میکروارگانیسم

Open Access Article

1 - A Review on the Production of Food Flavorings by Biotechnological Methods
A. Basati M. Khan bagi Doghahe M. Gharachorloo

10.30495/jftn.2023.75309.11279

Introduction: Flavor is one of the most important characteristics of food, which is directly related to the acceptance of the product by consumers. The increasing trend in the consumption of food flavoring compounds has motivated the production of food flavors therefore More

Introduction: Flavor is one of the most important characteristics of food, which is directly related to the acceptance of the product by consumers. The increasing trend in the consumption of food flavoring compounds has motivated the production of food flavors therefore the global demand for natural flavors and aromas is continuously increasing. Plants and microorganisms are the main sources of flavor and aroma compounds such as terpenoids, aldehydes, methyl ketones, but due to their production in lower concentrations, the isolation and extraction of such value-added chemicals is expensive. Therefore, the biotechnological production of flavor compounds has been considered.Materials and Methods: In the last decade, research has been carried out in the field of biological production of flavoring compounds. In this study, main biotechnological methods including the use of enzymes, microorganisms, tissue plants and cell culture have been investigated.Results: Conventional techniques for producing flavor compounds are not sufficient in terms of quantity and variety due to the rising market demand. Current flavor production methods use chemical synthesis, which can produce a greater number of flavors in less time. However, the demand for natural products has created the need for new methods to produce flavoring compounds labeled as natural origin. Biotechnological production is an attractive alternative to flavor production because it occurs under mild conditions, has high selectivity, produces no toxic waste, and produces products that can be labeled as "natural." Natural flavoring compounds obtained by biotechnological processes play an increasing role in the food, cosmetic, chemical and pharmaceutical industries due to the increasing consumer demand for natural food additives.Conclusion: Emerging techniques in biotechnology have enabled industries to produce compounds that might be considered natural. There is no doubt that these technologies will become more important factors in the production of flavoring chemicals in the future due to their many advantages. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Antimicrobial Effects of Cold Plasma on the Pathogenic Bacterium Salmonella enteritidis Existed on the Egg Shell
P. Bohlouli R. Jalalirad D. Dorranian

Introduction: Cold plasma or non-thermal plasma technology is one of the methods of foodprocessing that is used to inactivate pathogen microorganisms and improve food safety. Coldplasma can affect the inactivation of a wide range of microorganisms, without harming theho More

Introduction: Cold plasma or non-thermal plasma technology is one of the methods of foodprocessing that is used to inactivate pathogen microorganisms and improve food safety. Coldplasma can affect the inactivation of a wide range of microorganisms, without harming thehost and healthy tissues.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold plasma directly on reducing thenumbers of Salmonella enteritidis on egg shell and also to determine the effect of plasmaexposure time and the composition of the injected gas.Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of cold atmospheric plasma radiation ofargon and argon containing 5% oxygen gas, at the rate of 3 liters / min, and at three differenttimes on inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis was investigated.Results: The effect of argon gas radiation for 1, 3 and 6 minutes on the reduction ofsalmonella enteritidis numbers being 4.490, 3.948, 0 cfu /ml respectively, was significant at1% probability level. Also, the radiation effect of argon containing 5% oxygen at 1, 3 and 6minutes,on reduction of Salmonella enteritidis numbers was 4.559, 4.226 and 0 cfu /ml,respectively. Both groups of the treatments caused a significant decreasing trend at thestatistical level of 1% as compared to the control sample.Conclusion: The obtained data indicated that the effects of the gas type, as well as theirradiation time and their interaction on the tested bacterium were statistically significant atp>0/01 as compared to the control. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Study on Quantity and Quality of Hospital Wastewater in Tehran City in 1385
Akbar Mokhtari Azar Amir Hesam Hassani Mohammad Reza Khani

Introduction: Different types of sewage including hospital sewage are important especially from health point of view because of pathogenic organisms due to sewage and other risk factors. Method: In this research, the quantity and quality of hospitals’ sewages in selecte More

Introduction: Different types of sewage including hospital sewage are important especially from health point of view because of pathogenic organisms due to sewage and other risk factors. Method: In this research, the quantity and quality of hospitals’ sewages in selected Tehran hospitals are studied. 14 similar with same basis hospitals are selected, general, specialized and highly specialized hospitals and sanatoriums. from each selected centre, two series of sampling under the form of instantly and mixed forms are taken and qualitative parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), potential of Hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solid (TSS), and total dissolved solid (TDS) were studied. Results: This research results show that average of BOD5 ,COD ,TSS ,TDS ,pH and EC in mix sampling of refined sewage were 42, 86, 54, 768, 7.1, 768 mg/lit and in mix sampling of non-refined sewage was 320, 507, 380, 743, 6.97 and 561 mg/lit accordingly. Minimum and maximum of BOD5 in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 25 and 68, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 281 and 381. Minimum and maximum of COD in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 37 and 113, and for non-refined sewage equal was 419 and 687. Minimum and maximum of TSS in mix sampling for refined sewage equal was 28 and 82, and for non-refined sewage equal 300 and 1309. Minimum and maximum of TDS in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 626 and 857, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 469 and 695. Minimum and maximum of pH in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 6.5 and 7.8, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 5.9 and 7.8. Minimum and maximum of EC in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 398 and 1483, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 481 and 928. In this side average hospital sewages flow in unit research for small hospitals with maximum 400 beds, is calculated 1300 lit/bed/day (l/b/d) and for great hospital with up to1000 beds, is calculated 750 l/b/d. Findings of this research showed, that changes of BOD5 rate with number of hospital section have direct relation and quantities of qualitative parameters in hospital sewage with a little increase is approximately equivalent of those rate in urban sewage. Moreover, findings of research of instant sampling in comparison with mix sampling showed credit and recommendation to use mix sampling. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - 2
مجید عباسپور سید احمد میرزایی یدالله دانش

2

2 Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - An Investigation on the Efficiency of SBR In Different Operation Conditions
Afshin Takdastan Naser Mehrdadi Ali Torabian

Many industrial & semi industrial countries manage to use SBR in order to industrial & municipal wastewater treatment. Simplicity, flexibility & being economical of this technical biological treatment, lead it to its significance in utilizing for treating of More

Many industrial & semi industrial countries manage to use SBR in order to industrial & municipal wastewater treatment. Simplicity, flexibility & being economical of this technical biological treatment, lead it to its significance in utilizing for treating of industrial & municipal wastewater. To study this procedure, two units of SBR reactors cylinder made of poly glass with 20 liter volume are used. For seeding the reactors, artificial wastewater with COD of 600 mg/l & BOD of 600 mg/l is used. Reactors with different solid retention time (SRT) (5, 10, 15, 20 & 25 days) are operated. After providing the steady state in the reactors, during 8 months research, sampling and testing parameters such as COD, BOD, MLSS, MLVSS, MLNVSS, pH, DO, SVI, SOUR & F/M were done. The results show that SRT (5, 10, 15, 20 & 25 days) for 10 days duration is the best results for COD removal efficiency without existence of any bulking, pin point flocks and also foaming & dispersed growth difficulties. In this SRT duration, the amount of SVI has been up to 90 mg/l. This SRT system has been used in growth phase and the amount of F/M is 0.25. In the SRT less than 5 days, inorganic material removal & sludge volume index efficiency (SVI=215 mg/l) due to voluminous foaming generation & also fine coagulation generation resulted from lowness MLSS and dispersed growth occurrence respectively was low and it which shows that the system was operated in log growth phase & the amount of F/M has been1.8. Also in the SRT more than 25 days filamentous bulking phenomenon was aggravated and system efficiency due to bad sludge settle ability (SVI=215 mg/l) was low & because of over growth of filamentous bacteria, sludge can not be settled easily. With the increasing of SRT (more than 20 days), due to entrancing to declining phase and increase of inactive & old bacteria, the rate of oxygen consumption & SOUR reached to 7(mgo2/hr/grVSS), however in a low SRT (5 days), due to entrancing log growth phase & increase of active & young bacteria, the rate of oxygen consumption increased & SOUR reached up to 22 (mgo2/hr/grVSS). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Isolation and Evaluation of Meso-philic, Thermo-philic and SRBs Bacteria and Fungi Effective on the Effluent Wastewater in the Moulding Industrials
Mohammad Hossein Habibollahi Mohammad Kargar Abbasali Damangir Sara Nabizadeh

Introduction: Nowadays due to attention to progress of environmental laws and the importance of the wastewater purification, treatment and degradation of it have been considered as one of the important subjects. The purpose of this research is isolation and evaluation More

Introduction: Nowadays due to attention to progress of environmental laws and the importance of the wastewater purification, treatment and degradation of it have been considered as one of the important subjects. The purpose of this research is isolation and evaluation of aerobes and anaerobes microorganisms effective on oil wastewater. Materials and Methods: The specimens of this research were collected from effluent wastewater containing oil compounds of moulding unit of Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex. Mesophilic, Thermophilic and SRBs bacteria and fungus were isolated in special media. Then all of the colonies were evaluated for purpose of bio-surfactant production by emulsification tests and surface tension reduction by Tensio-meter in M.S.S medium. At last the effects of colonies with the emulsification power of 2.5–4 and surface tension reduction up to 9mN/m on wastewater structure were evaluated by HPLC chromatography. Result and Discussion: Only 15 Mesophilic bacteria of 104 isolated microorganisms have shown the most effect on the wastewater structure. Thermophilic and SRBs bacteria and fungus had insignificant effects on wastewater structure. With due results of this research, omitting heavy and organic compounds from wastewater aerobe and Mesophilic bacteria should be considered more effectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Comparing the Performance of Biological Systems in Removal of Odor from Municipal Wastewater Facilities (Case Study)
Masoud Taheriyoun Moslem Salehiziri

10.22034/jest.2017.11222

Background and Objective: Nowadays, biofiltration has become a widely used technology for the removal of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) which is one of the major odor-causing gases present in the air streams of municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Method: In this stu More

Background and Objective: Nowadays, biofiltration has become a widely used technology for the removal of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) which is one of the major odor-causing gases present in the air streams of municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Method: In this study, a biofilter pilot plant consisting of composts and woodchip as a bed (with a weight ratio of 5:1 for compost: woodchip) and a biotrickling filter with synthesis bed was made to compare the performance of the systems under real condition. Time duration for the pilot operation was 75 days during which the input and output H2S gas concentrations were measured. The systems were operated at ambient temperature, and it was attempted to operate them under desired conditions. Findings: The results showed that concentration of H2S gas emitted from the pumping station during 24 hours was very variable and was in the range of 0 and 48 ppm. Evaluation of all performance parameters (removal efficiency, elimination rate, etc.) indicated that the performance of biofilter systems for the removal of odor emitted from municipal wastewater facilities, in range of 0-50 ppm of H2S, was more appropriate than that of biotrickling filter systems. Conclusion: Therefore, the use of biofilter for H2S gas removal from the municipal wastewater facilities is recommended. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Bioremediation of anthracene in Siri Island with an emphasis on biosafety
Mozhgan Emtiazjoo Sima Seddighi Marjan Emtiazjoo

Siri oil region in the Persian Gulf is one the four sites for extracting, refining, and transporting oil. The region is, therefore, exposed to the pollution danger of oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this research, the amounts of PAHs were measured b More

Siri oil region in the Persian Gulf is one the four sites for extracting, refining, and transporting oil. The region is, therefore, exposed to the pollution danger of oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this research, the amounts of PAHs were measured by GCMS in 8 stations at two transect. Anthracene was observed in most of the research stations and was isolated from the sediment. Then the degradation potential of these bacteria was recognized using well method, biomass measurement, and selective spatial media, and was analyzed with GC.                                                              Anthracene degrading microorganisms have been identified with general microbial methods. These microorganisms included: Bacillus sp.PGI, Bacillus sp. PGII, Pseudomonas sp PGIII, and Staphylococcus sp PGIIII. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Identification of arsenic contamination from underground mine area, Sirjan, and removing them by biological absorption method
zahra ranjbar seyed mansour meybodi zahra masoumalinejad mohammad reza zinatizadeh

Background and Objectives: Heavy metals causing the pollution of environment through industrial activities. biological methods have been used to remove toxic element that compared to other methods are promising technologies with higher efficiency and lower cost. The aim More

Background and Objectives: Heavy metals causing the pollution of environment through industrial activities. biological methods have been used to remove toxic element that compared to other methods are promising technologies with higher efficiency and lower cost. The aim of this study was to isolate strains with high tolerance to arsenic from 3 area of groundwater Sirjan. Materials and methods: were cultured on LB agar medium containing 5ppm arsenic. After 24h incubation, 25 colonies of resistant strains were isolated. DNA was extracted by using phenol chloroform method and contaminated samples were examined by PCR reaction. In order to detect microorganisms by molecular methods , 16SrDNA primers were used. Amount of growth was determined by spectrophotometry at 600 nm in 24h. Antimicrobial resistance patterns and biosorption analysis was performed by method of antibiogram and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The strain was identified by 16SrDNA PCR sequencing. Results and Conclusion: From 100% of bacterial isolates in this study were 20% gram positive, 40% gram negative bacilli, 28% gram positive cocci and12% Gram negative spiral. Genetic analysis results for the basil sample showed that the strain was 100% consistent with the Bacillus Cereus strain LS24. The dominant strain had a minimum inhibitory concentration just 1000 ppm at a temperature of 40°C, pH 7 and 150 rpm. This bacterium was removed 62.8% of arsenic from the solution. Superior strain was Bacillus cereus LS24 by biochemical and genetic methods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Identification of arsenic contamination from underground mine area, Sirjan, and removing them by biological absorption method
zahra ranjbar seyed mansour meybodi

Background and Objectives: Heavy metals causing the pollution of environment through industrial activities. biological methods have been used to remove toxic element that compared to other methods are promising technologies with higher efficiency and lower cost. The aim More

Background and Objectives: Heavy metals causing the pollution of environment through industrial activities. biological methods have been used to remove toxic element that compared to other methods are promising technologies with higher efficiency and lower cost. The aim of this study was to isolate strains with high tolerance to arsenic from 3 area of groundwater Sirjan. Materials and methods: were cultured on LB agar medium containing 5ppm arsenic. After 24h incubation, 25 colonies of resistant strains were isolated. DNA was extracted by using phenol chloroform method and contaminated samples were examined by PCR reaction. In order to detect microorganisms by molecular methods , 16SrDNA primers were used. Amount of growth was determined by spectrophotometry at 600 nm in 24h. Antimicrobial resistance patterns and biosorption analysis was performed by method of antibiogram and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The strain was identified by 16SrDNA PCR sequencing. Results and Conclusion: From 100% of bacterial isolates in this study were 20% gram positive, 40% gram negative bacilli, 28% gram positive cocci and12% Gram negative spiral. Genetic analysis results for the basil sample showed that the strain was 100% consistent with the Bacillus Cereus strain LS24. The dominant strain had a minimum inhibitory concentration just 1000 ppm at a temperature of 40°C, pH 7 and 150 rpm. This bacterium was removed 62.8% of arsenic from the solution. Superior strain was Bacillus cereus LS24 by biochemical and genetic methods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Identification and Enzymatic Characterization of Hyperhalophilic Bacteria Isolates from Howz Soltan Lake
Fahimeh Mahmoudnia

Introduction: The study of microorganisms in specific regions with specific characteristics has long been important. Howz Soltan is a salt lake in the central desert zone of Iran, which is considered as an area of great salinity. The present study was conducted to isola More

Introduction: The study of microorganisms in specific regions with specific characteristics has long been important. Howz Soltan is a salt lake in the central desert zone of Iran, which is considered as an area of great salinity. The present study was conducted to isolate halophilic bacteria from Howz Soltan lake in order to achieve maximum information concerning to microbial diversity of the lake.Material and methods: For this purpose, samples were collected from five regions. Then the samples were diluted and cultivated on Molten haloid agar with different salt concentrations (5-35%). The plates were incubated at 37ºC in aerobic conditions. Biochemical characterizations, utilization of carbon sources and production of exoenzymes were investigated.Results: In total 205 different colonies were grew on medium with 5-35% salt concentrations. Of all isolates 18 strains were grew on medium with 15-35% salt concentrations. These strains were considered extreme halophilic bacteria and the rest were halotolerant and moderate halophilic bacteria. The results obtained from microscopic analysis of the isolates indicated that 178 isolates were gram positive bacilli, cocci and filamentous and 27 isolates were gram negative with bacilli shape. Phenotypic identification recognized that the isolated strains of extreme halophilic bacteria were Halobacterium ,Haloarcula ,Halorubrum and Halococcus. In addition, enzyme production assay of these strains showed some of them have capability to produce different enzymes viz., amylase, lipase, protease, DNase, urease, xylanase and gelatinase. Conclusion: In general, our finding showed the huge diversity of halophilic bacteria in Howz Soltan lake. Furthermore, these bacteria could be considered as sources of halotolerant enzymes in different industries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Investigating phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals by microorganisms
Alahyar Kamari Asaf Orujzadeh

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals by microorganisms. Materials and methods: This study was conducted with a review-descriptive method on the studies conducted on herbal treatment. More

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals by microorganisms. Materials and methods: This study was conducted with a review-descriptive method on the studies conducted on herbal treatment. Findings: The results of this study showed that many techniques have been developed to clean soils contaminated with heavy metals. Among these techniques, plant extraction (plant treatment) has been presented as an effective and cheap cleaning method, in which the absorption and collection of pollutants in plant tissues is considered. In this method, by harvesting plants from the soil, the pollutants are removed from the soil. In agricultural lands contaminated with heavy metals, the selection of metal-tolerant crops to remove pollutants from the soil can be a new strategy for land management. A number of cadmium accumulating species that have been reported based on the results of hydroponic and pot tests are species with high biomass, including corn, sunflower and Indian mustard for refining areas contaminated with heavy metals. Conclusion: Various physical, chemical and biological methods have been suggested for the treatment of areas contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants, which are mostly costly and uneconomical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - A review on single cell oil production from food waste
Nahayeh Najafi Payman Rajaei

SCO single cell oil is a suitable alternative source for oils, because it can be used as a raw material in the production of biofuels and also as a suitable option in the production of essential fatty acids suitable for human nutrition or as a supplement in animal feed. More

SCO single cell oil is a suitable alternative source for oils, because it can be used as a raw material in the production of biofuels and also as a suitable option in the production of essential fatty acids suitable for human nutrition or as a supplement in animal feed. . However, the usability of SCO is limited due to the high price of the raw materials used in it. The fermentation process using inexpensive agricultural and industrial wastes can solve this problem, which are applicable for the production of SCO. The use of these by-products as the main source of carbon in fermentation not only significantly reduces the overall costs of SCO production, but also causes the treatment of produced waste streams, thus reducing the negative effects on the environment. . Because various agricultural and industrial biodegradable by-products can be used in microbial fermentations. The purpose of this review is to classify and compare usable agricultural residues based on their availability. Single-cell oils are lipids from bacteria, fungi, yeasts, microscopic cruciferous algae, and protists. These lipids have different uses depending on their fatty acid composition. SCOs with high saturated fatty acid content are suitable for biodiesel production, while SCOs rich in unsaturated fatty acids are suitable for human and animal nutrition. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Sensory characteristics of probiotic cheese
sharareh shahbazi

Cheese is a very suitable substrate for probiotic microorganisms to guide them into the intestine. In addition, different types of cheese are produced around the world. The consumption of cheese by the majority of people, in addition to having nutritional value for them More

Cheese is a very suitable substrate for probiotic microorganisms to guide them into the intestine. In addition, different types of cheese are produced around the world. The consumption of cheese by the majority of people, in addition to having nutritional value for them, increases the market demand for probiotic cheese. Probiotics often survive in food products at a standard level until consumption without changing the sensory properties of that substance. In relation to the fact that probiotics can have an effect on the taste, texture and appearance of dairy products, the sensory properties of dairy products have been subjected to several studies. In this article, the sensory characteristics of cheese produced by probiotics were investigated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Evaluation of bio removal nitrate by Thiobacillus denitrificance in the presence of quantum dot carbon stabilized zero valent iron nanoparticles (CQD-Fe0)
elahe hamdi behnam rasekh elahe tajbakhsh fatemeh yazdian maryam ghobeh

Contamination of groundwater and surface water with nitrate has become a serious problem in many parts of the world. Adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems are one of the most important effects of high nitrate concentrations in aqueous solutions. Zero-valent iron (Fe 0) More

Contamination of groundwater and surface water with nitrate has become a serious problem in many parts of the world. Adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems are one of the most important effects of high nitrate concentrations in aqueous solutions. Zero-valent iron (Fe 0) metal nanoparticles are of great interest for the purification of toxic compounds from water. The aim of this study was to use nanostructure coated with carbon-quantum dot (CQD-Fe0) to investigate their role in biodenitrification of Thiobacillus denitrificance. For this purpose, Fe0 nanoparticles were synthesized by the liquid phase reduction method and for biocompatibility, uniform distribution and non-agglomeration, Fe0 was coated with carbon quantum-dot. Characterization of nanoparticles determined by XRD, TEM, FESEM, FTIR and DLS. The FTIR spectrum confirmed the formation of CQD and Fe0 bonds. The average diameter of CQD-Fe0 nanoparticles was observed in the range of 29.31-38.32. According to the results, with increasing temperature, growth and bio-nitrification activity of Thiobacillus denitrificance microorganism increases. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Development of liposomal formulations carrying antibiotics
rabea khoshnevis zadeh

Since the advent of antibiotics, selective pressure on microorganisms has caused the formation of resistant types. Different generations of antibiotics have been designed and used to fight pathogens, but at the same time, more resistant types of pathogens have been spre More

Since the advent of antibiotics, selective pressure on microorganisms has caused the formation of resistant types. Different generations of antibiotics have been designed and used to fight pathogens, but at the same time, more resistant types of pathogens have been spread, so it is necessary to use new strategies to deal with infectious agents. The development of nanoscience in the field of medicine was a suitable solution for this purpose, and pharmaceutical nanocarriers were developed. Liposomes are nanocarriers with a lipid body whose features such as biocompatibility, bioavailability, targeted transfer, amphiphilic properties, integration with membranes, slow and controlled drug release have attracted the attention of researchers. In this review article, an attempt has been made to provide information about the benefits of this drug system by studying scientific documents in the field of antibiotic-carrying liposomes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Encapsulation of wheat germ and probiotic bacteria Bacillus licheniformis using guar gum and maltodextrin by freeze drying method to increase the shelf life of wheat germ
Maryam Sharifi Mohammad Goli Mohaddaseh Ramezani

10.30495/jfh.2022.1967947.1376

As a byproduct of the milling process, wheat germ provides a rich source of minerals, vitamins, tocopherols, phytosterols, amino acids, and important fatty acids. However, the high levels of unsaturated oil and high levels of enzymes lead to a reduction in wheat germ's More

As a byproduct of the milling process, wheat germ provides a rich source of minerals, vitamins, tocopherols, phytosterols, amino acids, and important fatty acids. However, the high levels of unsaturated oil and high levels of enzymes lead to a reduction in wheat germ's nutritional value during storage, which severely reduces the product's shelf life. The purpose of this study was to use guar gum and maltodextrin together with the freeze-drying encapsulation technique to extend the shelf life of probiotic wheat germ containing Bacillus licheniformis. In this regard, the durability of the encapsulated probiotic wheat germ was assessed for 360 days of storage using three different ratios of maltodextrin to guar gum, including 1 to 0.3, 0.1, and 0.03. The tests were carried out using a completely random design, and the averages were assessed using Duncan's test with a significance level of 5%. The effect of time on the changes in oxidation indices of the encapsulated wheat germ was evaluated positively. During 360 days of storage, the encapsulated sample with maltodextrin and guar gum in all examined ratios significantly reduced the total acid value (P< 0.05). In comparison to samples without probiotics, the inclusion of B. licheniformis probiotic considerably reduced the values of the total acid number and TBA index (P< 0.05). In the probiotic treatment, the levels of peroxide, anisidine, totox, mold, and yeast significantly increased with longer storage times (P< 0.05).  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Prevalence of contamination of sandwiches with pathogenic microorganisms and antibiotic resistance of isolates in Kermanshah city, Iran.
Mohammad amin Heidarzadi Nadia Ayazi Najmeh Vahed dehkordi Mohsen Karami Sayedeh Khadijeh Ahmadi Seyed Erfan Hoseini nasab

10.30495/jfh.2024.1993294.1414

Meat products are one of the suppliers of human food needs, and like other food products, they have special nutritional values. If these products are contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, they cause gastroenteritis in humans. The purpose of the present study is t More

Meat products are one of the suppliers of human food needs, and like other food products, they have special nutritional values. If these products are contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, they cause gastroenteritis in humans. The purpose of the present study is the prevalence of contamination of sandwiches with pathogenic microorganisms and the antibiotic resistance of isolates in Kermanshah, Iran. A number of 210 samples, including ready-made sandwiches, sauces and salads, were taken from the supply centers of these products and transferred to the laboratory of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and according to the standard instructions, to identify the microorganisms of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Clostridium, coliform, Mold and yeast, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica were evaluated. Antibiotic resistance of isolates was evaluated by disk diffusion method. The results showed that the highest contamination was related to mold and yeast (83.64 percent), Staphylococcus aureus (42.71 percent), Salmonella (32.1 percent), and Escherichia coli (27.8 percent). Clostridium perfringens (13.3), Yersinia enterocolitica (5.25) and Bacillus cereus (3.94). Also, the results showed that the most contaminated food items are salad (43.81 percent), sauce (42.38 percent), traditional hamburger (36.48 percent), samosa (32.85 percent), falafel (24.28 percent), respectively. percent), sausage (24.12 percent) and sausage (13.9 percent). The high and alarming prevalence of bacterial contamination as well as the antibiotic resistance of isolates in sandwiches is a warning to apply accurate and quick health monitoring to these products. Manuscript profile

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19 - Investigation on the hygienic quality of natural mineral waters sold in the city of Tabriz in 2008
جلیل Khandaghi M.R Sehat khah

With the significant increase in bottled natural mineral water production and consumption over the last decade in our country, there has been a growing concern over the microbiological quality of such products. The purpose of the present study was to analyze various bot More

With the significant increase in bottled natural mineral water production and consumption over the last decade in our country, there has been a growing concern over the microbiological quality of such products. The purpose of the present study was to analyze various bottled natural mineral waters sold in Tabriz. In this study, 150 samples of such products were examined for aerobic colony count, coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aerobic colony count pseudomonas and clostridium were determined using membrane filtration method and most probable number (MPN) method was used for determining coliforms and fecal streptococci. The results indicated that in 25.3% of the samples there was no microbial growth in plate count agar media and 2% of the samples were contaminated with high levels of aerobic colony count (more than 20 bacteria/ ml). Furthermore, of the 72.6% of samples with acceptable aerobic colony count, 2.75%, 1.83%, 2.75% and 0.91% were contaminated with coliforms, fecal streptococci, pseudomonas and clostridium respectively. Manuscript profile

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20 - توانایی گیاه پالایی گونه Polypogon monspeliensis L. در پالایش خاک‌های آلوده به نفت
مژگان فرزامی سپهر فرهاد نوروزی حاجی عبدال میر علی فرج‌زاده

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21 - New Surface Marine Microplastics for Colonization, Biofilm Formation and Biodegradation
Nahid Masoumi Seyed Reza Hosseini Doust Morteza Azizollahi Maryam Mianabadi

10.30495/bioem.2022.703335

We have known that microplastics (MPs) in the ocean are carriers of microbial-dominated assemblages and are rapidly colonized by microbes when released into the ocean. However, the role of microbial interactions with microplastics in marine ecosystems has been investiga More

We have known that microplastics (MPs) in the ocean are carriers of microbial-dominated assemblages and are rapidly colonized by microbes when released into the ocean. However, the role of microbial interactions with microplastics in marine ecosystems has been investigated in detail recently. The presence of microplastics in the marine environment has been raising global attention. Microparticles transport biofilm communities that are distinct from the surrounding environment. Although plastic-colonizing microorganisms are important for the fate of MPs in different ecosystems their influence on the fate of microplastics is largely unknown. In this review, we focused on the establishment of plastic-specific biofilms (plastisphere); the enrichment of pathogenic bacteria coupled to a vector function of microplastics; and the microbial degradation of microplastics in the marine environment. In addition, providing a better understanding of plastisphere and biofilm expansion in marine environments, and discusses plastic biodegradation. Also, the identification of potentially pathogenic in the plastisphere is considered. Manuscript profile

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22 - Study of Antioxidant Effect and Antimicrobial Properties Extract of Ricinus Communis and its Effect on Soybean Oil Stability in Storage Conditions
Mahdi Athari Elham Azadfar Seyyed Hussein Stiri Ahmad Pedram Nia Mohammad Mahdi NematShahi

10.30495/jfst.2021.684131

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23 - مطالعه مقایسه‌ای قابلیت هضم کاه گندم توسط قارچهای بی هوازی شکمبه گاومیش خوزستان و گاو هلشتاین در شرایط آزمایشگاهی
ف. شاکرمی م. چاجی م. اسلامی ط. محمد آبادی م. بوجارپور

این مطالعه به منظور مقایسه قابلیت هضم کاه گندم توسط قارچ‌ها و کل میکروارگانیسم&rlm;های شکمبه (WRM) گاو و گاومیش انجام شد. قابلیت هضم ماده خشک (DMD)، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (DNDF) و اسیدی (ADFD) توسط WRM و قارچ‌های شکمبه گاو و گاومیش به روش هضم آزمایشگاهی، تولید گا More

این مطالعه به منظور مقایسه قابلیت هضم کاه گندم توسط قارچ‌ها و کل میکروارگانیسم&rlm;های شکمبه (WRM) گاو و گاومیش انجام شد. قابلیت هضم ماده خشک (DMD)، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (DNDF) و اسیدی (ADFD) توسط WRM و قارچ‌های شکمبه گاو و گاومیش به روش هضم آزمایشگاهی، تولید گاز و کشت اختصاصی قارچ‌های شکمبه (SRAFC) مقایسه شد. DMD،  NDFDو ADFD کاه توسط WRM گاومیش (به ترتیب 80/60، 93/49 و 45/17 درصد) بیشتر از گاو (به ترتیب 00/53، 63/38 و 62/10 درصد) بود (05/0P<). صرف نظر از نوع میکروارگانیسم‌ها DMD (05/0P>)، NDF و ADF توسط گاومیش (03/51، 41/44 و 09/12 درصد) بیشتر از گاو (40/48، 34/36 و 76/8) بود (05/0P<). پتانسیل تولید گاز (B) کاه توسط قارچ‌ها و WRM گاو بیشتر از گاومیش بود (05/0P<). نرخ تولید گاز (C) توسط WRM و قارچ‌های شکمبه گاومیش بیشتر از گاو بود (05/0P<). صرف نظر از نوع میکروارگانیسم، C کاه در گاومیش بیشتر از گاو بود (05/0P<)، و بلعکس برای B بود (05/0P<). صرف نظر از نوع دام، قابلیت هضم و B برای WRM بیشتر از قارچ‌ها بود (05/0P<)، اما برای نرخ تولید گاز بین آنها تفاوتی وجود نداشت. در روش SRAFC، DMD کاه در گاومیش در روزهای 3 و 12 بیشتر از گاو بود (05/0P<). تعداد قارچ‌ها در شکمبه گاو بیشتر از گاومیش بود (05/0P<). در کل، می‌توان بیان نمود که توان قارچ‌ها و WRM گاومیش بیشتر یا برابر با گاو بود. بنابراین، نتایج برتری گاومیش نسبت به گاو هلشتاین در استفاده از مواد فیبری کم کیفیت را نشان داد. Manuscript profile

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24 - تأثیر سطوح مختلف خارمریم (Silybum Marianum) در جیره‌های حاوی دانه با سرعت تجزیه متفاوت در شکمبه بر باکتری‌های شکمبه گاومیش خوزستان
ض. نیکزاد م. چاجی ک. میرزاده ت. محمدآبادی م. ساری

هدف از این مطالعه بررسی جیره‌های حاوی سطوح مختلف خارمریم (0، 100 و 200 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) و جیره‌های حاوی دانه با سرعت تجزیه متفاوت (ذرت و جو) در شکمبه بر باکتری‌ها و کل میکروارگانیسم‌های شکمبه گاومیش خوزستان بود. از روش‌های تولید گاز، هضم دو مرحله‌ای و کشت اختصاص More

هدف از این مطالعه بررسی جیره‌های حاوی سطوح مختلف خارمریم (0، 100 و 200 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) و جیره‌های حاوی دانه با سرعت تجزیه متفاوت (ذرت و جو) در شکمبه بر باکتری‌ها و کل میکروارگانیسم‌های شکمبه گاومیش خوزستان بود. از روش‌های تولید گاز، هضم دو مرحله‌ای و کشت اختصاصی باکتری برای این منظور استفاده شد. مایع شکمبه از دو رأس گاومیش فیستولا گذاری شده گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که پتانسیل تولید گاز جیره‌های آزمایشی توسط کل میکروارگانیسم‌ها تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشت (05/0<P) و در هر دو جیره‌ پایه با افزایش سطح خارمریم تولید گاز افزایش یافت ولی در جیره‌ بر پایه‌ جو، سطح 200 گرم و در جیره‌ بر پایه‌ ذرت، سطح 100 گرم بیشترین تولید گاز را نشان داد. نرخ تولید گاز جیره‌های آزمایشی توسط کل میکروارگانیسم‌ها تفاوت معنی‌داری نشان داد (05/0>P) به طوری که در هر دو جیره‌ پایه سطح 100 گرم بیشترین نرخ تولید گاز را نشان داد. پتانسیل و نرخ تولید گاز جیره‌های آزمایشی توسط باکتری‌های شکمبه گاومیش تفاوت معنی‌داری نشان نداد (05/0<P). در روش هضم دو مرحله‌ای استفاده از سطوح مختلف خارمریم در جیره (بر پایه‌ی جو و ذرت) تأثیر منفی بر قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی توسط کل میکروارگانیسم‌ها نداشت (05/0<P). در جیره‌های بر پایه‌ جو، افزایش مقدار خارمریم باعث افزایش عددی قابلیت هضم ماده خشک و NDF نسبت به جیره‌ شاهد شد (05/0<P) درحالیکه در جیره‌ بر پایه‌ ذرت، باعث کاهش ناچیز هضم ماده خشک و NDF شد. در ارتباط با قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی توسط باکتری‌ها روند مشابهی مشاهده شد، با این تفاوت که هضم ماده خشک در جیره‌ بر پایه‌ ذرت نسبت به شاهد کاهش معنی‌داری داشت (05/0>P). قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی جیره‌های آزمایشی توسط باکتری‌ها در محیط کشت اختصاصی باکتری، تحت تأثیر سطوح خارمریم قرار نگرفت (05/0<P). بنابراین نتایج نشان می‌دهد که می‌توان از خارمریم تا 20 درصد جیره گاومیش بدون اثرات منفی بر هضم و تخمیر توسط کل میکروارگانیسم‌ها و باکتری‌ها استفاده کرد. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment
vida dawoodi

Crude oil is a naturally occurring complex mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds. Oil-based products are the main source of energy for industry and daily life. However, today's environmental pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons and its adverse effects on t More

Crude oil is a naturally occurring complex mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds. Oil-based products are the main source of energy for industry and daily life. However, today's environmental pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons and its adverse effects on the environment is significant among the many problems. The effect of oil on microbial populations depends upon the chemical composition of the oil and on the species of microorganisms present. Populations of some microbes increase; typically, Many of microorganisms are capable of utilizing petroleum hydrocarbons as nutrient. The process of bioremediation, defined as the use of microorganisms to detoxify or remove pollutants owing to their diverse metabolic capabilities is an evolving method for the removal and degradation of many environmental pollutants including the products of petroleum industry. Biodegradation by natural populations of microorganisms represents one of the primary mechanisms by which petroleum and other hydrocarbon pollutants can be removed from the environment and is cheaper than other remediation technologies. This paper presents an updated overview of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation by microorganisms.Keywords: Biodegradation, crude oil, microorganisms Manuscript profile

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26 - مقایسه عملکرد باکتری‌های مزوفیل و ترموفیل در حذف بیولوژیکی مس از کنسانتره مولیبدنیت مجتمع مس سرچشمه در راکتور بیولیچینگ
زهرا منافی رضا آتش دهقان مریم کارگرراضی

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27 - The effect of potassium chloride on vegetative parameters of sorghum inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (Glumus mossea) under water stress condition
Ahmad Mehraban Bahman Fazelinasab

Background & Objectives: The effect of different levels of potassium fertilizers on sorghum inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (Glumus mossea) was evaluated under water stress condition in a split-plot experiment, based on randomized complete block design in four rep More

Background & Objectives: The effect of different levels of potassium fertilizers on sorghum inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (Glumus mossea) was evaluated under water stress condition in a split-plot experiment, based on randomized complete block design in four replicates.   Materials & Methods: Treatments were carried out in three different levels of stress including irrigation after 40, 80 and 120 mm evaporation from pan evaporation class A (S1, S2, and S3, respectively); three different levels of potassium chloride fertilizer treatments including without fertilizers, 75 kg and 150 kg/hec of potassium chloride (K1, K2 and, K3, respectively). The studied parameters were plant height, number of tiller per plant, flag leaf length, panicle length, and fresh and dry forage yield.   Results: Our results indicated that the maximum value of all measured parameters obtained from S1. Increasing water stress resulted in a decrease in both yield and growth rate. Furthermore, among K treatments, maximum panicle length and fresh and dry forage yield obtained from K3. Correlation study showed a positive correlation between forage yield of sorghum and height and diameter of the stem.   Conclusion: Among the applied treatments, the optimal amount of potassium chloride fertilizer was 150 kg/hec along with irrigation after 40 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan. Manuscript profile

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28 - Bioleaching operations of the Low-grade chalcopyrite ore in the chloride conditions using adapted Indigenous microorganisms
Ali Behrad Vakylabad Peyman Moha,mmadzadeh Jahani Zahra Manafi

Background & Objectives: Dissolution of chalcopyrite is one of the most important challenges of hydrometallurgy because it is difficult to leach due to its inactivation by passive precipitates like jarosites. The combination of the benefits of microbial leaching (na More

Background & Objectives: Dissolution of chalcopyrite is one of the most important challenges of hydrometallurgy because it is difficult to leach due to its inactivation by passive precipitates like jarosites. The combination of the benefits of microbial leaching (native mesophiles, moderate thermophiles, and extreme thermophiles), and chloride leaching was the main purpose to enhance the copper recovery, especially from the low-grade chalcopyrite sources. Materials & Methods: The native microorganisms were isolated from Sarcheshmeh mine, and adapted (4 months with chloride media). Then, the bioleaching operation was systematically performed using the columns containing low chalcopyrite ore (less than 0.3% Cu) to investigate the effect of the chlorine on the bioleaching process. Different analyzes of the leaching and feed residues were used to closely examine the process and mechanisms involved (A 23% increase in recovery (81% with chlorine and 58% with no chlorine)). Results: Based on the analyses of the bio-leaching residues, overcoming the problems caused by the unwanted precipitates like jarosite during chlorinated bioprocess (2 g / l chloride) was one of the main reasons for these results which were identified using SEM, EDS analysis. And, the elemental mapping of the solid residues from microbial leaching operations proved this possible reason. Conclusion: Controlling the undesirable precipitates in the process was the most important lever to improve copper recovery (more than 81% of copper over 120 days). This was achieved by regulating the growth process and activity of microorganisms from mesophiles to extreme thermophiles with sodium chloride salt additive. Manuscript profile

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