معرفت شناسی

Open Access Article

1 - Meta theoretical foundations of feminism theory in international relations
Ebrahim Anooshe

The field of international relations in the field of theorizing includes a wide range of theories. From the traditional range of theories of international relations to the late theories and reflectionism, which has been a reaction to the traditional and ruling theories More

The field of international relations in the field of theorizing includes a wide range of theories. From the traditional range of theories of international relations to the late theories and reflectionism, which has been a reaction to the traditional and ruling theories in international relations. One of the most important developments in the field of international relations theories is the emergence of meta-theoretical issues in this field. meta-theoretical debates in international relations have been raised since the end of the 20th century, especially in the last international relations debates, which was the debate between rationalists and reflective theories, and this debate is more philosophical in nature, and the field of philosophy of science has been used to examine and evaluate other theories. meta-theory actually examines, analyzes and describes the theory. In other words, meta-theory deals with the ontological, epistemological and methodological dimensions of a theory. One of the recent and reflective theories in the field of international relations is the theory of feminism. Most of the proponents of this theory are inspired by poststructuralism. Feminists also question the dimensions of ontology, epistemology and methodology of traditional theories of international relations, especially realism, and consider them insufficient to analyze the realities of today's world. The purpose of this research is to investigate and familiarize with the ontological, epistemological and methodological dimensions of the theory of feminism and to what extent these dimensions can give us a more accurate and better understanding in the field of international relations and world politics issues. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - M. Alcoff’s Feminist Epistemology
مریم روایی

Recently feminist epistemology became a specific domain and in whichare privileged certain research programs and some various orientationsin them. M. Alcoff is a feminist epistemologist who has focused oncontinental philosophy, feminism, politics, race-theory, and sexua More

Recently feminist epistemology became a specific domain and in whichare privileged certain research programs and some various orientationsin them. M. Alcoff is a feminist epistemologist who has focused oncontinental philosophy, feminism, politics, race-theory, and sexuality.Considering relation between knowledge and its historical-socialcontext is special remark of her works and researches. In many of herwritings, specially, Real Knowing, she maintains, in contrast withpoststructuralists and pragmatists, that “truth” is a concept nonseparableof, referential to, and dependent on content. She also arguesfor “normative subjectivity” as a fundamental, context-dependent, andnon-universal, idea. Completion of an ontological, coherent account oftruth-theory is her ambitious claim. Phenomenology and hermeneuticsmake up her philosophic method for that ambition and her critique oftraditional issues as well. It seems to her that phenomenology let us tosee how every idea relates to some experience and hermeneuticsteaches us to consider the influence of historical-cultural context incomprehending it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Avicenna and MullaSadra’s Thought about the Perception of Universal Concepts: a Comparative Study
بیوک علیزاده داود زندی

How soul perceives universal concepts is one of the epistemologicalproblems that have been discussed by great Islamic philosophers likeMullaSadra and Avicenna. These philosophers have offered totallydifferent theories in this respect. Avicenna and his followers believet More

How soul perceives universal concepts is one of the epistemologicalproblems that have been discussed by great Islamic philosophers likeMullaSadra and Avicenna. These philosophers have offered totallydifferent theories in this respect. Avicenna and his followers believethat soul perceives universal concepts through extraction by omittingaccidental things (abstraction theory). This cognition, as he says, isachievable only through a kind of relationship with active intellect .Onthe other hand, Mullasadra believes that soul can perceive universalconcepts not through extraction but through rational laboring anddeveloping particular concepts into universal ones (transcendencetheory). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Ibn Sina on General limits of knowledge
محمد علی اخگر سید صدر الدین طاهری

General limits of knowledge is one of the important discussion inepistemological studies. In the matter of human knowledge, weconfront with determining general limits of this knowledge. Mostphilosophers have regarded human knowledge as a limited one, andconsidered diffe More

General limits of knowledge is one of the important discussion inepistemological studies. In the matter of human knowledge, weconfront with determining general limits of this knowledge. Mostphilosophers have regarded human knowledge as a limited one, andconsidered different limits for it. Ibn sina takes limited humanknowledge too and excludes some of the affairs from cognitive realmof human. One the one hand, he accepts possibility of knowledge andtherefore opposed skepticism. On other hand, he restricts thisknowledge to the different limits and hence disagrees with absolutedogmatism. He takes into account different limits for humanknowledge such as human limitation in recognizing the essence ofthings, human limitation in knowing God, human limitation inperceiving resurrection, cognitive limitation resulted fromaccompanying with material and body etc. He presents variousarguments for proving these limitations and interesting discussionsabout these. Studying these limitations due to recognizing Ibn sina’sgeneral viewpoint about human knowledge has been very importantand will grant great assistance in understanding his philosophy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Divine Names and Attributes from the Muslim Theologians' View
Mohammad Javad Shams

"Divine names and attributes" is one of the most important, andperhapes polemic and contentious topics in Islamic theology which isposed under divine unity subject.The first question rised for theologians after demonstration of God'sexistense was on His qualities and at More

"Divine names and attributes" is one of the most important, andperhapes polemic and contentious topics in Islamic theology which isposed under divine unity subject.The first question rised for theologians after demonstration of God'sexistense was on His qualities and attributes. In Quran and tradition,some names and attributes of God are mentioned, but there is anemphasis on God's transcendence too; therefore this question has beenalways posed for theologians that how is the alliance between essenceand attributes? Are attributes the very essence or other than it? Areattributes pre- existent or created?Theologians, accoding to their theological tendencies have answered tothese questions differently and even antithetically. They have providedseveral theories such as : identity, otherness, and vicarship. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Muslim Philosophers' Philosophy of Science and its Aristotlean Legacy
موسی ملایری

It is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or&ldq More

It is well known, though, that the philosophy of science is a newbranch of knowledge, but this article has showed that the ancientscholars have also supplied in their scientific investigations somekind of science which can be called “Logic of science” or“Philosophy of science” [or philosophical scientiology]. First, fourof the most important issues in the new philosophy of science i.e.criterions of scientific investigations, necessary conditions foraccuracy of scientific explanations, epistemic values, and status ofscientific theories and scientific methods for scientific discoveries,were selected. In each of them, first, we illustrate Aristotle'saccount, then, Muslim thinkers one. Tow point were attained: 1-Aristotle's idea contains all of these issues. 2- Muslim thinkers haveplayed significat role not only in, deepening and criticizing of theAristotelian philosophy of science, but also in its later development Manuscript profile

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7 - Mystical epistemology with emphasis on Sahrurdi Aref's views
Sedigheh Afkusi Paqaleh Seyed Hashem Golestani Seyed Hasan Vaezi

Mystical epistemology is in intuitive knowledge that deals with the heart and there is no sense and intellect in it. From the point of view of mystics, this cognition is not obtained through the external senses or argumentative processes, but it is a knowledge resulting More

Mystical epistemology is in intuitive knowledge that deals with the heart and there is no sense and intellect in it. From the point of view of mystics, this cognition is not obtained through the external senses or argumentative processes, but it is a knowledge resulting from discovery and intuition, as a result of which the inner universe can be understood. The aim of the present study is to examine mystical epistemology from the perspective of Sheikh Shahabuddin Omar Sahrurdi, a mystic of the seventh century AH, which has been conducted by descriptive-analytical method. According to Sahrurdi, one of the types of knowledge, which includes sensory, intellectual, innate and heart knowledge, the place of knowledge is the heart, and with the heart knowledge, true cognition can be achieved. Like other mystics, while confirming the sense and intellect in acquiring knowledge, he does not consider these two to be sufficient to achieve the knowledge of God and gives originality to the knowledge of heart. In the path of knowledge, which is gradual, man goes through different stages and does not enter the next stage until he passes a stage. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Explain the relationship between attachment styles and epistemological beliefs with empathy in students
Elahe Memarian Davood Manavipour Mojtaba Sedaghati Fard

The purpose of this article was to explain the relationship between attachment styles and epistemological beliefs with students' empathy, which according to the nature of the research, the research method is descriptive-correlational. The study population includes male More

The purpose of this article was to explain the relationship between attachment styles and epistemological beliefs with students' empathy, which according to the nature of the research, the research method is descriptive-correlational. The study population includes male and female undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students of the Islamic Azad University of Garmsar in the academic year of 1998-99 with a number of 6000 students, of which 400 students (222 females and 178 males) as Available were selected. The statistical sample completed the Schumer (1990) Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire, Hezan and Schiver (1987) and Toronto (2009) Empathy Attachment Questionnaires simultaneously. SPSS and Lisrel software were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that attachment has a direct positive relationship with empathy and is able to predict it. Knowledge stability, learning speed and knowledge simplicity are related to the path of avoidant attachment style and are negatively and indirectly related to empathy. Learning speed was mediated by anxiety attachment style and negatively correlated with empathy. The inherent ability and simplicity of knowledge through a secure attachment style were able to predict empathy. Of the only contextual variables, marital status was a good predictor of empathy. Other variables were not able to predict empathy or did not show a strong and significant relationship. According to the results of this research, it can be said; A person's experience of the quality of attachment can predict the growth of epistemological beliefs as well as the extent of his empathetic behavior. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The Basics of Epistemology of theist Existentialism And Allame Tabatabai
ghazalleh dolati mahmod namazi hadi vasei mohamad hosein irandoost

Existentialism is one of the most important contemporary currents in Western philosophy, and it is commonly known as the God-centered and atheistic spectrum, and the most important subject being discussed is human existence and emphasis on its authority. On the other ha More

Existentialism is one of the most important contemporary currents in Western philosophy, and it is commonly known as the God-centered and atheistic spectrum, and the most important subject being discussed is human existence and emphasis on its authority. On the other hand, in the field of Islamic philosophy, Allameh Tabatabai, in contemporary times, has played a very important role in explaining and completing Islamic philosophy, especially Sadra'i philosophy. Since the foundations of epistemology are one of the most important roots in the formation of any intellectual process, the present article attempts to establish the foundations of the epistemology of theisticist existentialism (based on the views of Kierkegaard, Jaspers and Marcel) in comparison with the foundations of knowledge Allameh Tabatabai's Study. This article states that the foundations of epistemology of existentialism are rooted in humanism, and the problem of knowing is a completely personal event, with mental experience and phenomenological methods, while the epistemology of the Allameh is rooted in the rational and revelatory teachings of Islam It is based on a rational and rational method, and knowledge is truth in accordance with the actual and independent of the perception and perception of ma Manuscript profile

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10 - The Knowledge and the Grounds for the Identity Self‐discovery in the Field of Political Science:Defining the Boundaries of Islamic Epistemology
Ali Ashraf Nazari

Ontology provides the fundamental assumptions about the essence and nature of the reality; In other words, it presents the human’s view toward nature, society& More

Ontology provides the fundamental assumptions about the essence and nature of the reality; In other words, it presents the human’s view toward nature, society and existence and the way he regulates his relationship with his environment. The distinctions and differences between  the  Islamic  and  western  epistemology  result  from  the fundamental differences in the Islamic ontology and the ontology of the modern world. The  ontological  questions  are  about  the  fundamental  nature  of  this world,  the  realities  and  social  aspects  of  these  realities.  These questions are the major concerns in this article. What is meant by being  and  by  reality?  What  is  the  nature  of  the  ontology  of knowledge in the Islamic thought? What are the distinctions between the Islamic ontology and epistemology and the western ontology and epistemology? What are the authentic grounds and perspectives of the Islamic ontology and epistemology? The major purpose in the present  article  is  to analyzethe  issue  of  localism  in scienceand to provide the intellectual grounds for the study of the features and requirements for this purpose Manuscript profile

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11 - Beyond E-learning 1.0: Conceptualizing Web 2.0 and its implications for designing a model of E-learning curriculum
mohammad jamali tazeh kand kourosh fathi vajargah mahboubeh arefi

The beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed the advent of technologies known as Web 2.0. Though most of these technologies not developed for the educational application, but they added and gave rise to reconceptualize in the field of virtual learning. Studies sh More

The beginning of the twenty-first century witnessed the advent of technologies known as Web 2.0. Though most of these technologies not developed for the educational application, but they added and gave rise to reconceptualize in the field of virtual learning. Studies show that integrating and utilizing Web 2.0 in E-learning, having the potential of networking, generating connective knowledge and directing to Networked learning, influence key elements of the curriculum (epistomplogical and theoretical foundations, pedagogy, content, evaluation, etc.). Thus, this article aimed to explore emergent E-learning concepts in the networked era and explain the implications of Web 2.0 learning environment for epistemological and theoretical approaches of E-learning curriculum design model. To this end, analytic- qualitative desing used.The findings show that Web 2.0 enters new concepts into e-learning literature, challenges traditional models of web-based curriculum design and poses new and different epistemological and theoretical considerations. Manuscript profile

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12 - Epistemological Foundations of Multicultural Education
Jalal Gharibi Hashem Golestani Ebrahim Jafari

This study aimed to investigate the epistemological foundations of multicultural education. Qualitative method of the kind of philosophical research and conceptual analysis was applied. Related books, magazines, and writings included the realm of the research for collec More

This study aimed to investigate the epistemological foundations of multicultural education. Qualitative method of the kind of philosophical research and conceptual analysis was applied. Related books, magazines, and writings included the realm of the research for collecting the information; moreover, accessible published writings and electronic books were used, too, due to the vast numbers of the sources in the field. In order to collect the data, researcher-designed receipts were utilized. By means of content analysis, content interpretation, and theoretical inference, data were analyzed. The research findings indicated that the two major philosophical and fundamental roots of multicultural education were as: Post-modernism and Critical Theory. The research' results, also, suggested that  believing  in relativism, rejecting any fixed (absolute) truth, believing in local truth based on  public observation or methodological principles or scholars' and scientists' researches, rejecting the idea of objective knowledge or objectivity and accepting the theory of mutual understanding, rejecting  absolutism and accepting positivistic methodology in the realm of scientific methodology, neglecting   the artificial boundaries between the disciplines of human knowledge and supporting the interdisciplinary approach were the epistemological foundations of multicultural education . Manuscript profile

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13 - The explanation of the philosophical fundamentals (epistemology) of teaching philosophy to children in Iran
Zahra Jabal-ameli Foroushani Alireza Yousefy yahya Ghaedi Narges Keshtiaray

Philosophy is known as one of the effective programs in training thinking in childeran.In order to produce the intended results this program should firstly be adjusted with the national curriculum. Once being localized, the contents are to be designed. The aim of the pr More

Philosophy is known as one of the effective programs in training thinking in childeran.In order to produce the intended results this program should firstly be adjusted with the national curriculum. Once being localized, the contents are to be designed. The aim of the present research was presenting the philosophical fundamentals (epistemology) of philosophy for children in Iran. The method being used was of qualitative content analysis, while applying deductive category application and adaptive combination method. The data were collected through utilizing library research and then were analyzed using the comparative analysis of categorization system. The results obtained indicated that there were some similarities and differences between epistemology fundamentals of philosophy for children in the West and the national curriculum in Iran. The fundamentals of epistemology of philosophy in Iran which were extracted using the adaptive combination indicated the two states of epistemology namely as “real” and “presumed” human’s capability to discover and create awareness. While being dynamic, awareness is stable, too. Different means for reaching to awareness are as: senses, imagination, contemplation, intellect, intuition, and discovery the limits on understanding the human being and attending to minimal realism. Awareness is a comprehensive outlook to the human’s essentials in order to improve his material and spiritual conditions. It is also a research method used for examining philosophical issues. Inspiration, nature, and intellect are the different resources of awareness. Manuscript profile

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14 - چیستی شهود و جایگاه آن در نظریه اخلاقی دیوید راس و ملاصدرا از منظر عرفان اسلامی
سامره شاهدی محمد رضا ضمیری امیر عمرانی ساردو

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15 - Epistemological Position of Ălam-e Methal in Each of the Levels of Creation from the Perspective of Ibn Arabi
Sara Hasanvandi Monirossadat Pourtolami Monireh Seyyedmazhari

Belief in the Ălam-e Methal as a real world and spiritual essence, which is the middle ground between the world of predestination and the world of martyrdom, is one of the beliefs of Mohi al-Dini mysticism. The present article shows how to know all levels of creation th More

Belief in the Ălam-e Methal as a real world and spiritual essence, which is the middle ground between the world of predestination and the world of martyrdom, is one of the beliefs of Mohi al-Dini mysticism. The present article shows how to know all levels of creation through the knowledge of the Ălam-e Methal. The ideal order of the universe includes vast semi-abstract optical truths determined by ideal forms. Since one of the perceptual powers of man is his imagination, which is itself of the type of the Ălam-e Methal, so man can achieve an existential and epistemological connection with his absolute Ălam-e Methal, Which has been considered in mystical texts, can be related to the absolute idea , the possibility of knowledge and cognition and imaging in all three levels of the universe. Manuscript profile

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16 - "A comparative study of the concept of rationality in the thoughts of Max Weber and Shahid Motahari and its political consequences"
seyed amin تقوی فر Hamed Ameri Golestani Shiva Jalal Por Hamed Mohagheghnia

The stable core of the thoughts of Max Weber and Shahid Motahari is rationality. Rationality in Weber's thoughts has built something based on Kantian subjectivism by passing Parsonsian reading. It means that man should not make the reality in accordance with the reality More

The stable core of the thoughts of Max Weber and Shahid Motahari is rationality. Rationality in Weber's thoughts has built something based on Kantian subjectivism by passing Parsonsian reading. It means that man should not make the reality in accordance with the reality, but should falsify and validate it; Because there is no previous cultural phenomenon in the fields of thought and ethics; Also, rationality in the thoughts of Martyr Motahari includes broad aspects such as being a revelation and a follower of the Sharia, which uses various tools such as experience, revelation, narration, and reason, and from where it has been able to provide comprehensiveness to the various social dimensions of the revolution. It is the ideology of the Islamic revolution. In this article, the qualitative research method is used and the data analysis method is descriptive. The result obtained is that rationality in Weber's thoughts can be understood and analyzed based on credit perceptions and not real perceptions in the intellectual system of Shahid Motahari. Manuscript profile

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17 - The Crisis of Democracy and New Leviathan(Book Review Democracy and Moral Conflict)
Behnam Joudi

This article reviews the book Democracy and Moral Conflict Written by Robert B. Talisse. Talisse in the crisis of democracy, which is a Hobbesian natural state, offered the alternative to the standard views of democratic political philosophers who believe that the democ More

This article reviews the book Democracy and Moral Conflict Written by Robert B. Talisse. Talisse in the crisis of democracy, which is a Hobbesian natural state, offered the alternative to the standard views of democratic political philosophers who believe that the democracy derived from some decidedly moral commitment. But he argued, there is good reason to think that, under current conditions, these values among citizens are essentially controversial. By contrast, the case for democratic politics which he proposed in this book draws from principles that are epistemic rather than moral and he called it folk epistemology. Talisse is a liberal democratic philosopher, but his method and solution to this crisis is Hobbesian, the separation of ethics and politics. However, he did not propose 'absolute state', but 'dialogical democracy'. Hence, a dialogical democracy requires the state to pursue the cultivation of certain epistemic capabilities among its citizens. Talisse's alternative is Hobbesian: New Leviathan. Manuscript profile

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18 - Investing the concept of creativity and its educational implications in the Islamic thought
Mohammad Nemani Masoud Safaei moghaddam Mohammadjafar Pakseresht Mansor Marashi

Investing the concept of creativity and its educational implications in the Islamic thought : abstract Context : Education is the most complicated domain of human's activities throughout history and in which transformation and achievement has been perpetual concerns . More

Investing the concept of creativity and its educational implications in the Islamic thought : abstract Context : Education is the most complicated domain of human's activities throughout history and in which transformation and achievement has been perpetual concerns . To succeed in this path, we must look at the effective, different sectors and factors of it. Creativity is, one of the prominent human features and is among the central issues of education. Aim : The present study asked to refer to the sources of Islamic thought, and then to conclude, describe, explain the concept of creativity and its educational implications . Methods: The research method in this study is "descriptive , analytical (interpretive). First, it looks at the meaning and concept of creativity. And by describing and analyzing it in Islamic thought , it infers its educational implications. Results: The results indicate virtue, importance and necessity of creativity, and significance of attention to it in education and training network . Man is not separate of his Creator , and each of his action is a kind of move strengthening and weakening the connection .Creativity is , whether within the area of thought or of action, is an existential topic , and it keeps man , in every moment and in a special way, to a longitudinal, lateral relationship to the whole universe . All kinds of cognition involved in this process has differences and levels, and any form of cognitive resources, tools has its peculiar effect in introducing and maintaining creativity . Moreover ,the real appearance, reliability, impact of creativity requires its coordination with the divine principles and values governing the universe . Conclusion : Understanding creativity into a good position, we will find out clarification and strength of its presence in the reasonable life and the good education . Psychology, Islamic thought and every field of science and knowledge, in various forms, insist on the need ,and remind its significance in the spiritual, material excellence and cultivation of human . Manuscript profile

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19 - The mediating role of progress motivation in the relationship between epistemological beliefs and students' philosophical thinking
soheila hossainpour farshth afkari shahede zarei

The present study was the mediating role of progress motivation in the relationship between epistemological beliefs and students' philosophical thinking, Sanandaj branch. The current research was a correlational descriptive research method in terms of its applied p More

The present study was the mediating role of progress motivation in the relationship between epistemological beliefs and students' philosophical thinking, Sanandaj branch. The current research was a correlational descriptive research method in terms of its applied purpose and in terms of the nature and method of data collection. The statistical population of this research includes all the students of Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj branch, and to determine the sample size, 396 people were used from the Georgesi and Morgan table by random sampling method. To collect the data, the standard questionnaires of Schumer's epistemological beliefs (1990), Smith's philosophical mindset (1965) and Hosseini et al.'s motivation (2017) were used, which were calculated and confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient to determine their reliability. The data was analyzed using path analysis through Amos software. The results showed that epistemological beliefs have a positive and significant relationship with philosophical thinking and motivation to progress, and motivation to progress plays a mediating role in the relationship between students' epistemological beliefs and their philosophical thinking. Manuscript profile

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20 - The Metatheoretical Challenges of the Theory of International Relations
akbar valizadeh sarem shiravand Aboozar omrani kamal ranjbar

Neorealism is one of approaches that for a long time has been considered as the dominant paradigm in the study of international politics and it has an important role to shaping international politics and system. for this reason many theoretical schools have tried to cha More

Neorealism is one of approaches that for a long time has been considered as the dominant paradigm in the study of international politics and it has an important role to shaping international politics and system. for this reason many theoretical schools have tried to challenge its. To resolve the criticism that was imported to classical realism, Neorealism led by Kenneth Waltz tried to offer a scientific version of realism that Conform with current scientific standards and be able to explain international relations. The result of Waltz efforts providing structural theory of realism that is based on the principles and assumptions of positivism. Neorealist have a Structure-based analysis in terms of ontology, In terms of epistemology, objective and in terms of methodology; they are positiv ist and behaviorist.This led the critics, especially post-positivists to challenged neo-realism from different aspects of ontology, epistemology and methodology. the question is what are the most important theoretical challenges of neorealism theory? to answer this question, we have attempted to answer this question in the field of ontology, methodology and epistemology. the research method in this paper is descriptive - analytic Manuscript profile

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21 - Formation of Modernity and Post-modernity: Epistemology, Ontology, Anthropology
طهماسب علیپوریانی مختار نوری

The history of western thought could be categorized generally into three paradigms of pre-modern, modern and post-modern. It is tried in this article to explore comparatively the worldviews of modernity and post-modernity based on three concepts of epistemology, ontolog More

The history of western thought could be categorized generally into three paradigms of pre-modern, modern and post-modern. It is tried in this article to explore comparatively the worldviews of modernity and post-modernity based on three concepts of epistemology, ontology and anthropology. In other words, the main objective of the argument is to make an in-depth enquiry into the roots and fundamental ingredients of modernity. The question raised is what were the criticisms and weaknesses of modernity which led to the emergence of the school of thought called post-modernism? Hence, three concepts of epistemology, ontology and anthropology are applied as ingredients of comparison between the two paradigms of modernity and post-modernity. Manuscript profile

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22 - The Methodology of Constructivism in International Relations
Jahangir Moeini Alamdari Abdollah Rasekhi

In the present article after examining the supra theoretical foundations, the view point of constructivism on international relations, foreign policy and culture are evaluated. It seems that a new constructivist epistemology and ontological debate is coming up in intern More

In the present article after examining the supra theoretical foundations, the view point of constructivism on international relations, foreign policy and culture are evaluated. It seems that a new constructivist epistemology and ontological debate is coming up in international relations. The present article discusses the consequences of this debate for international order, international institutions, world culture and identities. The article raises the question that on what bases the constructive methodology operates? The underlying hypothesis is that in constructivism the reality is derived from subjective social foundation and it is the product of the interaction of the structure-agent and then the consequences of this interpretation of the analysis of international relations and the performance of the governments in international politics are examined and finally the function of culture in the constructivist formation of international system is studied. Manuscript profile

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23 - Sociological Analysis of Religion and Peace of Mind in the Light of the William James School of Thought
abbas izadpanah marzeyeh dastmard

Psychology of religion, an interdisciplinary field between psychology and theology, is a new science that explains and describes religious experiences, attitudes, and behaviors from a psychological perspective. This knowledge began in the late nineteenth century and was More

Psychology of religion, an interdisciplinary field between psychology and theology, is a new science that explains and describes religious experiences, attitudes, and behaviors from a psychological perspective. This knowledge began in the late nineteenth century and was consolidated in three traditions: English, American, German and French. The hallmark of the American tradition, which is based on empiricism and the use of examples and objective cases and statistical descriptions, is the well-known functionalist philosopher and psychologist, William James, who empirically analyzes the psychological state of religion. Believing in the final evaluation of an idea or experience by examining the outcome and extent of benefits in life, he relies on two criteria: compatibility with the correct assumptions and principles, as well as intuition and introspection as the main and most reliable research tools. James seeks to examine religion in terms of human life, actions, and experiences, and for this purpose uses the term religious experience. William James also believes that emotions are the most constant and fundamental elements, and that religion is essentially a category of emotion. In his view, religious experience is an experience that the actor understands as religious. In this sense, religion is the feelings, actions, and experiences of individuals alone in the face of what they consider sacred. In this regard, in order to better understand James' views on religion, the present article seeks to examine the relationship between religion and peace of mind. Is in the William James School of Thought. Manuscript profile

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24 - The epistemological deliberation about historical objectivity& scientific
fayyaz zahed

This article is defining to epistemological conception about historical objectivity& scientific approach. So many as a Muslim thinkers believed that history is one of the most important path of recognition. Although diversity of opinion about nature and existence of More

This article is defining to epistemological conception about historical objectivity& scientific approach. So many as a Muslim thinkers believed that history is one of the most important path of recognition. Although diversity of opinion about nature and existence of history is old matters .Subjects such as scientific and objectivity has a high value in historical thought purity. history like the other knowledge and human wisdom pillars meanwhile was a sources for help and interpret of precise comprehending of human learning, is independence knowledge definition .this reality that could not recognize history as a positivism sciences, but historian can from empiric scientific view and classifies of events and data help to good comprehending and sophisticated concept of proses verifying of philosophers. Although historian has trend and especial motivation, but obliged of following of familiar symbols and respectable for researchers in the field of philosophy, sociology and psychology and epistemology also. So we cannot reached to all historical events and data, but Objectivity and attempt to lay on to scientific methods and epistemological analytics of historical events needs more deep rendering and motivate manifestation. . This article is trying to improve that as a history alongside of four dimension of progress needs to scientific intervention of events. Although hermeneutic interpretation and general and philosophical ideas could help to understood perception historical post events, but also needs to total comprehending and cause of cause holistic and historical analytic. This is common achievement of historians and philosophers in the event and recognition ties. Manuscript profile

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25 - The Layering of the Cognitive Apparatus of the Mythical knowledge from the Perspective of Ernst Cassirer Is based on the Characteristics of "Being Fixed", "Being Fundamental" and "the Extent of Influence"
majid reza moghanipour ashkan rahmani

As a Kant, Cassirer saw the only path to human cognition through forms of mental and abstract concepts that are in fact human cognitive tools; but on the other hand he deeply believed that these forms were not limited to rational models only. But irrational forms and pa More

As a Kant, Cassirer saw the only path to human cognition through forms of mental and abstract concepts that are in fact human cognitive tools; but on the other hand he deeply believed that these forms were not limited to rational models only. But irrational forms and patterns also play a role in the process of human knowledge. Because the logic of human consciousness has not always been rational, and human senses and emotions have been involved in shaping his cognitive forms. In the meantime, he presents "Myth" as one of the most important forms of human cognition and introduces the features and contents of this form of human knowledge. The main purpose of this article is to separate and layer the contents introduced by Cassirer from this epistemological form based on the three indicators of "being fixed", "fundamental" and "their extent of influence" on other contents. The results of this study, based on a careful reading of Cassirer's ideas in this regard, contain the contents of the cognitive system of mythological consciousness in the form of five layers: "fundamental confrontation", "laws", "mediators", "special categories" and " Perceptions” were separated. Accordingly, all of this content is based on the fundamental "Holy / unholy" opposition that occupies the central core of this consciousness. Also, these contents, based on their proximity to the central core of this cognitive system, have more stability and have a wider impact on the outer and posterior layers. Manuscript profile

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26 - The relationship between love and intuitive knowledge in Plotinus’s philosophy
narges Jahed khanshir Mehdi Najafiafra jamshid jalali sheyjani

Love is one of the most important method by which the truth specifically the transcendent affairs will be known. It has been taken into consideration by Plato and Plotinus. It has a vital position in Plotinus’s cosmology, anthropology and epistemology. Accordingly More

Love is one of the most important method by which the truth specifically the transcendent affairs will be known. It has been taken into consideration by Plato and Plotinus. It has a vital position in Plotinus’s cosmology, anthropology and epistemology. Accordingly, love linked the oneness as an unknowable thing to human beings as a wise and lover existent. The main issue at this research is to explain this relationship epistemologically. As a result it must be mentioned that the love in epistemological approach because of immediate facing with the truth is the one of the most important way to unify with the oneness and lead human beings to attempt to achieve oneness and unify with it. Love is intuitive path which is emphasized by mystics and most of philosophers particularly phenomenologists who insist on facing the truth without presupposition and precondition. This research by analytical and descriptive method wants to show the importance of love and intuition in Plotinus’s thought by focusing on its important role in the epistemology. Manuscript profile

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27 - Evolution of Mulla Sadra's View of the Role of Nature in Epistemology
Fatemeh Kookaram Amirhossein Mansouri Nouri Mohsen Shams Einallah Khademi

One of the important issues of epistemology is the question of subjective existence and how it is adapted to objective truths. Muslim scholars believe that one must play the role of intermediary. Reflecting on Mulla Sadra's works, we find that she paid close attention t More

One of the important issues of epistemology is the question of subjective existence and how it is adapted to objective truths. Muslim scholars believe that one must play the role of intermediary. Reflecting on Mulla Sadra's works, we find that she paid close attention to this issue and did not offer a unified view of this research question. Mulla Sadra, in the first place, like most other scholars, believed that nature plays the intermediary role between subjective and objective truths, and that his nature is the specific meaning - the motive in our answer. " The authors believe that Sadr al-Mutallah has departed from this theory in the second step and has stated her particular theory that the purpose of conforming the mind to the same is to objectively conform the supreme existence of the essence to its particular existence. In this approach, Mulla Sadra distinguishes between the ascertained by the real and the self-conscious, and the emergent by the emergent for the perceptual powers of the self, and believes that in this approach the mode of existence is different, one being strong (external) and the other being. Poor, not in nature. Based on five reasons - Mulla Sadra's view of the nature, rational perception, substance movement, authenticity and form of existence - the authors believe that the second theory is more compatible with Mulla Sadra's philosophical system and can be referred to as Sadra's final theory. Manuscript profile

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28 - A study of the epistemological foundations of illuminative “estrangement of consciousness” and explanation of its aesthetic requirements
Nariman Khalili ensha&#039;Allah Ramati Mohammad Aref

In this article the epistemological foundations of estrangement of consciousness in Sohrewardi's thought are analyzed by asking the question of what is the origin of these foundations. Illuminative knowledge is knowledge in presence and is the opposite of acquired knowl More

In this article the epistemological foundations of estrangement of consciousness in Sohrewardi's thought are analyzed by asking the question of what is the origin of these foundations. Illuminative knowledge is knowledge in presence and is the opposite of acquired knowledge. Sheikh Ishraq considers that the inference and opening of what science is? What its foundation is? And how it is understood? By referring to the knowledge in presence. The present study shows that the guide and common point of aesthetics of agent of species and the epistemology of "return to me" by the earthly self will be in the meta-historical process. Sohrevardi's anthropology has led to one of the most basic themes of Corbin, namely the estrangement of consciousness. In this article, based on the origin and function of "fall down", the existence focused on the other side of death has been interpreted in the movies with the theme of estrangement of consciousness. In the narratology of films with the theme of stranger consciousness it was found that in the three - dimensional unity of story (narrator, narration and the object of narration) the narrator is the subject and also the theme and object of epic. To analyze these epistemological foundations and aesthetic accessories, Henry Corbin’s phenomenological method has been used Manuscript profile

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29 - The place of corporeality in Mulla Sadra’s epistemology
Fakhrossadat Alavi Najaf Yazdani

This research has examined the position of corporeality in Sadra's transcendental epistemological system by a descriptive-analytical method. The necessity of such research is that there are some significant evidences in this system that indicate to the rejection of the More

This research has examined the position of corporeality in Sadra's transcendental epistemological system by a descriptive-analytical method. The necessity of such research is that there are some significant evidences in this system that indicate to the rejection of the human body and the material world in the process of acquiring knowledge. In fact, contrary to certain epistemologists who consider the physical aspects as one of the main pillars of acquiring knowledge, it seems that Mulla Sadra did not consider the corporeity and its requirements, important in true knowledge and preferred to acquire such knowledge through the immaterial soul and  meta-physical (above tangible) worlds. Analyzing the important components involved in the process of knowledge in Mulla Sadra's expression and despite the existence of seven evidences of rejecting the physicality, in general, it seems that Sadra's epistemology cannot be considered as an anti-physical system, but regarding the various affirmations of physicality in this system- including the causality of the physical objects and the effective intervention of the physical requirements  of perception to attain the first level of knowledge, and the realization of perfection for the human soul by obstructing bodily affairs- this negative evidences should be considered, instead of rejecting the physicality and humiliating of natural sciences, as a sign of the concerns of transcendental philosophy to exalt all human sciences, including the humanities, experimental and technical sciences. Manuscript profile

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30 - Epistemological and Ontological Foundations of Allegory in the Illumination Wisdom and Its Educational Role
mohammad mahdi dehghani ashkezari abbas dehghaninejad sayed mohammad ali mirjalili

Suhrwardi is one of the greatest Islamic philosophers and a revivalist of the philosophy of enlightenment, who by emphasizing illumination, which is a combination of rational reasoning and intuition, presented a middle way between the philosophy of Peripatetic and mysti More

Suhrwardi is one of the greatest Islamic philosophers and a revivalist of the philosophy of enlightenment, who by emphasizing illumination, which is a combination of rational reasoning and intuition, presented a middle way between the philosophy of Peripatetic and mysticism. Emphasizing inner cultivation and purity, he seeks to achieve a person's presence perception, which is achieved by a direct and immediate understanding of the object, which is the same as seeing the object. This path starts from the basics of illumination and reaches the end of the philosophy of illumination, which is the closeness to God and ultimately divine annihilation. This path starts from the foundations of Ishraq and reaches the end of the philosophy of Ishraq, which is the closeness to God and ultimately divine annihilation. The illuminative approach shows itself from epistemology to educational methods. An approach in which allegory plays an important role. This research is of a qualitative type that analyzes the philosophy of illumination and has the highest level of interpretation and abstraction, and by describing and explaining Sohrwardi's point of view, it deals with the place of allegory and explaining its foundations in the philosophy of illumination. Manuscript profile

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31 - Criticism of reason, its position and levels in Ibn Tufail's epistemological system
Zahra Haj Amini Amirhossein Mansouri Nouri Einollah Khademi

basic question: "What is reason, its place and levels in Ibn Tufail's epistemological system?" authors have tried to answer this question by describing, analyzing and criticizing the story of Hayi Bin Yaqzan - the only surviving work of Ibn Tufail. Durin More

basic question: "What is reason, its place and levels in Ibn Tufail's epistemological system?" authors have tried to answer this question by describing, analyzing and criticizing the story of Hayi Bin Yaqzan - the only surviving work of Ibn Tufail. During this investigation, it can be deduced: from Ibn Tufail's point of view, knowledge is "absolute knowledge" and reaching it with the tool of reason, which is "a tool for organizing the system of problems, finding answers for them, and turning partial answers into general perceptions." May be. From Ibn Tufail's point of view, on the way to the ultimate knowledge, a person goes through the following stages with the benefit of practical and theoretical reason: a. observation (experience); b. referring to previous knowledge; J. Causation; d. astonishment E. guess; F. Generalization; G. classification; H. generalization; i. Similar Ibn Tufail introduced the intellect as a means of acquiring knowledge, which can be improved through the stages of experience (first reasonable understanding), abstraction, second reasonable understanding and intuition, and he considers this improvement to be one of the goals of human education; And based on the celibacy of the human soul, he explains its levels. Although there are criticisms of Ibn Tufail in this direction; including: the lack of internal coherence of these stages (despite the possibility of creating coherence by preserving the story components); But it seems that in general, Ibn Tufail has been able to provide an acceptable arrangement for the rational course in the path of human education. Manuscript profile

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32 - Epistemological elements of imagination in Ibn Al Arabi's Sufism
Fatemeh Mortaji Mehdi Najafi afra

Imagination has lied in the horizon beyond the reason, continuous imagination as an important epistemological instrument can achieve some facts which is not available for the reason. However, the discontinuous imagination has embraced the all creatures. It is the comple More

Imagination has lied in the horizon beyond the reason, continuous imagination as an important epistemological instrument can achieve some facts which is not available for the reason. However, the discontinuous imagination has embraced the all creatures. It is the complete corresponding to the being except the God, without imagination the God and His words cannot be understood precisely and the universe in its totality as well. Imagination is identified with the heart which can obtain the intuitions and direct knowledge. Reason has its own static and fixed principles which can achieve the God’s incomparable aspects. But the imagination is constantly in transforming as same as the universe. Imaginary knowledge opens up and in constant motion as well as the life and cosmos which does not lead to a final point of view and Idea. Ibn Al Arabi’s Imagination has been neglected by the philosophers and then they have been prevented from many facts epistemologically and ontologically. This research has tried to evaluate the importance of the imagination in epistemology and ontology by the analytical methods. Manuscript profile

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33 - Ibn Hazm's Moderating faith; the method to gain Religious Beliefs
Mohammd Reza Moradi Ali Reza Jalali Ghorban Elmi Mohammad Hosein Mahdawinezhad

Ibn Hazam Andalusian has two approaches to the epistemology. The first one is based on Aristotle's logic, and the second  based on  Zahereieh’s intellectual foundations. He, in the later, has emphasized  on the fourth way of acquiring knowledge. Acc More

Ibn Hazam Andalusian has two approaches to the epistemology. The first one is based on Aristotle's logic, and the second  based on  Zahereieh’s intellectual foundations. He, in the later, has emphasized  on the fourth way of acquiring knowledge. Accordingly, one acquires special knowledge through the affirmation of the Prophet and the faith which God creates in the heart. According to his semantic method, he has taken the fourth path from the revelation and beliefs based on it. Referring to Zahereieh's thoughts of Ibn Hazam, it will be clear that what  obtained through believing in the Prophet is complete, finite distinctive sets   which guarantee human felicity that cannot be obtained by the other ways. Nevertheles, he does not consider the revelation as the first source of all knowledge. In his view, belief is higher than knowledge, and the difference in the number of ways to acquire knowledge in the two approaches should be sought at this point. This view is called “moderate faith". Manuscript profile

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34 - Epistemology of virtue, recursion to the past and mutation towards the future
Jalal Peykani Mohamad masoudi nia

Contemporary epistemology has been influenced by scientism which dominates the analytical philosophy during twentieth century, and considered the knowledge by pure mechanical approach leading to remove non-cognitional aspects from contemporary epistemology. Accordingly, More

Contemporary epistemology has been influenced by scientism which dominates the analytical philosophy during twentieth century, and considered the knowledge by pure mechanical approach leading to remove non-cognitional aspects from contemporary epistemology. Accordingly, it comes to the kind of depression in the contemporary epistemology. Recently, new approach has grown within that epistemology which cannot stand the dominated process and by inspiring the earlier epistemologists, cannot take the role of non-cognitive psychological agents into consideration in the subjectiveness acquiring the knowledge. Ernest Susa and Linda Zagzebski are two outstanding figures belong to the epistemology of virtue. They introduce the episteme as a result of correct function of faculties in the subject that all of them are not directly the epistemological faculties in their own general senses. Therefore, they look for the condition of episteme not in the belief, but in the subject and cognitive agent. This article, in addition to concentrate on the insisting of epistemology of virtue on the role of non-cognitional agents in obtaining the episteme, has shown that this factor can open the new approach in contemporary epistemology and take it out of the current recession. Manuscript profile

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35 - Foundations of Reformed Epistemology and the mesure of Reid`s Influence
Abbas Yazdani Hosein ali Nasrollahi

Reformed epistemology as a new school in philosophy of religion, particularly in religious epistemology which criticizing classic and modern foundationalism on the criterion of rationality of religious beliefs claims that belief in God can be intelligible regardless to More

Reformed epistemology as a new school in philosophy of religion, particularly in religious epistemology which criticizing classic and modern foundationalism on the criterion of rationality of religious beliefs claims that belief in God can be intelligible regardless to be  successful or unsuccesful of evidence or arguments for the existence of God. It is claimed that reformed epistemologists have been significantly influenced by eighteen`s century Scottish philosopher Thomas Reid (1710-1796). The purpose of this paper is to assess this claim by considering the foundations of reformed epistemology according to Plantinga, Wolterstorff, Alston and Reid`s writings as well as writings about Reid from one side, and analyzing and comparing them on the other side. The conclusion is that reformed epistemology has been influenced by Reid in it`s  foundations of general epistemology, but according to the religious epistemology, one can not attribute easily the main claim of this school, that is, basicality of belief in God, to Reid. Manuscript profile

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36 - Mulla Sadra’s Strong fundationalism and epistemic justification
Bagher Gorgin Najaf Yazdani Ali Nasr abadi

Strong foundationalism is considered as one of the theories of epistemic justification with a long-standing history. Most of traditional philosophers including Plato and Aristotle in Greece to the Muslim philosophers, rationalists and empiricists  in the modern cla More

Strong foundationalism is considered as one of the theories of epistemic justification with a long-standing history. Most of traditional philosophers including Plato and Aristotle in Greece to the Muslim philosophers, rationalists and empiricists  in the modern classic era, and some contemporary philosophers have accepted this doctrine. Mulla Sadra is also a foundationalist epistemologically. It should be also pointed that the foundationalism in the western epistemology is based on a concentration on judgmental acquired knowledge rather than conceptual knowledge. It is assumed that the knowledge is merely a matter of judgment than conceptual.  However, Mulla Sadra’s view has been established when conceptual knowledge was in the center of attention and on the basis of this knowledge, sapiential knowledge has been considered.  For the most important reason for strong foundationalism is based on the notion of cognitive regress infinitum. He by acknowledging the foundationalism, has defended this theory. Mulla Sadra justified the knowledge by the self- evident knowledge and based on their clarity and distinct transparency, he tries to justify the other own beliefs. His approach to pass from self- evident knowledge to the speculative is in fact demonstrative syllogism completely adjust to the strong foundationalism. As a result, it could be claimed that Sadra's theory is susceptible to be unfettered from the problems such as non-standard basic propositions,  the limitation of the self- evident statements, the lack of common middle term in the self- evident propositions and the relationship between the self- evident and truth which could be also raised against foundationalism. However, Mullasadra’s existential outlook to the knowledge and  the role of knowledge in presence in his epistemology let him to answer the questions raising against the basic propositions. Manuscript profile

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37 - Spiritual Life from Qur'anic and Islamic Thinkers' Point of View
Abazar Salmanpour Gomchi Mohammad Reza Adli Bakhshali Ghanbari

Abstract         Spiritual life in Islam means belief in Unique God, obedience in divine teachings together with practical and ethical obligations to God's commands to attain felicity which in the Holy Qur'an it is called pure life an More

Abstract         Spiritual life in Islam means belief in Unique God, obedience in divine teachings together with practical and ethical obligations to God's commands to attain felicity which in the Holy Qur'an it is called pure life and the explanation of this life and attaining it have widely been expressed in the Islamic mystics and thinkers' works. From the Qur'anic point of view, the spiritual life is formed by application of divine commands, returning to God, and setting the prophet as a paragon in life, ethical training by Almighty's help. In the whole, conscious promotion to know God better, strengthening of faith and virtue and following the prophet of Islam as the best symbol and creating motif to the growth of genuine religious spirituality and nurturing the virtues and combat with mean qualities to get to mundane and the doom's day bliss. Manuscript profile

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38 - رویکرد هستی شناسانه و معرفت شناسانه در باب عالم عقل از منظر «صدرالدین شیرازی، ابن سینا و سهروردی»
سارا حسنوندی منیرالسادات پورطولمی

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