. The control subgroup received saline and the treatment subgroups received intraperitoneal injections of silver nanoparticles at doses of 100, 200 and 400ppm. Ten days after the last injection, the hippocampal tissue sections were prepared and the extent of necrosis was evaluated stained with Nissl.Results:In short term (5-day injection) group, the percentage of necrotic cells between control and 100(pConclusion:Silver nanoparticles induce necrosis in rat hippocampal cells. For the administration regime considered in this study, this apoptotic effect increases at higher doses but is independent of the duration of exposure Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The effect of a five-week cafeteria diet after weaning on the density of dendritic spines in the hippocampus and striatum of young rats
sahar Molaei Mahsa Jafarinejad Farzaneh Ganji Hamid Sepehri Zahra Nazari

Introduction & Objective:  Feeding with a cafeteria diet resulted in increased total body weight and obesity. This research aims to evaluate the effect of a cafeteria diet on the density of dendritic spines of hippocampal and striatum neurons from the end of in More

Introduction & Objective:  Feeding with a cafeteria diet resulted in increased total body weight and obesity. This research aims to evaluate the effect of a cafeteria diet on the density of dendritic spines of hippocampal and striatum neurons from the end of infancy to the beginning of puberty. Materials & Methods: 22-day-old male and female Wistar rats that passed through infancy were randomly divided into two control and cafeteria groups (n=6). The control group had access to standard rat food, but the cafeteria group received a cafeteria diet in addition to standard food for up to 30 days. During the treatment, the rats of both groups were weighed every week. After five weeks after the start of the treatments, the brains of the mice were extracted and prepared for Golgi staining by the Rapid Golgi method. Results: Our results showed that the body weight increased significantly in the cafeteria group compared to the control group (P<0/01). In addition, the results showed that the cafeteria diet significantly reduces the density of dendritic spines in the hippocampus (P<0/01) and striatum (P<0/05) compared to controls. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the reduction of dendritic spines in the hippocampus and striatum, two important structures in cognitive behaviors, may cause memory and learning disorders observed in people consuming a high-fat diet. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Aerobic exercise is a feasible intervention for delaying disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease
Fatemeh Akbari Mehrzad Moghadasi Sirus Farsi Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh

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Open Access Article

7 - The effect of swimming exercise and hesperidin on hippocampal cell damage after pentylenetetrazol induced prenatal seizures in rats
Samaneh Rafiei Shaghayegh Keshavarzi Mehdi Noura Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh

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Open Access Article

8 - The Effect of Swimming Training and Trans-cinnamic Acid on Anxiety, Working Memory and Dark Neuron Density of Rat’s Offspring Hippocampus in Prenatal Seizure Model
Mohammad Ali Zarei Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh

10.30495/varzesh.2021.1923356.1010

Introduction: Perinatal seizure cause hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by inducing oxidative stress in the fetal central nervous system. This study evaluates the effect of swimming training (ST) and trans-cinnamic acid (CIN) administration during pregnancy on anxiety, cel More

Introduction: Perinatal seizure cause hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by inducing oxidative stress in the fetal central nervous system. This study evaluates the effect of swimming training (ST) and trans-cinnamic acid (CIN) administration during pregnancy on anxiety, cell damage and density of apoptic neurons in the neonatal hippocampus following penthylentetrazol (PTZ)-induced perinatal seizures. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, neonates from 25 Wistar pregnant rats were randomly divided into 5 healthy control, PTZ+NS, PTZ+CIN, PTZ+ST and PTZ+CIN+ST groups. From embryonic day (ED) 14, the animals were treated with repeated PTZ administration (50 mg / kg, intra- peritoneally) for 5 consecutive days. During pregnancy, moderate intensity swimming (20 min, 3 sessions per week) and CIN gavage (100 mg/kg) were performed daily until term delivery. Anxiety-like behaviors and working memory were assessed with elevated plus maze and Y maze, respectively and dark neurons density was measured in the hippocampus of male neonate at postnatal day (PND) 30. Findings: Significant decrease in alteration behavior and increase in anxiety with high density of dark neuron in different areas of hippocampus were observed in the PTZ+NS group compared to the control group (p ˂ 0.05). On the other hand, in PTZ+CIN+ST group, in comparison with PTZ+NS group, a decrease in anxiety, amelioration of working memory deficit and a decrease in hippocampal dark neuron density were observed (p ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: Interaction of swimming training with trans-cinnamic acid administration ameliorates cognitive-behavioral deficits and cell damage in the hippocampus of rats exposed to maternal seizures. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The effecte of eight weeks of resistance training with royal jelly on the pathaphysiological changes in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimer's rats
Leila Mokhtari Tahereh Bagherpour Nematollah Nemati

Abstract Introduction: Oxidative stress plays role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD).exercise and antioxidants on neuronal health have effect . the effect of eight weeks of resistance training (RT) along with royal jelly (RJ) on Malondialdehyde (MDA) More

Abstract Introduction: Oxidative stress plays role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD).exercise and antioxidants on neuronal health have effect . the effect of eight weeks of resistance training (RT) along with royal jelly (RJ) on Malondialdehyde (MDA), Protein Carbonylate (PC) and the pathological changes in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimer's rats treated with trimethyltin (TMT)has been determined. Methods: In this experimental study, 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 8 mg/kg TMT were divided into TMT, Sham, RJ100, RJ200, RT, RT+RJ100 and RT+RJ200 groups. Supplemental groups received RJ with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg/day as peritoneal injection, and the increasing RT protocol was performed for 8 weeks, 3 sessions a week with an intensity of 30 to 100% of the weight. Results: MDA, PC in TMT group were significantly higher than HC group. But MDA and PC in RT+RJ200 group were lower than TMT group (P≤0.05). Also, PC in RT group was significantly lower than TMT. MDA in RJ200 group were lower than TMT; PC values in RJ100 group was significantly lower than TMT (P≤0.05). The reducing effect of PC in RJ100 group was more favorable than RJ200 (P≤0.05). Also, the effect of reducing MDA in the RT+RJ200 group was more favorable than the RT+RJ100 group (P≤0.05). Conclusion:the resistance training and royal jelly have favorable effects on reducing oxidative stress. the simultaneous effect of these two interventions, especially with a higher dose, has a more favorable effect on reducing oxidative stress in the hippocampus tissue in AD modeling conditions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Effect of different times of ischemia/reperfusion on dentate gyrus cells of hippocampus in Wistar rat
Zahra Nadia Sharifi shabnam movassaghi zahra kermaniha arefeh arafati amir ghasemi

Stroke is the most important resalt of cerebral ischemia and followed  reperfusion produces  free radicales and can lead to apoptosis.  Granular cells of dentate gyrus are sensitive to ischemia. Whatever the time of ischemia gets longer and reperfusion st More

Stroke is the most important resalt of cerebral ischemia and followed  reperfusion produces  free radicales and can lead to apoptosis.  Granular cells of dentate gyrus are sensitive to ischemia. Whatever the time of ischemia gets longer and reperfusion starts with delay, cell protection from oxidative damage and apoptosis will be less efficient. Since the percentage of tissue damage plays an important role in the study of neuroprotective drugs,We decide to study the  appropriate duration of   ischemia in order to use different drugs in ischemic animal models. In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rat were divided  to 6 groups (5,10,15,20 and 30 minutes of ischemia. The ischemia was induced by ligation of  bilateral common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion. After four days, brains were removed and prepared for hematoxilin-eosin method and nissl staining . Our data showed that The number of degenerative cells with pyknotic nucleuses were increased especially in the30 minutes of ischemia and the number of the dentate gyrus granular cells were decreased significantly   in 15،20،30 ischemic groups.. It seems that more than 10 minutes of ischemia is the appropriate time for studying the effects of drugs in ischemic model.  Manuscript profile

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11 - Investigation of BAD Gene Expression Following Chloriazepoxide Effect on pregnancy In the hippocampus of mouse infants
Amin Dinarvand Mehrdad Hashemi Rasool Dinarvand Shabnam Movaseghi Mojtaba Jafarinia

Background: Chlorodiazepoxide is an anxiolytic agent commonly used by young people and pregnant women to reduce anxiety and control preeclampsia and eclampsia. Some studies have shown that this medication disrupts the functioning of the cholinergic system. Due to the in More

Background: Chlorodiazepoxide is an anxiolytic agent commonly used by young people and pregnant women to reduce anxiety and control preeclampsia and eclampsia. Some studies have shown that this medication disrupts the functioning of the cholinergic system. Due to the increased cellular damage of bad gene expression, the effect of cholorodiazepoxide use during pregnancy on bad gene expression in the hippocampus of neonatal rats was investigated. Methods: In this study, 9 female Wistar rats were pregnant and randomly divided into three groups: control, experimental (intraperitoneal injection of chlordiazoxoxide 10 mg / kg for 21 days) and carriers (saline). Two weeks after the birth, the brain of the neonates was removed from the skull and the expression of the propaoptotic gene of Bad was investigated. Results: The level of gene expression was analyzed by Rest software and a significant level of P Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the administration of chlorodiazepoxide during pregnancy can cause neuronal damage in the hippocampus of Wistar rats. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The Influence of L-arginine in the Improving Effect of Nicotine on Ethanol-induced Amnesia
مرتضی پیری اعظم مشفق نسرین رئوفی مریم السادات شاهین

Nitric oxide synthase has been detected in dorsal hippocampus, which is a key brain region that seems mediate behavioral effect of ethanol and nicotine. In the present study, the effects of L-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor, in the dorsal hippocampus in nicotineandrs More

Nitric oxide synthase has been detected in dorsal hippocampus, which is a key brain region that seems mediate behavioral effect of ethanol and nicotine. In the present study, the effects of L-arginine, a nitric oxide precursor, in the dorsal hippocampus in nicotineandrsquo;s effect on ethanol-induced amnesia was investigated.This experimental study was performed on 300 male mice. Mice were anesthetized with intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride, plus xylazine and then placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. The animals were bilaterally implanted with chronic cannulae in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus, trained in a step-down type inhibitory avoidance task, and tested 24 h after training to measure step-down latency. Pre-training or pre-test injection of ethanol (1 g/kg) decreased the memory retrieval. Injection of nicotine or L-arginine before test by itself has no effect on memory retrieval. On the other hand, pre-test administration of ethanol (0.5, 1 g/kg), nicotine (0.4, 0.8 andmicro;g/mice) or L-arginine (0.8 andmicro;g/mice) plus non-effective dose of nicotine (0.2 andmicro;g/mice) restored memory impairment induced by pre-training injection of ethanol. These results suggest that nitric oxide system of dorsal hippocampus may play an important role in the improving effect of nicotine on the ethanol-induced amnesia. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Influence of Dopamine D2 Receptors of the Dorsal Hippocampus in the Improving Effect of Nicotine on Ethanol-induced Amnesia
مریم‌السادات شاهین سیما نصری مرتضی پیری

Ethanol and nicotine produce some effects via activation of mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway which projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. Dopamine D2 receptors have been detected in dorsal hippocampus, which is a key bra More

Ethanol and nicotine produce some effects via activation of mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathway which projects from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. Dopamine D2 receptors have been detected in dorsal hippocampus, which is a key brain region that influences learning and memory. In the present study, influence of dopamine D2 receptors of dorsal hippocampus in nicotineandrsquo;s effect on ethanol-induced amnesia was investigated. In this experimental study 255 adult male NMRI mice were used (24 group). The animals anaesthetized and cannulae implanted bilaterally in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus using stereotaxic method. Seven days after recovery from surgery, the behavioral testing was started in inhibitory avoidance task. In this study ethanol, nicotine and sulpiride (D2 receptor agonist) were used. The Kruskalandndash;Wallis nonparametric one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a two-tailed Mannandndash;Whitneyand#39;s U-test, were used for analysis of the data. Differences with P andlt; 0.05 between experimental groups at each point were considered statistically significant. Pre-training or pre-test injection of ethanol induced amnesia (Pandlt;0.001). Pre-test administration of ethanol or nicotine restored amnesia ethanol (Pandlt;0.001). Pre-test intra-CA1 injection of sulpirideblocks the nicotine reversal effect on ethanol amnesia (Pandlt;0.001).On the other hand, pre-test injection of nicotine or sulpiride has no effect on memory by itself (Pandgt;0.05). Our results in this study indicated that the blockage of dopamine d1 receptors of dorsal hippocampus decreases nicotine-induced restoration of ethanol amnesia. Manuscript profile

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14 - Nicotinic and NMDA Receptors Interaction in the Dorsal Hippocampus of Rats in the Elevated Plus-Maze Test of Anxiety
مرتضی پیری محمد ناصحی مریم السادات شاهین

Nicotinic and glutamatergic receptors have role on anxiety-like behavior. But determination site of action for these receptors in the brain needs to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the possible involvement of nicotinic and glutamatergic recept More

Nicotinic and glutamatergic receptors have role on anxiety-like behavior. But determination site of action for these receptors in the brain needs to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the possible involvement of nicotinic and glutamatergic receptors in the dorsal hippocampus on anxiety- like behavior. The male Wistar rats were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Two stainless-steel cannuale were placed in the CA1 region of hippocampus. Then, anxiety-like behaviors of animals has been measured using the elevated plus-maze. Our results shown that intra-CA1 administration of MK801 (2 andmicro;g/rat) and mecamylamine (2 andmicro;g/rat) by itself, increased percentage of open arm time and open arm entries but did not alter locomotion. On the other hand, intra-CA1 co-administration of ineffective doses of mecamylamine (0.5, 1 andmicro;g/rat) with ineffective dose of MK801 (1 andmicro;g/rat) did not any significant effect on anxiety-like behavior and locomotion activity. Although both NMDA and nicotinic receptors play important role in the modulation of anxiety in the dorsal hippocampus of rats but between these receptors have no interaction on anxiety-like behavior in this site. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Effects of α1- and α2-adrenoceptor agonist and antagonist in the dorsal hippocampus on cannabinoid state-dependent memory
اعظم مشفق پروین بابایی مرتضی پیری شهربانو عریان بهرام سلطانی محمدرضا زرین دست

Cannabinoids are a class of psychoactive compound that produce a wide range of effects in different number of species. The present study evaluated the possible role of andalpha;1- and andalpha;2-adrenergic receptors of the dorsal hippocampus on cannabinoid induced amnes More

Cannabinoids are a class of psychoactive compound that produce a wide range of effects in different number of species. The present study evaluated the possible role of andalpha;1- and andalpha;2-adrenergic receptors of the dorsal hippocampus on cannabinoid induced amnesia and cannabinoid state-dependent memory in adult male Wistar rats. The animals were bilaterally implanted with chronic cannulae in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus, trained in a step-down type inhibitory avoidance task, and tested 24h after training to measure step-down latency. Post-training intra-CA1 injection of cannabinoid receptors agonist, WIN55,212-2 (0.25 and 0.5 andmicro;g/rat) induced amnesia. Amnesia induced by post-training WIN55,212-2 (0.5 andmicro;g/rat) was restored by pre-test administration of the same dose of WIN55,212-2. Pre-test intra-CA1 injection of phenylephrine could not affect memory but clonidine improved memory impairment induced by WIN55,212-2. Furthermore, microinjection of phenylephrine or clonidine plus an ineffective dose of WIN55,212-2, synergistically restored amnesia induced by WIN55,212-2 . On the other hand, pre-test intra CA1 microinjection of prazosin or yohimbine 2 min before WIN55,212- inhibited pre-test WIN55,212-2 response. These results indicate that andalpha;-adrenergic receptors of the dorsal hippocampal CA1 regions may play an important role in cannabinoid-induced amnesia and cannabinoid state-dependent memory. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Effect of cannabinoidergic drugs in the dorsal hippocampus of morphine sensitized rats in the memory formation.
مجید نوائیان بهاره پاکپور محمدرضا زرین دست شهربانو عریان

In present study, the effects of intra-dorsal hippocampal (intra-CA1) injection of cannabinoid receptor agents on memory formation have been investigated in 3-days morphine-treated rats. Method: Passive avoidance task of memory has been used to examine for retrieval of More

In present study, the effects of intra-dorsal hippocampal (intra-CA1) injection of cannabinoid receptor agents on memory formation have been investigated in 3-days morphine-treated rats. Method: Passive avoidance task of memory has been used to examine for retrieval of memory formation, 24 h after training. morphine was injected subcutaneously (S.C.), once daily for 3-days followed by 5 days free of the morphine before training. Results: Post-training intraandndash;CA1 administration of cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN55, 212-2 (0.25 and 0.5 andmicro;g/rat) and CB1 receptor antagonist, AM251 (25 and 50 ng/rat, intraandndash;CA1) decreased memory retrieval. Administration of AM251 (25, 50 and 100 ng/rat, intra andndash; CA1), 2 min before injection of effective dose of WIN55, 212-2 (0.5 andmicro;g/rat) decreased the response induced by WIN55, 212-2. Repeated administration of different doses of morphine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg /kg) for 3-days incraesed memory retrieval. However, repeated administration of different doses of morphine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg /kg) for 3-days reversed amnesia induced by WIN55, 212-2. Conclusion: The results suggest that cannabinoidergic and opioidegic system have a close interaction on memory retrieval and WIN55,212-2 influence on memory formation and subchronic morphine pre-treatment may restore memory through a possible opioidergic receptor sensitization. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - The Inhibition of State-Dependent Learning Induced By Scopolamine Via Blockade of Dorsal Hippocampal Beta1-Adrenergic Receptors in Rats
بهاره پاکپور مجید نوائیان مرتضی پیری

Adrenergic and cholinergic systems of the brain play an important role in learning and memory. Previous studies indicate that scopolamine impair inhibitory avoidance memory and induce state-dependent learning. In the present study, the effects of andbeta;1-adrenoceptor More

Adrenergic and cholinergic systems of the brain play an important role in learning and memory. Previous studies indicate that scopolamine impair inhibitory avoidance memory and induce state-dependent learning. In the present study, the effects of andbeta;1-adrenoceptor antagonist on scopolamine state-dependent learning were examined in rat dorsal hippocampus. In this experimental study 155 adult male rats were anaesthetized and cannulae implanted bilaterally in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus using stereotaxic method. Seven days after recovery from surgery, the behavioral testing was started in inhibitory avoidance task. In this study Scopolamine as muscarininc receptor antagonist and atenolol as andbeta;1-adrenergic receptor antagonist were used. Pre-training intra-CA1 injection of scopolamine (1.5 and 3 andmicro;g/rat) impaired inhibitory avoidance memory. Amnesia produced by pre-training scopolamine was reversed by pre-test administration of the same dose of scopolamine that is due to a state-dependent effect. Pre-test intra-CA1 injection of atenolol (0.09 andmu;g/rat) also impaired inhibitory avoidance memory.Furthermore, pre-test injection of atenolol (0.09 andmu;g/rat) 2 min before the administration of scopolamine inhibited scopolamine state-dependent memory.It can be concluded that the andbeta;1-adrenergic receptors of dorsal hippocampus may play animportant role in scopolamine state-dependent learning Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Analysis and identification of fungal skin infection Caspian salmon () Salmo trutta caspius on farms Mazandaran Province aquaculture
نیوشا علاقمندان مطلق علی حائری روحانی محمدرضا زرین دست محمد ناصحی

ɣ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA is found in all areas and has been implicated in the modulation of memory. Three general classes of GABA receptor are known. GABAb receptors were shown to mediate presynaptic inhibitio More

ɣ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA is found in all areas and has been implicated in the modulation of memory. Three general classes of GABA receptor are known. GABAb receptors were shown to mediate presynaptic inhibition on some nerve endings and postsynaptic inhibition on some cell bodies or dendrites. There is evidence to suggest that the hippocampus plays major roles in short term memory and spatial navigation and dorsal hippocampal interneurons are related to GABAergic systems, the goal of these experiments was investigation the possible involvement of CA1 GABAergic system (GABA b receptor) on spatial and non-spatial memory. In this experiment, 64 male mice (NMRI) with an average weight of 25-30 g, in groups of 8 animals were used. Mice were anesthetized using the intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) plus xylazine (5 mg/kg) and placed in a stereotactic apparatus. Seven days after recovery from surgery, the behavioral testing was started. Novelty apparatus was used for the assessment of spatial and non-spatial memory retention. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey analysis revealed that, sole intra-CA1 injection of  baclofen (GABAb receptor agonist) immediately after training (S4),potentially impairs spatial novelty detection and sole intra-CA1 injection of  phaclofen (GABAb receptor antagonist) immediately after training (S4),potentially impairs non-spatial novelty detection. In finally the data postulated that CA1 GABAb receptor involved in spatial and non-spatial memory novelty. Manuscript profile

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19 - Modulated Effect of Dorsal Hippocampus (CA1) Antagonist of 5HT4 upon ACPA Induced Amnesia in Mice vر
مریم فرهی زاده محمدرضا زرین دست محمد ناصحی مریم بنانج

The aim of present study is investigates the effects of bilateral injection of dorsal hippocampal (CA1) serotonergic system (Antagonist of 5-HT4) in fear memory formation process induced by ACPA (Arachidonylcyclopropylamide). Male NMRI mice were used in our experiments. More

The aim of present study is investigates the effects of bilateral injection of dorsal hippocampal (CA1) serotonergic system (Antagonist of 5-HT4) in fear memory formation process induced by ACPA (Arachidonylcyclopropylamide). Male NMRI mice were used in our experiments. Fear conditioning task was used for conditioning of fear. 24 hours after train we estimated the fear memory formation. The data show that intra peritoneal administration of ACPA (0.005, 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg) causes impairment of fear memory and amnesia. Moreover, intra-CA1 injection of 5-HT4 receptor antagonist, (RS23597-190) (0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 µg/mice) had no effect on fear memory in saline-treated mice but restored the impairment of fear memory in ACPA-treated mice. The data strongly showed that serotonergic system (Antagonist) in the CA1 of hippocampus induced by ACPA interferes in impairment of fear memory. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - The Inhibition of State-Dependent Learning Induced By Scopolamine Via Blockade of Dorsal Hippocampal Beta1-Adrenergic Receptors in Rats
بهاره پاکپور مجید نوائیان مرتضی پیری

Adrenergic and cholinergic systems of the brain play an important role in learning and memory. Previous studies indicate that scopolamine impair inhibitory avoidance memory and induce state-dependent learning. In the present study, the effects of andbeta;1-adrenoceptor More

Adrenergic and cholinergic systems of the brain play an important role in learning and memory. Previous studies indicate that scopolamine impair inhibitory avoidance memory and induce state-dependent learning. In the present study, the effects of andbeta;1-adrenoceptor antagonist on scopolamine state-dependent learning were examined in rat dorsal hippocampus. In this experimental study 155 adult male rats were anaesthetized and cannulae implanted bilaterally in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus using stereotaxic method. Seven days after recovery from surgery, the behavioral testing was started in inhibitory avoidance task. In this study Scopolamine as muscarininc receptor antagonist and atenolol as andbeta;1-adrenergic receptor antagonist were used. Pre-training intra-CA1 injection of scopolamine (1.5 and 3 andmicro;g/rat) impaired inhibitory avoidance memory. Amnesia produced by pre-training scopolamine was reversed by pre-test administration of the same dose of scopolamine that is due to a state-dependent effect. Pre-test intra-CA1 injection of atenolol (0.09 andmu;g/rat) also impaired inhibitory avoidance memory.Furthermore, pre-test injection of atenolol (0.09 andmu;g/rat) 2 min before the administration of scopolamine inhibited scopolamine state-dependent memory.It can be concluded that the andbeta;1-adrenergic receptors of dorsal hippocampus may play animportant role in scopolamine state-dependent learning. Manuscript profile

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21 - The Effect of Endurance Training Before Induction of Alzheimers on Learning Memory and the Changes in Hippocampal Gamma-secretasein Male Wistar Rats
Sajjad Rajabi Amiri Alireza Barari Ahmad Abdi

This study aimed  to investigate the effect of endurance training before induction of Alzheimers on learning, Memory and changes in the hippocampal gamma-secretase in male Wistar rats. For this purpose, 32 8-week-old mature male rats with the avergae weight of 250& More

This study aimed  to investigate the effect of endurance training before induction of Alzheimers on learning, Memory and changes in the hippocampal gamma-secretase in male Wistar rats. For this purpose, 32 8-week-old mature male rats with the avergae weight of 250±17g were randomly divided into two groups of rest (16) and exercise (16) beore Alzheimers induction. After 4 weeks (two 15-min intervals with the speed of 10 m/min in first and second weeks, three 15-min intervals with the speed of 15 m/min in the third week,and four 15-min intervals with the speed of 15 m/min in the fourth week, with 5-min stops), each group was divided into two subgroups: 1. Amyloid beta injection, and 2. no injection. After 72 hours, the animals were killed and their hippocampus was removed. The changes of gamma secretase were measured by Real Time PCR and the obtaiend data analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Morris learning and memory test revealed a significant difference between the time elapsed for finding the platform in different groups on the second (p = 0.001, F = 10.758), third (p ≥ 0.001, p = 0.0057) and the fourth days (p = 0.001, F = 4.846). The time elapsed for finding the platform in the rest-injection group Aβ1-42 was significantly longer than the other gorups on all days (p ≥ 0.001). The results of probe test for spatial memory showed that the time spent in the quadrant of the target circle was significantly different for different groups (p = 0.001, F = 9.25). Also, gamma secretase was significantly decreased in the exercise group compared to rest group after Alzheimers induction (p = 0.001). Aerobic exercise before Alzheimers induction leads to a decrease in gamma-secretase and increase in learning and Memory, and it may lead to hyppocampal plasticity that brings about cognitive and functional benefits. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Therapeutic Effect of Metformin on Necrotic Cell Death of Hippocampal Cells and Improvement of Spatial Memory in the Fetal Rat of Model Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Maryam Sabzali Akram Eidi Mahdi Khaksari Hossin Khastar

10.22034/ascij.2022.1933390.1264

Exposure to alcohol during pregnancy causes a wide range of long-term physiological and behavioral effects, collectively referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome (FASD). Nervous disorders due to alcohol abuse in children with apoptosis in several areas of the brain such as More

Exposure to alcohol during pregnancy causes a wide range of long-term physiological and behavioral effects, collectively referred to as fetal alcohol syndrome (FASD). Nervous disorders due to alcohol abuse in children with apoptosis in several areas of the brain such as the hippocampus is associated with activation of the oxidative-inflammatory cascade and high levels of nerve degeneration. Studies have shown that metformin (1,1-dimethyl hydrochloride), used as a first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, can rapidly cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and have neuroprotective effects in several diseases of the nervous system. The aim of this study was to assess the protective activities of metformin on memory impairment and neuronal necrosis in the rat hippocampus by postnatal alcohol exposure received by gavage on days 2-10 after birth. Moreover, infants received 20 and 40 mg/kg of metformin on days 2-10 after birth. To assess spatial memory, the Morris water maze test was performed 36 days after birth. After the behavioral test, nickel staining was performed to assess necrotic cells. The results revealed that metformin treatment could significantly improve spatial memory impairment (P <0.01) and significantly reduced necrotic neurons in the metformin treatment group compared to the ethanol group (P <0.01). Metformin has been shown to improve spatial memory impairment in neonatal rats exposed to ethanol and significantly prevent necrotic death of hippocampal neurons. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - The Effect of Endurance Training After Alzheimer's Induction on Some Neuroplasticity-related Factors in the Hippocampus of Male Wistar Rats
Sajjad Rajabi Amiri Alireza Barari Ahmad Abdi

10.22034/ascij.2021.687842

Millions of people worldwide have Alzheimer's disease, and with the disproportionate growth of the elderly population, the disease, which is the most common form of dementia among the elderly, is becoming a public health crisis. This study aimed to investigate the effec More

Millions of people worldwide have Alzheimer's disease, and with the disproportionate growth of the elderly population, the disease, which is the most common form of dementia among the elderly, is becoming a public health crisis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance training before and after Alzheimer's induction on some neuroplasticity-related factors in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats. Before inducing Alzheimer's disease, 32 8-week-old male rats weighing an average of 250 g were randomly allocated into two groups: rest (16 heads) and exercise (16 heads). Each group was divided into two subgroups after four weeks (the first and second weeks at a speed of 10 meters per minute in two 15-minute shifts, the third week at a speed of 15 meters per minute in three 15-minute shifts, and the fourth week at a speed of 15 meters per minute in four 15-minute shifts with 5-minute intervals).1. amyloid beta injection and 2. without injection. After 72 hours, the animals were killed and their hippocampus was removed for examination. Real Time PCR measured BDNF, PKG, and cGMP gene expression.Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the significant level of p <0.05. The results showed that the levels of BDNF, PKG and cGMP in the exercise group were significantly higher than the rest group in the stage after Alzheimer's induction (p = 0.001). According to the results, it seems that aerobic exercise can help improve neuroplasticity in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's mice. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Evaluation of the Effect of Mmagnesium Oxide Nanoparticles on Gad2 Gene Expression in the Hippocampus of Male Rats in the Presence and Absence of Acute Motor Restriction Stress
Masoomeh Esmipoor Zohreh Valizadeh

10.22034/ascij.2021.687844

Stress is a neurological condition that affects the nerves of all organisms by molecular processes. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles effectively reduce and relieve anxiety-like behaviors, but the molecular mechanism of this relationship has not yet been studied. Gad2 gene More

Stress is a neurological condition that affects the nerves of all organisms by molecular processes. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles effectively reduce and relieve anxiety-like behaviors, but the molecular mechanism of this relationship has not yet been studied. Gad2 gene encodes one of the isoforms of glutamate decarboxylase, an enzyme which converts glutamic acid to GABA (gamma amino butyric acid). In the present study, the effect of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on Gad2 gene expression in the hippocampus of male rats in the presence and absence of acute motor stress was investigated. 4 groups of male Wistar rats( control, receiving salin+stress, 5mg/kg Mg nanoxide, stress+ 5mg/kg Mg nanoxide) were prepared. RNA was extracted from hippocampal tissue. Then, cDNA synthesis and real-time were performed for all groups. The results showed that Gad2 gene expression was significantly (p<0.01) increased in the presence of magnesium nanoxide, especially in the group with acute motor stress compared to other groups. According to the findings, magnesium nanoxide enhances the inhibitory nervous system by enhancing the hippocampal enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. Additional research in this area will throw more light on this molecular connection. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - The Effect of Gallic Acid on Passive Avoidance Memory, Working Memory, and Dark Neuron Cell Density in CA1/CA3 Areas in Rats Hippocampal Degeneration Model
Seyed Kamaladdin Yazdanfar Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini

10.22034/ascij.2022.1940557.1308

Trimethyltin (TMT) intoxication with hippocampal degeneration induces the production of dark neurons in different areas of the hippocampus. The present study assessed the effect of Gallic acid (GA) on working memory, avoidance memory, and the density of dark neurons in More

Trimethyltin (TMT) intoxication with hippocampal degeneration induces the production of dark neurons in different areas of the hippocampus. The present study assessed the effect of Gallic acid (GA) on working memory, avoidance memory, and the density of dark neurons in the CA1/CA3 regions of the rat hippocampus following TMT intoxication. In this study, 32 adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups including control, TMT+NS, TMT+GA100, and TMT+GA200. GA at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg per body weight was administered orally 24 hours after TMT injection (8 mg/kg). The Y-maze was used to assess the working memory and the shuttle box was used to measure avoidance memory. The density of dark neurons in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus was then assessed by dissector method. Moreover, in order to determine the existence of significant differences between the groups, one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test were used and p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of alteration behavior, delay in entering the dark room of shuttle box, along with an increased density of dark neurons in the TMT+NS group compared to the control group (p<0.001). While, administration of GA ameliorated the working and avoidance memory and reduced the density of CA1/CA3 dark neurons in the hippocampus compared to TMT+NS group (p˂0.001). GA administration appears to improve cognitive symptoms following TMT intoxication by reducing neuronal damage to CA1/CA3 areas of the hippocampus.. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - The Effect of Risperidone on the Induction of Psychological Dependence and the Number of Hippocampal Neurons in Adult Male Rats
Zahra Mansouriarani Nasrin Heydariyeh Hamid Reza Banafshe Gholamreza Ghavipanjeh Majid Lotfinia

10.22034/ascij.2023.1964676.1410

Psychological dependence on substances is the desire to consume substances or something that has pleasurable effects and produces satisfaction. Various substances cause this dependence. Previous studies indicate the possible effect of risperidone on the brain reward sys More

Psychological dependence on substances is the desire to consume substances or something that has pleasurable effects and produces satisfaction. Various substances cause this dependence. Previous studies indicate the possible effect of risperidone on the brain reward system and the involvement of different receptors in conditioned place preference (CPP). Therefore, the present study was designed with the aim of investigating the effect of risperidone on the induction of psychological dependence and the number of hippocampal neurons. For this study, 40 male Wistar rats with a weight range of 230-280 grams were used. Risperidone was injected intraperitoneally with doses of 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg. At the end of the hippocampus experiments, the animals were taken out and fixed by formalin, then cut and after staining, they were used for histological evaluation and neuronal counting. The results of this study showed that the administration of risperidone with a dose of 2 and 4 mg/kg causes a significant increase in CPP (p < 0.05). Also, in histological evaluation, no neuronal destruction was observed in all risperidone groups (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg). According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that risperidone in higher doses causes an increase in conditioned place preference and learning and dependence and should be considered in treatment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - The Study of the Effects of Diazinon on Histomorphometrical Changes of Hippocampus in the Balb/c Mouse Embryo
Mahsa Momayez Haghighi Shiva Nasiraei moghadam Mehrangiz Sadoughi

Diazinon is an organophosphorus pesticide that is broadly used in agriculture. This toxic material is absorbed via inhalation, skin contact, or digestion and affects different tissues. The goal of this study was therefore to evaluate the diazinon effect on histomorphome More

Diazinon is an organophosphorus pesticide that is broadly used in agriculture. This toxic material is absorbed via inhalation, skin contact, or digestion and affects different tissues. The goal of this study was therefore to evaluate the diazinon effect on histomorphometrical changes of hippocampus in the small laboratory Balb/c mouse embryo. Twenty-five adult laboratory female Balb/c mice were equally divided into five groups of 5. The control group received no diazinon. The sham A and B groups received emulsifier at doses of 0/52 and 5.2 microliter in volume unit (5000cm3 in desiccator), respectively, and the experimental groups A and B received inhaled diazinon at doses of 1/3 and 13 microliter in the volume unit, respectively from day 7 until 18 of gestation every other day. The mice were killed on gestation day 18 and the embryos were removed from the animal's body and examined in terms of the appearance. After the embryos were fixed and processed, the 5-micrometer sections were stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) technique and the histomorphometric changes of the hippocampus were investigated. The mean thickness of various hippocampus layers of CA1, CA2, and CA3 decreased in experimental groups A and B. The mean number of cells count in different layers of hippocampus and dentate gyrus increased in experimental groups A and B. Diazinon inhalation at high doses (13 microliters in volume unit) seems to be able to cause histological changes in the evolution process of hippocampus in pregnant mice. Manuscript profile

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