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Open Access Article
1 - Detecting of spatio-temporal relationship between drought and fire events in the fields of natural resources in Lorestan province
Rezvan Safdary Seyed Masoud Monavari Sasan Babaie Kafaky Hadi KiadaliriImproving decisions in fire management requires a complete understanding of the spatio-temporal relationships between droughts and fires. To achieve this, the natural areas of Lorestan province were selected as the research site. The fire data from MODIS satellite produ MoreImproving decisions in fire management requires a complete understanding of the spatio-temporal relationships between droughts and fires. To achieve this, the natural areas of Lorestan province were selected as the research site. The fire data from MODIS satellite products and monthly rainfall data of the province were extracted to estimate SPI drought index for the statistical period of 2000 to 2022. The spatial and temporal relationship between the frequency of fire occurrences and the spatial and temporal distribution of droughts in terms of annual and monthly scales was investigated with the Pearson correlation model in the province. The results showed that the trend of fires in the region is increasing. The months of June and July have experienced the highest frequency of fires in the natural areas of the province. Poldokhtar city has had the most frequent fires in natural areas. The whole region has tended to be dry, but the eastern parts mostly included classes with higher degrees of drought. The results of the correlation matrix showed that only the drought events in spring to summer had a significant but moderate negative correlation with the fire events in spring and summer. Despite the obtained results, this study emphasizes that the connection between fires with drought needs more studies and it is not possible to prove the real relationship between the two phenomena with just one calculation index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - قابلیت داده‌های ماهواره IRS در برآورد تاج پوشش گیاهی (مطالعه موردی:چهارمحال و بختیاری)
مریم محمدی عطاالله ابراهیمی اکبر حق‌زاده -
Open Access Article
3 - تاثیر قرق بر احیاء خاک، غنا و تنوع گیاهی مراتع تفتان
مهدیه ابراهیمی حمیده خسروی مسعود ریگی -
Open Access Article
4 - تعیین سهم برخی خصوصیات خاک در تشریح پراکنش پوشش گیاهی در مراتع ییلاقی بلده نور
فرهاد برنا محمدرضا طاطیان رضا تمرتاش وحید غلامی -
Open Access Article
5 - Simulation of a Suitable Pattern of vegetation Cover for Protection and Restoration of Tajan Watershed Using TOPSIS and AHP
فاطمه رجائی عباس اسماعیلی ساری عبوالرسول سلمان ماهینی مجید دلاور علی رضا مساح بوانی مصطفی قلی پورAbstract Change and destruction of the environment by human activities, has been increased that results can be pointed out to the landscape change. This paper aims to determine the best scenario to protect and restore land cover changes in the future with an emphasis on MoreAbstract Change and destruction of the environment by human activities, has been increased that results can be pointed out to the landscape change. This paper aims to determine the best scenario to protect and restore land cover changes in the future with an emphasis on the patches connection of natural vegetation. Predict the ecological impacts of management scenarios based on metrics values determine and then the best scenario-based TOPSIS method was selected. In addition, the implementation of the scenario of protection and restoration in the watershed Tajan will be reduce the number of patches from 7600 to 4657 patches in natural vegetation and will cause better connectivity that is a sign of decreasing degradation and fragmentation of the landscape in the study area. The approach used in this study the possibility of predicting the ecological results of land use for achieve the objectives of the assessment and better integrated management of the watershed changes provides. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The role of heat island in temperature change process of Tehran metropolitan area1
Sahar Mansouri shahriar khaledi Reza Borna Farideh AsadianThis study aims to investigate the role of heat island in the process of temperature changes in an urban area of Tehran during 2010 and 2018, equivalent to 1389 and 1397. To evaluate the changes, five points were identified on the map of region 1 and its eight regions. MoreThis study aims to investigate the role of heat island in the process of temperature changes in an urban area of Tehran during 2010 and 2018, equivalent to 1389 and 1397. To evaluate the changes, five points were identified on the map of region 1 and its eight regions. Then the middle month of each season from 2010 and 2018 was selected for review. Landsat 8 satellite data were used to analyze the heat island and the effects of urban construction on the intensification of this phenomenon. The maximum temperature data, normalized vegetation difference index, and ground surface temperature were extracted. This study shows that the level of vegetation in 2018 compared to 2010 has decreased sharply, so that it has caused temperature changes and also the creation of a heat island in recent years in the region. The increase in temperature in the morning and noon is observed in all selected months of the four seasons of the year. At the same time, the amount of increase in minimum temperatures was greater than the maximum temperatures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Survey of Flood water Spreading on quantitative changes of Vegetation Cover and Groundwater Recharge by Remote Sensing and GIS in Tasouj Aquifer in East Azarbayjan
Hossein Saadati Maghsoud KhayyamOne of the methods for water supplying and control of drying and flood is theapplication of water flooding. The work reported here was conducted at theexperimental station located in Tassuj plain, 110 km north-west of Tabriz in thenorthern of Oroumiye lake, situated bet MoreOne of the methods for water supplying and control of drying and flood is theapplication of water flooding. The work reported here was conducted at theexperimental station located in Tassuj plain, 110 km north-west of Tabriz in thenorthern of Oroumiye lake, situated between 45°18 to 45° 33E and 38° 15 to 38° 24 N,with an average annual precipitation of 362.3 mm, and average annual evaporation of989.5 mm. The study basin has an area of 5590 km2 with 3000 km2 on which floodspreading is possible. The aims of this research are investigation of efficacy of FloodSpreading Project (FSP) on vegetation cover and recharge of groudwater in Tassujstation. Remote sensing and GIS systems are effective and efficient techniques inwatershed management and investigation flood distribution in plains. After preparingmentioned parameters in GIS environment (using Arc GIS software), digital maps andtwo satellite images TM (1992) and ETM (2002, 2006) of the study area from floodspreading of Tassuj was used. Images were interpretated by Hybrid or optic method oncomputer monitor. The results were indicated that vegetation cover increased afterFlood Spreading Project equal 18% to 34% in 1378 to 1384 year. Bare soil decreasesin 9 years at last too. Deposit of drying, groundwater level does not decrease but alsodischarge of wells was increased. Study of unit hydrograph of Tassuj plain wasdeterminated that groundwater level decreases equal 10 meters in 1373 to 1380 butafter flood spreading in the1380 year it increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Analysis of environmental system the western slopes of Baghrodagh moruntians and these roles in genesis Biomes fandoghlu forest
R. SamadzadehWest slopes of bagrodag and fandoglu area, with having unique autumnal forests,beautiful and green pastures and naturel and human making extents, that is one of thewell-known natural attractions in west-north of country, has been situated in the endwest of ardebil provi MoreWest slopes of bagrodag and fandoglu area, with having unique autumnal forests,beautiful and green pastures and naturel and human making extents, that is one of thewell-known natural attractions in west-north of country, has been situated in the endwest of ardebil province.In this research, in order to survey existing relationships of vegetation in area andits forest distribution,with environmental factors and identification of limiting(preventing) factor and identification of effective factors in its area formation, withsurvey of any environmental factors, commence of providing different environmentalmaps from a direction and vegetation maps from the other direction and finallycombined maps from them has been done.With survey of these maps, has been recognized that none of climatic factors,preventing or limiting factors, in forest formation are not considered. But these factorsare effective in the kind of vegetation. Among these, two factors of humidity and thedirection of wind, have been effective more than other factors and due to have rates ofarea and plant community from passing humidity of area level, play role in thevegetation concentration and its present.Trough, continuosly protection of forest and pasture areas has been done and thecmpletness of growth stages has been provided for plants, can be hoped to makingforest areas in all over the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Simulation of sugar beet growth under water stress using AquaCrop model
Zahra Saadati Masoomeh Delbari مهدی پناهی Ebrahim AmiriSimulation models that illustrate the effects of water on crop yield are useful tools to optimize water productivity and improve farm level water management. In this study, the performance of AquaCrop model to simulate canopy cover, biomass and yield of the sugar beet a MoreSimulation models that illustrate the effects of water on crop yield are useful tools to optimize water productivity and improve farm level water management. In this study, the performance of AquaCrop model to simulate canopy cover, biomass and yield of the sugar beet and soil water content under six irrigation treatments was evaluated. The irrigation treatments were consisted of full irrigation (T1) as control, removing last irrigation (T2), applying irrigation water at 10% greater than control (T3), applying irrigation water at 10 (T4), 20 (T5) and 30% (T6) less than control. The experiment was conducted at Aleshtar in Lorestan province during growing seasons of 2014 and 2015, using a randomized complete block design. The first and second year’s data were used for calibrating and validating of the model, respectively. Evaluation of the model was performed using the coefficient of residual mass, root mean square error, normalized root mean square error, index of agreement and coefficient of determination. According to the results, the normalized root mean square error in the canopy cover and soil water content simulations for calibration was 5.18 to 9.41 percent and 9.91 to 17.23 percent, respectively and for validation was 6.64 to 9.2 percent and 12.36 to 25.77 percent, respectively. Also, the normalized root mean square error in the yield and biomass simulations for calibration was 7.3 and 8.67 percent and for validation was 7.69 and 9.82 percent, respectively. The results indicated a good performance of the AquaCrop Model in simulating the canopy cover development, biomass and yield of sugar beet and soil water content under different irrigation managements. Therefore, the AquaCrop model can be used to explore management scenarios to improve the sugar beet water management over the study region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Investigating indices of soil surface erosion and their relations to slope characteristics in semi-arid rangelands
علی رضا واعظی زهرا بیات مجید فرومدیSurface erosion is a one of the major factors of soil degradation and gradual decline in soil productivity. Little studies have been done on the surface erosion indices in the semi-arid rangelands. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify surface soil erosion ind MoreSurface erosion is a one of the major factors of soil degradation and gradual decline in soil productivity. Little studies have been done on the surface erosion indices in the semi-arid rangelands. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify surface soil erosion indices using the land characteristics in a semi-arid region. Five southern hillslopes with different slope gradients (9, 13, 17, 31 and 33%) which subjected to surface erosion were selected in Zanjan province. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0-5 and 5-15 cm) in four locations at a 2-m distance along the slope at two replications. A total of 80 soil samples were collected for analyzing particle size distribution. Soil surface erosion indices were determined using the proportion of particle diameter for given frequency in surface and sub-surface soils. Toward this, the proportion of particle diameter in the frequency of 40 (d401/d402), 50 (d501/d502), 60 (d601/d602) and 70 % (d701/d702) was computed. Additionally, proportions of mean weight diameter (MWDp1/MWDp2), geometric mean diameter (dg1/dg2) and geometric standard deviation (δg1/δg2) of surface and subsurface soils particles were determined. Based on the results, significant differences were found among the hillslopes in all soil surface erosion indices, whereas the differences for the locations along the hillslopes were not statistically significant. In the steep slopes, the frequency of fine particles (silt and clay) and organic matter content was very low in surface soil. Multiple linear regression analysis appeared a strong relationship between the MWDp1/MWDp2 and slope gradient (R2= 0.51, p< 0.001). This study revealed that the MWDp1/MWDp2 is the proper index to evaluate soil surface erosion in the semi-arid hillslopes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Spatial Pattern of Sediment Yield by Sediment Structural Connectivity Model in the Taleghan Watershed, Iran
Mohammad Ali Hilou Seyed Abbas Hosseini Ahmad SharafatiBackground and Aim: Nowadays, due to the importance of sediments in watersheds, the integrated watershed management in the country requires a specific framework in planning related to monitoring and control of sediments.One of the most effective methods is the use of se MoreBackground and Aim: Nowadays, due to the importance of sediments in watersheds, the integrated watershed management in the country requires a specific framework in planning related to monitoring and control of sediments.One of the most effective methods is the use of sediment connectivity index (IC). Connectivity process is an innovative concept to understand the processes which occur in the watershed area that affect water flow and sediment movement at different spatial-temporal scales. This index explains the degree of connection of the sediment flow throughout the watershed, especially between the sediment source and the downstream area, and in a way, expresses the sediment delivery ratio. Therefore, the current research is conducted with the aim of investigating the sediment connectivity in Taleghan watershed of Alborz province to extract the sediment connectivity index map and also verify the results with field investigations.Method: In this research, in order to investigate the spatial pattern of sediment production in the watershed, the sediment connectivity map of the basin was drawn from the method presented by Borselli et al. and the definition of connectivity index (IC). For this purpose, at first, topographic data from 30-Meter Digital Elevation Model and vegetation data at 10- and 30-meters spatial resolution are obtained with Sentinel-2A and Landsat 8 images, respectively, and by using data layers such as the average slope gradient, the average weighting factor and the upslope contributing area the amount of upstream component of the flow starting path in sediment transport was calculated. Then, using the layers of the length towards the downslope path, the weight factor of each cell and finally the slope gradient of each cell, the downstream component in the sediment connectivity network was calculated and by referring to catchment outlet in the ArcGIS 10-2-2 software, the connectivity index for all pixels Calculated and the sediment connectivity map was drawn. The IC can assume values ranging from -∞ to +∞ and as IC grows toward +∞, the connectivity increases, finally in order to evaluate the results of the field connection index model (FIC), it is implemented in 30 points of the watershed and the correlation between the IC index and FIC in these points are evaluated. Results: According to the findings of this research as well as the fitting of IC sediment connectivity index values with FIC field sediment connectivity index in 30 points, the relationship between these two indicators is linear. The coefficient of determining the output of the model with a spatial accuracy of 30 meters was obtained with a numerical value of 0.62, It shows the higher accuracy of the sediment connectivity index results with a spatial resolution of 10 meters compared to 30 meters. Although the distribution of the points is irregular in some cases, the general trend of the results shows that with the increase in the amount of IC connection, the amount of FIC field computing sediment connection has also increased linearly. In calculating the index of connectivity, the factors such as the shape, slope and roughness of the basin which are easily accessible due to the less data requirement and high efficiency, can be the basis for improving the estimation of sedimentation models.Conclusion: In this research, the results show that the sediment connectivity index with a spatial accuracy of 10 meters has a higher accuracy than the connectivity index with a spatial accuracy of 30 meters. In addition, the results demonstrate the slope and the vegetation factor are critical parameters in the sedimentation of the Taleghan watershed. It is also worth mentioning that in order to investigate the effect of the watershed area and the principal waterway length, the results of the sediment connectivity index can be evaluated more precisely at the sub-basin and even the hillslopes. Considering the importance of these items in the sedimentation of each sub-basin, including the flow direction map and flow accumulation in the assumptions of this model, is one of the advantages of this technique. The other important advantage of this model is its low data requirement, which can greatly reduce the complexity and data requirements of existing erosion and sedimentation models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Assessment the effects of vegetation degradation on runoff changes and water pollution potential in the sub-watersheds of the Eastern Azerbaijan province
Ardavan Zarandian Majid Ramezani MehrianVegetation is an important factor affecting runoff, quantity and quality of water in a watershed. This study investigates the effects of vegetation reduction in the eastern watershed of Lake Urmia on two parameters of runoff and the potential for water pollution .The WW MoreVegetation is an important factor affecting runoff, quantity and quality of water in a watershed. This study investigates the effects of vegetation reduction in the eastern watershed of Lake Urmia on two parameters of runoff and the potential for water pollution .The WWPSS model was used to simultaneously assess the three parameters. Vegetation shows a fraction of the types of grass, tree and land without vegetation that were obtained from MODIS VCF satellite images. Runoff was calculated as accumulated water budget downstream. This model also provides an indicator to determine the potential level of water pollution. The results showed that rangeland cover decreased by an average of about 32%. Also, the average runoff production increased by 2.6, 3.16, 2.9 and 3.25 percent, respectively, in the existing conditions in 4 sub-basins of Aji Chai, Qaleh Chai, Marduq Chai and Sufi Chai compared to the situation before the reduction of vegetation coverage. According to the results, the difference in water pollution potential between the baseline and existing conditions in different parts of the watershed has fluctuated in the range between -9 to15% and an average of 0.6%. This change has increased the pollution load in some places and decreased it in others; but in general, it has led to incremental changes in water pollution potential with an average of about 2.5% in the total watershed. The method used can be used to quantify and map ecosystem water changes and its application in environmental assessment and management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Investigation of Soil Surface Moisture in Ardabil City Using Landsat 8 and Sentile 1 satellite Data
Sayyad Asghari Saraskanrod Fariba Esfandayari Darabad Elham Mollanouri Shiva SafaryBackground and Aim: Surface soil moisture is an important variable in nature's water cycle and can be affected by various factors, including temperature and soil characteristics. The use of ground sensors for measuring moisture can lead to spending time and expense and MoreBackground and Aim: Surface soil moisture is an important variable in nature's water cycle and can be affected by various factors, including temperature and soil characteristics. The use of ground sensors for measuring moisture can lead to spending time and expense and inappropriate distribution of samples on large scales. Therefore, Remote sensing observations can be an important tool in estimating soil moisture. The present study aims to use the TOTRAM model using Landsat 8 images and the SVR method using Sentile 1 images to estimate soil moisture.Methods: In the present study, two TOTRAM methods based on pixel distribution in LST- VI space and the SVR method were used to extract soil moisture using the SAR technique and Sentinel 1 data. To implement the TOTRAM method, Landsat 8 images related to 4/29/1398 and 5/30/1398 are downloaded and after extracting NDVI and LST maps, The correlation between the dependent variable of moisture and independent temperature variables and vegetation variables has been investigated using Geographically weighted regression (GWR). To implement the SVR method after acquiring Sentinel 1 images related to 31\/05\/1398 and 27\/04\/1398, Soil Moisture Data Product FLDAS and 500 meters product of Modis Satellite (MCD12q1) were called to classify land cover in the Google Earth Engine system, and maps related to soil moisture were extracted. After extracting the moisture maps the distribution of moisture using the local Moran index has been investigated. By defining this index, positive values for this index represent the cluster of distribution.Results: Examination of the soil moisture map obtained by the SVR method showed the concentration of moisture in areas with vegetation and water and the change in moisture status from July to August was visible. The humidity pattern has shown the reflection of the precipitation pattern so that maximum precipitation and humidity were observed in April and in summer both precipitation and humidity components decreased. Examination of the TOTRAM method and application of the GWR method has shown a complete correlation between NDVI LST and moisture. However, the correlation between LST and humidity with B (values) and standard error (SE) of 0.995 and zero corresponding to July and 0.981 and zero corresponding to August showed the highest correlation with vegetation variable with moisture dependence parameter, which this correlation In August, with increasing the coefficient of determination of R2 to 0.997 and a significant decrease of NDVI to the value of 0.415 in July, it has increased much more. Application of Moran local index with values less than 0.05 for p-value and positive values for z and near positive number 1 for Moran index showed the cluster distribution of moisture variable.Conclusion: The results of TOTRAM and SVR methods showed the dependence of soil moisture status on conditions and cluster moisture distribution. According to the correlation coefficients of geographical regression, there is a greater correlation between temperature and humidity variables, especially in August, due to the decrease in vegetation density. The results of the SVR algorithm maps showed that in areas with the presence of vegetation, especially dense vegetation, we see an increase and with increasing temperature, we see a decrease in humidity. Also, the coordination of moisture patterns of the SVR algorithm and precipitation showed a direct relationship between moisture and precipitation. Considering that the SVR method uses parameters such as radar scattering intensity and land cover classification, as well as the use of Sentinel 1 radar images by this algorithm, more accurate results can be expected from this algorithm.Keywords: LST, NDVI, Support vector regression, TOTRAMBackground and Aim: Surface soil moisture is an important variable in nature's water cycle and can be affected by various factors, including temperature and soil characteristics. The use of ground sensors for measuring moisture can lead to spending time and expense and inappropriate distribution of samples on large scales. Therefore, Remote sensing observations can be an important tool in estimating soil moisture. The present study aims to use the TOTRAM model using Landsat 8 images and the SVR method using Sentile 1 images to estimate soil moisture.Methods: In the present study, two TOTRAM methods based on pixel distribution in LST- VI space and the SVR method were used to extract soil moisture using the SAR technique and Sentinel 1 data. To implement the TOTRAM method, Landsat 8 images related to 4/29/1398 and 5/30/1398 are downloaded and after extracting NDVI and LST maps, The correlation between the dependent variable of moisture and independent temperature variables and vegetation variables has been investigated using Geographically weighted regression (GWR). To implement the SVR method after acquiring Sentinel 1 images related to 31\/05\/1398 and 27\/04\/1398, Soil Moisture Data Product FLDAS and 500 meters product of Modis Satellite (MCD12q1) were called to classify land cover in the Google Earth Engine system, and maps related to soil moisture were extracted. After extracting the moisture maps the distribution of moisture using the local Moran index has been investigated. By defining this index, positive values for this index represent the cluster of distribution.Results: Examination of the soil moisture map obtained by the SVR method showed the concentration of moisture in areas with vegetation and water and the change in moisture status from July to August was visible. The humidity pattern has shown the reflection of the precipitation pattern so that maximum precipitation and humidity were observed in April and in summer both precipitation and humidity components decreased. Examination of the TOTRAM method and application of the GWR method has shown a complete correlation between NDVI LST and moisture. However, the correlation between LST and humidity with B (values) and standard error (SE) of 0.995 and zero corresponding to July and 0.981 and zero corresponding to August showed the highest correlation with vegetation variable with moisture dependence parameter, which this correlation In August, with increasing the coefficient of determination of R2 to 0.997 and a significant decrease of NDVI to the value of 0.415 in July, it has increased much more. Application of Moran local index with values less than 0.05 for p-value and positive values for z and near positive number 1 for Moran index showed the cluster distribution of moisture variable.Conclusion: The results of TOTRAM and SVR methods showed the dependence of soil moisture status on conditions and cluster moisture distribution. According to the correlation coefficients of geographical regression, there is a greater correlation between temperature and humidity variables, especially in August, due to the decrease in vegetation density. The results of the SVR algorithm maps showed that in areas with the presence of vegetation, especially dense vegetation, we see an increase and with increasing temperature, we see a decrease in humidity. Also, the coordination of moisture patterns of the SVR algorithm and precipitation showed a direct relationship between moisture and precipitation. Considering that the SVR method uses parameters such as radar scattering intensity and land cover classification, as well as the use of Sentinel 1 radar images by this algorithm, more accurate results can be expected from this algorithm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Application of New Agricultural Drought Index Based on Soil Moisture and Modified Vegetation Index Using Remote Sensing Data of SMAP and TERRA
Aliakbar Karamvand Seyed Abbas Hosseini Ahmad SharafatiBackground and Aim: There are always challenges of spatial and temporal resolution in-situ measurement methods of factors affecting drought phenomena, and the presence of human operators is required. However, due to remote sensing's ability to measure data on the entire MoreBackground and Aim: There are always challenges of spatial and temporal resolution in-situ measurement methods of factors affecting drought phenomena, and the presence of human operators is required. However, due to remote sensing's ability to measure data on the entire surface of the planet with an acceptable spatial and temporal resolution, its use in controlling and observing drought has grown more than ever, and it has become a powerful tool in the hands of experts. In this study, based on two components of surface soil moisture and modified vegetation index (EVI) by applying remote sensing data, a new agricultural drought index named (SMADIN) is proposed.Method: To achieve the goal of proposing a drought index based on soil moisture, surface soil moisture data from the SMAP satellite of 5 cm depth was used. These data were validated before use against daily field measurements provided by the Iranian Meteorological Organization over a 250-day period. Validation step error was evaluated using the root mean square error method between satellite data and field measurements. Furthermore, the EVI index was calculated using data from the TERRA satellite and the MODIS sensor. Eventually, an analytical method is used to propose a drought index based on soil moisture. In order to compare the performance of this index in different weather conditions, two regions were chosen, one representing a dry climate and the other a wet climate. Then, the correlation matrix was plotted by the Pearson method for SMADIN agricultural drought index versus vegetation health index (VHI) and the results were discussed.Results: Validation showed that field data measured in land use similar to remote sensing had an average root mean square error of 0.05 .The results indicate that the new agricultural drought index correlates up to 96% with VHI in the humid climate and 98% in arid regions. In addition, a 5-year comparison of the new SMADI and VHI time series in the study area demonstrates synchrony in peaks, minimums, increases, and decreases.Conclusion: An agricultural drought index based on soil moisture is proposed in this study. We believe that, in recent years, when the lifetime of the SMAP satellite data exceeds 7 years, it is possible to use this index in future studies. Considering the possible error of SMAP and TERRA data in providing drought index, it is suggested to use this index in future studies in dry regions such as the central and southern regions of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The Use of Remote Sensing and Detecting Changes in the Evaluation of Vegetation (Case Study: Maleh Galle (Mleh Galle) Protected Area)
Gholam Reza Sabzghabaei Mohammad Javad Ehsandoost Seyedeh Soolmaz Dashti Atefeh Mir Fariba HedayatzadehBackground and Objective: Remote sensing techniques due to their specific features in providing rapid and inexpensive basic information is very important. Remote sensing is used these days in the important issues like making maps of the regions and the right decision ma MoreBackground and Objective: Remote sensing techniques due to their specific features in providing rapid and inexpensive basic information is very important. Remote sensing is used these days in the important issues like making maps of the regions and the right decision making. The aim of this study was to changes detection in vegetation of Maleh Galle protected area. Material and Methodology: In this study, satellite images of Landsat 7 ETM+, 2000 and 2010 were used and the vegetation changes using TerrSet software were considered regardless of the gardens and agricultural lands of the of, Maleh Galle protected area. In this study, after the preparation of Landsat ETM+ images for years 2000 and 2010 and necessary geometric corrections on them, for extract the parameters of vegetation cover, the original map was derived from processing images. Then, taking into account the classified land use map and map of NDVI index and keeping in mind the maximum likelihood parameter, ground truth map was prepared for the two years 2000 and 2010. Finally with two images difference method, the rate and the changes relation to each other investigated. Findings: The quantity changes between the years of 2000 and 2010 were examined and it was found that within 10 years, the level of protective vegetation cover has been increased from 5278/5 hectares to 2521/25 hectares. With the Difference method between final maps, it was found that the density of vegetation area has been reduced to 181/17 hectares. 3417/48 hectares of Vegetation area remained unchanged and 21739/59 hectares of vegetation area has been grown. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that satellite images equipped with Landsat ETM+ has sufficient capabilities to extract vegetation cover, particularly vegetation of forest areas. In this nearly ten-year period, when the area was included in the list of protected areas in Iran, by 2010, the protected vegetation of region has been increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Investigation of vegetation biodiversity changes in relation to different ecotourism pressure zones (Case Study: Khojir National Park)
Atlas Jirdashtani Mahdi Ramezani Sara Nahibi Nematollah KhorasaniBackground and Objective: Nowadays, ecotourism is very important for managing economic growth as well as preserving the environment and biodiversity in many countries. Ecotourism is one of the most comprehensive aspects of tourism that has a high impact on biodiversity. MoreBackground and Objective: Nowadays, ecotourism is very important for managing economic growth as well as preserving the environment and biodiversity in many countries. Ecotourism is one of the most comprehensive aspects of tourism that has a high impact on biodiversity. Evaluation of biodiversity as an indicator is essential for better conservation of vegetation and species diversity. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of ecotourism on species diversity of Khojir National Park. Material and Methodology: We selected a low-ecotourism pressure zone (100 to 150 m distance from the road) and a medium-ecotourism pressure zone (50 to 100 meters from the road). All plant species were recorded at 36 random plots (1 × 1 m, 1 m2). Biodiversity indicates determine by using PAST and Ecological Methodology software.Findings: According to the results, there was a significant negative relation between statements of questionnaire and age. Relation between willing to certificated products and educational levels was positive significantly. There was not a significant relation between income levels and their wellness to these products.Discussion and Conclusions: knowledge and willing to participate in forest management via certificated forest products purchasing are affected by social other than economic factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Comparison of Plant Species Diversity and Evenness in Different Grazing Levels Southeastern Slopes of Sabalan
Robab Bagherian Kiomars Sefidi Farshad Keivan Behjou Ali Ashraf Soltani Behzad BehtariBackground and Objective: Assess the diversity of the understanding of ecosystem function; maintain genetic resources, checking environmental changes, and success or failure will help natural resource management programs. Over-grazing and uncontrolled usage of rangeland MoreBackground and Objective: Assess the diversity of the understanding of ecosystem function; maintain genetic resources, checking environmental changes, and success or failure will help natural resource management programs. Over-grazing and uncontrolled usage of rangelands are the most common and the most important factor of rangeland degradation which causes a reduction in species diversity. Method: In order to investigate the effect of different grazing intensities on species diversity and uniformity in the rangelands of the southeastern slopes of Sabalan, three habitats with different grazing managements including light, medium and severe grazing were selected and one square meter plots along three 200-meter transects were sampled. In each plot, the list of available species, canopy percentage and number of individuals of each plot were recorded. Simpson, Shannon and Brillon diversity indices and Camargo, Simpson and Smith-Wilson uniformity indices were calculated. Findings: The results showed that the area with medium to light grazing intensity has the highest diversity and uniformity compared to the area with heavy grazing intensity which indicates favorable conditions for the establishment of several species. Discussion and Conclusions: Due to the significant effect of grazing intensity on diversity and richness indices, it is necessary for rangeland managers to control grazing intensity through management methods to maintain the diversity of rangeland ecosystems. Therefore, it is enough to target the management based on moderate grazing and bring the areas with intense grazing to the conditions of moderate grazing so that the good and tasty species gradually replace the woody and poor species. Desirable species and plant species and woody species are poor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Zoning of Drought by Integrating Satellite Imagery and Ground–Based Climate Data (Case study: Malayer Plain)
Ahmad Asadi Meyabadi Davoud Akhzari Hamid NouriBackground and Objective: One of the most important consequences of drought is reducing the amount of vegetation. Reducing vegetation and environmental conditions lead various problems such as soil erosion, increased runoff levels and flood risk. Accordingly, evaluation MoreBackground and Objective: One of the most important consequences of drought is reducing the amount of vegetation. Reducing vegetation and environmental conditions lead various problems such as soil erosion, increased runoff levels and flood risk. Accordingly, evaluation of the effects of drought on vegetation has a great importance. The purpose of this study is to use the Drought Effect Index (IDI), remotely sensed data and terrestrial data in the study area.Method: The IDI index indicates the long-term effects of climate conditions in the study area on the vegetation cover in area. In this study, the IDI index combines data of the meteorological stations of Malayer Plain to prepare rainfall and temperature maps (information from 5 synoptic stations inside and outside of study area with a 19-years scale) and a series of Landsat TM satellites and ETM + were calculated for the NDVI vegetation mapping (including 6 images in May and 2000, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2015). The zonation map was prepared based on this information. This investigation has been done in May 2019.Findings: The results showed that there is a meaningful correlation between aggregate data (IDI) and SPI index, indicates the efficiency of combined data. Results of Pearson correlation showed that there is a significant correlation between the mean SPI and IDI of 0.963 at a significant level of P<0.01.Discussion and Conclusions: So far, land and satellite data have been widely used for the study of droughts, but the index derived from the integration of these data has received little attention from researchers, so the aim and innovation of this research is to make it possible to use drought impact index (IDI). Combine terrestrial and satellite data in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Effects of Physiographic Factors on Density, Canopy Cover and Production Medicinal Species Ferula Orientalis (Case Study: Shohada Valley of Urmia)
Masoomeh Abbasi Khalaki Ardavan Ghorbani Sahar Samadi Khanghah Rahman RahimdokhtBackground and Objective: Plants are the major component of natural ecosystems including the rangelands which extend all they largely controlled by environmental factors and ecological, climate, soil, topography and biological properties are effective on their presence MoreBackground and Objective: Plants are the major component of natural ecosystems including the rangelands which extend all they largely controlled by environmental factors and ecological, climate, soil, topography and biological properties are effective on their presence and traits. This study was performed in the Shohada valley of Urmia in order to evaluate the effect of physiographic factors on density, canopy cover and production of Ferula Orientalis. Methods: According to the current situation in the region, three height floors, three direction floors and seven slope floors were selected. Also, 8 sites were identified in the study area. In each site, 3 transects with a length of 100 meters were systematically-randomly plotted along each transect and 5 parameters were recorded. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the differences between the studied parameters and physiographic factors and Duncan's multiple range tests was used to compare the mean of the traits. Findings: Most density of studied species was observed in the 1700-2300 meters height class with 7,500 individuals per hectare. Also, the highest level of the species extends belong to slope of more than 70 percent with an area of 97 ha. The highest level of the aspect is related to East with 3/148 ha. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that the elevation, slope and aspect significantly have been effective on density, canopy cover and production of Ferula Orientalis. Generally the results showed that the highest density, canopy cover and production belonged to 1700-2300 meters altitude and on the slope above 70% and in the east aspect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Investigation and Preparation of Desertification Map Based on Iranian Model of Desertification Potential (IMDPA) with an emphasis on two criteria of soil and vegetation (Case study: Faryab-Kerman Province)
Ehsan Kamali Maskooni Mohammad Amin Kamali Ali KhanamaniBackground and Objective: According to the concept of desertification, which is land degradation in dry areas, the semi-arid, and dry sub-humid due to many factors such as climate change and human activities, this phenomenon has long been known as a serious problem in t MoreBackground and Objective: According to the concept of desertification, which is land degradation in dry areas, the semi-arid, and dry sub-humid due to many factors such as climate change and human activities, this phenomenon has long been known as a serious problem in terms of economic, social, and environmental in many countries. The purpose of this study was to study the desertification of Faryab city in southern Kerman province using Iranian IMDPA method. Method:The aim of this study was assessed desertification potential of Faryab region in the arid region of south of Kerman province by using the Iranian model of desertification potential assessment (IMDPA) on soil and vegetation cover indicators.Each criterion was assessed based on the selected indices which result in qualitative mapping of each criterion cased on geometric average of the indices. Thematic databases, with a scale of 1:50000 were integrated and elaborated in Arc GIS 9.3. By laminate of thematic databases layers and using this formula DM=(VQI×SQI)1/2 to Calculate the geometric mean Criteria. Then Desertification intensity map was obtained with analysis IMDPA Model. Findings: Results indicated that 14.53% of study area classified as low class, 33.69% is classified as moderate class and 51.78% of area classified as a severe class of desertification. Analysis of desertification criteria in Faryab region showed that among study criteria, regeneration of vegetation of vegetation cover is a major problem with a geometric average of 3.82. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this research, which indicates the importance of vegetation in desertification, it is suggested that a deeper investigation of the appropriate methods of remediation and improvement of the rangelands of the region be undertaken by the Natural Resources Department. In the case of lack of attention from the authorities, about 50% of other (medium and low desertification classes) will be subject to severe destruction, which will lead to damage to other elements of the ecosystem, including wildlife, and so on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The effect of different types of vegetation on thermal comfort in urban gorges in hot and dry climates
Tahereh koulivand Nazanin NasrollahiBackground and Objective: egetation is used in different forms in cities and in urban gorges and it helps to improve the temperature conditions of the environment by shading or evaporative cooling. Surveys conducted in the city of Isfahan show that grass, bushes and tre MoreBackground and Objective: egetation is used in different forms in cities and in urban gorges and it helps to improve the temperature conditions of the environment by shading or evaporative cooling. Surveys conducted in the city of Isfahan show that grass, bushes and trees are the three most frequent forms in the gorges of this metropolis. The purpose of this research is to choose the best form of vegetation cover in Isfahan urban gorges according to the H/W ratio and different orientations. Material and Methodology: Envi-met v4.1 software was used to check the effectiveness of vegetation in urban gorges. The conditions of urban gorges and frequent vegetation in the environment were determined by field investigation, then the best form of vegetation cover in the urban gorges of Isfahan was selected by computer simulation, and its density level and type were investigated in a number of urban gorges of Isfahan in the summer season. Finding: The results obtained from the simulations revealed that the tree shows the most appropriate performance among the 5 proposed models and the tree in the ratio of height to width of 1 in all four orientations causes the greatest decrease in temperature in the summer season and in the ratio of height to width of 3 The best thermal conditions have been created. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that among the different scenarios, the tree pattern alone has a greater cooling effect than the combined patterns with grass and short bushes. This pattern is the best in all the ratio of height to width and orientation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - 1
جلال عبداللهی محمدحسن رحیمیان کاظم دشتکیان مهدی شادان -
Open Access Article
23 - 3
عباس اسماعیلی ساری کرامت الله ایماندل شاروسین شاروسین -
Open Access Article
24 - Identification of Satellite Image Ability for Vegetation Cover Crown Percentage Mapping in Arid and Semi Arid Region (Case study: Mouteh wild life sanctuary)
Vahid Rahdari Alireza Soffianian Seyed Jamalaldin Khajaldin Saedeh Maleki NajfabdaiIntroductionRemote sensing provides the basic data to undertake inventory of land resources specially vegetationmapping.Material and MethodsIn this study for producing vegetation cover percentage map in Mouteh wild life sanctuary, IRS-P6,LISS III data was used for June MoreIntroductionRemote sensing provides the basic data to undertake inventory of land resources specially vegetationmapping.Material and MethodsIn this study for producing vegetation cover percentage map in Mouteh wild life sanctuary, IRS-P6,LISS III data was used for June 2006. First geometric and atmospheric correction was done.Vegetation cover sampling was done with 290 plots in heterogeneous cover areas and Data werecollected from overall region. Vegetation Indices were produced using satellite image. Simple linearregression was done between plots information and vegetation indices and models were produced foreach index and vegetation maps were produced using each index model.ResultsResults showed that SAVI index had highest correlation with field sampling equal 0.78 and it wasused for vegetation cover percentage mapping. Using SAVI model vegetation cover was classified infour classes: 0-10%, 10-20%, 20-40% and 40%<.Disscusion And ConclusionsResults showed that 10%> and 10-20% crown cover were dominate in region. SAVI index with soilcoefficient reduced soil background reflectance effects. In this study NDVI, TSAVI1 and RVI hadhigh correlation (0.77, 0.78 and 0.76). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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رخشاد حجازی پریسا آبادی -
Open Access Article
26 - Investigation of Cost Damages on Plants by Laky Sazbon Dam
Zahra Abedi Nasser Moharam Nezhad Borhan Riazi Maryam BayatThe design to construct Sazbon dam and power plant is a sub-group of designs that have anything to do with the tributaries of KARKHE BASIN. The location where the design is going to be implemented is in the province of Illam and eastern part of SARABLEH which is about 3 MoreThe design to construct Sazbon dam and power plant is a sub-group of designs that have anything to do with the tributaries of KARKHE BASIN. The location where the design is going to be implemented is in the province of Illam and eastern part of SARABLEH which is about 3 Kms after the confluence of two rivers named Simoreh and Cherdaval respectively within the straits of SAZBON. To determine the value of plant covering on the reservoir, first the values of trees and pasture were estimated subject to valuation codes and about 3269 acres of pastures(Echinops orientalis ,Astragalus gossypinus , Hordeum spontaneum….,) and about 71 acres of woods shall(Amygdalus scopariaو Pistaciaو Quercus brantii(...و be flooded by constructing this dam. The damages were estimated to be 3198970040 billion IR-Rials which are evaluated to be very little against 660 billion IR-Rials of profits as gained by constructing the dam but can be compensated for by powers consumption revenues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Structural Equation Modeling of Children Satisfaction in Residential Open Spaces
Hamidreza Azemati Hassan FeridonzadehAim: The aim of this research is the study of the role of children satisfaction of open spaces inresidential in the form of causal model.Methods: This research method is correction study with the design on the structural model relation.147 parents settling in Shahid Fal MoreAim: The aim of this research is the study of the role of children satisfaction of open spaces inresidential in the form of causal model.Methods: This research method is correction study with the design on the structural model relation.147 parents settling in Shahid Fallahi and Omid complexes in Tehran, were selected by Randomcluster Sampling. They were asked to cite their own believes on open-spaced complexes included inthe 57 questionnaires. Validity of the Instrument Calculated by Content method and the understudyingconstructs showed that the instrument had a proper validity. Also, reliability ratio of instrument wascalculated approximately α =0.954. Direct and indirect effects of variables on satisfaction ofresidential complexes of open space were calculated through path analysis and regression methods.Results: Results showed that the factors to satisfaction of residing children in residential complexes tofollow the direct and indirect relationships.Conclusion: Variables such as natural factors (herbal covering), Space form, Ergonomics have directeffect on children satisfaction of residential open space, and the other variables like flexibility child'splay tools, visual stimuli factors have indirect effects on the children satisfaction of residential openspace. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Diversity of Vegetation in Pardisan Forest Park and Climatic Adaptation of its Dominant Species in the Region
Nematollah khorasani Farideh Atabi Maryam AfashariBackground and Objective: The relation between a climate and its vegetation cover is a function of special condition. Climate is considered as one of important ecologic factors and has the most important effect on quality and quantity of vegetation cases. Selection of p MoreBackground and Objective: The relation between a climate and its vegetation cover is a function of special condition. Climate is considered as one of important ecologic factors and has the most important effect on quality and quantity of vegetation cases. Selection of plants per improvement and recovery of each region should be simple implemented based on the knowledge of that region concentration of special species of each region is determined by three factors namely temperature, precipitation and humidity, which today are named as biological variables. The goal of this study was to investigate diversity of vegetation in Pardisan forest park and climatic adaptation of its dominant species in the region. Method: In this research by collection of tremendous species of vegetation coverage of Pardisan Park, preliminary recognition of vegetation cover and collection of information such as their names, growth forms, dispersion and application in the land landscape was done. Given the Pardisan Park management didn't have any statistical data of the numeral and position of hand planted plants. The general location and areas of prevailing species of the park was determined and was marked on the map of the park by using GIS software. The frequency of each gens and of each family were ordered by each software. In next step after getting the information and statistics and the values of climate logical parameters related to geophysical station from meteorological organization, we studied them and analyzed their relation to the survival of prevailing species of the park. Results: Climatology and ambrotermic diagrams and curves were plotted based on climatic parameters and finally echo gram curves of dominant vegetation cover of Pardisan Park were analyzed based on climatology parameters. Conclusion: Results show that, given that there is no significant difference in the micro climate of different areas of the park, factors such as microclimate, soil, direction and amount of access of plants to water resources play the most important role in the diversity of vegetation even of Pardisan forest park. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Investigation on the Qualitative Changes of Tehran green space, between 1990 and 2006(Case study: District 5 of Tehran municipality)
Mona Soroudi Seid Ali JoziBackground and Objective: Regarding the vegetation's crucial role in urban environment, investigation on the change detection seems to be necessary. Therefore, the usage of remote sensing was noticed to be important to study the changes. Method: In this study, to estim MoreBackground and Objective: Regarding the vegetation's crucial role in urban environment, investigation on the change detection seems to be necessary. Therefore, the usage of remote sensing was noticed to be important to study the changes. Method: In this study, to estimate the qualitative changes of vegetation cover, the NDVI was applied and Tm and IRS images of 1990 and 2006 were used and vegetation maps of District 5 of Tehran municipality by underlining the different greenness levels were generated. Findings: Statistics revealed that the area of good and moderate greenness level vegetated lands decreased and the area of poor greenness level vegetated lands increased by 23.22, 684.27 and 299.43 ha respectively. It is important to mention that to find out the procedure of qualitative changes of the study area's vegetation cover post-classification change detection technique applied and results indicated that non-vegetated areas converted to poor and moderate greenness level vegetated lands by 0.9 and 186.48 ha respectively. Also the conversion of 419.58 ha of poor and 175.86 ha of moderate greenness level vegetated lands to non-vegetated lands was noticed. Conclusion: The maximum amount of increased non-vegetated area and destroyed moderate and good greenness level vegetated lands were studied in region number 2. So, region number 2, in comparison with other six regions has been changed the most during 1990 to 2006. The equal amount of increased non-vegetated area and decreased vegetated area by 408.06 ha showed that land use changes have been accrued in study area, therefore conservation and increase the urban vegetated areas are important to develop urban master plans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Range classification and evaluation using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Normalized Difference Vegetatiosn Index (NDVI) (Case study: Hablehrood subwatershed of shahrabad basin)
Khadijeh abolfathi Marzieh Alikhah-Asl Mohammad RezvaniEvaluation of canopy rate, production, condition and trends of rangeland is important because of their role in preservation of water and soil resources. The aim of this research is to range classification and evaluation of rangelands of some part of Hable rood catchment MoreEvaluation of canopy rate, production, condition and trends of rangeland is important because of their role in preservation of water and soil resources. The aim of this research is to range classification and evaluation of rangelands of some part of Hable rood catchment using Geographical Information System (GIS( and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index .To do it, range classification was done using field work with Physiognomic- Floristic method along with vegetation sampling in a Stratified random sampling form. To define the condition and trends of the rangelands, the methods named four-factor and orientations were used in row. In this research, to increase the accuracy of the border of final vegetation types, land form unit map and composition of land form unit map with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map were used in ArcGIS 9.3 surrounding and the border of vegetation types were corrected. Land use map is provided using fuzzy method in the ERDAS IMAGINE software, and then, using Normalized Difference Vegetation index and field work, with respect to the canopy density the rangeland were divided to the three classes named dense range, semi dense range and low dense range. The results indicated the separation of for vegetation types. Also, rangeland was divided to the three categories named good, moderate and weak rangeland with respect to the vegetation canopy. The type named Astragalus spp_ Artemisia sieberi has a moderate condition while the 3 other types have weak condition. Also, all of the 4 vegetation types in the studied area have minus trend. Using GIS and vegetation index can be an effective tool in vegetation type and classification with high accuracy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - تاثیر نوع محصول (گندم و پسته) و خصوصیات خاک (عمق، بافت و محتوای نیتروژن) بر مقدار ترسیب کربن
احد مدنی مجتبی حسن زاده نسرین صداقتی -
Open Access Article
32 - Studying the effect of dust on vegetation changes (Case study: Shadegan wetland, Khuzestan)
Reza Bayat Somayeh Jafari Bagher Ghermezcheshmeh Amir Hossain CharkhabiWetlands and water ecosystems are important, especially in terms of environmental values. Mapping vegetation changes can provide valuable information and removing vegetation can cause environmental disasters such as dust. This study aimed to investigate and determine th MoreWetlands and water ecosystems are important, especially in terms of environmental values. Mapping vegetation changes can provide valuable information and removing vegetation can cause environmental disasters such as dust. This study aimed to investigate and determine the spatial and temporal variations in Khuzestan, Shadegan wetland coverage and these changes are analyzed with a dust storm data. Temporal and spatial variation of vegetation measured using Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of MODIS images from 2000 to 2011, and vegetation cover changes were determined and different variables of dust (total annual density, maximum annual concentrations and annual average concentrations of dust) from Ahwaz station were analyzed for detecting changes of vegetation cover. The results indicated that the total area of vegetation NDVI from 2000 to 2011 declined 7.36%. Also, the results showed the highest and lowest water area 25.67% and 19.72% belong to 2007 and 2000 respectively, and the highest and lowest vegetation area were 31.21% and 17.27 % in 2000 and 2004 respectively. According to statistics from 2002 onwards we have been faced with increasing dust storm which indicated a correlation between dust and wetland vegetation. Also worth noting is that the total annual concentration of dust and vegetation indices showed a higher determination coefficient (0.8516). Meanwhile, 2 month delay effect of dust has 0.8214 determination coefficient with NDVI. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Assessment of desertification intensity using IMDPA method (Case study: Dashte Abbas, Ilam)
Maryam Mombeni Abdol Ali Karamshahi Farzad Azadnia Parviz Garaee Kamran KarimiThe aim of this study was assessed desertification potential of the Dashte Abbas in the semiarid region of Ilam provience18028.8 hectares by using the Iranian model of desertification potential assessment (IMDPA) on soil and vegetation cover indicators. The geometric av MoreThe aim of this study was assessed desertification potential of the Dashte Abbas in the semiarid region of Ilam provience18028.8 hectares by using the Iranian model of desertification potential assessment (IMDPA) on soil and vegetation cover indicators. The geometric average for each index including effective soil depth, soil texture, electrical conductivity of soil, percent of gravel, the operation of the plant, the revitalization of vegetation and vegetation condition was obtained using ArcGIS®9.3 and the status map of each criteria was prepared. Finally, by combining and determination of geometric mean desertification intensity map was obtained. The desertification intensity map based on soil criteria demonstrated that over 4843 hectares (28.86% of the total area) and 13185 hectares (73.13% of the total area) has been taken in low and moderate classes, respectively. Also the obtained results from geometric average of vegetation cover criteria indices showed that 7005.99 hectares (38.86% of the total area) in the lower classes and 407.45 hectares (2.26% of the total area) and 10615.35 hectares (58.88% of the total area) has been taken in moderation and Severe classes, respectively. The results of the assessment the considered Catteries indicating that vegetation cover criteria with values of 2.6 is the most influential criteria in the severity of desertification in the study area. Accordingly, it can be said that the quantitative value of the desertification intensity of the total area has been taken in moderate class. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Study effect of flood productivity on vegetation changes using field work and Landsat satellite images (Case study: Shandak of Sistan region)
Mansour Jahantigh Moien JahantighThe object of this research is evaluated of flood productivity on vegetation cover changes. For this purpose, 5 linear transects with a length of 50 m were installed before flooding in the year 2006. In each of these transects, two plots 3×3 were identified at a h MoreThe object of this research is evaluated of flood productivity on vegetation cover changes. For this purpose, 5 linear transects with a length of 50 m were installed before flooding in the year 2006. In each of these transects, two plots 3×3 were identified at a height of 50 m at the beginning and 1% in length, and within each of them a plot of 1×1 was laid out for uniform harvesting at equal distances, their coordinates using specific GPS and feature the percentages of canopy cover, forage production, bare soil percentage, density and litter before starting flood spreading in 2003 were estimated. In addition, the vegetation characteristic changes were measured in the same place after the flood propagation in the year 2019. Landsat satellite images for a period of 16 years (2003-2019) was also used to study vegetation changes before and after flood propagation. For this purpose, after applying pre-processing on the images, the vegetation index was adjusted according to the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and soil water index (SWI) over five different time periods. Field results showed that with the application of flood propagation application, the amount of forage production increased from 68 to kg/ha, the percentage of canopy cover increased from 5.9 to 31.4%, as well as the amount of litter from 2 to 16.8% and bare soil decreased from 92.1 to 51.8%. Statistical analysis of vegetation characteristics before and after flood propagation revealed a significant difference between these parameters (p<0.01). In addition, the results showed significant changes in the SAVI and SWI indices over the period. The SAVI and SWI indices increased from 0.027 and 0.5 in the year 2003 to 0.49 and 1 in the year 2019, respectively, and the trend of changes in these indices showed high correlation (R² = 0.65) in flood propagation area. The results of this study showed that flooding productivity by providing soil moisture in the study area improved germination and plant growth conditions, which resulted in the establishment and improvement of vegetation cover in the floodplain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Surveying of the past, present, and future of vegetation changes in the central Alborz ranges in relation to climate change
Diana Askarizadeh Hosein Arzani Mohammad Jafary Javad Bazrafshan Iain colin PrenticeAcceleration of climate trend change is caused by the swift shift of rangeland conditions that using modern methods of evaluation to them are counted to sustainable management of the rangelands. In order for an investigation of trend change of rangeland vegetation due t MoreAcceleration of climate trend change is caused by the swift shift of rangeland conditions that using modern methods of evaluation to them are counted to sustainable management of the rangelands. In order for an investigation of trend change of rangeland vegetation due to climate change, central Alborz rangelands were selected. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the period of 30-year (1987-2016) was extracted by Landsat satellite, TM, ETM+, and OLI series. Drought periods were determined using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The Markov Chain model was used to anticipate the future changes of rangeland vegetation. The results showed that the vegetation cover index’s changes have risen and fallen for three decades in which, despite of increasing for some years 1986 (0.86), 2002 (0.87), 2005 (0.87), and 2015 (0.86); the changes trend was decreasingly for 1995 (0.53), 1998 (0.65), 2000 (0.62), and 2008 (0.61) years, especially for fair to very poor classes. The highest correlation (91.5%) between the SPI and NDVI was shown that severe to moderate drought has taken place along with decreased vegetation periods. Moreover, the Markov Chain model has anticipated a forcible declined change of vegetation cover for 2031 and 2046 periods. Therefore, range management approaches have to prepare itself in order to the gradual increase of temperature, which has destructive effects on vegetation cover, via regulating of grazing capacity and replacing of highly performance livestock in the future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Assessing the impact of urban expansion and land cover changes on land surface temperature in Shahrekord city
Ataollah Ebrahimi Elham Kiani SalmiUrban expansion and land use changes have a significant impact on land surface temperature (LST). According to the fact that the development of urban is currently one of the most important phenomena in global warming, it is possible to study and measure the temperature MoreUrban expansion and land use changes have a significant impact on land surface temperature (LST). According to the fact that the development of urban is currently one of the most important phenomena in global warming, it is possible to study and measure the temperature of the Earth's surface in urban areas in the shortest possible time with the rapid development of satellite technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate urban expansion and urban heat island (UHI) using remotely sensed data in Shahrekord city. In this study, Ratio vegetation index (RVI) and Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and LST were calculated using multi-spectral and thermal bands of Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images. Land use map was extracted using the maximum-likelihood algorithm in TerrSet software. The overall kappa index was estimated at 0.82 and 0.93 for 2003 and 2016, respectively. By comparing two vegetation indexes (RVI and NDVI) and surface temperature during the 13 years (2003 to 2016), it was determined that with urban development, the surface temperature has increased to 2.210C (from 40.69 to 42.90 0C). The results showed that the correlation of NDVI index with the surface temperature map was negative but with positive RVI index. Moreover, these two vegetation indexes, RVI and NDVI, show a more significant relationship with LST in green areas than urban and bare lands. Due to, a significant effect of green areas on regulating LST we recommend that green areas should be expanded in accordance with the urban area expansion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Monitoring of vegetation changes in Karaj watershed using NDVI index and gradient analysis
Fatemeh Mohammadyari Mir mehrdad Mirsanjari Ardavan ZarandianIn the present study, vegetation changes in the Karaj watershed in 2006, 2011 and 2017 were investigated using the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the integration of land metrics and gradient analysis. After calculating the NDVI index, Then, two-section g MoreIn the present study, vegetation changes in the Karaj watershed in 2006, 2011 and 2017 were investigated using the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the integration of land metrics and gradient analysis. After calculating the NDVI index, Then, two-section gradient analysis was designed in the direction of north-south and east-west. Then 6 metrics were calculated at two levels of class and landform using moving window design. The results of the comparison of the floor area showed that the highest increase in the area was done in lands with very good vegetation so that 5104 hectares (4%) have been enlarged. It is also the largest reduction in the area of excellent vegetation cover, which decreased by 4055 hectares (3%) during the studied period. The results of gradient analysis showed that the distribution pattern of vegetation in a three-year period is a cluster. The results of the analysis of both transects at the level of the land and the classes show that the average of mean distance from the nearest neighbor gradually increases during transects and the increase in total in 2017 compared to the initial year. This indicates an increase in the distance between the vertices of the same patch and the difficulty of communication between them, which is one of the signs of the disruption of the landscape. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Downscaling TRMM satellite-based precipitation data using non-stationary relationships between precipitation and land surface characteristics
Bahareh Zanjani Hesam Seyed Kaboli Mohsen RashidianSatellite-based precipitation dataset has been widely used to estimate precipitation, especially over regions with sparse rain gauge networks. However, the low spatial resolution of these datasets has limited their application in localized regions and watersheds. So, ha MoreSatellite-based precipitation dataset has been widely used to estimate precipitation, especially over regions with sparse rain gauge networks. However, the low spatial resolution of these datasets has limited their application in localized regions and watersheds. So, having an accurate estimation of precipitation by satellites along with the adequate spatial scale in hydrologic studies is the main goal of this study. In this research, Geographically weighted regression (GWR) method was investigated to downscale the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM-3B42 Version 7) over the DEZ river basin in the southwest of IRAN for 2010-2011. Downscaling was performed based on the non-stationary relationships between the TRMM precipitation and the Digital elevation model (DEM) derived products, the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and the Land surface temperature (LST). The result shows that the downscale precipitation at 1 km spatial scale had significantly improved spatial resolution, and agreed well with data from the rain gauge stations. For the 16-day precipitation, Mean square root means square error (RMSE) and absolute mean error (MAE) values are 22.7 mm and 7.45 mm, respectively. However, the accuracy of the model varies in a different location and depends on the vegetation condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Quantifying the effect of surface parameters and climatic conditions on land surface temperature using reflective and thermal remote sensing data
Naeim Mijani Saeid Hamzeh Mohammad Karimi FirozjaeiThe land surface temperature (LST) plays a vital role in a wide range of scientific researches including climatology, hydrology, natural resources and etc. There are some determining factors which affect the land surface temperature, such as the kind of surface elements MoreThe land surface temperature (LST) plays a vital role in a wide range of scientific researches including climatology, hydrology, natural resources and etc. There are some determining factors which affect the land surface temperature, such as the kind of surface elements, topography and environmental conditions and also the amount of incoming radiation to the surface. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of topographic parameters, climatic conditions and downward radiation on land surface temperature using remote sensing data. For this purpose, the Landsat 8 satellite image, ASTER digital elevation model, MODIS water vapor product (MOD07) on 24 July 2018, topography and climate map of Kerman province were used. To calculate the LST and downward shortwave and longwave radiation to surface the single channel and SEBAL energy balance algorithms were used, respectively. Finally, using statistical analysis the relationship between LST and independent variables, including elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation cover index and downward radiation to the surface were studied. The results of the study shown that the correlation coefficient between the LST and each of the independent parameters is more than 0.7. Also, the relationship between LST and topographic, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and downward radiation parameters at the 95% level was significant. The results of the mean of LST values in climatic conditions, including extra-dry, dry, semi-dry, Mediterranean, semi-wet and wet indicate that climates classes with higher LST relative to climates classes with lower LST have means of elevation, NDVI lower and mean longwave downward radiation to surface higher. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Estimation of vegetation cover percentage and biomass using remote sensing indices (Case study: protected areas of Southern Alborz, Karaj)
Chooghi Bairam Komaki Reza Asadikia Hamid Niknahad GharmakharVegetation is one of the criteria indicating the production potential of the land. So that the quality and quantity of vegetation in each region is a criterion for determining its production potential. In this research, vegetation indices of Landsat 8 digital data were MoreVegetation is one of the criteria indicating the production potential of the land. So that the quality and quantity of vegetation in each region is a criterion for determining its production potential. In this research, vegetation indices of Landsat 8 digital data were used to estimate vegetation cover and biomass in the protected area of the central Alborz in June 2016. To study the correlation between vegetation cover and biomass with satellite data, 27 samples were obtained randomly in the region. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship between cover percentage and biomass values with remotely sensed vegetation indices. The results showed that among selected vegetation indexes, Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and Visible atmospherically resistant index (VAR) had the highest correlation coefficient with vegetation percentage 0.53 and 0.52, respectively. Therefore, these vegetation indices are appropriate for estimating vegetation cover at a 5% significance level. And in calibration, the correlation coefficient for the wet weight of vegetation and the indices of Global environment monitoring index (GEMI), Simple ratio (VR) and Enhanced vegetation index (EVI) were 0.43, 0.41 and 0.41, respectively even though their estimations were unsuccessful in the validation stage. According to the results of this research, it is recommended that the indicators for the estimation of the quality and quantity of vegetation should be used in which the atmosphere and soil impacts are considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - An investigation of the relationship between land surface temperatures, geographical and environmental characteristics, and biophysical indices from Landsat images
Abbasali Vali Abolfazl Ranjbar Marzieh Mokarram Farideh TaripanahLand surface temperature (LST) is an important indicator of habitat quality assessment for a local and global scale. In the present study, the effects of multiple factors on land use, geological formations, topographical and climate factors on LST in Kharestan region we MoreLand surface temperature (LST) is an important indicator of habitat quality assessment for a local and global scale. In the present study, the effects of multiple factors on land use, geological formations, topographical and climate factors on LST in Kharestan region were investigated. To this end, images of July Landsat 7 and 8 satellites during the period 2000-2017, digital elevation model, geological map and topography were used. The surface temperature was extracted using a split-window method and also land use extracted from the supervised classification method which has been done in 2017. The correlation between surface temperature and elevation, aspect, slope, vegetation, soil moisture, and air temperature variables was investigated using statistical methods. The results indicated that the surface temperature average was 43 °C, Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was 0.144 and Normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) was 0.068. According to the classification of images with an overall accuracy of 99.96% and kappa coefficients of 0.96, pasture and horticultural land cover the highest and lowest area, respectively. The highest surface temperature, 53 °C was observed in bare soil and residential areas and the lowest 29 °C in horticultural land. Moreover, the highest and lowest surface temperatures were related to Pabdeh-Gurpi and Asmari formations, respectively. In sunny slopes, the highest correlation, R2>0.5 was observed between surface temperature, elevation, temperature, vegetation, and surface moisture. Furthermore, in shady slopes, the surface temperature had the highest correlation, R2>0.5 with elevation, temperature, and vegetation. Among the above factors, elevation and temperature had the most influence on surface temperature. In addition, the correlation between vegetation index and a normalized moisture index with inverse surface temperature was >0.9. Also, the correlation between surface temperature and the air temperature was positive. Therefore, land use, geology, topography, vegetation, soil moisture, and air temperature are important factors in ecosystem temperature equilibrium. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - The effect of Meighan wetland environmental changes on land surface temperature of surrounding areas by using Landsat satellite data
Saeed Mahmoodi Behrouz Sari Saraf Majed Rezaei Banafsheh Hashem RostamzadeWetlands are one of the most important aquatic zones that affect the climate of the surrounding areas and are also one of the most fragile natural phenomena. Therefore, it is very important to detect changes in the environment around the wetlands. The purpose of this st MoreWetlands are one of the most important aquatic zones that affect the climate of the surrounding areas and are also one of the most fragile natural phenomena. Therefore, it is very important to detect changes in the environment around the wetlands. The purpose of this study, the land use change detection, the normalized vegetation index, land surface temperature patterns in the surrounding of the Meighan wetland, were analyzed using Landsat TM multi-time sensor data for 30 May 2002, and 5 June 2010. Supervised classification algorithms with maximum likelihood were used to extract land use changes. The results of classification accuracy, using the Kappa coefficient for 2002 and 2010 were 99.13% and 98.93% with 98 and 97 kappa coefficients, respectively. The results of land use changes showed that the barren lands increased by 100 km2 and, in contrast, vegetation areas were reduced by 84 km2. The average of the normalized vegetation index was not significantly changed and the maximum and minimum values in 2002 were 0 and -0.52, and in 2010, -0.05 and -0.58, respectively. The warmer temperature classes in the regional temperature pattern in 2010 were more extensive than in 2002. The minimum, average and maximum temperature in 10 km of surrounding of Meighan wetland in 2002 were 16.72, 27.35 and 36.4°C with a standard deviation of 3.2, and in 2010, 15.5, 29.8 and 37°C with a standard deviation of 3.5. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Assessment of desertification status in Sefiddasht-Boroujen (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) watershed using MEDALUS model
Fatemeh Nafar Ataollah Ebrahimi Ali Asghar NaghipourBackground and Objective The degradation of resources in many parts of the world is a serious threat to humanity due to its growing trend. Desertification, which is one of the manifestations of this degradation, has affected most countries and has been introduced as the MoreBackground and Objective The degradation of resources in many parts of the world is a serious threat to humanity due to its growing trend. Desertification, which is one of the manifestations of this degradation, has affected most countries and has been introduced as the third challenge of the 21st century after the two challenges of climate change and freshwater scarcity. Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid areas. This situation is caused by a series of important processes, the most important of which are the two factors of human activity and climate change. Several methods have been developed to determine the process of desertification, one of which is widely used, the Medalus method. Assessing the status of desertification processes (land degradation) in a village, region or country is important because it provides the opportunity to make informed decisions about the financial dimension and the amount of investment needed to control it. Considering the development of the desertification phenomenon in the Sefiddasht-Borujen region and the need to pay attention to the importance of the results of this destructive phenomenon in the future. The purpose of this study is to evaluate desertification using the Madalus model in the Sefiddasht-Borujen watershed with an area of 92565 hectares, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.Materials and Methods Land use changes were investigated and detected using the distance measurement model. For this purpose, the images of 1998, 2009, and 2018 were used. The amount of changes during this period was determined, and the points where the most changes occurred were selected. Then using these points, in the Medalus model, the factors affecting desertification and its current situation were considered. Then, the effective parameters in desertification were studied in these points separately and the Medalus model was implemented in them. According to the Medalus method, effective factors in the desertification of the region were identified and each factor including climate, vegetation, soil, groundwater, and management and policy was considered as a criterion. Then, the characteristics of the mentioned criteria that were effective in the desertification of this region were considered as indicators. After each indicator received weight in relation to its impact on desertification and by evaluating them, their impact of them on the desertification process was determined. Finally, using the indicators of these criteria, the criteria map and finally, the desertification map were obtained from their geometric mean n order to study the climate criteria, three indices of rainfall, direction, and drought index were considered. The study of the climate was evaluated from 3 sample points in the meteorological and water weight stations of the province, which are harvested as points. To evaluate the soil condition, some physical and chemical properties such as soil texture, acidity, electrical conductivity, and the amount of organic matter were selected. To determine the soil properties, the first 170 sampling points were identified in the study area, and from 0 to 20 cm soil level, sampling was performed and transferred to the laboratory.Results and Discussion The results showed a score of climatic criteria calculated at 1.80 was determined in two classes and had the most role in desertification in the region. The score of management and policy, vegetation, and soil criteria respectively were calculated at 1.76, 1.71, and 1.55 and was determined into two classes severe and very severe. Also, water criteria were calculated at 1.33 and were determined in the middle class. Based on the Medalus model, the current desertification score was estimated to be 1.63. According to this map, the desertification situation of the region was divided into two classes, severe and very severe. Finally, it was calculated that 56% of this area is faced with severe and 44% of it very severe desertification. The result showed that the northern part of the study area is highly vulnerable, while the southern part of the region is less vulnerable to desertification. However, this region has high desertification intensity. The foretold sensitivity of this region to the phenomenon of desertification was consistent. In this model, climate, soil, vegetation, groundwater, management, and policy criteria were selected. According to the results, climate, management, policy, vegetation, soil, and groundwater criteria, respectively, had the greatest impact on desertification of this region due to the low precipitation, drought in recent years, illegal excavation of wells, and uncontrolled extractions more than the capacity of groundwater aquifers in Sefiddasht has caused the drying of most wells in this area. Also, the drying of Dehno Wetland is another reason for the intensity of desertification in the study area.Conclusion According to the obtained results, the phenomenon of desertification in this region is accelerating and would cause a destructive consequence. The study area, according to the proposed definition of desertification, has both natural and human desertification conditions. Natural factors such as unfavorable climatic conditions such as lack of rainfall, successive droughts, limited water resources, on the one hand, and destructive human factors such as traditional agricultural system, overgrazing, overexploitation of groundwater, conversion of pastures to land Agriculture, industries, mines and facilities, destruction of vegetation and shrubs, on the other hand, have led to the destruction of pastures and natural resources and accelerated desertification in the region. Evidence shows that in this region water table is lower than in other areas and as a consequence desertification is accelerated. Among the ways to deal with desertification in the region, it is possible to use the pastures and pastures in principle, according to their capacity at the right time, to permanently enclose the region under biological and mechanical desertification activities, proper exploitation of groundwater and prevents land use change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Study of the relationship between land use and vegetation changes with the land surface temperature in Namin County
Azad Kakehmami Ardavan Ghorbani Sayyad Asghari Sarasekanrood Ehsan Ghale Sahar GhafariBackground and ObjectiveRapid development of cities due to extensive changes in land use and land cover has had negative effects on global environmental quality. Land cover and land use changes, and the development of urban and agricultural regions and deforestati MoreBackground and ObjectiveRapid development of cities due to extensive changes in land use and land cover has had negative effects on global environmental quality. Land cover and land use changes, and the development of urban and agricultural regions and deforestation are changing the regional and local temperature regime. Knowing the land surface temperature degrees contribute significantly to a wide range of issues relating to the Earth science such as urban climate, global environmental changes, and the study of the interaction of human and the environment. The lack of sufficient meteorological stations to be aware of temperature values in regions lacking a station is considered as a major flaw in monitoring the land surface temperature. Due to the information limitations, collecting data especially to a large extent, is associated with many problems and obstacles, and the real-time access is difficult or impossible. Therefore, the need to use remote sensing technology with time conditions along with the feature of continuity and data collection in wide ranges can be very effective. The purpose of this study is to investigate the land surface temperature of Namin county in a period of 28 years and to compare the obtained results with land use and vegetation changes. Materials and MethodsThe data used in this study included Landsat 8 satellite image of the OLI sensor in order to extract land use map and TIRS sensor image to extract land surface temperature for the year 2015. Moreover, Landsat 5 satellite image of the TM sensor were used to extract land use map by using visible and infrared bands, and also to extract land surface temperature by using thermal bands for the year 1987. Images were taken in late spring and early summer due to the lack of high cloudy and snowy covers , as well as the high intensity of sunlight. The eCognition8.9 software was used for object-based classification. Classification in five classes (dry and irrigated farming, rangeland, forest and residential) and six classes (dry and irrigated farming, rangeland, forest, residential and water bodies) were selected for the years 1987 and 2015 respectively. To assess the accuracy and comparison of the obtained maps, the error matrix, overall accuracy, and kappa statistics were used. Split-Window method was used to extract the land surface temperature of the study area. Finally, in order to analyze the relationship between land surface temperature with vegetation index, the correlation coefficients between land surface temperature and vegetation index were calculated based on land use types in the years 1987 and 2015. Results and Discussion The highest land use area in the years 1987 and 2015 belongs to the rangeland use with 43781 and 34114 hectares respectively and the second land use area belongs to dry farming use with 23854 and 33277 hectares respectively. Moreover due to the lack of water use , the lowest land use area in 1987 belongs to residential use with 1301 hectares, while in 2015 with the construction of water structures, water use with an area of 86 hectares has the lowest land use area. The highest land use area increase was in the dry farming with 9423 hectares, which is a significant increase compared to 1987. The highest recorded temperature for Namin county in 1987 and 2015 was related to dry farming use (34°C and 27°C, respectively), indicating the concentration of heat in these regions. This type of land use has the highest temperature due to the factors such as the dryness of the products at this time and the harvest of the products. In 1987, dry farming use had the highest temperature (34°C), but in 2015 it experienced a decrease in temperature (27°C), despite the fact that it had the highest land surface temperature compared to other types of land uses in 2015. The reason can be attributed to the factor of harvesting crops. Due to the fact that the rainfed crops in the study area are mostly wheat, and at this time of the season, most of the wheat is ripe or harvested, so the transpiration of these products is insignificant. The lowest recorded temperatures in Namin county are related to the uses of water bodies (21°C), forest (21°C) and irrigated farming (22°C), respectively. Since water has a high heat capacity, it has the greatest effect on reducing the temperature. In forest and irrigated farming land uses, due to the higher vegetation density, the land surface temperature has the lowest value (23°C and 24°C in 1987 and 21°C and 22°C in 2015 respectively) compared to the other land use types. Agricultural land use in this area has the lowest land surface temperature (24°C in 1987 and 21°C in 2015) after forest areas. Due to the fact that the crops cultivated in this area are plants such as potatoes and these plants have more water needs, therefore these plants have a high greenness value at June to early July, which has led to more transpiration in the area where they are cultivated than other areas, thus it has been very effective in keeping the land surface temperature cool. The rangeland use has had high land surface temperatures (27°C and 25°C, respectively) in the two study years, and there is little difference between the two years. According to the study season which was late June to early July, the high temperature of this land use type is due to the increase in the areas lacking canopy cover or areas having low or scattered vegetation. Due to the fact that in August, most of the leaves and brunches of the existing plants are dry and the transpiration is low, high temperatures are also recorded. The relationship between land surface temperature and vegetation index in rangeland use in the two study years had the highest correlation (0.91 in 1987 and 0.83 in 2015), while the correlation coefficient of the forest use was the lowest (0.46 in 1987 and 0.23 in 2015). Conclusion Land use type and land use and vegetation changes have a significant effect on land surface temperature changes. However, areas without vegetation have a higher land surface temperature than the areas with vegetation. The results showed that there was no significant correlation between vegetation cover and land surface temperature, which is mainly due to sufficient vegetation. In general, the results showed that in most areas with lower temperatures, there is high density vegetation indicating an inverse relationship between vegetation index and land surface temperature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Monitoring and predicting the trend of changing rangelands using Satelite images and CA-Markov model (Case study: Noor-rood basin, Mazandaran proince)
Nematollah Koohestani Shafagh Rastgar Ghodratollah Heidari Shaban Shatai Joybari Hamid AmirnejadPredicting the trend of land use/land cover chenges in natural range ecosystem via remote sensing techniques and evaluating their potentials by modeling, plays an important role in decision making. The goal of this research is monitoring and predicting land use/land cov MorePredicting the trend of land use/land cover chenges in natural range ecosystem via remote sensing techniques and evaluating their potentials by modeling, plays an important role in decision making. The goal of this research is monitoring and predicting land use/land cover changes in Nour-rood basin by CA-Markov in a 60 year periods (1988-2048). Landsat TM (1988, 1998, 2008) and OLI (2018) imagery of similar months (in July) were classified by maximum likelihood method algorithm. Terrestrial reality derived from topographic at scale 1:25000 and aerial photos available in the (GDNR) and (WMM) during 1988-2008 and field visits (2018) were evaluated for accuracy. The accuracy of the production maps calculated with Kappa coefficient. So that the highest and lowest ratio were related to the images of 1998 and 1988, respectively with the values of 0.86 and 0.81. The results were compared with field ground truth to determine the accuracy of results. Random matric used to convert land use classes and the map of land cover of Nour-rud basin predicted, in (2018-2028). The results showed that in (1988-2018), forests and rangelands with excellent and fair cover conditions had decreasing and ranges with good condition, rocks and residential areas had increasing trend. Total area of rangelands decreased from 116206 hectares in 1988 to 106336 hectares in 2018. Moreover, the results of Markov model with more than 85% precision showed the same trend of land use changes from 2018-2048. Excellent rangeland cover conditions, showed decreasing trend, rocky and residential areas will also have an increasing trend until 2048. Markov's prediction model also shows an accuracy of more than 85%. The trend of land use changes during 2018-2048 will be the same as in previous. In whitch case, excellent range condition will have decreasing trend; rocky and residential areas will have an increasing trend until 2048. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Extraction of soil moisture index (TVDI) using a scatter diagram temperature/vegetation and MODIS images
Salah Shahmoradi Hamid Reza Ghafarian Malamiri Mohammad AminiBackground and Objective Soil moisture is an important parameter in controlling many processes of the climate system, one of the basic parameters of the environment and its direct impact on the plant, animal and microorganisms, its importance in the global cycle of MoreBackground and Objective Soil moisture is an important parameter in controlling many processes of the climate system, one of the basic parameters of the environment and its direct impact on the plant, animal and microorganisms, its importance in the global cycle of water, energy and carbon, the energy exchange between air and soil is known for its natural water cycle (especially in the distribution of rain between surface runoff and infiltration) and the management of water and soil resources. Soil moisture plays an important role in the interactive processes between the atmosphere and the earth and global climate change. Triangular and trapezoidal methods combining thermal and visible data are the most commonly used methods for determining the amount of soil surface moisture. The aim of this study is to estimate the surface moisture of the soil (TVDI), by the triangular method in the south of West Azerbaijan province using land temperature index (LST) and vegetation index (NDVI), during 2010, 2014 and 2018. Materials and Methods The present study using MODIS timing series images, NDVI index and LST index, to estimate the surface moisture index (Temperature–Vegetation Dryness Index, TVDI), in three time periods including; the first time period from 1 January 2010 to 30 December 2010 and the second period is from 1 January 2014 to 30 December 2014 and the third period is from 1 January 2018 to 30 December 2018. During each period, 12 images were used on the 15th day of each month. Also, surface moisture was estimated by two methods, one was to establish a high regression relationship and remove the minimum temperature, and the second method was to establish a high and low regression relationship of the pixels. To evaluate the accuracy of these two methods, a regression correlation between the results of these methods with the soil surface moisture content of the Agricultural Jihad (30 points) at a depth of 5 to 15 cm was used. The reason for choosing these three years is due to the difference in high rainfall in some months of the studied years. This study was conducted in the south of the province of West Azerbaijan, which is part of the western region of Iran. Results and Discussion The evaporative triangle diagram consisting of the vegetation index and the surface temperature of the earth in 2010 from January to December month has seen many temperature changes. These same changes in the Earth's surface temperature have caused that the graphs have many changes. During the 2010 year, according to the chart, the maximum temperature was August and the minimum was January, and the maximum vegetation was May and the minimum was December. In 2014, the maximum temperature in August and the minimum in January and the maximum vegetation in May and the minimum in January and also this year were relatively warmer and drier than in 2010. The evaporative triangle chart in 2018 is rainier than the other two years studied, and the amount of vegetation and according to the graphs in this year, the maximum temperature in July and the minimum is January and the maximum vegetation is May and the minimum in January. The surface moisture level of the soil in 2010 for the western region of Iran, which is the maximum moisture level in May and the minimum in August. In most of the 2010 moisture index maps, the maximum humidity in the west and the lowest in the South of this region. The results of the moisture index maps in 2014 this year have been relatively drier than in other years studied. In 2014 has little rainfall and vegetation. Humidity changes this year are lower than in 2010. The maximum and minimum humidity in 2014 was between 0 and 0.6. The maximum humidity is June and the minimum is August. The TVDI moisture index maps for 2018 have had more moisture indicators this year than in the other two years. In 2018, heavy rains caused the vegetation to increase and the ground temperature to decrease, and this has led to an increase in the moisture index compared to 2010 and 2014. In 2018, the vegetation reached 0.89. But in other years it has been studied up to 0.7. This year, the high humidity is in May and the lowest in August. The maximum humidity during this year is in the west and the lower is in the south. The results of the TVDI index for 2010, 2014 and 2018, using the second method, the general results of this method are similar to the first method. Based on the results obtained from the accuracy of both methods, we conclude that the accuracy of the first method is better and generally simpler than the second method. In 2018, in May, according to the first method, the amount of R2 = 0.67, and also according to the second method, the amount of R2 = 0.41. Conclusion Estimation of surface soil moisture is essential for optimal management of water and soil resources. Surface soil moisture is an important variable in the water cycle of nature, which plays an important role in the global balance of water and energy through its impact on hydrological, ecological and meteorological processes. Examination of the two methods used indicates that the first method, which was also used in this research in general, has higher accuracy than the terrestrial fields due to the results of image accuracy. In 2010, the months of May and August, according to the first method are R2 = 0.61 and 0.57. In 2010, the amount of R2 according to terrestrial data and the use of the second method in May and August are R2 = 0.43 and 0.47. Also, in 2018, the value of R2 using the first method in May is 0.66. In 2018, the value of R2 using the second method in May is 0.41. The results of the soil surface moisture index, in this study, showed that this model is able to estimate the amount of soil moisture in large geographical areas with acceptable accuracy. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.26767082.1400.12.1.3.4 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Evaluation of quantitative changes in surface water resources, affected by the earthquake of Sarpol-e-Zahab, using satellite data
Amjad Maleki Ali Khazai Ali AbdolmalekiBackground and Objective Earthquake In addition to the destructive effects of man-made structures, earthquakes also have different effects on surface water resources. Earthquakes always increase or decrease the water flow depending on its intensity, time, direction, and MoreBackground and Objective Earthquake In addition to the destructive effects of man-made structures, earthquakes also have different effects on surface water resources. Earthquakes always increase or decrease the water flow depending on its intensity, time, direction, and profundity. It may even cause the springtime fountain to flow that has dried up over the years. The use of remote evaluation technology in various earth sciences is very common compared to geocentric methods due to the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of images, and its little cost. Also, one of the important and unique capabilities of digital satellite data is its temporal, spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution. These important features of satellite imagery allow for important studies such as the evaluation and monitoring of dynamic phenomena such as quantitative changes in water resources in temporal and spatial dimensions. Because in some cases the information obtained from a sensor alone does not meet the desired needs. Although optical multispectral data provide rich spectral information of various effects, it is significantly affected by environmental factors such as smoke, fog, clouds, and the amount of sunlight. Unlike optical sensors, radar data with virtual aperture (SAR) is independent of different weather and radiation conditions, as well as the sensitivity of its signal, scatter to target parameters such as structure (shape, orientation, size), roughness, and moisture content of the features can provide more information about the study area, but on the other hand, radar images cannot clearly identify the details and edges of objects. Therefore, combining different properties of optics images and radar data using image integration techniques can provide a more complete view of the target and provide higher accuracy and reliability for the results obtained from this method. In the present perusal, in order to achieve the above purpose, using satellite data and the image combination method, the data have been standardized in such a way that they can be used together in the form of a dataset for processing. Materials and Methods Using the method of combining satellite images of quantitative changes of surface water resources, affected by the SARPOL-E-ZAHAB earthquake in the course of 7 days, 11/11/2017 to 17/11/2017, using radar data (S_1A-IW-SLC), With 100 m spatial baseline and Landsat 8 (OLI) optical data, and obtained by applying remote evaluation techniques and indicators to detect changes in water resources, including Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) in ENVI software environment and then analysis in ArcGIS software environment.Results and Discussion : Examination of the results of quantitative changes in surface water resources shows that in the time period of 7 days after the earthquake in the study area, the highest amount of small changes (in a decreasing manner) occurred in dams (HAMMAM Strait and GILANGH-GHARB Dam). As the Strait of HAMMAM dam decreased by 0.13 square meters and the Gilan GHARB dam decreased by 0.07 square meters. Also, small changes occurred in the surface (SARPOL-E-ZAHAB SARAB-GARM) (drinking water source of the region), SIRVAN river and canals), and there were a total of 7523421 square meters of changes in the surface water resources of the study area after the earthquake.Conclusion The earthquake caused the outflow of groundwater and decreased the volume of dams in the region and fed the surface rivers of the region, including (the Sirvan river) and finally caused water loss and in some places caused the drying of springs and Damage to normal living conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Monitoring land use changes and its relationship with land surface temperature and vegetation index in the southern areas of Ardabil province (Case study: Kiwi Chay catchment)
Shirin Mahdavian Batool Zeinali Bromand SalahiBackground and Objective Irregular and unplanned urban expansion is known as urban sprawl and is characterized by low-density, transport-driven development, spreading out over large swathes of land towards the fringes of established urban centers. It is generally held t MoreBackground and Objective Irregular and unplanned urban expansion is known as urban sprawl and is characterized by low-density, transport-driven development, spreading out over large swathes of land towards the fringes of established urban centers. It is generally held that morphological modification of the urban landscape results in rising urban temperatures and the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. The biophysical properties of the urban space are determinants of the local urban climate. When there is significant alteration such as the replacement of vegetation and evaporating surfaces with impervious surfaces, the surface energy budget experiences fluxes which leads to warming at the local scale. Most scientists believe that the Earth's temperature has been rising since the 19th century. Meanwhile, a phenomenon called heat island in metropolitan areas (UHI) has caused a faster rise in temperature in these micro-climates, and in the coming years, the rapid urbanization trend will also increase the slope of temperature rise in cities. According to statistics provided by the United Nations, by 2025, more than 80% of the world's population will live in cities, and this will worsen the situation as cities become warmer. Surface temperature (LST) is one of the most important environmental parameters that is affected by land use change. The purpose of this study is to analyze the land use change in the two periods of 1987 and 2019, to estimate and study the changes in LST and NDVI in the same period, and to analyze the impact of land use change in LST and NDVI and the relationship between all three parameters.Materials and Methods In this study, Landsat 8 satellite images were used from the OLI sensor to extract the land use map and vegetation index, and the TIRS sensor was used to extract ground surface temperature for 2019 also Landsat 5 OLI sensor image was used to prepare land use map and vegetation index. Using visible, near-infrared, and infrared bands, the TM sensor was used to extract the surface temperature using thermal bands for 1987. Ecognition software was used to classify the object. Error matrices and related statistics (overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, user and Producer accuracy of each class) were used to evaluate the classification accuracy. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between LST and NDVI, and the Contribution index was used to evaluate the impact of land use on surface temperature.Results and Discussion Investigating land use changes and their relationship with land surface temperature and vegetation index requires determining the type of land use and accurate estimation of land surface temperature and vegetation index. Preparing a satisfied land use map using Landsat satellite images and applying the object classification method Oriented has a relatively high accuracy. The accuracy of land use map classification in 1987, 82.5, and in 2019, 96.1 shows the high accuracy of the land use classification method and land use map. The study of land use changes in 1987 and 2019 in the Givi Chay catchment showed that rangeland use with an area of 1224.18 and 10469.59 square kilometers is the dominant land use, while in 1987, residential use with an area of 66.63 square kilometers and in 2019, water use with an area of 3.77 square kilometers had the lowest area. Also, the most modified use of rangeland use was dryland agriculture (181 square kilometers), which indicates the destruction of rangelands. The results of surface temperature during the 33-year period were evaluated which showed that the average surface temperature in 1987 from 28.39 °C to 38.86 °C and in 2019 from 34.35 °C to 46.62. The temperature has increased so that the average temperature of the whole study area in 33 years has increased by about 7.11 degrees Celsius. This indicates the urban development in the study area. The highest temperature recorded in both periods belongs to dryland agricultural use (38.86 and 46.62 ° C, respectively), which indicates the concentration of heat in these areas. Dryness and harvest at this time can be the main cause of high temperatures of this use. Garden, forest, and water uses showed lower surface temperatures in both periods than other uses. Vegetation areas due to evapotranspiration have a temperature-moderating role and have areas with a minimum temperature in both periods. Water use also has a great effect on reducing the temperature due to its high heat capacity. The use of residential areas compared to rainfed and pasture agricultural uses showed a lower temperature, which can be due to the existence of parks, and gardens that cause evaporation and cooling of the city, as well as factors such as roofing, felt in The reflection of radiant energy has a great share. Rangeland use had high temperatures (36.57 and 44.81 °C, respectively) in both years under study. The reason for the high temperature of this land, according to the study season, which is late June and early July, is an increase in areas free of vegetation or vegetation that is small and scattered. There was also a large negative correlation between LST and NDVI in the two study periods. Rainfed and rangeland agriculture with higher LST have lower NDVI, while vegetation and water have higher NDVI. Aquatic agricultural use, which was mostly observed in the areas around the Givi Chai River, showed lower temperatures due to the presence of moisture and evapotranspiration due to vegetation density. In the study area, suburban areas (gardens) and irrigated arable lands along the Givi Chai River and forests have the highest amount of vegetation index (NDVI) due to their relatively high green biomass, while irrigated areas, rainfed lands, Residential areas, and pastures have the lowest vegetation index. The results of vegetation index analysis for each land use class showed that forests, rainfed agriculture, and rangelands with the highest LST values and the lowest NDVI values while the lowest LST values and higher NDVI values were observed in forest and garden classes. Replacement of vegetation and forests with residential areas causes the conversion of wet soils to impenetrable surfaces, which leads to reduced surface evaporation. Absorbed solar radiation is converted to heat and reflected with higher values of LST. Increased vegetation has reduced the earth's surface temperature, and this is due to the fact that more vegetation leads to more evapotranspiration and transfer of part of the temperature and cooling of the earth's surface. Finally, the calculation of the participation index for each land use class in 1987 and 2019 showed that dryland agricultural use in 1987 and rangeland use in 2019 had the largest share in increasing surface temperature in the study area. According to the time of the selected images, the main reason for this participation can also be attributed to the time of harvest of dryland agricultural products and drying of pastures.Conclusion The results confirm the increase in surface temperature between different land use classes. Rangeland and dry agricultural uses showed higher LST values compared to forests and irrigated agriculture and water areas. High-temperature areas also had low NDVI values. Conversely, low-temperature areas such as vegetation and water had higher NDVI values. In addition, a high negative correlation was observed between LST and NDVI in both study periods. It has also been shown that rangeland and irrigated agriculture have a positive effect on LST, while forests and water have a cooling or moderating effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Vegetation classification based on wetland index using object based classification of satellite images (Case study: Anzali wetland)
Maryam Haghighi Khomami Mohammad Javad Tajaddod Mokaram Ravanbakhsh Fariborz Jamalzad FallahBackground and ObjectiveRecently, a lot of studies have been done in Anzali wetland as one of the most important wetlands of Ramsar Convention, which has a high cost due to the nature and geographical location of the wetland. Advances in technology have made it possible MoreBackground and ObjectiveRecently, a lot of studies have been done in Anzali wetland as one of the most important wetlands of Ramsar Convention, which has a high cost due to the nature and geographical location of the wetland. Advances in technology have made it possible to evaluate natural environments more accurately, fast, and low cost with remote sensing data due to their easy accessibility, high accuracy, extensive and reproducible coverage in terms of time and space, and information extraction in a relatively short time. Because one of the most important problems in studying vegetation changes is the lack of accurate spatial information over time. Satellite imagery and remote sensing technology make it possible to achieve a better program for environmental management by relying on the information produced by it. In this study, the vegetation classification of Anzali wetland was done by using the technique of Object base classifications of Landsat image incorporation with fieldwork based on the wetland index of plants as well as the vegetation index (NDVI) of the study area were analyzed. Wetland vegetation classification maps can be used to identify the amount and type of cover and planning to maintain and rehabilitate the wetland. Materials and Methods In this study, a vegetation map based on the wetland index is considered as one of the required criteria for ecological demarcation of wetlands. First, the general vegetation areas of the wetland on the coast and around it were identified. Then, vegetation data of wetland aquatic species were collected from different wetland areas in 0.25 m2 plots. In the land margin area, the wetland species of the wetland margin were collected with a 1 m2 plot. A total of 42 plots were collected during the spring and summer of 2019. After preparing the required images, their preprocessing including geometric, atmospheric, radiometric corrections and image enhancement were performed using ENVI. Landsat 8 Image on July 29, 1998, with a spatial resolution of 30 meters was used to classify vegetation and prepare a map of vegetation index (NDVI) and image of Sentinel-2 satellite (July 98) due to 10 m of the ground resolution was used to combine with Landsat 8 data as auxiliary data in image classification. The combining of these two images improves the spatial resolution also preserves the spectral values of the multispectral image. The object-based classification was performed on the integrated Landsat 8 image using training data from field work. The classification accuracy was evaluated for each class using experimental samples as ground control points and the classification error matrix was extracted. Results and Discussion First, the dominant plants and representatives of their wetland index were identified by field work. Then, the relative percentage of dominant plant cover at the sampling site was calculated according to the standard list of identified plant species, and Plants were divided into two groups of wetland and non-wetland based on the wetland index. From the classification of plot species in 42 plots, 180 plant species were identified in 124 genera and 48 families. Also, four groups of wetland plants were: obligate wetland plants (OBL), facultative and obligate wetland plants (OBL & FACW), facultative upland, and facultative wetland plants (FACU & FACW), and facultative wetland plants (FACW). A vegetation map was prepared from a combination of terrestrial samples and object base classification of the 2019 Landsat satellite OLI image sensor. The accuracy of the classified maps was evaluated based on the kappa coefficient and overall accuracy. The overall accuracy is 88.62% and the kappa coefficient is 84%. The Plant distribution was determined based on satellite image classification: OBL plants were observed in the water zone (west and Sorkhankol wetland margin), FACW plants were observed mostly in the dry margin and mainly in the southwest of the wetland (Siahkeshim wetland) and Choukam Wildlife Sanctuary in the eastern part of the wetland, OBL & FACW group with less uniform distribution was observed in the whole area and FACU & FACW group was observed in a small part in Choukam, north, and northwest of the wetland. The percentage of vegetation density map retrieved from the NDVI index shows the distribution of dense vegetation cover in different parts of the wetland and the limitation of the water level of the wetland bed. Conclusion The results of the satellite imagery study and their classification according to terrestrial samples showed that the spread and dispersal of obligate wetland species (OBL) were limited to water parts of the wetlands so that the highest distribution of these plants were in the west of the Anzali wetland and Sorkhankol. The spread of facultative wetland species (FACW) was in the arid areas of the wetland, which indicates the upland areas of the wetland in Siahkeshim (southwest) and Choukam (east). The result of image classification showed the percentage of plant group in each class: the agricultural class (with a present level of 23.9%) and the group of facultative species (FACW) (with a present level of 23.6% and mostly Phragmites, Alnus, and Salix species) have the top percentage of image classification classes of Anzali Wetland. This indicates more presence of facultative species compared to obligate species of wetland (OBL) (with a present level of 10.1%) and the level of agricultural land occupation, showed the wetland drying. The percentage of vegetation at the wetland level was assessed with the vegetation index (NDVI), most of which belongs to dense vegetation. Due to the fact that the satellite image is related to the summer season, this map shows the distribution of vegetation in different parts and the water level of the wetland bed, which has reduced the amount of water levels in the wetland. Periodic review of vegetation and its ecological changes provides useful information on changes in the water and ecological resources of the wetland to plan for its maintenance as an important ecosystem in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Determining the desertification intensity based on spectral indices using Sentinel-2 images (Case study: Sistan and Baluchestan province)
Farhad Zolfaghari Vahideh AbdollahiBackground and Objective Different vegetation covers have different albedo levels. On the other hand, surface albedo is one of the most important components of surface radiation balance, which can be used to identify severely degraded and desertified regions. Vegetation MoreBackground and Objective Different vegetation covers have different albedo levels. On the other hand, surface albedo is one of the most important components of surface radiation balance, which can be used to identify severely degraded and desertified regions. Vegetation can be considered as one of the most important key components in arid regions to reduce the effects of erosion and desertification due to the effects of vegetation for land surface stability. Expansion of desertification and also changes in vegetation cover, could be change the surface Albedo. The purpose of this study is to determine the desertification intensity based on spectral indices, Albedo, Topsoil Grain Size Index (TGSI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using remote sensing technology. Identification the damaged areas with the lowest cost in the shortest time, using Sentinel-2 images with a spatial resolution of 10 meters is one of the objectives of this study. Also, this study will introduce the best indicator for monitoring desertification intensity in arid regions for the first time in the Sistan and Baluchestan region based on spectral indices using Sentinel-2 images.Materials and Methods The following steps were performed to evaluate the intensity of desertification and identify the appropriate indicator in order to mapping the desertification intensity: 1) Selection the images and perform image preprocessing operations using SNAP software; 2) Calculation of TGSI, NDVI and Albedo indices; 3) Investigation the correlation between indices using SPSS®24 software. 4) Preparation of desertification intensity map of the region and obtaining the equation of desertification intensity using ArcGIS®10.3 software. In the first step of this research, Sentinel-2A satellite data related to MSIL-1C sensor was selected on August 20, 2020. The images were selected in such a way that the growing season of the plants is not annual and temporary, and also the day was selected when there is no cloud cover. The required images were downloaded and used from the URL address: http://scihub.copernicus.eu/. Results and Discussion The results of linear regression between NDVI and Albedo indices showed that, these two indices had negative correlation, and the correlation coefficient in Souran and Zabol was 0.76 and 0.63, respectively. The results showed that with increasing NDVI, decreased of the albedo index occurred. Also, the results of linear regression model showed strong and positive relationship between TGSI and Albedo indices, as the correlation coefficient of Souran and Zabol was 0.78 and 0.81, respectively. The results showed that the TGSI and the albedo simultaneously decreased or increased. Desertification intensity in the study areas was determined based on the equation I= a × Index ± Albedo and also by using Natural Breaks (Jenks) method in ArcGIS software, desertification intensity of study areas classified to 5 degrees, 1. Without desertification, 2. Low desertification, 3. Moderate desertification, 4. Severe desertification, and 5. Extremely desertification. In this study Albedo, NDVI and TGSI indices were extracted based on Sentinel-2 satellite data. The results of linear regression between NDVI and Albedo showed that there is strong negative relationship between these indices that was consistent with the results of similar studies. The high and negative correlation, means that any increase in the vegetation cover will lead to decrease the Albedo. On the other hands the areas with high Albedo, indicate degradation of vegetation cover and bare soil. In the regions with sever desertification intensity, the value of surface Albedo was high and the vegetation cover was low. Classification of desertification intensity in Sistan region based on Albedo-NDVI model showed that 27.73% of the area were in the class of without desertification intensity, 18.03% in the low class, 32.92% in the moderate class, 20.3% were in the severe class and only 1.02% of the area were in the very severe desertification intensity class. Also, the classification of desertification intensity in Souran based on Albedo-NDVI model showed 4.82% of the area without desertification, 8.44% in low class, 50.97% in moderate class, 34.48% in severe class and 1.3% of the area were in very severe desertification class. The highest percentage of desertification intensity of the area were in the moderate class. The results of linear regression between TGSI and Albedo indices also showed that there is a positive and strong relationship between these indices. The results showed that the relationship between TGSI and Albedo indices was stronger than the relationship between NDVI and Albedo indices and in both regions the correlation coefficient was higher. One of the main reasons for this is the dispersion of vegetation cover in arid areas. The relationship between TGSI and Albedo better shows the spatial characteristics of vegetation-free areas as well as areas with very low vegetation cover to determine the intensity of desertification. The TGSI index reflects the coarse particle size of the topsoil, which has a positive relationship with the fine sand content of the topsoil. Whatever the larger particle size of the topsoil, will have the greater desertification intensity. In the areas where the content of fine sand in the topsoil is high, the high range of TGSI index will be seen.Conclusion In this study, using Sentinel-2 multispectral images and remote sensing technique, we extracted the intensity of desertification in different arid regions of the Sistan and Baluchestan province, for the first time in Iran. Based on the spectral reflection that occurred from the ground and the spatial resolution of 10 meters, we studied the intensity of desertification in two areas. Based on the results of this research, we suggest to use the combination of Albedo-NDVI and Albedo-TGSI models in order to monitoring the desertification intensity in arid regions of Iran. The results of this study showed that areas without desertification and low intensity of desertification are better identified based on Albedo-TGSI model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Assessment of spatial changes and the effect of climatic elements affecting the occurrence of dust phenomenon in two sources inside and outside by remote sensing technique
Sedigheh Iosefi Hossein Gharehdaghi Marzieh RezaieIran's location in the desert belt of the northern hemisphere, rainfall irregularities, multiple droughts and poor vegetation have caused the phenomenon of dust in the country. This phenomenon is one of the most important environmental hazards that causes a lot of damag MoreIran's location in the desert belt of the northern hemisphere, rainfall irregularities, multiple droughts and poor vegetation have caused the phenomenon of dust in the country. This phenomenon is one of the most important environmental hazards that causes a lot of damage every year in different parts, especially in the southern and southwestern provinces of the country. The present study investigates the causes of dust storms in Hormozgan province in the period from 2002 to 2009. In this study, which was conducted using the statistics of the Meteorological Organization of Iran in five synoptic stations of Hormozgan province, dust days with two sources near and outside the synoptic stations were extracted and after annual and monthly monitoring of storms, using climatic elements. And Plant Index (EVI) was investigated for dust storms using multivariate regression. The results show that dust with a source close to the station causes the most dust days in the region, so that more than 65% of dust days caused by dust originates near the station and the most occurrence of dust occurred in the warm season. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the simultaneous use of ground measurements and satellite images has a good ability to monitor and investigate dust storms. Due to the fact that most of the dust in this area is close to the station, it is possible to reduce the significant volume of these storms by biological and mechanical measures and to deal with wind erosion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - The effect of land use change/land cover on land surface temperature in the coastal area of Bushehr
Fazel Amiri Tayebeh TabatabaieBackground and Objective Urbanization accelerates the ecological stress by warming the local or global cities for a large extent. Many urban areas are suffering from huge land conversion and resultant new heat zones. Remote sensing techniques are significantly effective MoreBackground and Objective Urbanization accelerates the ecological stress by warming the local or global cities for a large extent. Many urban areas are suffering from huge land conversion and resultant new heat zones. Remote sensing techniques are significantly effective in detecting the land use/land cover (LULC) change and its consequences. Several satellite sensors are capable to identify these change zones by using their visible and near-infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands. Apart from the conventional LULC classification algorithms, some spectral indices are used in detecting specific land features. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can be considered the most applied spectral index in this scenario. NDVI is a dominant factor in LST derivation processes and is used invariably in any LST-related study. NDVI is directly used in the determination of land surface emissivity and thus is a significant factor for LST estimation. It also determines the LULC categories by its optimum threshold limits in the different physical environments. Being a vegetation index, NDVI depends largely on seasonal variation. Hence, LST is also regulated by the change of seasons. Thus, seasonal evaluation of LST and NDVI is an important task in LST mapping and monitoring, especially in an urban landscape. In this research, LST and NDVI in August in the coastal lands of Bushehr are investigated using Landsat satellite images for the years 1990, 2005 and 2020. The LULC map was obtained with suitable threshold values of NDVI. The objectives of this study are; 1) to analyze the temporal changes of the LST spatial distribution pattern in the study area, 2) to determine the spatial-temporal changes of the LST-NDVI relationship for the whole studied land, and 3) to investigate the spatial-temporal changes of the LST relationship - NDVI in different types of land use/cover.Materials and Methods The land study area of Bushehr city, which is on the northern coast of the Persian Gulf, with dimensions of 20 × 8 km2 an area of 1011.5 km2 and with an average minimum temperature of 18.1 oC and an average maximum temperature of 33 oC, relative humidity between 58-75% and the average annual rainfall is 272 mm. The data used in this research include; Landsat 8 (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sounder (TIRS) data in 2020; 2005 ETM+ data, and 1990 TM data downloaded from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) (https://earth explorer.usgs.gov). The Landsat 8 TIRS instrument has two TIR bands (bands 10 and 11), in which band 11 has calibration uncertainty. Therefore, only TIR band 10 (100 m resolution) is recommended for the present study. The 10 TIR band was converted to a pixel size of 30 × 30 meters by the USGS cubic convolution method. Landsat 5 TM data has only one TIR thermal infrared band (band 6) with 120 m resolution, which was also converted by USGS to 30 × 30 m pixel size by cubic convolution method. For Landsat TM and ETM+ data, the spatial resolution of 30 m visible to near-infrared (VNIR) bands was used. The maximum likelihood classification method was applied to validate NDVI threshold-based LULC classification. In this study, the mono-window algorithm was applied to retrieve LST from multi-temporal Landsat satellite sensors. NDVI can extract different types of LULC by using the optimum threshold values. These threshold values can differ with respect to the differences in the physical environment. The NDVI threshold limits were applied to the images to extract the different LULC types.Results and Discussion The overall accuracy values of the LULC classification were 73.6%, 83.9%, and 84.6% in 1990, 2005, and 2020, respectively. The kappa coefficients for the LULC classification were 0.77, 0.80, and 0.84 in 1990, 2005, and 2020, respectively. In the present study, the average overall accuracy and average kappa coefficient were 80.7% and 0.80, respectively. Thus, the NDVI threshold method-based LULC classification was significantly validated. The results of this research showed a gradual rising (1.4 °C during 1990–2005 and 2 °C during 2005–2020) of LST during the whole period of study. The mean LST value for three study years was the lowest (30.86 °C) on green vegetation and the highest (49.07 °C) on bare land and built-up areas. The spatial distribution of NDVI and LST reflects an inverse relationship. The best (-0.97) and the least (-0.80) correlation, respectively, whereas a moderate (-0.89) correlation was noticed. This LST-NDVI correlation was strong negative (-0.80) on the vegetation surface. The LST is greatly controlled by land-use characteristics.Conclusion The present study analyzes the spatial, and temporal relationship of LST and NDVI in Bushehr coastal lands using 3 Landsat data sets for 1990, 2005, and 2020. The mono-window algorithm was applied in deriving LST. In general, the results showed that LST is inversely related to NDVI, irrespective of any year. The presence of vegetation is the main responsible factor for high negativity. The LST-NDVI relationship varies for specific LULC types. The green area presents a strong negative (-0.80) regression. The mean LST of the study area was increased by 3.4 °C during 1990-2020. The conversion of other lands into the built-up area and bare land influences a lot on the mean LST of the city. Both the changed and unchanged built-up area and bare land suffer from the increasing trend of LST. This study can be used as a reference for land use and environmental planning on coastal land. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Modeling of Aboveground Carbon stock using Sentinel -1, 2 satellite Imagery and Parametric and Nonparametric Relationships (Case Study: District 3 of Sangdeh Forests)
Seyed Mahdi Rezaei Sangdehi Asghar Fallah Homan Latifi Nastaran NazarianiIn this study, the goal is; Find suitable statistical and experimental models for estimating ground carbon storage by combining spectral and radar data from Sentinel 1, 2. There are 150 random circular samples with an area of 10 acres and a total of 150 samples. With gl MoreIn this study, the goal is; Find suitable statistical and experimental models for estimating ground carbon storage by combining spectral and radar data from Sentinel 1, 2. There are 150 random circular samples with an area of 10 acres and a total of 150 samples. With global coverage, all height classes were selected. Species of species type, the total height of trees, and diameter equal to the chest of trees with more than 7.5 cm were recorded in each sample plot. After that, the amount of biomass at the surface of the sample parts was calculated based on the FAO global model and the amount of carbon storage on the ground by applying a coefficient. Radar and spectral images were subjected to various preprocessing operations and necessary processing. Then, the numerical values corresponding to the ground sample plots were extracted from the spectral bands and considered as independent variables. Modeling was performed by non-parametric methods of RF, SVM, kNN, and parametric methods of multiple linear regressions. The results showed that the average ground biomass was 469.07 tons per hectare and carbon storage was 234.53 tons per hectare. Also, the highest correlation was obtained between the main and artificial bands with the two characteristics related to the near-infrared band. The results of modeling validation showed the combination of optical and radar data of Sentinel 1, 2 satellites with biomass and surface carbon storage; Random forest method with the RMSE%, and percentage of bias. The studied characteristics (32.79, -2.24) and (30.79 and 0.01), respectively, have had a better performance in modeling. In general, the results obtained from the validation showed that in estimating the two characteristics the RF method showed better results if the Sentinel 1, 2 data were combined, and in contrast to the SVM. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Monitoring of vegetation changes using daily Landsat-Modis simulated images at in three years of wet, normal and drought in arid region (Case study: Nimroze city)
Moien Jahantigh Mansour JahantighBackground and Objective land degradation and desertification in arid areas are the most important environmental challenges in the world. This process due to the lack of precipitation and the occurrence of drought, while the unreasonable exploitation of natural and agri MoreBackground and Objective land degradation and desertification in arid areas are the most important environmental challenges in the world. This process due to the lack of precipitation and the occurrence of drought, while the unreasonable exploitation of natural and agricultural areas with increasing demand to provide human food needs, affects various environmental and socio-economic dimensions. So, the continuation of this condition during recent years with the destruction of vegetation and soil, wind and water erosion, soil salinity, soil compaction, and declining groundwater aquifers have significant consequences for the production of agricultural products and biodiversity in an arid region. Since the pattern and dimensions of vegetation changes are the most important factors in detecting land degradation, monitoring the vegetation changes is the best approach to analyzing land degrading and desertification trends in an arid region. Therefore, according to the capabilities of remote sensing data due to the wide coverage and multi-timed, the use of satellite imagery to monitor vegetation changes by using vegetation index is one of the best methods that developed in recent years. Moreover, concurrent access to high spatial and temporal resolution imageries is one of the important factors that affect the monitoring of vegetation changes. To achieve this goal, It needs to incorporate different satellites with high spatial (e.g., Landsat satellite) and temporal (e.g., MODIS satellite) images. The purpose of this study is the monitoring vegetation changes using daily Landsat simulated images at 30 m Spatial Resolution in three years of wet, normal, and drought in the Nimroze area.Materials and Methods The study area is located in the north of the Sistan and Baluchistan provinces. Low precipitation (50 mm), high temperature (48 oC), high evaporation (5 m), and 120-day winds are among the specific climatic conditions that characterize this region. In this study, at first, the hydrological drought status of the Hirmand River was investigated. Using the Hydrostats package in R software, the amount of threshold of flood by running the related codes (by running codes such: daily.cv, ann.cv, high. spell, and low. spell) during the statistical period of study (29 years) was calculated. To determine wet, normal, and drought years calculated the length of periods that flood is higher (high. spell. lengths) and lower (low. spell. lengths) than the threshold. To increase the accuracy of monitoring vegetation changes, it needs to incorporate different satellites with high spatial (e.g., Landsat) and temporal (e.g., MODIS) images. To achieve this purpose, in this study, the Enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM) was evaluated with actual satellite data (OLI, ETM+, TM image). For this purpose at first, pre-processing (geometric, radiometric, and atmospheric correction) was performed on satellite images, and by using the ESTRFM model, simulated daily Landsat images at 30 m spatial resolution for wet, normal, and drought years. In-field operations from different plant communities by GPS were sampled. Comparing filed data with the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), the vegetation index that had the highest correlation with field data was selected. To investigate vegetation changes, using the vegetation index (the vegetation index with high correlation), the map of vegetation for each year was prepared (wet, normal, and drought years). After the classification maps of vegetation, by comparison, approach (cross tab), the map of vegetation changes was extracted.Results and Discussion The results of analyzing wet and dry periods showed that, flood volume in dry years compare to normal and wet years decreased 31 and 82 percentages, respectively. To incorporation MODIS and Landsat (OLI, ETM+, TM) Images, using enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM), finding indicate that this model improves the accuracy of predicted fine-resolution reflectance and preserves spatial details for heterogeneous landscapes too. So that the mean coefficient of determination (R2) of blue, green, red and near-infrared estimation bands with actual satellite images data is 0.91, 0.89, 0.92 and 0.91 respectively. Also the average Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) in four bands obtained 0.01, 0.027, 0.028 and 0.031 successively. Comparing the obtained field data with the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), indicate that SAVI index has the highest correlation (R2= 87) with vegetation of study region. By calculate the regression model (using SAVI and field data) and classify the vegetation maps of wet, normal and drought years, 6 class obtained (class1=0-10%, class2=20-10%, class3=20-30%, class4=40-50%, class5=60-80% and class6=>80%). The results of investigation vegetation changes indicate that during the drought period 70% of study area has less than 10% vegetation (equal to 138176.3 hectares) and during normal and wet years by increasing vegetation, this area decreased by 30 and 48% respectively (equal to 66269.98 and 50559.7 hectares, respectively). According to the results during the study period, the most vegetation changes is relate to conversion of class 1 to class 2 (equivalent to 48.5%). moreover 18 and 27% of vegetation changes relate to class 1 and 2 to class 4 and 5 respectively (equal to 16284.26 and 11471.88 hectares, respectively). Also the finding indicates that the most vegetation changes occurrence in wetland-forest (28%), forest-rangeland (21%) and poor rangeland (19%) land uses respectively. Field study also showed that, the most important plant species that grows in this land-use such as the results of analyzing wet and dry periods showed that flood volume in dry years compare to normal and wet years decreased by 31 and 82 percent, respectively. To incorporation MODIS and Landsat (OLI, ETM+, TM) Images, using enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM), the finding indicates that this model improves the accuracy of predicted fine-resolution reflectance and preserves spatial details for heterogeneous landscapes too. So that the mean coefficient of determination (R2) of blue, green, red, and near-infrared estimation bands with actual satellite images data is 0.91, 0.89, 0.92, and 0.91 respectively. Also, the average Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) in four bands obtained 0.01, 0.027, 0.028, and 0.031 successively. Comparing the obtained field data with the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), indicate that the SAVI index has the highest correlation (R2=87) with the vegetation of the study region. By calculating the regression model (using SAVI and field data) and classifying the vegetation maps of wet, normal, and drought years, 6 classes obtained (class1=0-10%, class2=20-10%, class3=20-30%, class 4=40-50%, class5=60-80% and class6=>80%). The results of the investigation of vegetation changes indicate that during the drought period, 70% of the study area has less than 10% vegetation (equal to 138176.3 hectares) and during normal and wet years by increasing vegetation, this area decreased by 30 and 48% respectively (equal to 66269.98 and 50559.7 hectares, respectively). According to the results during the study period, most vegetation changes are related to the conversion of class 1 to class 2 (equivalent to 48.5%). moreover, 18 and 27% of vegetation changes relate to class 1 and 2 to class 4 and 5 respectively (equal to 16284.26 and 11471.88 hectares, respectively). Also, the finding indicates that the most vegetation changes occur in wetland-forest (28%), forest-rangeland (21%), and poor rangeland (19%) land use respectively. The field study also showed that the most important plant species that grow in this land use such as Aeluropus littoralis, Chenopodiace sp, Tamarix aphylla, Haloxylon aphylum are adaptive to climatic regime in study area.Conclusion In this research for the first time in the Nimroz region of Sistan Vegetation changes were studied using Landsat simulated images during periods of low water, normal, and high water years. Due to low rainfall and harsh climate in the study area, floods in the Helmand River are the only source of water supply required in the study area. The results of analyzing wet and dry periods showed that flood volume in dry years compared to normal and wet years has decreased by 31 and 82, respectively. According to the reduction of flood volume during a drought year, 70% of the study area has poor vegetation and during normal and wet years, providing plants with water needs and increasing vegetation, this area had decreased by 30% and 48%, respectively. According to the results of this study, change in hydrological conditions of the Hirmand River has a significant role in vegetation changes in the study area by using simulated images with high spatial and temporal resolution can improve the accuracy of monitoring vegetation changes to control and management the desertification in Sistan area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Vegetation Vulnerability Probability Index: A Method for Determining Desertification Risk
Esmail Heydari Alamdarloo Pouyan Dehghan Rahimabadi Hassan Khosravi Javad Rafie Sharifabad Hassan BarabadiDetermining desertification risk can be a good way to prioritize an area for management and control of the desertification process. One determinant of desertification risk is the use of the Probability of Vegetation Vulnerability Index (PVVI). For this purpose, in this MoreDetermining desertification risk can be a good way to prioritize an area for management and control of the desertification process. One determinant of desertification risk is the use of the Probability of Vegetation Vulnerability Index (PVVI). For this purpose, in this study, LST and EVI of MOD11A2 and MOD13A2 products, respectively, from MODIS sensors were used to calculate TCI and VCI to estimate VHI in Yazd province from 2001 to 2019. VHI, which indicates the severity of drought, was classified into five classes. Then, the probability of occurrence for each class was calculated and multiplied by the weight of each class, which was between zero and 4 based on the severity of the drought. Finally, by adding the values obtained for each class, PVVI was calculated. The results showed that in the western, eastern, and southern parts of Yazd province, the risk of vegetation degradation and consequent desertification is generally higher than in other areas. The highest probability of Non-drought class occurs in Abarkooh (VHI = 68.34) and the lowest is in Ardakan (VHI = 53.59). Abarkooh with 14.03% and Ardakan with 46.02% have the lowest and the highest areas in the high class of PVVI. Also desert areas and uncovered lands, such as Abarkuh, were at low risk of desertification, which could be due to the ecological inability of this area to regenerate the vegetation cover. In general, the evaluation of the results obtained in this study showed that PVVI can distinguish real deserts from the areas that are at risk of desertification. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Development trend analysis of urban heat island regarding land use/cover changes using time series of landSat images
Sirous Hashemi Dareh Badami Isar Nouraeisefat Saeid Karimi Sajad NazariUsing time series of satellite images is a cheap and efficient way to study trend changes of natural and human phenomena. The aim of the studyis to analyze the development of Urban Heat Iisland (UHI) in Rasht using time series satellite images. For this study, time seri MoreUsing time series of satellite images is a cheap and efficient way to study trend changes of natural and human phenomena. The aim of the studyis to analyze the development of Urban Heat Iisland (UHI) in Rasht using time series satellite images. For this study, time series of LandSat images during 1990 and 2015 were used. Thresholding Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Fraction Vegetation Cover (FVC) method has been applied to obtain the land surface emissivity; in addition, Planck's law for TM and ETM+ images and Split Window (SW) algorithm for OLI/TIRS images were utilized in order to retrieve land surface temperature. UHI and FVC trends were analyzed by statistical and Mann-Kendall methods. Statistical analysis showed that the average of FVC has decreased during the study periodand data skewness has changed to low FVC. The reduction trendhas increased FVC caused an average normalized temperature during the study period and also enhanced the data skewness of land surface temperature. The Mann-Kendall spatial analysis showed that in most of the study area, the land surface temperature and vegetation fraction haveincreased and decreasing trends, respectively; these mentioned trends have been intensified in the places where gardens and agricultural land uses were changed into built-up ones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Analysis relation of vegetation cover on the number of dust event in Khorasan Razavi using geographic information system and remote sensing
Sima Pourhashemi Mehdi Boroghani Mohammad Ali Zangane Asadi Abolghasem Amir AhmadiDust phenomenon is one of the climatic hazards in arid and semi-arid regions of the world that usually brings damages to human life and properties. In recent decades due to long droughts in Iran, the number of dust event increased and affected many cities and villages. MoreDust phenomenon is one of the climatic hazards in arid and semi-arid regions of the world that usually brings damages to human life and properties. In recent decades due to long droughts in Iran, the number of dust event increased and affected many cities and villages. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vegetation and relationship with dust events in Khorasan Razavi province during 2004-2013 using Geographic information system (GIS) and Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The data of dusty days in the region synoptic stations were provided from Meteorological Organization and the frequency of dusty days in different seasons were determined. Using the method of Normal Kriging in GIS, dusty days were zoned in the province. Vegetation map area, were provided using MODIS image in ENVI®4.8 software. The results showed closed relations between the number of dust event and vegetation distribution. In addition, decreasing of vegetations caused the increasing of the number of dust event. Results showed the number of dust event increased during the recent years and in 2008 and 2005 were recorded as the most and the least number of dust event respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Evaluation of surface temperature in relation to land use/cover using remote sensing data
Behrouz Ahmadi Ardavan Ghorbani Taher Safarrad Behrouz SobhaniThis study aimed to evaluate land surface temperature in relation to vegetation and urban land use using remote sensing data within the city of Ardabil and urban margin of up to 15km radius, using 2010 Landsat TM image, after preprocessing, such as data preparation, rad MoreThis study aimed to evaluate land surface temperature in relation to vegetation and urban land use using remote sensing data within the city of Ardabil and urban margin of up to 15km radius, using 2010 Landsat TM image, after preprocessing, such as data preparation, radiometric and geometric correction, which was performed using ENVI®4.7 software. Then for measuring the surface temperature, the thermal band of an image using relevant equations for converting digital numbers to radiance and radiance to brightness temperature was used. In the next step for calculating emissivity the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) index was used and finally land use map in six classes using supervised classification method were extracted from the image. For extracting the vegetation fraction the Dimidiate model was used. To assess the accuracy of surface temperature extracted from the image, hourly data from 4 weather stations was used and to reconcile these data with each other, a simple regression equation was used. Results show that the coefficient of relationship between land surface temperature (derived from the image) and air temperature recorded at the stations was 0.79 and the correlation between recorded air temperature of stations and derived air temperature from the image was obtained 0.99. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - ارزیابی توسعه ی شهری اصفهان و نقش آن در روند تغییرات پوشش گیاهی محیط شهری
خلیل علی نژاد محمد ابراهیم عفیفی مرضیه موغلی -
Open Access Article
60 - ارزیابی روش های آشکارسازی تغییرات پوشش گیاهی و پهنه آبی تالاب‌های چغاخور و سولگان
سید امید میرمحمدصادقی محمد نبویان پور سلمان یزدانی شیدا محمدیفردتالاب­ها یکی از مهم‌ترین سرمایه­های محیط‌زیستی هستند که اطلاع از تغییرات آنها نقش اساسی در مدیریت آنها دارد. از میان نگرانی‌ها در زمینه تغییرات محیط‌زیست و اکوسیستم تالابها، مسائل مربوط به تغییر کاربری و پوشش‌گیاهی طی زمان به طور فزاینده‌ای مهم تلقی شده‌اند. در Moreتالاب­ها یکی از مهم‌ترین سرمایه­های محیط‌زیستی هستند که اطلاع از تغییرات آنها نقش اساسی در مدیریت آنها دارد. از میان نگرانی‌ها در زمینه تغییرات محیط‌زیست و اکوسیستم تالابها، مسائل مربوط به تغییر کاربری و پوشش‌گیاهی طی زمان به طور فزاینده‌ای مهم تلقی شده‌اند. در همین راستا روش­های سنجش از دور ابزاری قدرتمند برای بررسی پایش تغییرات به‌حساب می‌آیند که با سرعت و دقت مناسبی تغییرات کاربری اراضی را در سطوح وسیعی مورد ارزیابی قرار داده و تغییرات را آشکار می‌نماید. به‌منظور آشکارسازی تغییرات پوشش‌گیاهی در سه تالاب چغاخور، سولگان غربی و سولگان شرقی، سه تصویر ماهواره لندست مربوط به سال‌های 2002، 2015 و 2018 انتخاب و روشهای آشکارسازی تفاضل تصویر، تفاضل پوشش‌گیاهی و تسلد کپ بر روی آنها پیاده‌سازی شد. سپس دقت روشهای مذکور از طریق طبقهبندی تصاویر به روش حداکثر احتمال و تعیین آستانه تغییرات مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد روش تسلدکپ با دقت کل و ضریب کاپای 34/88 و 83/0 نسبت به دو روش دیگر توانسته است تغییرات را به‌خوبی آشکارسازی نماید. بر اساس آستانه تعیین شده، تغییرات افزایشی مربوط به اراضی کشاورزی، باغات و کشت دیم بوده که از سال 2002 تا سال 2015، تغییرات افزایشی فقط 66/23 درصد بوده‌اند؛ اما در بازه سه ساله از 2015 تا 2018 به 8/42 درصد افزایش یافته است و همزمان تغییرات کاهشی مربوط به 66 درصد اراضی مرتعی بودند که طی سال‌های 2002 تا 2018 به اراضی کشاورزی تبدیل شده‌اند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - بررسی آزمایشگاهی اثر آرایش و تراکم پوشش گیاهی بر ضریب مقاومت جریان
سمیرا سلمان زاده منوچهر فتحی مقدم جواد احدیان سید محسن ساجدیاین مقاله با در نظر گرفتن شرایط هیدرولیکی جریان رودخانه و شرایط مورفولوژیکی پوشش گیاهی در حاشیه و سیلاب­دشت رودخانه انجام شده ­است. نیروی هیدرودینامیکی درگ در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و با استفاده از یک نیروسنج در حضور پوشش گیاهی انعطاف­پذیر به صورت مستقیم اندازه&sh Moreاین مقاله با در نظر گرفتن شرایط هیدرولیکی جریان رودخانه و شرایط مورفولوژیکی پوشش گیاهی در حاشیه و سیلاب­دشت رودخانه انجام شده ­است. نیروی هیدرودینامیکی درگ در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و با استفاده از یک نیروسنج در حضور پوشش گیاهی انعطاف­پذیر به صورت مستقیم اندازه­گیری شد. براین اساس تمامی آزمایش­ها در فلومی تحت عنوان " فلوم لبه چاقویی" با طول 3/8 متر، عرض 8/0 متر و ارتفاع 55/0 متر انجام شد. نمونه پوشش گیاهی انعطاف­پذیر به صورت غیرمستغرق با 3 تراکم 30، 50 و 100 درصد با آرایش زیگزاگی در سه عمق نسبی آب 6/0، 8/0 و 1 مورد آزمون واقع شد. در این مطالعه تراکم پوشش گیاهی با افزایش فاصله و سطح برگ گیاهان تغییر کرد. نتایج نشان داد نیروی درگ به میزان قابل توجهی به آرایش و تراکم پوشش گیاهی به عنوان یکی از ویژگی­های مورفولوژیکی قابل اندازه­گیری گیاه بستگی دارد. نتایج مربوطه می­تواند به عنوان معیار مفید در تخمین مقاومت ناشی از وجود زبری­های گیاهی در رودخانه باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - پیش بینی تأثیر پوشش گیاهی بر ضریب زبری هیدرولیکی کرانه و بستر رودخانه خشک شیراز
محمدرضا نیک منشمدیریت منابع آب و خاک در رودخانه‌ها، بدلیل ارتباط مستقیم با سیستم‌های مختلف همچون زمین ، جامعه و مردم از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. طرحهای احیای پوشش گیاهی و بیومهندسی در رودخانه‌ها، همواره به عنوان یکی از روشهای مدیریتی منابع آب و خاک مد نظر بوده، اما اینگونه طرحها، ع Moreمدیریت منابع آب و خاک در رودخانه‌ها، بدلیل ارتباط مستقیم با سیستم‌های مختلف همچون زمین ، جامعه و مردم از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. طرحهای احیای پوشش گیاهی و بیومهندسی در رودخانه‌ها، همواره به عنوان یکی از روشهای مدیریتی منابع آب و خاک مد نظر بوده، اما اینگونه طرحها، علیرغم مزایای فراوانی که دارد، در صورت طراحی و روشهای اجرایی نامناسب، می تواند مشخصات هیدرولیکی رودخانه را تغییر دهد. استفاده از پوشش گیاهی، کاهش میانگین سرعت جریان، کاهش عرض رودخانه، افزایش رسوب گذاری در بستر رودخانه و در نتیجه کاهش دبی جریان عبوری رودخانه را به همراه دارد و در مواردی ممکن است، باعث بالا آمدن سطح آب و افزایش عمق جریان گردد. در این مقاله ضمن معرفی جنبه‌های مختلف مدیریتی منابع آب و خاک در رودخانه‌ها و به طور خاص، رودخانه خشک، به عنوان یک عنصر تأثیرگذار مهم در شهر شیراز، طرحهای احیای پوشش گیاهی و بیومهندسی اجرا شده در این رودخانه و تأثیرات آنها بر هیدرولیک رودخانه، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. همچنین فواید این طرحها، در بازه‌هایی از رودخانه خشک که با روشهای مناسب اجرا شده و باعث حفظ منابع آب و خاک گردیده اند و همچنین مضرات آنها، در بازه‌هایی که با روشی نامناسب انجام شده و باعث افزایش ضریب زبری و کاهش دبی جریان عبوری می گردند، مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار می گیرد. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده، اگرچه میزان فرسایش کناره‌های رودخانه در مقاطع فاقد پوشش گیاهی به مراتب بیشتر از مقاطع دارای پوشش گیاهی، می‌باشد، اما به دلیل افزایش ضریب زبری و کاهش سطح مقطع، ناشی از وجود پوشش گیاهی، در برخی مقاطع، دبی عبوری به مقدار قابل توجهی کاهش می یابد. مقاطعی نظیر بالادست و پائین دست پل بلوار چمران، بالادست پل غدیر و پائین دست پل فضیلت، نمونه‌هایی از این مقاطع می باشند که نتایج آنالیز انجام شده با نرم افزار HEC-RAS در این مقاطع، برای دبی عبوری 100 تا 250 مترمکعب بر ثانیه، کاهش دبی عبوری به مقدار 10 تا 5/28 درصد را نتیجه می دهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Identifying and reviewing the process of vegetation usage changes using time-based neural network and CA models using GIS and RS techniques (Case Study: Minoodasht County Golestan Province)
صادق شکوری سید مسعود موسوی حسنی مهسا پورعطاکش آناهیتا قربانی سمیرا ارنکMonitoring land use change is important in many planning and urban management activities. Due to human activities and natural phenomena, the face of the earth always changes.Therefore, for optimal management of natural areas, awareness of the land use change ratio is co MoreMonitoring land use change is important in many planning and urban management activities. Due to human activities and natural phenomena, the face of the earth always changes.Therefore, for optimal management of natural areas, awareness of the land use change ratio is considered necessary. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and reveal land use changes, especially the use of vegetation cover in the Auchan region, from the functions of Minoodasht city of Golestan province in a 30-year time span using remote sensing and spatial information systems and MATLAB, ARCGIS and ENVI software.For this purpose, Landsat satellite ETM sensor was used from 1987, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2008, 2013, 2015, and 2017, and after making necessary corrections in the preprocessing stage, to monitor vegetation time changes, the index Vegetation cover (NDVI) was calculated in MATLAB software for each 9 time intervals.Then, by using the calculated images of the first 7 years and the model of the neural network (time series), the images of the eighth and ninth year were predicted and obtained, and then calculating the RMSE error between the output images of the model with the actualImages, the validation model it turned out the results show that the model with an average RMSE of about 0.13 was very good for the NDVI.The CA model was used to predict vegetation changes. The results show that the vegetation cover in the last two years, 2015 and 2017, has been upgraded by the neural network model and the study area has become greener Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Evaluation Remote sensing of land use effects on land surface temperature gradient using Landsat images: Case study: Kharestan Watershed
Abbasali vali abolfazl ranjbar marzieh mokarram farideh taripanahSeveral factors affect the temperature gradient of the Land surface, one of the factors affecting human activities is land use changes that can lead to global temperature changes. Land surface temperature changes affect the natural climate of the region, so understandin MoreSeveral factors affect the temperature gradient of the Land surface, one of the factors affecting human activities is land use changes that can lead to global temperature changes. Land surface temperature changes affect the natural climate of the region, so understanding its changes and balancing it is essential to understand the indirect effects of human intervention on ecosystems and their management. The aim of this study is to investigate land use, land surface temperature characteristics in each land use as well as correlation between land surface temperature variations and normalized difference index (NDVI). In this study, land use, land temperature and NDVI analysis was used from Landsat 5TM in 1990, 2010, ETM7 2000, and 8OLI for 2017. Land use was studied using supervised classification method. The results showed that the amount of land surface temperature in each land use was different and the maximom amount was found in the bare soil and in the built areas and the lowest in the garden. The difference in land surface temperature between built areas with vegetation in the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2017 was 3.58, 2.27, 3.20 and 2.12 ° C, respectively. Also, the difference in temperature between bare soil with vegetation cover in these four periods was 3/3, 0.8, 0.81 and 2.38 ° C respectively. In this study, the relationship between NDVI and surface temperature showed a negative correlation, so that areas with low NDVI had higher temperatures than those with high NDVI. The relationship between vegetation changes and surface temperature changes showed a significant correlation between these two parameters (R = 0.63). Therefore, it can be stated that land uses with more vegetation have lower temperatures than land uses with less cover. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Assessment of the capability of supervised classification algorithms in the preparation of vegetation map Case Study: Abyek, Tehran
ensiyeh mihanparastIn order to properly manage rangeland ecosystems and vegetation, it is necessary to know the relationship between their components. One of the main components of these ecosystems is vegetation and its composition, which is under the control of environmental factors. In MoreIn order to properly manage rangeland ecosystems and vegetation, it is necessary to know the relationship between their components. One of the main components of these ecosystems is vegetation and its composition, which is under the control of environmental factors. In other words, the pattern of vegetation distribution is affected by many environmental factors. Today, business awareness and its health play an important role in soil and plant management. Also, the use of vegetation maps is one of the most important pillars in the production of information for regional planning. Therefore, using remote sensing knowledge and careful study of elements, it is possible to identify vegetation and its types and its distribution using satellite images. Therefore, in the present study, two supervised classification algorithms including Maximum likehood and Spactral angel mapper have been used to evaluate the vegetation cover and its distribution for Abyek region. The overall accuracy for the MLC and SAM algorithms is 91.86 and 68.85, respectively, and the MLC and SAM kapa ratios are 0.89 and 0.62, respectively. Therefore, the MLC algorithm was recognized as a more appropriate method for assessing and estimating the vegetation distribution of the Abyek region, and therefore the MLC algorithm has a higher accuracy than the SAM algorithm. It goes without saying that the correlation between vegetation and environmental factors is one of the most important issues affecting the formation of the structure of plant communities and their distribution in each region and study area, and the specific conditions of each region are different. Recognize and manage vegetation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Recognition and analysis of urban heat islands using Landsat 8 satellite image (Case example: Shiraz city)
Raha Dalaeli GholamReza Moradi Mahsa DehghanianThe expansion of urbanization has significant effects on the planet. One of the effects that people are dealing with today is global warming, which has appeared as urban heat islands. Heat islands are urban areas that are significantly warmer than the surrounding enviro MoreThe expansion of urbanization has significant effects on the planet. One of the effects that people are dealing with today is global warming, which has appeared as urban heat islands. Heat islands are urban areas that are significantly warmer than the surrounding environment. The purpose of the research is to extract the spatial-temporal changes of the thermal islands of Shiraz using satellite images and to determine the relationship between the type of land cover and its surface temperature. In this regard, first the necessary pre-processing was done to prepare a user map on the images and the changes in land cover, water, wind, vegetation and albedo and the sky visibility index of the studied area were also extracted and satellite images were prepared and interpreted in the GIS environment. The results show that point number 9 (Qasr al-Dasht gardens of Shiraz) has the lowest temperature and this shows the inverse relationship between green spaces and thermal islands. The use of remote sensing data plays an important role in the management of urban space and effectively helps city managers in urban space planning. Urban building materials have a significant effect on intensifying heat islands in such a way that the use of standard materials reduces the temperature to a large extent, and vegetation has a reducing effect and built surfaces have intensifying effects on heat islands. The pattern of spatial and temporal distribution of thermal islands is influenced by the pattern of land use distribution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - سنجش میزان برخورداری از فضای سبز در مناطق شهری استان فارس
مهدی نارنگی‌فرد محمود احمدی اسماعیل عبدلی -
Open Access Article
68 - تهیه نقشه پوشش گیاهی شهری و تعیین سرانه استاندارد آن با استفاده از تصاویر پهپاد (مورد مطالعه : ناحیه 11 شهر بهبهان)
علی شجاعیان ناهید سجادیان نگار رحیم پور -
Open Access Article
69 - Effect of Seed Priming on some Morphophysiological Characteristics, Yield and Seed Protein Content in Three Dryland Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars
Kianoush Safari Yousef Sohrabi Adel Siosemardeh Shahryar SasaniTo investigate the effect of seed priming treatments on seed yield and it’s components in three bread wheat cultivars (Rijaw, Sardari and Karim) was studied under dryland condition at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Kermansh MoreTo investigate the effect of seed priming treatments on seed yield and it’s components in three bread wheat cultivars (Rijaw, Sardari and Karim) was studied under dryland condition at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Kermanshah during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growing season. The priming treatments consisted of gibberellic acid with 100 mg.L-1, 24-epiprasinolide 1 mg L-1, potassium chloride with 100 mmol L-1 and polyethylene glycol (PEG4000) with -2.3 and -2.9 bar, zinc sulfate 0.1 and 0.3%, 2 and 4 g urea L-1, ascorbic acid 100 mg L-1, hydropriming with distilled water and control (without seed priming). The highest percentage of crop ground cover was obtained with 39.9% of Sardari cultivar and 4 g urea L-1. The highest relative mean water content and flag leaf membrane stability index with 88.1 and 71.6% were related to Karim cultivar with 0.3% hydrated zinc sulfate treatment, respectively. The lowest mean rate of flag leaf water loss (30.6%) was obtained from Karim cultivar with zinc sulfate treatment of 0.3%. Two-year results showed that the highest mean seed yield (2801.4 kg.ha-1) belonged to Rijaw cultivar by seed priming treatment with 4 g.L-1 urea. The highest percentages of seed protein content by NIR method of Karim cultivar and treatments of urea with a concentration of 4 g.L-1 (12.32%), ascorbic acid (12.31%) and gibberellic acid (12.18%) with 100 mg.L-1 were obtained. In this study, based on the total measured traits of morphophysiological, yield and grain quality traits, nutient treatments of urea with a concentration of 4 g L-1, zinc sulfate with a concentration of 0.3% and ascorbic acid with a concentration of 100 mg.L-1 and potassium chloride 100 mmol L-1 were identified and recommended as appropriate and superior seed priming treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Wildfire Risk Assessment in Zagros Forests using Geographic Information System and Best-Worst Method (BWM) (Case Study: Dore Chegeni County, Lorestan Province)
Roghayeh Jahdi Vahid Beiranvandi Hamed AminiDue to the effect of climate change, the frequency and intensity of wildfires is continuously increasing. Wildfire risk assessment is an important part of fire prevention because pre-fire planning requires tools to monitor an area in terms of when and where fire is most MoreDue to the effect of climate change, the frequency and intensity of wildfires is continuously increasing. Wildfire risk assessment is an important part of fire prevention because pre-fire planning requires tools to monitor an area in terms of when and where fire is most likely to occur, or when a fire will have the most severe negative effects. Wildfires are one of the most important natural hazards in Zagros forest ecosystems in western Iran. This study was conducted to analyze the risk of fire and investigate the factors affecting fire in the forest area of Dore Chegeni County. The main goal of the current study is to try to prepare a wildfire risk zoning map by combining topographic data and other auxiliary data through the geographic information system and using the Best-Worst Method for the study area. The fire risk map was obtained by scoring and weighing the layers of effective fire factors (vegetation, slope, aspect, elevation, climate, and distance from settlements and roads). Based on the results, the study area was classified into four fire risk classes. Very high (7%) and high (11%) fire risk areas were identified in the study area. Furthermore, 8% and 74% of the study area were placed in medium and low fire risk classes, respectively. This analysis helps land managers to understand patterns of vulnerability and fire risk in the landscape. By using the analysis of the results, investments in conditions of limited resources, forest restoration, fuel treatments and other mitigation measures to reduce fire risk can be targeted in areas with high fire risk. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Analysing the Quality Karaj City Green Spaces using Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI)
Nazanin Naseri Milad Hosseinzadeh Niri Raoof MostafazadehThe increase of human activities has caused disturbances in human ecosystems and environment in different scales. Remote sensing techniques have been found to be effective for quantifying and detecting ecological changes and can be considered as an alternative for monit MoreThe increase of human activities has caused disturbances in human ecosystems and environment in different scales. Remote sensing techniques have been found to be effective for quantifying and detecting ecological changes and can be considered as an alternative for monitoring spatial changes in the ecological conditions of the environment. Today, the use of remote sensing data for studies related to the quality of the urban environment has also gained a great attention. In this research, the ecological quality of Karaj city's environment was evaluated and analyzed using Landsat series images in 2010 and 2020 by analyzing the main components of greenness, humidity, dryness and heat to determine four remote sensing ecological indicators. Remote sensing ecological indicators used in environmental quality extraction include LST, NDVI, NDBI and WET. The results showed that the quality of the environment of Karaj city has generally decreased from 2010 to 2022 and the average RSEI has decreased from 0.59 to 0.25, which shows the destruction of the environment of this city due to the expansion of its residential parts. Environmental changes in the study area are closely related to human activities in the form of spatial expansion of residential areas and development, which is caused by the immigration of the study area and its proximity to Tehran. The index used in the present research can adequately reflect the spatial changes of environmental quality from different dimensions and is an effective method for comprehensive evaluation of environmental quality and ecological conditions in urban environments Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Estimating the level of vegetation and agricultural land in Babolsar using normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI)
Mohammad reza yousefiroshan Hamid AmouniaEstimating the level of vegetation and arable land in the traditional way takes time. One of the effective tools in estimating the level of vegetation is the use of remote sensing techniques. This technique is of great importance in order to provide up-to-date informati MoreEstimating the level of vegetation and arable land in the traditional way takes time. One of the effective tools in estimating the level of vegetation is the use of remote sensing techniques. This technique is of great importance in order to provide up-to-date information, time series of data, measurement in different spectral ranges. The purpose of this research is to estimate the level of vegetation in Babolsar and evaluate the accuracy of the NDVI index. In this research, Landsat 8 satellite image data from 2019 was used. The process of pre-processing, processing and verification has been done in ENVI5.3 software, and area maps and calculations have been done in ArcGIS10.8 software. The results showed that the vegetation area of the city is estimated at 11474.37 hectares. The evaluation of the accuracy of the used index also showed that by using Landsat 8 images, it is possible to calculate the level of vegetation with an overall accuracy of 92% and a Kappa coefficient of 87%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - Drought Spatial Analysis using remote sensing technique (Case study: Maharlo Bakhtegan Basin)
Marzieh MogholiDrought is one of the most destructive climatic phenomena whose impact is more significant at the regional scale. The importance of drought in an area such as Maharloo Bakhtegan is more important due to the strategic conditions of the region, the extent of agricultural MoreDrought is one of the most destructive climatic phenomena whose impact is more significant at the regional scale. The importance of drought in an area such as Maharloo Bakhtegan is more important due to the strategic conditions of the region, the extent of agricultural lands and the existence of Maharloo and Bakhtegan lakes. The purpose of this study was to assess drought using remote sensing, spatial statistics, and GIS in the Maharloo-Bakhtegan basin. In this study, to evaluate the effect of drought on vegetation, Madis images were used to calculate the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) and then the changes in vegetation area were investigated. The results showed that the area of vegetation decreased in the studied years. Reasons for these changes can be attributed to reduced winter rainfall, land-use changes, increased off-season grazing, and bushes. The results indicate the drought in the region. Also to study drought in Maharloo-Bakhtegan basin, meteorological data for estimation of normalized precipitation index (SPI) and spatial statistical analysis, from 6 selected synoptic stations (Shiraz, Zarghan, Droodzan Dam, Eqlid, Neyriz, and Abadeh) used from 1999 to 2018. The results of the Moran index for drought showed that the values for different years have a positive coefficient and close to one during the statistical period, indicating that the SPI drought index data have a cluster pattern. The results of the Z standard score and P-value also confirmed the clustering of the spatial distribution of drought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Analysis of Sentinel 3 images of SLSTR sensors in identifying urban heat islands and its relationship with vegetation (Case study: Kermanshah)
Mostafa Shahinifar Hamidreza ShahandehThis issue has become more apparent in large cities and provincial capitals, which have undergone land use changes in recent years. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial relationship between the distribution of thermal islands with urban vegetatio MoreThis issue has become more apparent in large cities and provincial capitals, which have undergone land use changes in recent years. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial relationship between the distribution of thermal islands with urban vegetation and compare the intensity of thermal islands in minimum, maximum and average values in urban areas of Kermanshah during the last 10 years. Data were analyzed using Sentinel 3 satellite imagery and SLSTR sensor with a spatial resolution of 500 m in the reflective bands and 1000 m in the thermal band using SNAP and QGIS software. Therefore, continuous monitoring of land use change is one of the main challenges of urban planning and management in metropolitan areas. Because the increase of green space in the city significantly reduces the temperature of the city and thermal islands. The key findings of this research are focused on three areas: first, focusing on the fair distribution of green spaces in the city, second, using waste spaces to increase green spaces, and finally, avoiding additional burden on the ground, because in dense areas, the possibility of creating thermal islands is much higher. It was from other places. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - مدل سازی تغییرات شاخص سبزینگی پوشش گیاهی با بارش های جوی در منطقه زاگرس
منوچهر فرج زاده یوسف قویدل رحیمی فروزان عیسوند زیباییارزیابی ارتباط کمی بین الگوی پوشش گیاهی و عناصر اقلیمی یکی از کاربردهای سنجش از دور در مقیاس جهانی و منطقه ای می باشد. مطالعه بارندگی یک منطقه و اثرات مخرب یا مفیدی که بر جا می گذارد، شرایط را برای برنامه ریزی و حفظ و حراست از آن محیط، مدیریت بهتر خاک و شناخت وضعیت پوشش Moreارزیابی ارتباط کمی بین الگوی پوشش گیاهی و عناصر اقلیمی یکی از کاربردهای سنجش از دور در مقیاس جهانی و منطقه ای می باشد. مطالعه بارندگی یک منطقه و اثرات مخرب یا مفیدی که بر جا می گذارد، شرایط را برای برنامه ریزی و حفظ و حراست از آن محیط، مدیریت بهتر خاک و شناخت وضعیت پوشش گیاهی فراهم می کند.بارش پدیده ای است اقلیمی که مقدار آن در مکان پیوسته تغییر می کند. برای انجام این تحقیق از داده های بارش روزانه 36 ایستگاه اقلیمی منطقه زاگرس در بازه ی زمانی 2000 تا 2010 میلادی و تصاویر ماهواره MODIS و TRMM استفاده گردید. به همین منظور برای رسیدن به نتیجه مطلوب، منطقه مورد مطالعه را به سه قسمت، منطقه دارای سبزینگی حداکثر، متوسط و حداقل تقسیم شده است. با توجه به این که بیشترین تراکم سبزینگی در ایران در ماه می می باشد، اخذ و بررسی تصاویر ماهواره ای به نحوی بوده است که، محصولات 16 روزه پوشش گیاهی تمام روزهای ماه می را پوشش دهند و بتوان به برآورد درستی رسید و بر اساس آن نیز روزهای بارشی همان بازه زمانی ( 23 آوریل تا 9 ژوئن) انتخاب گردیده است. سپس برای هر دوره 16 روزه با دوره زمانی 11 سال یک میانگین بدست آورده که در مجموع برای هر فاکتور سه تصویر برای هر 16 روزه مطالعه گردید. نتایج بررسی ها نشان میدهد که مناطق با بارش بیشتر دارای سبزینگی بیشتری بوده و در بیشتر موارد تغییرات مکانی بارش باعث تغییر در میزان میانگین سبزینگی شده و همچنین شبیه سازی داده های بارش ماهواره ای با سبزینگی نسبت به بارش ایستگاهی سبزینگی بالاتری را پیش بینی می کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Investigation of vegetation changes in different seasons using satellite image and relationship between it and temperature changes (case study: North of Darab)
Marzieh Mokarram Maliehe Mozayan Mohammad Faraji Katauon MusaviThis research is studying the herbal covering crown change using climate information, satellite pictures, morphometric characteristics and its relation with herbal covering index and drought index is done in different pasture places in North part of Darab in Fars provin MoreThis research is studying the herbal covering crown change using climate information, satellite pictures, morphometric characteristics and its relation with herbal covering index and drought index is done in different pasture places in North part of Darab in Fars province. For this purpose, Landsat satellite pictures in 3 time periods of 2005 and 2015 was chosen and processing. It used ETM+8(2015) and aster (2005) for this goal. At first for pre-processing, the mathematical and Atmospheric scanning from pictures was taken and then with regarding the type of sampling from Landsat ETM+8(2015) pictures was used for surveying the modality scale of herbal covering with herbal index. For this purpose sampling was done from 39 points of area. In this research, the temperature measure and herbal covering was done with satellite pictures and for measurement technique. For surveying herbal coverage index and climate parameters is using climate parameters from regression Analysis. The result of correlation and linear regression relation was shown that there is meaningful relation between NDVI index and temperature measurement in this area, so that with increasing the temperature amount of herbal covering index is increasing. The results were shown that there is a meaningful relation between NDVI index and temperature in study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Flora life form and chorology of Plants in Dezli area, Kurdistan Province, Iran
Reza Omidipour Aydin Faraji Mohabat NadafThe study of the flora of each region important in the management and development of natural resources and the list of plants represents of vegetation cover and environment condition. The present study was carried out in Dezli region in Sarvabad county of Kurdistan prov MoreThe study of the flora of each region important in the management and development of natural resources and the list of plants represents of vegetation cover and environment condition. The present study was carried out in Dezli region in Sarvabad county of Kurdistan province with a total area of 12493.97 ha and mean annual precipitation (30 years) of this area was 804 mm. In order to introduce the flora of the area, field survey was used and plant species were collected and identified based on available Flora Life form and chorology of plant species were also determined. The results showed 113 species in 90 genera and 31 species in the region. The most important families were, Asteraceae (18 species and 17 genera), Poaceae (19 species and 15 genera) and Apiaceae (10 species and 9 genera). Life forms of plant species included, hemicritophytosis 47%, tetrophytes 30%, cryptophytes 12%, chamaephytes 7% and phanerophytes 4%. The high percentage of hemicritopathitis species indicated that the area had Cold mountainous area. The highest. Proportion of chorotypes belonged to Irano-touranian elements (67%). Also, 13% of the species had a European-Siberian pattern, as well as Mediterranean, 5% cosmopolitan were 12% and 5%, respectively, and 3% was endemic species of Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Evaluation of neural network and regression models to predict species diversity using some soil and physiographic factors (Case Study: Kharabeh Sanji watershed of Urmia)
Behnam Bahrami Ardovan GhorbaniDirect measurement of species diversity is a time consuming and cost effective and somewhat unreliable because of errors in the sampling. This study was conducted by the aim of determining low cost factors for predicting species diversity using artificial neural network MoreDirect measurement of species diversity is a time consuming and cost effective and somewhat unreliable because of errors in the sampling. This study was conducted by the aim of determining low cost factors for predicting species diversity using artificial neural network, adaptive- fuzzy neural network and regression models. Sampling was conducted using randomized-systematic method from 60 plots along 6 transects with 100m long and from 0-30cm of soil depth. Vegetation data were recorded to calculate species diversity by Shannon-wiener index. Moreover, for determining the affective factors on species diversity, electrical conductivity, pH, bulk density, percentages of organic matter, clay, silt, wet saturation, coarse and fine aggregates and slope and elevation were measured and determined. Then species diversity was determined using multii-layer perceptron neural network, adaptive-fuzzy neural network and regression models. The results show that criteria such as root mean squire error and efficiency coefficient of the regression model were 0.14 and 0.39, in artificial neural network 0.07 and 0.86 and for adaptive- fuzzy neural network 0.09 and 0.7, respectively. that Shannon wiener index was 1.98 for the study area. The artificial neural network model as a powerful tool in predicting species diversity in comparison with the multiple linear regression analysis and neural network-fuzzy adaptive models showed reliable results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Monitoring of vegetation changes in Golestan province And a collection of international wetlands (Alma Gol, Alagol and Aji Gol) And the reasons are based on a two-time analysis of NDVI
Azita Mehrani Borhan Riazi Seyed Ahmad Mirbagheri Nematollah KhorasaniUnderstanding the rangeland ecosystem is the first step in managing these resources and determining land management and sustainable development programs.The aim of this study is to investigate the qualitative changes in the percentage of vegetation in the area of intern MoreUnderstanding the rangeland ecosystem is the first step in managing these resources and determining land management and sustainable development programs.The aim of this study is to investigate the qualitative changes in the percentage of vegetation in the area of international wetlands of Golestan province. The study used Landstat satellite bands measuring TM and OLI during statistical years (1988-2018). In ENVI5.3 software, geometric correction and preliminary processing and FLASH algorithm were used for atmospheric corrections. To increase the accuracy of rangeland classification, NDVI map was prepared with TERSET software and And 4 classes of covered land (excellent, very good, good and poor) were obtained. The CROSSTAB technique also calculated changes during the years of study. Land area showed results The highest increase with very good vegetation is from 1540/93 to 2849.99 square kilometers And the largest reduction in area with well-covered lands was from 1369/46 to 68.94 square kilometers. During this time, the study area underwent changes The biggest reductions include the destruction of a well-covered class from 31.94 to 1.66 percent and its conversion to other users.Also, 13.46 square kilometers of good coverage has become poor coverage Which included the surrounding wetlands, rocky areas and rural areas.Good coverage that minimized area reduction There were pasture lands in use Class changes with good coverage indicated a reduction in area and vegetation And the temperature will rise The results showed that NDVI is a good measure for evaluating and monitoring vegetation changes and proper rangeland management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - بررسی تغییرات پوشش گیاهی در ارتباط با عوامل فیزیوگرافی رشته کوه دنا
زینب صالح پور عزیزاله جعفری کوخدان علی علیرضانژاد -
Open Access Article
81 - The study of wild pistachio growth sites in south Khorasan province
mj Seghatoleslami محسن Pouyan ، سید غلامرضا . MousaviWild pistachio is one of the drought resistant species that grows in arid and semi- arid hilly areas. In addition to its industrial and feed uses, the plant species can affect biodiversity, especially in wildlife. The study of wild pistachio growth sites can help us to MoreWild pistachio is one of the drought resistant species that grows in arid and semi- arid hilly areas. In addition to its industrial and feed uses, the plant species can affect biodiversity, especially in wildlife. The study of wild pistachio growth sites can help us to reduce the damage of national capital. This investigation was conducted to study wild pistachio growth sites in south Khorasan province. The main locations where have wild pistachio are: Margh (suburb of Darmian), Chenesht (suburb of Sarbishah), Chahkand (suburb of Birjand), Shah Soleiman-e- Ali (suburb of Khoosf) and Afzal Abad (suburb of Nehbandan). In these locations, soil pH and texture were often alkaline and sandy- loam. The soil contained less sufficient nitrogen and phosphor. The observed wild pistachio trees in Margh and Chenesht belong to Pistacia atlantica and P. khinjuk, but there was any one species (P. atlantica) in other places. Afzal Abad and Margh had the highest number of wild pistachio trees. Young wild pistachio trees were not observed there, probably due to recent droughts. It is recommended planting and irrigating of wild pistachio seedlings in these two areas, for keeping and increasing of vegetation. Respect to exist seedling in Chahkand and Chenesht it can be concluded that wild pistachio vegetation can be developed in these two areas. As a result of spreading Recurvaria pistaciicola in some areas (especially, in Afzal Abad) it is necessary to study different control methods. In the case of economical revenue from these vegetations, it is recommended to study about resin extraction (especially, in Afzal Abad) and grafting of pistachio on wild pistachio. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Analysis of dust formation process based on desertification factors in the southeast of Ahvaz in Khuzestan province
mozhdeh keramatzadeh hadi moazed ahmad fathiThe dust crisis in Khuzestan province is an environmental crisis that is currently one of the main centers of dust production in the desert areas of southern Ahvaz and the destroyed parts of Shadegan wetland. Destruction of vegetation in arid areas is the cause of deser MoreThe dust crisis in Khuzestan province is an environmental crisis that is currently one of the main centers of dust production in the desert areas of southern Ahvaz and the destroyed parts of Shadegan wetland. Destruction of vegetation in arid areas is the cause of desertification, which is the biggest cause of dust production. In this study to evaluate the criteria and indicators effective in desertification of the region, with the help of the model (IMDPA) which includes 9 criteria that Two criteria, climate and vegetation, each of which contains 3 specific indicators, have been selected. The numerical value of each criterion is obtained from the geometric multiplication of its indicators and finally the total desertification of the region is obtained from the geometric multiplication of two criteria. Finally, the intensity of desertification in the region was calculated to be 1.99 based on the selected criteria, which was in the medium desertification class according to the model scoring table. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Evaluation of Effective Factors in the Process of Physical Development of Tabriz City Using Remote Sensing Methods
Mohammad Ibrahim Afifi Vahid SohrabiThe rapid growth of urbanization has put heavy pressure on the land and surrounding resources and has caused a reduction in vegetation, open spaces and serious social and environmental problems. Therefore, an essential step for managing and planning urban development, a MoreThe rapid growth of urbanization has put heavy pressure on the land and surrounding resources and has caused a reduction in vegetation, open spaces and serious social and environmental problems. Therefore, an essential step for managing and planning urban development, as well as evaluating its cumulative effects, is to investigate and simulate the physical development of the city. The purpose of this study is to understand the effective factors in the process of physical development of Tabriz metropolis according to the category of sustainable urban spatial development from the ecological aspect and maintaining its environmental conditions in the next two decades. For this purpose, according to the optimal separation capability of users, in the image classification process, the object-oriented image analysis method was used, which also relies on spectral information and information related to texture, shape, and content, and using Landsat 5 multi-temporal satellite images. and 7 and Shigra satellite image processing techniques of land use changes in the time period 4891-1102 have been evaluated with an emphasis on the spatial expansion of Tabriz metropolis. Based on the results, the area of Tabriz metropolis (the mother city of Tabriz and satellite cities) has increased from 7220.34 hectares in 1984 to 22346.82 hectares in 2012. A significant area of recent development has taken place on floodplains and areas vulnerable to earthquakes, which requires the management of the future development of the surrounding cities. For this purpose, factors affecting the physical development of Tabriz metropolis based on research background in the form of 42 indicators were identified and mapped using multivariate evaluation methods based on linear combination and fuzzy CLW and by extracting lands prone to future physical development along with the dependent variable of urban changes. During the years of 1984-2012, with the use of VokraM-aC automatic Markov chain cells, the future pattern of land use was predicted in the form of an environmental protection approach and in accordance with the principles of sustainable development until 2038. Agricultural and garden lands will be damaged. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - تهیه نقشههای به روز شده پوشش گیاهی به وسیله پردازش تصاویر ماهوارهای: یک راه‌کار در مدیریت پایدار کشاورزی
Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand Shahryar Sobhe Zahediیک عامل مهم در مدیریت اقتصادی و کشاورزی پایدار، محاسبه سطح زیر کشت محصولات مختلف است که واردات کشاورزی بدان وابسته است. برنامه­ریزی مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی، نیازهای کود و سم، آفت­کش­ها و کنترل بیماری­های گیاهی، برآورد تولید کشاورزی، برنامه­ریزی واردات و Moreیک عامل مهم در مدیریت اقتصادی و کشاورزی پایدار، محاسبه سطح زیر کشت محصولات مختلف است که واردات کشاورزی بدان وابسته است. برنامه­ریزی مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی، نیازهای کود و سم، آفت­کش­ها و کنترل بیماری­های گیاهی، برآورد تولید کشاورزی، برنامه­ریزی واردات و مالیات، همه به برآورد سطح زیر کشت و تولیدات کشاورزی ارتباط دارد. یکی از مشکلات بخش کشاورزی ایران، فقدان آمار دقیق از سطح زیر کشت محصولات کشاورزی است که این موضوع در تولیدات باغبانی بیشتر است. در طول زمان، سطح زیر کشت محصولات کشاورزی، باغات و اراضی بایر تغییر می­کند و در نتیجه برآورد عملکرد به خوبی صورت نمی­پذیرد و این مشکلاتی را در برنامه­ریزی و مدیریت ایجاد می­کند. نقشه­برداری زمینی وقت­گیر و پرهزینه است، در حالیکه تهیه نقشه به کمک طبقه­بندی تصاویر ماهواره­ای دارای سرعت زیاد و کم هزینه است. امروزه، تکنیک­های پردازش تصویر در تخمین محصولات و تولید نقشه­های به روز شده توسعه یافته است. یک مشکل اساسی، تداخل بازتاب­های طیفی گیاهان است که روش­های مختلفی توسط محققین برای تمایز پوشش­های گیاهی بر روی تصاویر ماهواره­ای پیشنهاد شده است. در این مقاله، پردازش تصاویر ماهواره­ای در نقشه­برداری پوشش گیاهی متنوع بررسی شده است Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - پهنه بندی خطر وقوع زمین لغزش بر روی جاده تهران -چالوس و بزرگراه در دست احداث
آرش متشرعی جعفر قمی اکرم افتخاری بهروز پوزش مهدی شاهماری -
Open Access Article
86 - بررسی ویژگی های پوشش گیاهی منطقه آتشفشانی سبلان
علیرضا استعلاجی -
Open Access Article
87 - Effect of late season drought stress and foliar application of nitrogen on yield and some physiological traits of wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum)
Majid Rostami Abdolreza Ahmadi Hoda MohammadiIn order to study the effects of late season drought stress and foliar application of nitrogen on physiological traits and grain yield of wheat an experiment was conducted as strip-plot based on complete randomized blocks design (CRBD) with three replications. The horiz MoreIn order to study the effects of late season drought stress and foliar application of nitrogen on physiological traits and grain yield of wheat an experiment was conducted as strip-plot based on complete randomized blocks design (CRBD) with three replications. The horizontal factor were irrigation treatments (i.e. IR1: full irrigation, IR2: cutting irrigation at grain dough stage and IR3: cutting irrigation at grain milk stage) and the vertical factor were foliar application of nitrogen as urea (N1: control, N2: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at flowering stage, N3: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at milk stage and N4: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at flowering and milk stage). Based on results effects of irrigation and interaction of treatments on relative water content was significant. Effects of experimental treatments and interaction of treatments on leaf chlorophyll were significant. The main effect of irrigation treatment on canopy temperature and hectoliter weight was significant and highest and lowest values of these traits observed in full irrigation and IR3 treatments, respectively. The experimental treatments and interaction of treatments significantly affect grain protein content and decreasing irrigation resulted in increasing grain protein content. Although by cutting the irrigation, protein content in both of treatments (IR2 and IR3) increased but by considering the grain yield it seems that cutting irrigation at grain dough stage is more suitable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
88 - Effect of planting date and plant density on net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf chlorophyll index and grain yield of soybean in Meghan and Karaj areas
Hossein Sadeghi حسین حیدری شریف آباد آیدین حمیدی قربان نورمحمدی حمید مدنیIn order to study the effects of canopy temperature during reproductive growth stages on physiological characteristics and Soybean grain yield through different planting dates and plant densities, an experiment was conducted as split factorial based on Randomized Comple MoreIn order to study the effects of canopy temperature during reproductive growth stages on physiological characteristics and Soybean grain yield through different planting dates and plant densities, an experiment was conducted as split factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in Karaj and Moghan areas in 2011-2012. The factors included three planting dates, May 5th, June 5th and July 5th, three plant densities, 300, 400 and 500 thousand p/ha and two cultivars, Williams and L17. Results showed that the net photosynthesis in Karaj (16.14 µmol Co2 m-2s-1) was lower than Moghan area (19.13 µmol Co2 m-2s-1). The maximum stomatal conductance (330.6 mmol m-2 s-1) and net photosynthesis (19.13 µmol Co2 m-2s-1) were related to planting date at June 5th. The highest stomatal conductance (325 mmol m-2 s-1) was observed in 400000 p/ha. The leaf chlorophyll index at 300 and 400 thousand p/ha in Moghan region was more than Karaj. The second planting date and second plant density had the maximum rate of grain yield (3142 and 3154 kg/ha respectively). Except chlorophyll index, there was no significant difference in other traits between cultivars and the highest chlorophyll index was related to Williams cv. in Karaj area. According to the results and in order to prevention of encountering the pod set and grain filling stages with high canopy temperature, it is better that soybean planted in mid of June with 400000 p/ha. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
89 - The effect of grazing intensity on vegetation and soil at different distances of village critical centre (Case study: Panjalo village in Moghan)
Sahar Ghafari Ardavan Ghorbani Kallam-allah Arjmand Ali Teymorzadeh Azad Kakehmami Sima JafariThe aim of this study effect of different grazing intensities in the degradation of rangeland, on the same vegetation type with almost the same ecological condition, on the indicators of vegetation and soil properties in the rangeland of Panjalo village in Ardabil provi MoreThe aim of this study effect of different grazing intensities in the degradation of rangeland, on the same vegetation type with almost the same ecological condition, on the indicators of vegetation and soil properties in the rangeland of Panjalo village in Ardabil province was conducted. At each site three transects and in each transect 10 plots of 1m² was taken. In each plot, the parameters of density, production, canopy cover, litter, bare soil and stone and gravel were recorded. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-30 cm. The soil parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, potassium, lime, phosphorus, organic carbon and nitrogen were measured. One-way analysis of variance and Duncan test were used to examine all parameter means equality and grouping of treatments respectively. The results showed the highest production and canopy cover (129/61 gr/m2 and 87/41%) in the light grazing and the lowest (71/91 gr/m2 and 25%) in the heavy grazing. The highest bare soil and stone and gravel amount (65/63 and 5/31%) in the heavy grazing and the lowest (10/05 and 0%) in the light grazing were observed. The highest diversity and richness (0/85 and 2/28) in the medium grazing and the lowest (0/79 and 2/08) in the heavy grazing were observed. The results showed that by increasing grazing intensity, the amount of EC, lime and phosphorus were increased (P<0/01). The highest amount of potassium (3/96) and pH (7/82) in the medium grazing and the lowest amount of organic carbon in the heavy grazing were observed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
90 - Effect of some soil properties on establishment of Tamarix ramossisima in waste dams of Processing factory in Iran Central Iron Ore company of Bafgh
A. Rezaipoorbaghedar M. Sadeghinia M. H. Hakimi A. Azimzadeh2Understanding the relationship between vegetation and soil is one of the most important parameters to determine the proper location for reclamation and management of natural resource and ecosystem. To learn about the effect of soil properties on distribution of Tamarix MoreUnderstanding the relationship between vegetation and soil is one of the most important parameters to determine the proper location for reclamation and management of natural resource and ecosystem. To learn about the effect of soil properties on distribution of Tamarix ramossisima established in dams filled with wastes of processing factory in Iran Central Iron Ore Company of Bafgh, the information about the vegetation cover and plant density in three dams filled with wastes were collected after fulfilling the dehydrating. After drilling 12 profiles (4 profiles per dam) accidentally, distribution of soil grain (clay, silt, and sand) namely, organic carbon, lime, gypsum, pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, No3, SAR, and total N were determined in the laboratory. The result of Kruskal Wallis Test demonstrated that three dams have significant differences at the first depth for No3, Mg, Na, SAR, and EC and at the second depth for lime, Mg, Na, K, SAR, and EC. Principal components analysis (PCA) on 32 variables indicated that the first axis included EC at the second depth, No3 at the first and second depths, P at the second depth, sand and silt at the second depth, clay at the first depth, SAR at the second depth, gypsum at the first depth, Ca, Na, Mg, K at the second depth explain 56.6% of the variations and the second axis included EC at the first depth, P at the first depth, lime at the second depth, organic carbon at the first depth, total N at the second depth, silt at the first depth, clay at the second depth, and Ca, Mg, and K at the first depth explain 43.3% of the variations. The results show that more availability of calcium, silt, and organic carbon at the first depth and total N, lime at the second depth caused more establishment of Tamarix ramossisima. In addition, more availability of EC, P, Mg, and K at the first depth and clay at the second depth caused poor establishment of Tamarix ramossisima in waste dam of production plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
91 - A study of vegetation in Sistan region through satellite data
H. Shafei S. M. HosseiniDesertification means land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid areas, which happens due to changes in climatic conditions and human activities. Sistan plain is a dry area in the eastern part of Iranthat is suffering from desertification as the main problem. T MoreDesertification means land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and semi-humid areas, which happens due to changes in climatic conditions and human activities. Sistan plain is a dry area in the eastern part of Iranthat is suffering from desertification as the main problem. The main purpose of this two-year study is to assess changes in the vegetation of the region within the time period from1990 to 2006. Field sampling, satellite images, and related software were used to conduct the present study. First of all, field sampling method was randomly and systematically performed in 26 well-known sites. For each site, nine 10×10 m plots were recorded. In the next stage, the required processes were conducted on the satellite images and vegetation indices were generated. Correlation analysis was performed between data related to land coverings and spectral values of corresponding pixels. The highest correlations obtained among 83 estimated indicators were related to indices of WDVI, NDVIab, TSAVI2 and MSAVI1, respectively. The obtained images were classified into two coverage and non-coverage groups. Then the precision of plots were evaluated and the highest precision of 83.27% was related to the plot taken for WDVI which had the highest correlation coefficient (p<0.01 and R2 =0.89) as well. Based on these plots, vegetation rate was determined as 101247 acre for 1990 which decreased to 26475 acres for 2006. ایج این آزمایش نشان داد در شرایط شور استفاه از رقم اکبری و بذرمالی+محلولپاشی اسید سالیسیلیک مناسبترین تیمار جهت حصول عملکرد مطلوب بود. م در هکتار بیشترین وزن تر را داشت. در بین الگوهای کاشت مورد مطالعه، الگوی کاشت یک طرفه بیشترین وزن تر را با 13519 کیلوگرم در هکتار و بیشترین میزان بیوماس را با 7200 کیلوگرم در هکتار به خود اختصاص داد. در بین تراکم های آزمایش شده، بیشترین وزن تر با 13084 کیلوگرم در هکتار، بیشترین میزان بیوماس با 44/2467 کیلوگرم در هکتار و بیشترین تعداد میوه با 4/13450 میوه از تراکم 80000 بوته در هکتار بدست آمد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
92 - The role of vegetation under the lizards biomass, between two vegetation (shrubs and bushes) in Sabzevar region
احسان پروانه اول مائده دهقانیEcological efficiency is the product of the efficiencies with which organisms exploit their food resources and convert them into biomass. (E.Ricklefs andamp; L.Miller , 1999). This survey was accomplishing during for seven month on the 20000 ha of the south part of the MoreEcological efficiency is the product of the efficiencies with which organisms exploit their food resources and convert them into biomass. (E.Ricklefs andamp; L.Miller , 1999). This survey was accomplishing during for seven month on the 20000 ha of the south part of the Sabzevar region. The lizards captured on 4 one-ha plots (I-II-III-IV) that were chosen to represent two kind of vegetation (include of shrubs and bushes). Plots I, II placed at shrubs vegetation (Tamarix hispidaandHaloxilon aphyllum) and plots III, IV placed at bushes vegetation (Peganum harmalaand Cousinia sp). Lizards were sampled by 2 methods. The first method consist of padding, repeated search of areas during 2 days (on morning, noon and after noon and night). Nearly all encountered lizards were captured by noosing or by hand. The second sampling method was accomplished with pit-fall trapping. Twenty pitfall traps were established in each plot. All traps were plastic buckets (20 cm diameter and 18 cm length). Traps were placed at random-systematic within a plot, buried in the ground, and leveled with the soil surface. Traps were checked each 3 days. Finally each captured lizard was weighed and data analyzed with ANOVA method (by SPSS software). Outcome of analyze demonstrator that mean of lizard biomass in each of plots I,II is different with plots III,IV,{I III,IV andamp; II III , IV} , in addition , it is true for the sum mean of I,II and III,IV, {I,II andamp; III,IV}. [significant andgt; %95 (andalpha;=0.01(] Manuscript profile
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