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Open Access Article
1 - Analysis of the Relationship between Medical Myths and Organizational Ideology with the Role of Mediating Organizational Saga in a Mission - Oriented Organization of the University of Medical Sciences
akbar bayat meisam latifi morteza moradi alireza slambolchiIntroduction:Organizational ideology has been developed at all times through the dissemination of customs and traditions and myths and sagas. Therefore, the present study with the aim of analyzing the relationship between organizational medical myths and organizational MoreIntroduction:Organizational ideology has been developed at all times through the dissemination of customs and traditions and myths and sagas. Therefore, the present study with the aim of analyzing the relationship between organizational medical myths and organizational ideology with the role of mediating organizational saga in the mission-oriented organization of the University of Medical Sciences.Methods: This research is a descriptive-correlation study. The statistical society of this study consist of consist of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences with 3250 Employee to using Morgan table and G*power, finally 344 numbers with use of category sampling method were selected as samples. The measurement tools in this study consisted of three researcher-made questionnaires; their validity and reliability were reviewed and confirmed. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data based on covariance and software of LISREL.Results: The results of structural equation modeling showed that the organizational medical myths have a positive and significant relationship with organizational saga. Also, the relationship between organizational medical myths and organizational ideology is mediated through organizational saga.Conclusion: According to the research results, with an increasing focus on organizational medical myths, and the Mythology and Legendary of the new series that will create organizational saga, a step will be to strengthen and develop a strong organizational ideology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - A Research on the Body in Shahnameh and Iliad(Comparison of Rostam and Achilles; Mythological Myths of Iran and Greece)
Masoumeh Namroudi Jalleh Ahmad Reza Keikha Farzaneh Mostafa SalariThe most famous Persian epic is "Shahnameh" by Hakim Abolqasem Ferdowsi and the most famous ancient Greek epic "The Iliad and the Odyssey" which is composed by Homer – the blind Greek poet. The present research studies the body in "Shahnameh" and its hero Rostam i MoreThe most famous Persian epic is "Shahnameh" by Hakim Abolqasem Ferdowsi and the most famous ancient Greek epic "The Iliad and the Odyssey" which is composed by Homer – the blind Greek poet. The present research studies the body in "Shahnameh" and its hero Rostam in comparison with Achilles in which their physical strength and power have been compared. The method of the research is based on library and documentary means and two books "Shahnameh" and "Iliad" have been reviewed and the contents have been noted. The result of the study states that Achilles, the first hero of the Iliad, has differences and similarities with Rostam. It is also remarkable that Rostam and Achilles "both are supported by supernatural forces”; Achilles by the gods and Rustam by Phoenix. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Comparative Linguistic Stylistics in Rostam’s Combat with Ashkbous in Shahnamaeh and Amroas’s Combat with Imam Ali in Ali Nameh
Farshad Eskandari Sharafi Hossein Sahragard hasan heidaryAli Nameh is the first religious epic in Persian literature traced back to fifth A.H. The composer of this versified story is a Shia poet alias to Rabi’e who has composed the descriptions of Imam Ali’s combats, especially his combats in Jamal and Sefein, ver MoreAli Nameh is the first religious epic in Persian literature traced back to fifth A.H. The composer of this versified story is a Shia poet alias to Rabi’e who has composed the descriptions of Imam Ali’s combats, especially his combats in Jamal and Sefein, versus Shahnameh. Applying a descriptive-analytical method and library references, the present paper aims to determine the influence level of this less known religious epic from the stylistic elements of Shahnameh linguistically. This is a comparative study; therefore, at first, we have chosen two stories from Shahnameh, “Rostam’s combat with Ashkbous” and “Amroas’s combat with Imam Ali” and Ali Nameh composed by Rabi’e. The stories were compared and contrasted phonologically, morphologically and syntactically in order to figure out their common and distinct features linguistically. The findings reveal that although Ali Nameh has been composed against Shahnameh 70 years after that, it is highly affected by Shahnameh in term of linguistic styles. In fact, Ali Nameh includes a majority of phonological, morphological and syntactic features of Shahnameh and its Khorasani style. The high level of influence from Shahnameh proves that Shahnameh has always been considered as an indicator and stylist work which has inspired other epic poets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Comparative criticism on color element in Homer odyssey & Ferdowsi's Shahname
Afsaneh Seraji Seyed Ahmad Hosseni Kazeruni seyed jafar hamidi Ali Pouladi RishehriComparative literature discusses the general links between world literature & expresses original elements of each nation by penetrating the different aspects of literature in order to find out foreign elements importance and every nation's literature characteristics MoreComparative literature discusses the general links between world literature & expresses original elements of each nation by penetrating the different aspects of literature in order to find out foreign elements importance and every nation's literature characteristics. Colors in form of comparative, have not been analyzed and compared in Homer and Shahname. Accordingly, the present paper surveys the different applied colors in two mentioned epics in comparative method to obtain cognition and the importance of color in two different cultures in order to identify the application share of this fundamental element (color) in two different time and era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Status of “Woman” and “Love” in Dade QorQod and Iliad and Odyssey
Mohammadreza Barzegar Khaleghi Roghayeh Naisari TabriziRegardless of the Firdausi Epopee, the Book Deda GorGud and Iliad and Odyssey Homer, are among the most beautiful and greatest epic works of world nations. There is some similarity and parallelism in these works and one of the important causes of this hom MoreRegardless of the Firdausi Epopee, the Book Deda GorGud and Iliad and Odyssey Homer, are among the most beautiful and greatest epic works of world nations. There is some similarity and parallelism in these works and one of the important causes of this homology, is the mixing of mythology of the various nations and their interactions.The homology of these works made us study the position of women and to compare it in these works with another reflection on the attitude of saga creators. This paper reviews the status of women in both epic and express parallelism and dissonance, the subject of love in these works are also discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Comparative Study of the Impact of Persian Religious Epics on Kurdish Hymn Book of Gholam Reza Khan Arkvazi
Akhtar Sultani Zaher Saraei Narjes Tohidi FarThe present article attempts to study the impact of Persian religious epics on Kurdish hymn book of Gholam Reza Khan Arkvazi the great Shiite Kurdish poet from Ilam from a comparative point of view. Since the Shiite Kurds make up a great part of the population of Iran a MoreThe present article attempts to study the impact of Persian religious epics on Kurdish hymn book of Gholam Reza Khan Arkvazi the great Shiite Kurdish poet from Ilam from a comparative point of view. Since the Shiite Kurds make up a great part of the population of Iran and they have played an important role in the formation of Shiite religion, study of their literary works and comparing them with Persian works is of great contention and it can help the national convergence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - A comparison between King Lear and the story of Fereydun
Masoomeh Khodadadi Mahabad Leyla Fatemi KaleshIn the present paper the story of Fereydun and King Lear have been studied considering the story elements of each story. Clear rationale that explains the comparison of these two stories is the joint decisions that both kings made for their lands. Followi MoreIn the present paper the story of Fereydun and King Lear have been studied considering the story elements of each story. Clear rationale that explains the comparison of these two stories is the joint decisions that both kings made for their lands. Following this decision, battles and events occurred that reveals the fate of each character in the story that is the notable and significant point of both stories. This review is independent of the epic, mythological, historical and literary aspects or the perspective of the influence and effect of nations’ literature on each other. Our approach is to compare the two stories based on plans, characters, events and their highlights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Criticism of Two Odes from Persian and Arabic Poets-farrokhi Sisitani & Mutenabbi
Gholamali SadeghiDynamicity and creativity of the imagination of mankind is unlimited. The pearl of imagination becomes most beautiful when it finds its way out of the clams of time and space. The secret to the success of the worldly known works of literature is the same. Criticizi MoreDynamicity and creativity of the imagination of mankind is unlimited. The pearl of imagination becomes most beautiful when it finds its way out of the clams of time and space. The secret to the success of the worldly known works of literature is the same. Criticizing and comparison of literary works based on scientific and standard criteria for reaching at unbiased results is a valuable activity. The present article attempts to compare the viewpoints of two poets FarrokhiSisitani&Mutenabbi through two of their odes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Comparative Study of Sheikh Sana'an's Aqabat Al Solouk and The Seven Labours of Rostm
Mousa Al Reza Heidari Googdareh Akbar Sha'bani Parvindokht MashhourTariqat seekers hould obviate all obstacles and obstructives to reach maturity and innocence toward Lord. Rostam in seven labours and Sheikh Sana'an in Attar's Speech of the Birds are the seekers who could pave the breath taking path and reach their Lord. The present ar MoreTariqat seekers hould obviate all obstacles and obstructives to reach maturity and innocence toward Lord. Rostam in seven labours and Sheikh Sana'an in Attar's Speech of the Birds are the seekers who could pave the breath taking path and reach their Lord. The present article initially distinguishes the obstacles on mysticism and epic way by citing Shahnameh and Sheikh Sana'an's "Speech of the Birds" and then studies Aqabat (continuation) comparatively. In this research which mainly aims to show the difficulties for the seekers, the general achieved outcome is that the necessity of reaching mystic is to pass the troublesome paths and defiles. Although those ways may be similar in type and format, are common in nature and spirit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - A Comparative Analysis of Worldviews in Mythical and Epic Works of Shahnameh and Nibelungenlied
Masoud Salami Kambiz SafiieMyth and Epic as a genre in popular culture appeared prior to literature and have been closely tied to the nation’s literature. Despite many differences between men and cultures, their myths and epics are of great similarities. World literature is full of epic and MoreMyth and Epic as a genre in popular culture appeared prior to literature and have been closely tied to the nation’s literature. Despite many differences between men and cultures, their myths and epics are of great similarities. World literature is full of epic and mythic components. In Iranian and German literature also this issue is easily perceivable in Shahnameh and in Nibelungenlied’s song. In terms of cultural and linguistic aspects both are subsets of Hindu-Zhrmny languages add one could see a lot of similar components in them. This paper concerns firstly with the basic concepts and historical context of both them and then with the analysis of the worldviews and differences and features of these two everlasting works in Iranian and German literatures extensively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The Comparison of Exaggeration between Firdausi's Epic Language and Motenabbi's
Hassan SHavandi Saman Khani Esfand AbadAbstract: The exaggerated flaunts are so different among various nations and it does matter with taking into account to the cultural and Geographical conditions, and various ethnic beliefs. In Iran and Arab cultures the exaggeration has further objective aspects and us MoreAbstract: The exaggerated flaunts are so different among various nations and it does matter with taking into account to the cultural and Geographical conditions, and various ethnic beliefs. In Iran and Arab cultures the exaggeration has further objective aspects and usually emerged in physical zooming as Very Height Mountains, deep wells tall athletes, Insatiable overeating and so…on. The distinctions between the exaggerated use of high frequency has been failed. May be the reason behind it, returns to the same famous phrase "say whatever you want if king exists" so Motenabi' Poetry exaggeration, belonged to the scope of praise and worship the kings, which means with the existence of unique art of poetry, the Poet has diminished in his poetry. On the other hand this problem caused to decline Persian Poetry after Firdausi periods. So, Motenabi's poetry, unlike Firdausi's poetry, contained Powerful figures. Sometimes, a lot of bounce in it is found. In fact the accurate consideration in Shahnama exaggeration or Motenabi' poetry should prepare a huge book as the size of Firdausi's Shahnama or the motenabi's poetry court. The main purpose of this investigation, was a kind of attempting to select some valuable subjects with more artistic value and tried to be avoided from failed exaggerated or invaluable subjects. We hope to make them enjoyable for right readers in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Comparative Study of Beowulf and Shahnameh from the Ancient Travel Point of View
Darioush HayatiThe present article initially attempts to express a summary on the importance of the myth, its concept, and its relationship with epic and then studies two great epic works – Shahnameh & Beowulf which are the second and third famous epic ones in the world afte MoreThe present article initially attempts to express a summary on the importance of the myth, its concept, and its relationship with epic and then studies two great epic works – Shahnameh & Beowulf which are the second and third famous epic ones in the world after “The Iliad & Odyssey of Homer” from religious and woman point of view. Although the abovementioned novels are from two different nations, cultures and histories, the similarities are more obvious rather than the differences. Both stories are very similar and comparable in religious views, ancient traveling symbols and epic heroes and little similarities about women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Comparative Study of one of the West Asian Epic Stories with "Bijan and Manijeh"
Nahid JafariHuman being has always looked after recognizing different tribes' thoughts and beliefs and that's why two old neighbor countries – Persian and Turkish – own two famous epics: Bamsi Beyrek and Book of Korkut from Turk land and Ferdowsi's Bijan and Manije MoreHuman being has always looked after recognizing different tribes' thoughts and beliefs and that's why two old neighbor countries – Persian and Turkish – own two famous epics: Bamsi Beyrek and Book of Korkut from Turk land and Ferdowsi's Bijan and Manijeh" were concerned by comparison approach. The researcher of the present article – in descriptive analytical method – attempts to express and study the connections and relations between two texts which create similarities such as: meeting other country's girls and falling in love with them, sending maids' by girls to send messages, forgiving anti-hero by a hero, jealousness of anti – heroes, returning the heroes to their motherlands, marriage with the girls after their freedom, merchants' departure to release the stories' heroes and so on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - A comparative look on Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
Mehdi Momtahen Rouhollah MozaffariFerdowsi is one of the most famous epic poets of the world and is one of the luminaries of the Persian literature. The present article has a comparative look at this great poet’s eternal work and Homer’s epic who was a blind Greek poet. By a profou MoreFerdowsi is one of the most famous epic poets of the world and is one of the luminaries of the Persian literature. The present article has a comparative look at this great poet’s eternal work and Homer’s epic who was a blind Greek poet. By a profound look at both works similarities and differences can be noticed which is the main subject of the present article. It is also attempted to make these similarities and differences of these two epic works apparent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Comparative Study of Concept of Dragon in Shahnameh and World’s Literature
Mahsa SalimiWorld of epic is the medley of goods and evils. It’s a world that nobility force fights against devils. The heroes in epic contest the evils and badness in all their lives. Whenever Shahnameh puts up for discussion, the image of combat of heroes against dragon dep MoreWorld of epic is the medley of goods and evils. It’s a world that nobility force fights against devils. The heroes in epic contest the evils and badness in all their lives. Whenever Shahnameh puts up for discussion, the image of combat of heroes against dragon depicts in mind. Adventures of Zahhak’s life is the extremity of Iran’s mythical history; an adventure in which has been changed through times repeatedly and each time has had specific effect on Zoroastrian to Persian contexts. One of the important characteristics of each epic is the supernatural act (miracle) of the events in; namely readers face events, characters and creatures in epics which are wonderful and supernatural. They do not exist in nature or do not have real or objective appearance; or own characteristics which can’t be seen in real world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - An Analytical Study on Common Mythical Symbols and Elements in Shahnameh and Odes by Shams
Asiyeh Ghavami Farhad BaratiThe subject of "Shams' Ods" – by Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī – is the expression of mystical concept and divine love. Rumi has enjoyed mythical symbols to explain mystical concepts and other poetic themes throughout the mentioned odes. The pr MoreThe subject of "Shams' Ods" – by Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī – is the expression of mystical concept and divine love. Rumi has enjoyed mythical symbols to explain mystical concepts and other poetic themes throughout the mentioned odes. The present article studies the elements of myth including the characters, creatures and symbols that have had a mystical manifestation appearance in "Shams' Odes". Studied elements, creatures and characters in this paper are Rostam, Zāl, Kay Qobád, Sohrab, Esfandiar, Zahak, Kay Kāvus, Mani, Kay Khosrow and mythical creatures such as Mount Qaf, Gypaetus and Phoenix which the most important source is "Shahnameh" by Ferdowsi. The result of this research is that Rumi has benefited the extravagant epic works including Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh" by citing the elements of myth and epic in order to better explain the mystical themes and concepts in "Shams's Odes" so that scholars of mystical literature have considered it as an obvious and valuable sample of mystical epic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - A Comparative Study of the Methods of Torture in the Shahnameh, Iliad and Ramayana
Maryam MohammadzadehThe present paper, considering that one of the best ways to explain any problem is to compare it with homogeneous examples, based on the American school in comparative literature studies and descriptive-analytical method has explored the tortures in the great epics of " MoreThe present paper, considering that one of the best ways to explain any problem is to compare it with homogeneous examples, based on the American school in comparative literature studies and descriptive-analytical method has explored the tortures in the great epics of "Shahnameh", "Iliad", and "Ramayana" to examine how the approach of world's three epic climates and answer the question What motives were used for torture essentially? The findings show that most of the torture took place in the absence of a coherent judicial system as a method of punishment, with the intention of revenge and with the motive of destroying the opposition. Some of the methods of torture in these three works were similar or close to each other; In some cases, however, torture was limited to a specific geography. "Shahnameh" has allocated the highest and "Ramayana" the lowest frequency of torture. The most horrible and cruel tortures, such as beheading, piercing the shoulder, tearing the abdomen, sewing on the raw, piercing the nose, skinning and burying alive, are reflected only in Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Investigating the Motives of War in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey
Safar Abdolvand Qasem Sahraei Ali HeydariComparative literature is a knowledge that adapts some works with some other literary works or compares the literature of two or more countries and usually a type of literature that has emerged in two different languages to reveal their commonalities and cultural diff MoreComparative literature is a knowledge that adapts some works with some other literary works or compares the literature of two or more countries and usually a type of literature that has emerged in two different languages to reveal their commonalities and cultural differences. Comparative literature is a vision of the colorful horizons of art and literature that can explore the cultural contexts of the various nations of the world and show their direct or indirect relationship to each other. As all nations are willingly or unwillingly inspired by each other's literature, this literature is becoming more universal. Eastern literature and Western literature are constantly being influenced. This qualitative analysis method has a new view at the ancient epic texts of Iran and Greece, which showed some of the motives of war in the text of Ferdowsi's "Shahnameh" and Homer's "Iliad and Odyssey". It has highlighted the functions of common mythology in two systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Critique and Analysis of Deception in Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī and Shahnameh
Mansour Morrei Habib Jadidoleslami Behrouz RomianiThe deception and behavior of the deceivers is clearly evident in two Persian precious and artistic books "Shahnameh" and "Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī”. Trickery has been applied in the epic-mythological and historical sections of "Shahnameh", which seems to be most fre MoreThe deception and behavior of the deceivers is clearly evident in two Persian precious and artistic books "Shahnameh" and "Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī”. Trickery has been applied in the epic-mythological and historical sections of "Shahnameh", which seems to be most frequent in its epic section with personal, human and national motives and goals. In spite of negative connotation of deception and trickery, its positive aspects and concepts can be seen in "Shahnameh”. Is the deception due to the behavior of influential political figures such as Mahmoud, Massoud and Bu Sahl and etc.... who were powerful and governor in a specific era deceived and managed to prevent chaos? or Mahmoudians who developed anxiety and instability by deceiving and tricking Masoud fans and followers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The Assessment of the Effects of the Natural Environment of Khurassan and Shiraz on the Formation and Elevation of Epic and Sonnet
Hajar Jokar Maryam Parhizkari Seyed Jafar HamidiGreat Khorasan and Persian literature have an irrefrangible linkage. Wherever we talk about literature, poets, authors and great literary works, it is undoubtedly associated with one of the cities of Khorasan. This wide area is considered as a proper place for the growt MoreGreat Khorasan and Persian literature have an irrefrangible linkage. Wherever we talk about literature, poets, authors and great literary works, it is undoubtedly associated with one of the cities of Khorasan. This wide area is considered as a proper place for the growth, development and evolution of different literary works and literary genres due to its natural properties and special situation. Epic is one of the literary genres embedded in Khorasan, and Tous is considered as the cradle of this ancient literary type. Shiraz is also a city whose name is associated with sonnet and Persian sonnet due to great poets such as Sa’di and Hafiz reached its summit in this city. Khorasan and Shiraz are considered as the best places for formation and elevation of sonnet and epic in Iran. Based on Holy Qoran and Nahjol Belagheh and viewpoints of thinkers such as Ace Sina, Ibn – e Khaldoun, Montesquieu, the present study aims to explore the impact of natural environment of Khorasan and Shiraz on the evolution of sonnet and epic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - A Comparison on religious and National Epics' Stylistic Features Based on Shahnameh and Khavaran Nameh
Majid Reza Khazaei VafaHearing the term "epic" mostly evokes the works such as Shahnameh in minds and accepting Khavaran Nameh as a subcategory of literary – epic work is difficult for most of the people; since the main character of such works is real, historic and religious. Epic is on MoreHearing the term "epic" mostly evokes the works such as Shahnameh in minds and accepting Khavaran Nameh as a subcategory of literary – epic work is difficult for most of the people; since the main character of such works is real, historic and religious. Epic is one of the descriptive poetries which is based on description of heroes' glorious acts which can be individual or tribal. Religious epic traces a long path in our country since ancient era. Khavaran Nameh is one of the old religious ones for the Shiites in which the main subject is journey and Imam Ali's fights with Eastern countries accompanied with Malik Al Ashtar. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is the greatest and most valid epic verse. Comparison of national epic and religious one based on Shahnameh and Khavaran Nameh is the main aim of the present research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Study and comparison of images of fire in epic and mystical literature with emphasis on Ferdowsi Shahnameh and Rumi's poems
afshin vaziri ali mohammad moazzeniFire is one of the fundamental elements in the creation of the universe and also the most important manifestation of life in nature for human beings. The element of fire has been of great sanctity and importance among all human beings and religions since the beginning o MoreFire is one of the fundamental elements in the creation of the universe and also the most important manifestation of life in nature for human beings. The element of fire has been of great sanctity and importance among all human beings and religions since the beginning of life. This element has always been of special importance in the thoughts and poems of two great poets of Persian language and literature, namely Ferdowsi and Rumi and has been manifested in various forms and species in their works. Ferdowsi described fire as the superior fire, and in her view fire is the source of other basic properties such as heat, cold, dryness and wetness. The mythological features of fire in Shahnameh, such as test fire and purification fire, are very vivid and symbolic. Fire is used in Rumi's poems in the form of allegory, allusion, permission, metaphor, symbol, etc. Fire is seen in Rumi's poems as examples of the fire of truth and his manifestations, the fire of the prophets, the fire of love, the fire of hell, the fire of the soul, etc. all of which have been used to explain knowledge, love and the manifestations of creation and evil. In this article, in a descriptive-analytical manner, the images of fire in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Rumi's poems have been studied.The functions of knowledge, love and fire purification are mainly influenced by myths and have many points in common with Ferdowsi's Shahnameh in terms of approach. But in the analysis of the mystical approach of Rumi's poetry and his images, we find that he has found his way into the most abstract realms of his existence and expresses the content of his conscience symbolic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - The manifestation of popular culture in the KhavaranNameh of Ibn Hussam e Khosafi
Sedighe Karimi Mohamadreza AminiIbn al-Hussam's KhavaranName is a epopee that tells imaginary stories of the travels, heroic acts, and battles of Imam Ali (as) against the infidels. It is often considered as an epic work due to its epic features, although the features of popular literature have MoreIbn al-Hussam's KhavaranName is a epopee that tells imaginary stories of the travels, heroic acts, and battles of Imam Ali (as) against the infidels. It is often considered as an epic work due to its epic features, although the features of popular literature have become so prevalent that it has largely deviated from the classical Persian epics. This feature shows that Ibn Hussam had a direct connection with the masses. Based on this view, in the present article, an attempt has been made to determine the most important folk elements of this work and how they are used. To achieve this goal, first the mass beliefs and thoughts of the people, and then some folkloric features of the narrative are examined, and finally the use of the slang language in its vocabulary is studied. This research shows that the KhavaranName is an artistic phenomenon that has originated from the life of the people and has been mixed with various manifestations of the mass life of the people in different ways. As a result, the dramatic crystallization of popular elements has made KhavaranName closer to popular literature. Manuscript profile -
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24 - Comparative Analysis of the Two Mythical Creatures of Simorgh and Garuda in Two epics Shahnameh and Mahabharat
Sara Ajalli Ahmad Khatami Abulqasem Esmailpour MutlaqThe ancient epic of the Indians (Mahabharat) has affinities with the outstanding and universal epic of the Iranians (Shahnameh) which highlights the cultural similarities between the Indians and the Iranians. The present study tries to explore these two master epics and MoreThe ancient epic of the Indians (Mahabharat) has affinities with the outstanding and universal epic of the Iranians (Shahnameh) which highlights the cultural similarities between the Indians and the Iranians. The present study tries to explore these two master epics and to examine the two mythical creatures of these two works from mythological perspective and to investigating their similarities and differences. The results of this research which carried out in analytical-descriptive method, seek to answer the commonalities and differences in the aspects of the two mythical creatures of the aforementioned works and the common criteria between these two works to show that among the numerous characters of these two epic works, similarities between Simorgh and Garuda are noticeable. These similarities and differences could be studies from various perspectives such as their unique place among the mythical birds, their appearances, their full presence as required, and their life on the sacred mountain. Another result of this research is that there are significant differences between these two mythical creatures; For example, in terms of outstanding personality traits, there is a significant difference between these two mythical birds: Simorgh's character relies on his wisdom, while Garuda is admired by his overwhelming physical strength. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - A Comparative Study of Supernatural Creatures and Animals in The Shahnameh and Gilgamesh
Ali Fakuri Joybari Reza Forsati Joybari Nahid AkbariSupernatural forces are special forces that exist potentially in humans, animals, and even objects, and under certain circumstances, give rise to incredible actions the root of which must be sought in ancient times . Must be searched. In ancient myths, these supernatura MoreSupernatural forces are special forces that exist potentially in humans, animals, and even objects, and under certain circumstances, give rise to incredible actions the root of which must be sought in ancient times . Must be searched. In ancient myths, these supernatural beings compensate for the inadequacies and shortcomings of kings and heroes in achieving the goal. Belief in these forces can be seen in ancient and remarkable masterpieces such as Gilgamesh, The Shahnameh, Ramayana, Iliad and Odyssey. Therefore, the present study examines supernatural beings in two valuable ancient epics: The Shahnameh and Gilgamesh. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and the authors seek to find out in which epic the influence of supernatural forces is more evident. The results show that supernatural beings and creatures in Shahnameh are superior to the epic of Gilgamesh in terms of diversity, role and function, so that some of these creatures and animals have played a fundamental and important role in the epic and national process of the work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - The "I" is rich and epic (Case Study of Divan Hafez and Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Fersshteh Ahekhteh Ahmad GoliThe linguistic characteristics of the literature of nations in various diverse and literary forms reflect the special infrastructure, the main constituents of their culture and literature. Meanwhile, giant species and epic species flourish along with other types, the cy MoreThe linguistic characteristics of the literature of nations in various diverse and literary forms reflect the special infrastructure, the main constituents of their culture and literature. Meanwhile, giant species and epic species flourish along with other types, the cycle and the centrality of their literary language, and maintains a special place for reflection of the author's thoughts and thoughts and behaviors. Since the phenomena of the authors of this type of text and the sensitivity of the attendance of their authors in the text can not be denied, the examination of the position of the author and the influence of the angle of the meeting in the text can reveal the vague points of the writings. "I am rich" or expressing the emotional and emotional character of the author in the rich and romantic texts, represents a representation of unconscious secrets from the author's intrinsic view to the various subjects around him. Since the phenomena of the authors of this type of text and the sensitivity of the attendance of their authors in the text can not be denied, the examination of the position of the author and the influence of the angle of the meeting in the text can reveal the vague points of the writings. The infrastructure of "my individual and my love", "my social", "my moral", and even the mystical and mythological forms, each of which expresses the exact pattern of the author's mind to the reader, and in an involuntary and unconscious way, the author's mentality to persuade the reader Guides. In the epic texts, the author and the presence of "my individual" and "his poetic self", though apparently not positioned, but in the underlying structures of the narrative and reporting of the pseudonymous and historic text of the text, the writer's burrow into his inner feelings and norms Willfulness can be seen in various forms. The supreme advocate of the "myths" of the heroes and heroes and their defenses and their frontiers in confronting the pole of malice and misdeeds, the sacrifice of national and patriotic honors, and even ethnicity against the aliens, ... Values and Values National and nationalist thoughts portray a saga in connection with his emotions and emotions, although the narrative tale of the story has a background and background beyond the mind and the language of the author. Since Ferdowsi's "Shahnam", as well as "Divan Hafiz" of Shirazi, are considered to be perfect examples of two types of epic and richness, the investigator of the measure of the presence of the "hero of the Liric", or the "poetic myth", is represented by the representation "I have voluntarily" an epic manifestation in an adaptive manner in these two epic and Persian epics. Manuscript profile -
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27 - Death escaping and its manifestation in creating the personalities of the world nations (With an emphasis on the common aspects of Esfandiar, Achilles, Siegfried and Balder characters)
ali mohammad moazzeni Shahrbanoo GhanjeHuman beings have always sought to answer their numerous questions about surrounded mysterious world. And finding the answer to these ambiguities has been identified as a way to escape from the amazement, wonder and, most importantly, their fears about the vast world in MoreHuman beings have always sought to answer their numerous questions about surrounded mysterious world. And finding the answer to these ambiguities has been identified as a way to escape from the amazement, wonder and, most importantly, their fears about the vast world in which they lived. The most vague and unbearable of this mysterious and, at the same time, the most terrifying of them, was the phenomenon of death and the transition to the dead world that man knew nothing about this phenomenon. Human did not find a way to work efficiently against this incident. A man who encountered with unresolved and inevitable problem of death, sought to escape from his distasteful consolation, not in the outside world, but in his mind. His escapement appeared in an idealistic, ideal, empower and invincible personality that was found in various myths and epics of various nations and despite the dimensional distance of these lands, the similarities between these characters are indicative of the root cause of the common concern of mankind and the creation of these myths is a manifestation of human thought and concern. No matter what the geopolitical framework of the world and the flight of his mind, he searches his wish in a mysterious world. In this research we try to show the four common characters which are considered to be the most famous heroes of the nation's .We show the common origins of these works and the efforts about death escaping of mankind. Manuscript profile -
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28 - Criticism of some semantic components of sacred defense Ashura poetry based on poems )Ali Moalem, Nasrollah Mardani, Fatemeh Rakei, Tahereh Safa Zadeh(
Tahereh Satarian Tofigh Hashempoor SobhaniSustainability literature in Iran has long played an important role in expressing and inducing resistance concepts with manifestation in various Persian poems and pros and in connection with Ashura literature and the epic spirit of its epiphany, the reporter has been fi MoreSustainability literature in Iran has long played an important role in expressing and inducing resistance concepts with manifestation in various Persian poems and pros and in connection with Ashura literature and the epic spirit of its epiphany, the reporter has been fighting, sustaining and resisting all kinds of aggression and oppression. Meanwhile, the epic expresses a more detailed description of the treachery and heroism of Imam Hussein (AS) and his followers during the course of Ashura as a type of literary index. Considering the necessity of completing the theoretical debates on the Holy Defense literature, especially the poetry of persistence during the imposed war, and the importance of recognizing and the presence of the epic element in the Ashura poetry, by examining the relationship between the real epic elements of Ashura in the verse of the Holy Defense in terms of commons such as definitions, role play The same characters and hero, having the essence of the protest, must be criticized. Sacred Defense Literature has used a significant amount of poetry, poetry, rage and mention of the sufferings of Imam Hussein and his followers even more than saga and courage; therefore, the review, critique and analysis of the epic element in the Holy Defense Literature of the Holy Qur'an have been considered in this article. This paper deals with the descriptive-analytical method based on library data and analyzes the epic element in the poetry of Ashura Ali Mokham, Fatemeh Rake'i, Tahereh Safarzadeh and Nasrollah Mardani. Manuscript profile -
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29 - The survey and analysis the ritual of praise in epical texts
Mehdi Rezaei Nasrollah DashtiNational epics which have been created based on myths and rituals represent the beliefs, cultures and ancient traditions of a nation. Rituals must be conjoined With sacred mythologic beliefs in order to maintain their social functions and be recollected. Outstanding wor MoreNational epics which have been created based on myths and rituals represent the beliefs, cultures and ancient traditions of a nation. Rituals must be conjoined With sacred mythologic beliefs in order to maintain their social functions and be recollected. Outstanding works such as Shahnameh epic, the Mahabharata, the Iliad are the most important source of our knowledge of past rituals and traditions of Iran, India and Greece. These people having the same origin have retained their common beliefs and rituals after migration and settlement in new areas. Worship being common religious heritage of many nations, has a background along with the creation of human history and is rooted in the depths of the heart and nature of human being .The high frequency of this ritual in worshipping ceremonies of every nation represents the value and significance of it for everyone. Praise and ritual sacrifice to the gods are the most important aspects of the rituals. These ceremonies are heldwith special rituals and an individual worshiper is required to follow it. There is much in common in terms of structure and prayer rituals among these Indo-European nations among the most important of which is sacrifice, bathing, holding hands toward the sky and etc. These similarities indicate the tribes’ adherence to the traditions of the past. High frequency of prayer rituals in a nation reflects the value and importance of these rituals to the people. Time passageand religious developments cause specific rites of worship in the structure of these rituals in these nations. In this article, cultsin top epicsin terms of time, place, and construction are compared and evaluated. Then the association of these rituals with mythologic beliefs are investigated. Manuscript profile -
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30 - «M. Omid »A study and analysis of the poetry and prose of Mehdi Akhavan Sales
mina hafiziksdjksksdjks Manuscript profile -
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31 - Analysis and interpretation of Modality and Syntactic Voice in Literary texts of Arash Kangargar and Derafsh Kaviani Poetry
Seyyed Hossein vahid arab Ahmad ZakeriIn stylistic analysis of text and viewpoints of the poet, it is important to examine and identify “categories of modality and syntactic voice” of the layered stylistics structure. The purpose of this paper is to understand the correlation between modality wi MoreIn stylistic analysis of text and viewpoints of the poet, it is important to examine and identify “categories of modality and syntactic voice” of the layered stylistics structure. The purpose of this paper is to understand the correlation between modality with meaning of speech, degree of certainty of lyrics, and determination of the poet's words. In order to discover the relationship between the poet's language and his insight and worldview using a descriptive-analytical method, three syntactic modality variables including verb, adverb and adjective as well as two active and passive syntactic voice were examined in two valuable collections of contemporary poetry, Arash the Archer and Derafsh Kaviani. The research findings indicated that there is a consistent and complementary relationship between syntactic structures and speech content. Indicative mood, as a dominant mood with definite degree of expression, makes statement about Arash the Archer and Derafsh Kaviani. With great interest and based on the needs of society, Kasraei and Mosadeq tried to restore those myths. Passive voice is the most frequent syntactic voice. However, in the texts of this study, as the sentences with intransitive and copular verbs cannot be passive, they work in the opposite way of diagnostic criteria so the active voice overcome the passive voice and adds to the authoritative power of the speaker's words. Four stylistic components – dynamic poetic syntax, emotional and idealistic stylistic form, two views of hope and disappointment, and overt and covert position – are created by the confluence of two syntactic layers. Manuscript profile -
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32 - Comparing of Poetry Music in Daghighis and Ferdosis Goshtasbnameh
Morteza JafariIn this article, to understand the musical elegances of two great epic poet, Ferdowsi and Daghighi, we compare some parts of Goshtasbnameh which has been created by both of them. Our intention of music in this article is an extensive meaning namely form and construction MoreIn this article, to understand the musical elegances of two great epic poet, Ferdowsi and Daghighi, we compare some parts of Goshtasbnameh which has been created by both of them. Our intention of music in this article is an extensive meaning namely form and construction. For a more detailed study of the subject, both of them from four direction has been investigated: 1- External music or prosody, 2. Side music or Rhyme and row 3. Internal Music or figures of speech, rhetoric and linguistic structures 4. Contemplative music or structures of fiction and description. With statistical presentations and analysis of them, distinguished that Ferdowsi's verses in four directions had more integrity, variety, expansion and high literary value. Verses, rhyme and rows of Ferdowsi are more various, musical and artistic than Daghighis verses. In figures of speech Daghighi has been more attentions to apparent of speech and rhetoric and Ferdowsi to depth of speech and intellectual relationships. In saying stories Daghighis verses compare to Ferdosis verses are more strictly speaking, more direct and more ambiguous and older but Ferdowsis narrations are mor realistic, multi-dimensional, more detailed, with more subtlety, and creating more attractive. Manuscript profile -
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33 - Functional analysis of epic and historical Myths in Odes Shahryar
mahdi nowrooz reza JALILIOne of the most important literary elements explain the intellectual system, a poet, is a myth. Poets are often myth-maker and help this element can identify many of your thoughts and your mental seepage, stability and special Stability forgiven. The presence of myth an MoreOne of the most important literary elements explain the intellectual system, a poet, is a myth. Poets are often myth-maker and help this element can identify many of your thoughts and your mental seepage, stability and special Stability forgiven. The presence of myth and poetry in Persian language has a long history, which, given the rich history of Iran are obvious. In the meantime, there's a lot to consider this functional element. So, what is explored in the present research is a descriptive study - functional analysis of historical myths and epic odes's mirror will be. The most important myths are: Alexander, Jamshid, Khosrow and Shirin mainly functional teaching, praise and descriptive, historical, and ultimately, their aesthetic. Operating mysticism, and in only one case was seen of Alexander the Great, which, according to reflect considerable intellectual system's mystical ideas, strange Manuscript profile -
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34 - Going Begond the Lethargy custom Ferdosis Best Letter al Ferdosi from Prosodic Perspect.ve
fateme Salehi ahmad zakeriBeing mythological is the first and best characteristic of natural and national epics which its instinctive feature is being extraordinary. Therefore, epics through linkage to myths - and myths correlating with the extraordinaries become holy. To spur their audiences&rs MoreBeing mythological is the first and best characteristic of natural and national epics which its instinctive feature is being extraordinary. Therefore, epics through linkage to myths - and myths correlating with the extraordinaries become holy. To spur their audiences’attention and emotions, narrators of epics attempt to tint and polish and magnify the extraordinaries. It is well-known that every nation would like to see their heroes at the peak of holiness and splendidness and, so they approach exaggeration of the heroes in order to stimulate a feeling of surprise and astonishment in audiences. This cause the nation to be honored for own heroes. Magnification process is the inherent trait of poem and all kinds of this process is particularly exposed in epic literature. For instance, describing Afrasiab, The Poet Ferdosi composes: If a mountain of iron heard Afrasiab’s name, it will be scared to thaw and become a sea. It is noticeable that composers of epic texts are not the creators of those epic and myths, although, they make use of their art of creativity in making up and magnification of scenes. Manuscript profile -
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35 - The Study of Mythological Phenomena in Bahmannameh
Iraj Mehraki Leila Khezel -
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36 - The Style and Mode of Birthday Ceremonies, Choosing Name, Growing up, Teaching and Training in Natural Epic Works
Raziye Fouladi Sepehr -
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37 - Study of the Preludes of Ten Epic Narrative Poems
Farhad Mohammadi Ahmad Zakeri -
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38 - Common or different themes between Shahname and several famous epics of the world
fateme mehmohseni gerd kohi vida shirkavandThe epic is the description of athletic behaviors valiance and individual or ethnic honors of nations. From so long ago till now, there were cultural relations between different nations. By studying various epics of nations, we can observe many common backgrounds among MoreThe epic is the description of athletic behaviors valiance and individual or ethnic honors of nations. From so long ago till now, there were cultural relations between different nations. By studying various epics of nations, we can observe many common backgrounds among these epics. At first glance, many of these national epics are the same and even more closer. And the differences emerge in minor cases in cultural and religious fields. Actually, the differences among epics are the reflection of people’s beliefs in every race. The present article does comparison, analysis of “Shahnameh Ferdosi” the greatest epic effect of Persian language with a few famous epics of other nations like Iliad and capital letter odyssey, Ramayana, Indreh and Krishna. The writer tried to analyze the similarities and differences of other epics with Shahnameh by confronting and comparison of the overall structure of stories. And by drawing the comparative tables display epics infrastructure and their epic heroical character. Manuscript profile -
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39 - The Analysis of Symbolic Allegories of Horse in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh
hasan tajikmohamdiyeh ata mohammad radmanesh Mehrdad ChatrayiThe horse in Persian literature and culture has a special position. In Avesta text and ancient Persian literature the horse has been praised. The Iranian poets, sufists, wits, intelligent, kings, leaders, warriors, farmers, battalion, and religious messengers   MoreThe horse in Persian literature and culture has a special position. In Avesta text and ancient Persian literature the horse has been praised. The Iranian poets, sufists, wits, intelligent, kings, leaders, warriors, farmers, battalion, and religious messengers considered it as the symbol of fortune, luck, wisdom, and sharpness. The presence of horse in culture and ancient history of Iran Has been presented in the different images that inscriptions, silver and golden tablets, engraved stones of Achaemenian era This is the importance and special attention to this beautiful and mythological animal and on the earthen tablets of Dariush’s era also have been presented names of great horses of the country of Iran The horse also has special position in the Islamic culture. In the epical, ancient and mythological narratology-which guarantee hero’s adventure and the future events- the horse has the most important symbolic animal usages Which like all none human elements of mythological world, has got a human identification and its symbol only can Be studied in the ancient texts. For analyzing of the rule of this animal in developing the hero’s position, symbolic and mythological horses’ position In the narratology of heroes’ mythological lives which are in the different cultures and tribes we have some more similar samples that are always being considered. Personnifying horses and dedicating allegorical roles to them, Hakim Abulqasem Ferdowsi contributed to attraction and value of most of his Shahnameh stories. Manuscript profile -
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40 - Epics in poems of Roodaki
Ali- Asghar Baba-safari Undoubtedly the 4th century i.e. samanian governance should be recognized as peak of Islamic and Iranian civilization. In this era of Iranian history den to providing cultural, social, political etc and different technologies and sciences finds considerable prog More Undoubtedly the 4th century i.e. samanian governance should be recognized as peak of Islamic and Iranian civilization. In this era of Iranian history den to providing cultural, social, political etc and different technologies and sciences finds considerable progress and so Persian literature and poem is impressed by this medium, one of the important issues considered in literature of this era is epics and writing epic poems. The most famous poet of this era is Roodaki although is poems in lyrical literature and also learning takes place, but a little thinking in his poems shows that he was quite awarded of sterile and epic issues and cold by complete skill reflects this problem in his poem, and also poems of Roodaki shows epic medium that had covered on society of those days. Roodaki often has used in lyrical descriptions from element of epics, and thus has given special horror to his poems. In this article, epic appearances in Roodaki poem has been divided and defined under five general titles. Manuscript profile -
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41 - Allegoical Manifestation of Tragic Love in Shahnameh
K. Hayati A. ZakeriEpic romantic stories usually lack dependence due to their reliance on the historical and epical context. Thus, the elements of failure and disappointment in them create a sense of sympathy and fear what we call the mythical definition of tragedy.Ferdousy's great book-& MoreEpic romantic stories usually lack dependence due to their reliance on the historical and epical context. Thus, the elements of failure and disappointment in them create a sense of sympathy and fear what we call the mythical definition of tragedy.Ferdousy's great book- Shahname- as the most significant epic demonstration of Iranian national mythical history ends tragicly in all of its romantic stories.The present paper intends to investigate the tragic love demonstrations of 'Shahname's stories called 'collective me'.This paper has been fulfilled via library sourses and descriptive analytic research method and also the application of the 'Noortroup Fray' theory.The findings of this paper display the fact that most of the heroes in 'Shahname's' love stories do not follow the aim of uniting with their beloved, yet most of them have a nasty aim which is in contradiction with the epic soul of the storyFor this reason, they usually fail to obtain their tragic love which arouses the sense of sympathy and fear in them. Manuscript profile -
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42 - Investigating the epical and mythical allegories in M.Omid’s Nimayee poems
mehran aalivandIn this article the used epical and mythical allegoriesin Mehdi Akhavan Sales Nimayee poems and and the ends and manners of application. The aim of this research, is to known that the poet how to use them in his poems, and these epical and mythical allegorieshow to effe MoreIn this article the used epical and mythical allegoriesin Mehdi Akhavan Sales Nimayee poems and and the ends and manners of application. The aim of this research, is to known that the poet how to use them in his poems, and these epical and mythical allegorieshow to effect in poet’s meaning development. To this extent, the authors have investigated these mythical concepts and epical allegoriesin three parts as Iranian epical and mythical allegories, Islamic indicating and western allusions. That in the meantime, the Iranian myths are more using than others. This epical and mythical allegories are used with different ends in Akhavan’s poems. He use them for explain the social events and human concepts in his age. In the other hand, using of these mythical concepts and epical allegorieshave foreground his literal language and statement and add it’s suggestion and power of effect. Manuscript profile -
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43 - Review and critique of epic and mythological parables in Mohammad Beyabani 's poetry
Sayyede Fatemeh Mahdavi Mortazavi Seyed Ahmad Hosseini Kazerooni Abdollah RezaeiMohammad Beyabani, a modern contemporary poet, has a special look at allegory, and in his poems he has tried to add to the effect and beauty of his words using his expressive elements, especially the parable. Hence, in this descriptive-analytic study, the epic and mytho MoreMohammad Beyabani, a modern contemporary poet, has a special look at allegory, and in his poems he has tried to add to the effect and beauty of his words using his expressive elements, especially the parable. Hence, in this descriptive-analytic study, the epic and mythological parables used in Beyabani poetry and the purposes and methods of their use in these poems are explored and described. The purpose of this research is to find out how the poet used these epic and mythological parables, with what goals in his poems, and how these gestures and mental proportions have influenced the development of the poet's meanings and concepts. To this end, we have classified these mythical concepts and narrative gestures in three sections of the Iranian epic and mythological parables, Islamic references and Islamic symbols, among which the Iranian epics and myths have been very impressive in poetry poems. These epic and mythological parables have been used for various purposes in Beyabani,poetry; the poet has used them to foster their meanings and concepts and often to express their social and political issues. The use of these epic and mythological parables also distinguished his poetic language and expression, and increased the power of influence and induction. Manuscript profile -
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44 - Effects of educational literature in the Mahabharata
Nasrin MozafariMahabharatais a great epic of the Indian subcontinent that has introduced many unique perfect ideas for the human life. Mahabharata have undoubtedly been the source of inspiration for poets, songwriter's stories, drama and writers, philosophers and artists. "Vyasa" (whi MoreMahabharatais a great epic of the Indian subcontinent that has introduced many unique perfect ideas for the human life. Mahabharata have undoubtedly been the source of inspiration for poets, songwriter's stories, drama and writers, philosophers and artists. "Vyasa" (which, according to Hindu tradition is the singing of this paper) to explore everything in the Mahabharata and the story is not that he did not know. Mahabharata "Vedic V" is called, because it is a comprehensive book that common people and nobles like it. Each class of Hindu society too has benefited from his wisdom. Although this book is part of the great epics but full of advice and educational literature and known as ethical epic. In this paper we introduce the Mahabharata and its effects on the educational literature. Manuscript profile -
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45 - Mysticism, Epic, and Dualities
Nasrin Mahdikhani Saeed Akbari PabandiAlthough there are radical differences between mysticism and epic in many sections, there are a lot of identical features found for both that through profound look at epic poetries one can find out that the mystical backgrounds are deeply rooted in the beliefs and ancie MoreAlthough there are radical differences between mysticism and epic in many sections, there are a lot of identical features found for both that through profound look at epic poetries one can find out that the mystical backgrounds are deeply rooted in the beliefs and ancient customs and the footprint of mysticism are evident in epic works. From this perspective the overall heroic works and writings have the potential to be studied just like Shahnameh, Garshasbnameh, Bahmannameh, Kooshnameh, Shahriyarnameh, Banoogashsbnameh, etc. In spite of the fact that dualities have on the surface strengthened the foundation of mysticism and epic, in deep down they have made essential interrelations. Good or bad, celebrating and mourning, being and striving, qualification and disqualification, darkness and lightness, Ahurah and Ahriman, angel and demon, and the like each one is a mixture of the other one, and by pursuing them one ends up with the other one. It is obvious that without making such a master key of thinking applicable, any entry into the mystical and epic minds in Iran is like beating a dead horse. Manuscript profile -
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46 - Sahib’s Thematic Creation via Mythical and Mystical Simorgh
saghar salmaninejad mehrabadiSimorgh is a mythical bird that has spread its wings in the field of Iranian thought, civilization, culture and thought from the distant past until now and has shown itself in various forms. The oldest text containing the myth of Simorgh is Avesta and in the field of Pe MoreSimorgh is a mythical bird that has spread its wings in the field of Iranian thought, civilization, culture and thought from the distant past until now and has shown itself in various forms. The oldest text containing the myth of Simorgh is Avesta and in the field of Persian language and literature, Shahnameh is one of the most important occasions for the emergence of Simorgh. In the sixth century, Simorgh also appeared in the field of mystical literature. This mythical bird has emerged in each period with a role and color appropriate to that time. Indian style is a method of creating themes with the ideas of the past and Saeb Tabrizi is one of the greatest poets of this style who has paid much attention to mystical themes during the period of mysticism. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner, we want to study the emergence of mythical-epic Simorgh and mystical Simorgh in Saeb's poetry. Therefore, the question is: considering Saeb's various efforts to oppose and create themes in various fields, how did he use Simorgh to make themes, and in what field and to express what concepts did he use this mythical bird? Research shows that Saeb, in addition to using the story of the mythical Simorgh in Shahnameh, has also used the mystical Simorgh in " Attar's book" and the grandeur and glory of Simorgh is an element taken from both epic and mystical areas that is beautiful in Saeb's poetry has been used. Manuscript profile -
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47 - فقر عارفانه و حماسی در نگاه علامه اقبال لاهوری و اهالی سلوک
Azizollah Salari -
Open Access Article
48 - Analysis of the epic structure of Darabnameh Tarsusi
Saeed Ahmadi Alireza ShanazariThe purpose of this study is to introduce Darabnameh and examine its status among prose epics. This research is noteworthy because while introducing the values of epic style, it studies and analyzes the teachings and cultural traditions of the work. And it describes s MoreThe purpose of this study is to introduce Darabnameh and examine its status among prose epics. This research is noteworthy because while introducing the values of epic style, it studies and analyzes the teachings and cultural traditions of the work. And it describes some of the mythical themes and beliefs of the Iranian people that are reflected in this work. In general, this article discusses issues such as the characteristics of heroes, war tools, valuables, battle, elements of nature, and stylistic characteristics of the work. Darabnameh, like other epic works, is a description of the bravery and heroism of national and popular heroes. With the difference that the degree of nationality and popularity of the heroes of Darabnameh is less than Shahnameh. Darabnameh Tarsusi has been influenced by Shahnameh in terms of the characteristics of epic style and even in terms of describing the elements of nature, especially the description of sunrise and sunset. Manuscript profile -
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49 - Investigating Simorgh Characterization in Epic and Gnosticism
Farahnaz Farhadi ali asghar halabiPersian myths, represented in the traditional, epic and gnostic texts for years, serve as the best model for analysis of characters due to their undergoing remarkable changes, their genuineness and their justifying power. “Simorgh” should be considered as th MorePersian myths, represented in the traditional, epic and gnostic texts for years, serve as the best model for analysis of characters due to their undergoing remarkable changes, their genuineness and their justifying power. “Simorgh” should be considered as the most distinguished example that fully reflects Iranian myths due to its sacred, mysterious and multifaceted nature: Contemporary mythologist, Joseph Campbell, believes that phoenix will change into a creature to be so easily followed by human beings. The study at hand focuses on the chronology of changes in personality of phoenix in transition from epic to Gnosticism. Hence, the elements of personality and the words and deeds of the legendary bird was investigated, while contemplating on what is attributed to it or the way it is described. The findings of this research introduce simorgh as a multifaceted personality, which can be called as the “Fertility-Renaissance” hero or Goddess.Keywords: Simorgh, Epic, Gnosticism, Elements of Characterization Manuscript profile -
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50 - Epic elements and image creation in Khavaran's letter by Ibn Hesam Khosafi
maryam bina reza ashrafzadeh majid taghavi"Khavaran Nameh" is a religious epic poem written by "Ibn Hussam" in telling imaginary stories about the struggles of Imam Ali (AS) and his companions in the land of Khavaran. Khavarannameh is of great value in the field of describing and creating epic images. In this a More"Khavaran Nameh" is a religious epic poem written by "Ibn Hussam" in telling imaginary stories about the struggles of Imam Ali (AS) and his companions in the land of Khavaran. Khavarannameh is of great value in the field of describing and creating epic images. In this article, the constituent elements of an epic work are discussed and then the imaginary forms for creating epic images that are effective are mentioned and that Ibn Hussam was able to use the elements and themes of epic and beautiful imagery to create scenes. Make it tangible and objective. In the construction of the epic, exaggeration is the strongest element of poetic imagination, which gives strength and dynamism to Ibn Hussam's poetry. The similes used in this work are more sensory and reach their peak when each of the elements of the simile depicts a kind of movement and greatness.Keywords: Ibn Hassan Khosfi - Religious Epic - Epic Elements - Image Creation Manuscript profile -
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51 - Structural Comparison of Epic Elements in Iranian Contemporary Poetry Based on Poems by Mehdi Akhavan Sales, Mohammad Reza Shafi Kadkani, Siavash Kasraei and Nima Youshij
Eslam Eslami AmirHossein Mahozi Mahmood TavosiThe manifestation of the present age, called the accelerated age, is contradictory in many cases with epic controversy due to many factors such as familiarity with Western literature, the objectivity of human learning, the lack of attention to abstract concepts, and so MoreThe manifestation of the present age, called the accelerated age, is contradictory in many cases with epic controversy due to many factors such as familiarity with Western literature, the objectivity of human learning, the lack of attention to abstract concepts, and so on. However, flames and flares of enthusiasm for this exciting category are still clear among the leading pseudo- contemporary poets. The present article is a study of the poems of contemporary poets who have understood the course of the common period of political and social and cultural developments and were able to deliberately and consciously investigate in versatility in the works of the poets of Iran's saga, for the sake of scientific and literary adventure for encyclopedic elements and national myths in this vast area of poetry, and presenting these modern elements to present these new elements today. This paper is divided into two sections. In the first section, we have tried to compare the elements of epic in poetry of each poet by presenting the diagrams, based on their poetry series, the rate of frequency of these elements have investigated. In the second part, it was also discussed how to compare the attitudes of poets in this article with epic concepts and tips. Manuscript profile -
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52 - بررسی قهرمان و ضد قهرمان در سامنامه خواجوی کرمانی
عطامحمد رادمنش فرزاد رستمی مهدی خلیفه -
Open Access Article
53 - The Study of the Status of Simorgh in Lyric and Mystic Works
malek sho'Aei nasrin ghadamghahi In Avestan, Simorgh meant an eagle. This legendary-mythical bird is a totem of Iranian literature. The virtues of wiseness and awareness of inner secrets have given this bird a supernatural face. Even mystic and epic poets have tried to make thi More In Avestan, Simorgh meant an eagle. This legendary-mythical bird is a totem of Iranian literature. The virtues of wiseness and awareness of inner secrets have given this bird a supernatural face. Even mystic and epic poets have tried to make this metaphysical creature seem natural. The presence of Simorgh in Iranian epics begins with the birth of Zal and ends with his death. Persian literature has used the concept of Simorgh in mystic and Sufi writings to express divine mysteries and fine words in the form of stories, parables, and allegories. With the features mentioned in mystic and lyric literature about Simorgh, it is no doubt a divine creature. If this bird is viewed negatively, it may be by non-Iranians who are not deeply familiar with Iranian cultural concepts or they are biased towards the behaviour of the Simorgh’s rival. They have overlooked the point thatSimorgh’s behaviour is a reflection of his rival’s behaviour. Manuscript profile -
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54 - The Myth of Dragon-Killing in Avesta and Epic texts
Reza ashraf'zadeh mah'dokht shah'badi zadehKilling-dragon by Garshasb is, one of the first epic narrations ofdragon-killing that is mentioned both in Avesta and many other recenttexts. Undoubtedly, this heroic manner has formed many other dragonkillinglegends in our national epic tradition and it can be consider MoreKilling-dragon by Garshasb is, one of the first epic narrations ofdragon-killing that is mentioned both in Avesta and many other recenttexts. Undoubtedly, this heroic manner has formed many other dragonkillinglegends in our national epic tradition and it can be considered asan ancient pattern for them. Although this heroic manner- in conformitywith Islamic thoughts - has changed in passing from myth to epic, but it'smythological basis- as a heroic tradition- is preserved. Manuscript profile -
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55 - بازتاب اسطوره در حماسههای ملی ایران و یونان با رویکرد به شاهنامه فردوسی و ایلیاد و ادیسه هومر
عباسعلی عبدالله زاده فرزاد عباسی بتول فخراسلام محبوبه ضیاخدادادیان -
Open Access Article
56 - بررسی زبان و لحن حماسی در قصاید انوری
علی درویشی رضا صادقی شهپر -
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57 - آیین هنر در سیاوشخوانی بیضایی
علی عشقی سردهی -
Open Access Article
58 - A Study of the Similarities and the Differences of the Jamshid Character in Shahnameh and Avesta
zhreh sarmadJamshid is one of the ancient Indian-Iranian gods, whose name has appeared in the Vedas, Shahnameh, and Avesta. This ancient mythical character has gradually changed to an epic character; he has descended from the rank of gods to the form of a great king in Shahnameh an MoreJamshid is one of the ancient Indian-Iranian gods, whose name has appeared in the Vedas, Shahnameh, and Avesta. This ancient mythical character has gradually changed to an epic character; he has descended from the rank of gods to the form of a great king in Shahnameh and Avesta. The story of Jamshid in Avesta is closer to its original myth. In Shahnameh, the character is more epic due to the influence of Muslim narrators, the poet’s religious beliefs, and coordination with the social beliefs and ideas. Studying the different aspects of this character can help understand the development process and find out the similarities and differences in the mentioned works. Manuscript profile -
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59 - dfdsdf
ll شاه بدیع زاده -
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60 - Social Contexts Analysis Of Banugoshasp`S Story In Oral Epics
Narges Molavi Farzad GhaemiThe purpose of the present research was to analyze the social context of the Banugoshasp's story in oral epics. Rostam's daughter-in-law, Banoghoshasp, is one of the oldest epic narratives in Iran, which, in addition to the Banugoshasp-name, has also led Persian folk li MoreThe purpose of the present research was to analyze the social context of the Banugoshasp's story in oral epics. Rostam's daughter-in-law, Banoghoshasp, is one of the oldest epic narratives in Iran, which, in addition to the Banugoshasp-name, has also led Persian folk literature and epics. The present study aimed to use the descriptive-analytical method to adapt the oral and classical epic of the story based on the development of the heroine personality. The results of this research indicated that, despite the ancient version of the poetic narrative, oral epics preserved more parts of the Banugoshasp-name or fostered its void. The will of the general audiences and their satisfaction, the increase of lyrical materials and the elements of myth and magic and the spiritual elements of folklore are among the differences of oral texts. The pattern of empowering heroine in their resemblance to men, which is the product of patriarchal culture, is the most important part of the heroine pattern in the Banugoshasp-name, which is more pronounced in oral epics due to the existing gap from the dominating culture of the elite class, the women's character of Banugoshasp's personality was underlined. Manuscript profile -
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61 - A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND MYSTICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE FIRST ENGLISH EPIC "BEOWULF"
Pushpa VK Beowulf is the first known English epic which preserves the history, myth, culture and some basic human values of people from the past and present, though Beowulf is often considered as the archetypal of an Anglo-Saxon literary work depicting the pagan life of th More Beowulf is the first known English epic which preserves the history, myth, culture and some basic human values of people from the past and present, though Beowulf is often considered as the archetypal of an Anglo-Saxon literary work depicting the pagan life of the Scandinavians. But a close analysis of their culture presents another perspective of history. Some epic characters even elevate themselves to mystic levels of honor and bliss. The purpose of this study was to trace and pinpoint how the Beowulf’s poet attributed ethical thoughts and motives and intervened the mystical nature of religion into the pagan life of women. The research focused its attention on the way the Beowulf poet interweaved the life of the women characters and mystical values beyond all religious restrictions and fused them into the basic structure of the epic, Beowulf. Manuscript profile -
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62 - A Glance To Iranian And Greek Mythical Epic Women
مریم Bekhnaveh سهیلا Zarinjoi alvarEven though women play significant role on affairs, but due to unilateral role and effect presumed and assigned by the myths and epics approach to men on the events; it is necessary to deeply look on the issue. The woman has particular position in the myth and whom to b MoreEven though women play significant role on affairs, but due to unilateral role and effect presumed and assigned by the myths and epics approach to men on the events; it is necessary to deeply look on the issue. The woman has particular position in the myth and whom to be admired and prayed as goddess in many cases. Obedience of such women was an obligatory; where in some occasions caused significant and influential event on the rules and nations. The paper reviewed the role of woman in myths and epics and Iranian and Greek mythical and epic women were compared. While the influence of woman in myths was studied it was concluded that the woman in Iranian epics in contrary to the assessment done in the western epics were highly esteemed and was faithful to the ethno-nobility. Manuscript profile -
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63 - The link between the sacred space of mythology of Iran and the epic place of Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Haamed Bashiri zirmaanloo Alireza Mozaffari Abdoalnaaser NazariyaaniThe mythological location is one of the most influential features of myth on the epic. Based on Middle Persian texts, Xoniras known as the holy center. As a special creation of Urmazd. This is the place to start creation. This sacred center of Zoroastrian religion based MoreThe mythological location is one of the most influential features of myth on the epic. Based on Middle Persian texts, Xoniras known as the holy center. As a special creation of Urmazd. This is the place to start creation. This sacred center of Zoroastrian religion based on the transition of mythological elements to the epic, has entered to the text of Shahnameh and it has introduced some of its special features such as: holiness, sustainability, envy and Zoroastrian care, into the text of the epic. In order to demonstrate scientific proof that Xoniras is the concept of Iran in Shahnameh, It was necessary to introduce a set of links of these two mythological and epic places. Therefore, some links such as: Heroes and heroic ethics, enemies of Iran, magic, rationalism of Iranians, and Farah and Farahmandi have been investigated and recognized. The approach of the present article to the discussion of mythology has been based on the phenomenology school of Mircea Eliade, and based on the theoretical principles of this school, the spatial relationship between myth and epic has been explained. Manuscript profile -
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64 - Educational points in epic poems based on Haft Lashkar Masnavi
fahimeh gordgiran maryam mahmoodi ahmadreza yalamehaDidactic literature is a genre of Persian literature which includes of its moral teachings and instractor, themed that in didactic literature, the subject is morality and its Excellence. This literature genre that Persian literature grandees have noted from long ago, bo MoreDidactic literature is a genre of Persian literature which includes of its moral teachings and instractor, themed that in didactic literature, the subject is morality and its Excellence. This literature genre that Persian literature grandees have noted from long ago, boast its precedence by Azarbad Mehr Sepandan advises, khosrow Qobadan advise, Bozorg Mehr memorial, and Minooye Kherad story since Ancient Persia and continues with the works of poets such as Ferdosi, Sanaee, Saadi and so on. In the Epic , like other literatures , there are these teachings and following this topic , some works such as Haft Lashkar Masnaviwhich is epic and including moral teachings – has brightness. This work which is written by an unknown poet of 12 century (probably Safavid era); includes some items that are reasons for the writer to study about didactic literature. After some researches, these questions were mentioned: what are the classic factions of didactic literature in Farsi Persian Literature? What are the didactic literature indicators in Haft Lashkar Masnavi? Some cases such as wisdom commemorate, praise of God, Trust, reception of elders advises, blessing for others, and avoid coemistence with women by evangelism and warning, influence of Haft Lashkar by Versed and Traditions, were analysed, and considered. Manuscript profile -
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65 - Features of description in kush name
mohammadnoor ghaedzade khamiri Majid Hajizade Maryam gholamrezabeigiDescribing one of the most effective objects in illustration and a type of expression by which one can create objects, people, behaviors and scenes with words, since the description has a strong link to the epic type, so the poet uses it in his support to visualize and MoreDescribing one of the most effective objects in illustration and a type of expression by which one can create objects, people, behaviors and scenes with words, since the description has a strong link to the epic type, so the poet uses it in his support to visualize and visualize because the element of description is a means to make the various scenes tangible and tangible in the context of epic poetry on the basis of epic poetry. This article examines the subject of description in kush name with descriptive-analytical method. The results show that different subjects such as nature, persons, abstract matters, time, place, objects, gifts, battlefield and animals are described in Kush Nama.In order to demonstrate the descriptive power of the speaker of the system, his descriptions are first looked at in a grammatical aspect and then the analysis of poetic grammatical techniques has been discussed The frequency of grammatical techniques is higher than poetic ones. Among grammatical techniques, adjective has the highest frequency and among poetic techniques, simile has the highest frequency. Furthermore, in this system, the poet sometimes uses a few participlus techniques in describing a single subject and sometimes uses a technique successively in describing different subjects. Manuscript profile -
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66 - The Approaches of Feminism Criticism & its Application in Mythological Epics
berooz AtooniThis work intend considering approaches feminism criticism; therefore, after to mention of history of feminism , show that a criticizer, in the school of feminism criticism , how face with literary work; also, after better showing method of feminism criticism , this wor MoreThis work intend considering approaches feminism criticism; therefore, after to mention of history of feminism , show that a criticizer, in the school of feminism criticism , how face with literary work; also, after better showing method of feminism criticism , this work, consider Shah-nameh, Garshasb-nameh, and Bahman-nameh. In conclusion, in this work, as introduction of feminism , has been showed inferiority of females, in Iranian mythology of creation. Manuscript profile -
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67 - Theology and Its Systematic Uses in Mythical and Heroic Periods of Shahnameh- e- Ferdowsi
Ahmad Amini Kamran Pashaei Fakhri Khalil hadidiIn this article, through studying different concepts of ‘‘God’’ and its synonyms, in spite of its ambiguity, in Shahnameh, I have tried to find out the real thought of this dignified sage about Godliness; in other words, how has he seen or descri MoreIn this article, through studying different concepts of ‘‘God’’ and its synonyms, in spite of its ambiguity, in Shahnameh, I have tried to find out the real thought of this dignified sage about Godliness; in other words, how has he seen or described it? So, after considering the mythical and heroic poems of this great work, I discovered that he has been an enamoured worshipper of God. He believes that Godliness is the source of prosperity and safety and Godlessness causes adversity and pain. Divine magnificence and wisdom brings about honour and pride; and selfishness and ingratitude cause humiliation and affliction. He believes that human being has a God-seeking nature, so, ancient Iranians were never atheist. Thus, Ferdowsi was in search for a utopian society based on monotheism which he called spiritual being of man and he ignored otherwise. Manuscript profile -
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68 - Reflection of word derivation in mysticism literature
Askari Ebrahimi JouibariHuman in his environment deal with the name of persons, places, animals, plants, things, etc which for the most of them the reason for designating (or word derivation) such names is not disclosed to him. One of the problems, occupied the curios mind of the mankind, is f MoreHuman in his environment deal with the name of persons, places, animals, plants, things, etc which for the most of them the reason for designating (or word derivation) such names is not disclosed to him. One of the problems, occupied the curios mind of the mankind, is finding the actual relationship between sign and signified. In fact, folk mythologies, historical, religious and epical texts, are among the main sources for word derivation which were reflected with an eloquent and sweet locution in mystical works in accordance with the thoughts of wayfarers. Another kind of word derivation is the result of creativities and artistry of mystics, which was created as a powerful tool for expressing esoteric mystical themes. Amongst the authors and poets, Attar must be regarded as the central figure of this realm. His Manteq at-Tayr which has found a worldwide publicity today is the result of his excellent use and choice word derivation that he provides for Simurgh. Manuscript profile -
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69 - Counsel in The National Epics of Iran
Hadi YousefiIn this paper, counsel and consultation among the negative characters, or antagonists, in the national epic of Iran, are reviewed in analytic-descriptive approach. Antagonists and, in some occasions, generals consult with officials when important issues determini MoreIn this paper, counsel and consultation among the negative characters, or antagonists, in the national epic of Iran, are reviewed in analytic-descriptive approach. Antagonists and, in some occasions, generals consult with officials when important issues determining the future of wars and the destiny of kings’ realms, are concerned. Based on mentioned above, the function of antagonist’s counselors is analyzed and divided into two categories: first , offering helpful resolutions when antagonists encounter and fight against protagonists and their army ; second ,sleep interpretation and prediction. In accordance with carried out studies, antagonists’ counselors include ministers,zorasterian clergymen ,astrologers, fortunetellers, generals and antagonists’ close relatives , alliances and in some cases the armies that each group assist the antagonists with their opinions to make decisions especially about their territory and the army. Manuscript profile -
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70 - Lyrical Comparison of Bijan and Manijeh in Firdausi’s Shahnameh with Alamas Khan Kandoleei’s Shahnameh
Mostafa RadmardFirdausi’s Shahnameh which is in epical field of universal division point of view, is not bare of lyrical aspects. With no doubt, paying attention to Firdausi’s Shahnameh and at the result, composing epic of kings among different Iranian clans is so importan MoreFirdausi’s Shahnameh which is in epical field of universal division point of view, is not bare of lyrical aspects. With no doubt, paying attention to Firdausi’s Shahnameh and at the result, composing epic of kings among different Iranian clans is so important that they are thinking of recomposing stories of Shahnameh in their own language. Among Kurdish clan, because of their close cultural and lingual attributes to Persian language, the motivation contains a special manifestation. The paper tries to explore Bijan and Manijeh story of Almas Khan Kandoleei’s Kurdish Shahnameh which is an epical sample and an imitation of Firdausi’s Shahnameh. The paper explores it in lyrical view and in two amorous and emotional (apology, vinous, demand and request, plaint, satire and mocking, praise and worship, lament, glory and lampoon) couplet fields. Then, considering cultural parameters of two Persian and Kurdish languages, in addition to frequency of lyrical objects, their common and different aspects will be determined. Manuscript profile -
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71 - Lyrical comparison of Bijan and Manijeh in Firdausi’s Shahnameh with Alamas Khan Kandoleei’s Shahnameh
Mostafa Radmard Mir Jalalodin Kazzazi Mohammad Ali Daoodabadi FarahaniFirdausi’s Shahnameh which is in epical field of universal division point of view, is not bare of lyrical aspects. With no doubt, paying attention to Firdausi’s Shahnameh and at the result, composing epic of kings among different Iranian clans is so importan MoreFirdausi’s Shahnameh which is in epical field of universal division point of view, is not bare of lyrical aspects. With no doubt, paying attention to Firdausi’s Shahnameh and at the result, composing epic of kings among different Iranian clans is so important that they are thinking of recomposing stories of Shahnameh in their own language. Among Kurdish clan, because of their close cultural and lingual attributes to Persian language, the motivation contains a special manifestation. The paper tries to explore Bijan and Manijeh story of Almas Khan Kandoleei’s Kurdish Shahnameh which is an epical sample and an imitation of Firdausi’s Shahnameh. The paper explores it in lyrical view and in two amorous and emotional (apology, vinous, demand and request, plaint, satire and mocking, praise and worship, lament, glory and lampoon) couplet fields. Then, considering cultural parameters of two Persian and Kurdish languages, in addition to frequency of lyrical objects, their common and different aspects will be determined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Studying the Role of National Epics in Naming the geographical phenomena inGhorveh
Teymoor Malmir Khaled SoltaniThe wide variety of ethnic groups and cultures in Iran has been a great advantage for this country, providing a rich substantial culture and a lively society. However, this variety and multiplicity has sometimes been used by the country's enemies as means for engenderin MoreThe wide variety of ethnic groups and cultures in Iran has been a great advantage for this country, providing a rich substantial culture and a lively society. However, this variety and multiplicity has sometimes been used by the country's enemies as means for engendering schism a diversion in the country. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, due to its richness and profundity, can play its traditional role of providing national identity and unity. In order to demonstrate the significant role of Shahnameh in providing Iranian groups with a single national identity, we considered the effect of Shahnameh on naming geographical phenomenon in Ghorveh with four towns and twelve rural areas. This research, registering geographical names and being impressed of Shahnameh, prevents this national unity from obliteration. Manuscript profile -
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73 - National Epic Reflex in Stories People of Ghorveh
Teymoor Malmir Khaled SoltaniThe wide variety of ethnic groups and cultures in Iran has been a great advantage for this country, providing a rich substantial culture and a lively society. However, this variety and multiplicity has sometimes been used by the country's enemies as means for engenderin MoreThe wide variety of ethnic groups and cultures in Iran has been a great advantage for this country, providing a rich substantial culture and a lively society. However, this variety and multiplicity has sometimes been used by the country's enemies as means for engendering schism a diversion in the country. Ferdowsi's Shâhnâmeh, due to its richness and profundity, can play its traditional role of providing national identity and unity. In order to demonstrate the significant role of Shâhnâmeh in providing Iranian groups with a single national identity, we have analyzed the Shâhnâmeh stories used among the people of Ghorveh, a west Iranian town in which a variety of ethnic groups live. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Transition from the Heroic Epic to the Mystical Epic: Some Considerations on the Political Aspects of Illuminationist Philosophy
Ahmad BostaniThis article examines Suhrawardi's understanding of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. In Iranian intellectual history, Shahnameh has always reflected Persian identity and its historical continuity in the Islamic period. Various interpretations of this Persian epic's stories and cha MoreThis article examines Suhrawardi's understanding of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. In Iranian intellectual history, Shahnameh has always reflected Persian identity and its historical continuity in the Islamic period. Various interpretations of this Persian epic's stories and characters have been presented in Persian literature, philosophy, and mysticism. One of these interpretive schools is the Illuminationist Doctrine (Hikmat Al-Ishraq) of Suhrawardi, which is presented explicitly in his Persian treatises. This article focuses on Suhrawardi's understanding of Shahnameh and its themes, trying to emphasize aspects of it that are related to the topics of political philosophy. Among contemporary scholars, Henry Corbin was the most important thinker who paid attention to the Illuminationist philosophy and its connection with Shahnameh. In this article, using some of Corbin's reflections on what he called "the transition from the heroic epic to the mystical epic," we try to examine the political aspects of this transition in the works of Suhrawardi and, more broadly, in the history of Islamic thought in Iran. Manuscript profile -
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75 - A comparison of common themes between Gordafarid story and Bannery and Delhi conquer epic
mahmoud sadeghzadeh Maryam Davari A comparative study of literature, always reveals the secrets and codes, and this enables recognition of similarities and differences, especially the thoughts of many known works together. There has been researches conducted about Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and epics o More A comparative study of literature, always reveals the secrets and codes, and this enables recognition of similarities and differences, especially the thoughts of many known works together. There has been researches conducted about Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and epics of Baluchi ethnic group, but on common themes of Gordafarid of Shahnameh and Baluchi Bannery epic story and the conquest of Delhi, there has not been any independent comparative study. In this paper, with descriptive , analytical documentation and comparative method, we tried to analyze , the main theme and explore and examine common themes between the two stories with a comparative approach. First, we covered the status of Baluchi epics and a short summary of Gordafarid and Bannery, then, the common themes of the two atories such as: the active participation of women, revenge, fate, peaceful existence, horses, weapons, contempt and sarcasm and rhetoric are analyzed. Large parts of the existing structure in two stories are similar to each other in an amazingway. Courage for women, revenge, use humor, irony and influence the fate are of the main similarities and ways to brag, resistance and struggle and finally peacefulness and continue the battle to win in the story Gordafarid are of the most important differences between the two stories. Manuscript profile -
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76 - The Analytic Study of Patricide Mythology in Shahnameh and the World’s Myths
nosratolah ahmadifard Dr.ali heydari Dr.masood sepahvandi Myth has been one of the constituting elements of culture as well as ethnic and national identity of societies. Some mythologists consider it as the religion of the early civilizations and the era before the expansion of the monotheistic religions. Myths of diffe More Myth has been one of the constituting elements of culture as well as ethnic and national identity of societies. Some mythologists consider it as the religion of the early civilizations and the era before the expansion of the monotheistic religions. Myths of different nations have similarities and uniformities. The confrontation between myths against each other and their hard-fought battle together with each other have been transmitted to us today in the stories that are subject to various interpretations. In Shahnameh, the mythical characters inherit special credit and in the Avesta and Pahlavi books are of the supernatural aspect. By touching upon the first patricide myth in Shahnameh, in the current study it has been tried to show that events leading to patricide in the myths of Shahnameh and the world have overt and covert angles; however, the mythological patricide is one of their supernatural aspects. By examining the reasons for patricide and studying the similar and different aspects of mythological, epic, and historical characters of Iran and the world, it seems that gaining power and reign have the highest frequency; the gods have obvious interferences in the western world's patricide, while in the eastern world, it seldom happens due to the father’s sanctity. Other reasons include magic, love, maternal, intentional, and unintentional parenting provocations. Manuscript profile -
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77 - تحلیل ساختاری سفر قهرمان در حماسه و عرفان بر اساس نظریۀ جوزف کمبل
رضا سمیع زاده سجاد خجسته گزافرودی -
Open Access Article
78 - Investigating and Analyzing the Lyric Components of the Poetry System by Shamsuddin Mohammad Kowsaj
Reza JaliliOne of the most important epic works in Persian is Shamsuddin Mohammad Kowsaj's dictionary. In this poem, the poet describes events related to Borzoo's son Sohrab and his entourage. Although dominant in the epic newsletter, the reflection of the emotional traits associa MoreOne of the most important epic works in Persian is Shamsuddin Mohammad Kowsaj's dictionary. In this poem, the poet describes events related to Borzoo's son Sohrab and his entourage. Although dominant in the epic newsletter, the reflection of the emotional traits associated with a rich literature is clearly seen. Therefore, in the present paper, the most important components of the Lyric of the vocabulary are investigated by reference to the library resources and the descriptive-analytical method. The research results show that Kowsaj uses themes such as: praise, humor, blasphemy, romantic bonds, descriptions, worldliness, grief and prayer, prayer and demand, personal expression, swearing and mockery, while creating an Epic- Lyric work has elaborated on the intricacies of the characters in the story and given a special dynamical narrative flow. Also, the inherent violence of the epic texts seems to have been mildly tempered by the use of rich components and has been significantly reduced. Manuscript profile -
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79 - Analysis of Love in Lyrical and Epic Literature based on Ferdowsi Shahnameh and Rostavoli Knight in the Panther Skin
Ayda Hayatimehr Fereydoun TahmasbiThe manifestation of love in epic works has caused an inseparable and pleasant connection between epic and Lyric. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Rustavi's Leopard Cloth are among the works in which epic and richness are intertwined. "Love" has a high place in these two works. MoreThe manifestation of love in epic works has caused an inseparable and pleasant connection between epic and Lyric. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Rustavi's Leopard Cloth are among the works in which epic and richness are intertwined. "Love" has a high place in these two works. In the Knight In The Panther Skin , love and romance topics have a high frequency and the story revolves around love and epic. In such a way that sometimes the story begins with love, or continues with love, or ends with love. In Shahnameh, there is a story of love, a love that can be seen in the service of epic. This article examines the characteristics of love and epic in these two larger works of literature of the two great nations of Iran and Georgia by describing and using library resources. The purpose of this study is to show that a literary work is a good platform for raising various issues that lead to a variety of topics. Manuscript profile -
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80 - Love and Autonomy in the Epic World Based on Comparing the Characters of Rostam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Achilles in Homer's Iliad
Mari EftekharzadeIn this article, we will anatomize the places of love and autonomy, as two fundamental psychological and, at the same time, moral drivers of human existence, in the epic world. In the world of epic, we will argue that, compared to love, autonomy is at the core of the ep MoreIn this article, we will anatomize the places of love and autonomy, as two fundamental psychological and, at the same time, moral drivers of human existence, in the epic world. In the world of epic, we will argue that, compared to love, autonomy is at the core of the epic hero's existence. In other words, in the world of epic, the main axis of hero’s existence is the hero of the desire for autonomy, and love, although passionate and burning, is merely subject to it. In fact, in the epic world, love is merely an excuse to maintain the hero's autonomy, and it's no more valid. To this end, based on the views of Immanuel Kant in the philosophy of ethics, we will first give a brief definition of the principle of “autonomy” as opposed to the principle of “Hetronomy”. Then, by comparing the two main heroes of the two great epics of human history, namely Rostam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Achilles in Homer's Iliad, we will explain how the axis in the epic world is autonomous and love is subordinate to it. Manuscript profile -
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81 - بررسی نقش زنان تورانی درجنگهای ایران وتوران
دکتر مهرناز بهروزی فاطمه سادات جمشیدی -
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82 - تجلی عشق و ایمان زنان مسلمان در حماسه کربلا
آذر کریمی -
Open Access Article
83 - A Comparative Study of Elhami Ashura Poems with Abbas Gholi Yahyavi from an Epic aspect
Gholamreza Ziyai Niri Khodabakhsh Asadollahi Khalil HadidiThe great event of Ashura is full of persistence and epics in which Imam Hussein (A.S.) and his noble companions were the heroes, so this aspect (epic) of that eternal event is more prominent than other dimensions and it has a special significance. In the present articl MoreThe great event of Ashura is full of persistence and epics in which Imam Hussein (A.S.) and his noble companions were the heroes, so this aspect (epic) of that eternal event is more prominent than other dimensions and it has a special significance. In the present article, using a comparative approach, the epic, ritualistic backgrounds of Ashura are explained in the works of Elhami Kermanshahi and Abbas Gholi Yahyavi Ardabili and the reflection of ritual (religious) and epic values of Ashura such as: steadfastness, self-sacrifice, resistance, struggle and resistance against tyranny of oppressive individuals and governments, praise of freedom and libertarianism, incompatibility against oppression, invitation to defense and perseverance against tyrants and Jihad and martyrdom, and Shiite revolutionary ideas were studied in the field of Persian and Turkish literature with thought-provoking and instructive examples. Finally, the article concludes by examining the poetic purposes and its value and literary consequences. Manuscript profile -
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84 - Nostalgia of the epic period in Bakhtiari's poetry
Hatam Taei Semiromi Athat Tajalli Ardakani Ali AlizadehAn important part of the views, feelings and emotion of the tribes in Iran, including Bakhtiari, has been transmitted through the oral culture to the present generation. Meanwhile, Bakhtiari’s epic poems and songs are echoed the nostalgia of the glory of Bakhtiari MoreAn important part of the views, feelings and emotion of the tribes in Iran, including Bakhtiari, has been transmitted through the oral culture to the present generation. Meanwhile, Bakhtiari’s epic poems and songs are echoed the nostalgia of the glory of Bakhtiari tribe, which has been completed with promise of the warriors. The names of these fighters who are immortalized in poetry and folk tales are linked to oral history. Often the epic is the result of wars between tribes, conflicts with the central government and sometimes confrontation with foreigners. Among the machines and weapons of war, the name of the gun Berno is mostly often seen as the supreme valuable asset of the hero. Because most of the tribe heroes are dying in front of the enemy in war, the epic poems of this people like most epics have tragic aspect. In addition to expressing the regret of the past in bakhtiari’s epic poetry, it can be studied by reviewing various information from various aspects such as anthropology, psychology, and climatology, etc. Manuscript profile -
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85 - An Introduction to “Zarirnameh”, a Poem by Molla Nour Ali Varmazyari
khalil beig zadeh somaye erfaniMolla Nour Ali Varmazyari, composed the religious and epic poem of “Zarirnameh” or the story of Zarir in Gouranian Kurdish dialect. This poem which is considered one of the religious and historical works of Kurdish local literature, narrates the important ev MoreMolla Nour Ali Varmazyari, composed the religious and epic poem of “Zarirnameh” or the story of Zarir in Gouranian Kurdish dialect. This poem which is considered one of the religious and historical works of Kurdish local literature, narrates the important event of Ashoura from the beginning to the end as well as the rising of Zarir using an epic style in heroic couplet. It is a free adaptation of Khazaee‟s Zarirname. As the results of this study show some of the most prominent characteristics of this poem are the narrative language and the epic style. The main theme of this poem is revenge. The poet, regarding the character building and the usage of other plot elements tries to advance the stories and he managed to build a solid, believable, and presentable context in the chronology of events Manuscript profile -
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86 - .
خدابخش اسداللهی محرم سعدزاده -
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87 - .
Mohammad Hojjat -
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88 - Educational points in epic verses, prop to the Masnavi of "soleymani's Shah-an-shah-nameh" (Aref's shahnameh).
Maryam sadat Khabushani Ahmadreza YalamehaEducational literature is one of Persian [Farsi] literature which involves moral doctrines and train it. This kind of literary which is considered former as some thing remained of ancient Persia and Sasanid era, by masters of literature, had begun by the advice letters MoreEducational literature is one of Persian [Farsi] literature which involves moral doctrines and train it. This kind of literary which is considered former as some thing remained of ancient Persia and Sasanid era, by masters of literature, had begun by the advice letters and had continued by the works of poets such as: Ferdowsi, Sanaee, Sa'di and … . In the different types of literature also, epics has these educations, followed by some other works such as the Masnavi of "Soleymani's Shah-an-shah-Nameh" which is epic and involved moral doctrines. There are some cases in this work which is written by fat-hollah-Aref (poets of Hijri 10th century), persude the writers [of this article]to study about educational literature of this work.Some question are: What is the classification of educational literature in Farsi literature? What are distinctives of educational literature in the Masnavi of "Soleymani's Shah- an-shah-Nameh"? After studing , some cases were analyzed, such as wise and wisdom, praise of God, Listen of elder's advise respect to parents, entire- Compliance to kings, blame world figurative, blame vicious, justice and benefaction of kings, Remember to die, being impressed by verses and anecdotes. Manuscript profile -
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89 - .
sayyed mojtaba hoseyni سید کاظم موسوی ژاله آموزگار mohammad reza nasre esfahani -
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90 - تجلی حماسه و عرفان عاشورا در شعر دفاع مقدس احمد عزیزی شاعر کرمانشاهی
محمدرضا سنگری عفت جامه شورانی -
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91 - نگاهی به شعر عاشورایی بعد از انقلاب اسلامی
عفت جامه شورانی محمدرضا سنگری -
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92 - The Transformation of Lord Vayu into Kai Kāvus; From Myth to Epic
Aghdas Fātehi Hasan ShahryārieeUnderstanding the mythological background of epic characters helps us to analyze their functions in literary texts. Studying the functions of Vayu and the existence of some similarities between this lord and Kai Kāvus provides a comparative investigation of these two my MoreUnderstanding the mythological background of epic characters helps us to analyze their functions in literary texts. Studying the functions of Vayu and the existence of some similarities between this lord and Kai Kāvus provides a comparative investigation of these two mythological characters. Kai Kāvus, as described in Shāhnāmeh, is one of Iran's greatest epic kings and has a mythological background. Vayu is the god of wind and air that rules the empty space between heaven and earth. The present study, by using descriptive-analytical method, has found the similarities between the two characters. They are as follows: having ambitious personality, having divine light, having magic-medicine power, being warlike, being messenger of death, having a windy nature and being the father of first man. Although there are slight differences, the similarities between the two mythological characters make us think that the Kai Kāvus is a transformed and human form of Vayu. The purpose of this research is to present Kai Kāvus' godly background, his epic behavior and his multi-dimensional character in Shāhnāmeh. Manuscript profile -
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93 - The Place of Jahorm in Shāhnāmeh, Islamic Historical Books and the Local Folklore, A Comparative Analysis
Fatemeh Taslim jahromiIn Ferdowsi's Shāhnāmeh, many geographical and place names, including the city of Jahorm, are mentioned. The construction of Jahrom in the land of Pars has been attributed to mythological figures such as Bahman, the son of Esfandiar. In Shāhnāmeh, folk tales and some ea MoreIn Ferdowsi's Shāhnāmeh, many geographical and place names, including the city of Jahorm, are mentioned. The construction of Jahrom in the land of Pars has been attributed to mythological figures such as Bahman, the son of Esfandiar. In Shāhnāmeh, folk tales and some early Islamic historical books, the names of heroes such as Bonāk, Mihrak Noushzād, Bahrām Gur and Bārbod appear as famous faces of Jahrom. In the various manuscripts of Shāhnāmeh, the name of Jahorm is repeated between 8 and 17 times, and it is the place where some important events took place. The aim of the present research, by using descriptive-analytical method, is to analyze the strategic and military position of Jahrom in its historical and mythological past. According to the findings of the research, the presence of military forces, the existence of castles and the residence of crown prince in the city are among the reasons that caused the repetition of the name Jahorm in the Shāhnāmeh. By naming geographical places such as: the castle of Mihrak and Shāpurābād after prominent characters of Shāhnāmeh, these names have been preserved in the local culture of Jahrom. The existence of names and family titles related to heroes and royal families, the existence of place names and buildings named after kings and heroes indicate the epic history of the city. Some data of the research has been collected with the help of field research. Manuscript profile -
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94 - The Mythological and Epic Themes in Common Proverbs of Fars Province
meysam zare zahra riahizaminProverbs form a large part of a nation's culture and reflect the thoughts, tastes, customs and habits of a society. Myths and mythological beliefs are involved in the construction of proverbs. Proverbs, as an important part of folk culture, are rooted not only in histor MoreProverbs form a large part of a nation's culture and reflect the thoughts, tastes, customs and habits of a society. Myths and mythological beliefs are involved in the construction of proverbs. Proverbs, as an important part of folk culture, are rooted not only in history but also in ancient myths and religions. The present article, by using descriptive-analytical method, examines the epic themes and mythological beliefs - including the characters of Shāhnāmeh, dragon, Simorgh, water, fire, rooster, girl and numbers - reflected in the proverbs of Fars province. The results indicate that without establishing a link between proverbs and myths, accurate analysis cannot be achieved. The mythological themes in the proverbs of Fars province include rich concepts such as power, beauty, parentage, consciousness, fortune, luck, purity, and so on. The other results of the study are as follows: Rostam is the most important epic character of the proverbs; Naqqalan (the narrators) were influential in the formation of the proverbs; the themes of many of the proverbs are influenced by past beliefs and rituals; some of these beliefs, after the arrival of Islam in Iran, were harmonized with Islamic beliefs. Manuscript profile -
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95 - Mythological Themes of the Turkmen Koroghlu Epic
Abdollah Vacegh Abbasi Bayrammorad MoradiThe Epic of Koroghlu belongs to the Turkmen people and is one of the works that have traces of ancient mythology in it. Epic works have an unbreakable link with mythology, so the analysis of mythological themes in these works helps to understand them better. At the hear MoreThe Epic of Koroghlu belongs to the Turkmen people and is one of the works that have traces of ancient mythology in it. Epic works have an unbreakable link with mythology, so the analysis of mythological themes in these works helps to understand them better. At the heart of epics are myths, and this is due to the belief and culture of a people in a special ritual. In the present article, the mythological themes in the Turkmen Koroghlu epic are studied by using descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that the reflection of ancient mythological themes, including the strange birth of the hero (coming out of the grave), the presence of a guide or wise old man, the battle with the dragon (dragon slaying), crossing water with a horse, the presence of a winged horse called Gyrat, and the presence of fairies and magic, in the epic is remarkable. Manuscript profile -
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96 - The Role of Supernatural Forces in the Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār
Hosain Mirza NiknamOn the first day of the battle, Esfandiyār overcomes Rustam with the power of invulnerability, a divine power, and not by use of muscle. This is a blessing given by Ahura Mazda, the strongest god of Zoroastrianism. Rustam has to ask the gods and smaller supernatural for MoreOn the first day of the battle, Esfandiyār overcomes Rustam with the power of invulnerability, a divine power, and not by use of muscle. This is a blessing given by Ahura Mazda, the strongest god of Zoroastrianism. Rustam has to ask the gods and smaller supernatural forces to help him to overcome Esfandiyār's invulnerability. In Shāhnāmeh, there are numerous signs of the widespread presence of supernatural forces, including gods, demon, fairy, and Rustam calls them to overcome Esfandiyār. The present article attempts to analyze textual and inter-textual evidences of the role of supernatural forces and Rostam's help from them. The results show that a group of supernatural forces came to Rostam's aid in the last battle, and this caused a balance in the supernatural forces on both sides and led to Rostam's victory over Esfandiyār. The research is a qualitative one based on text analysis. Manuscript profile -
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97 - Evolution in the function of myth and epic in the historical books of the Mughal and Ilkhanid periods (based on the Jahangasha Jovini history, Rashid al-Din Fazlullah Jame al-Tawarikh and Wasaf history)
hasan shahryariThe political and social conditions of the Mughal-Ilkhani era are connected with the wide presence of Iranian myths and epics in the historical books of this era. The different goals of historians have caused a change in the function of myth and epic. Therefore, it is n MoreThe political and social conditions of the Mughal-Ilkhani era are connected with the wide presence of Iranian myths and epics in the historical books of this era. The different goals of historians have caused a change in the function of myth and epic. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the evolution in the use of myth and epic in these sources and to know its capacities. The present research has reached the following results with the library and descriptive-analytical method: 1. Jovini, inspired by the Shahnameh, sought to create a prose epic and used epic characters and atmosphere to realize his anti-Mongol and pro-Iranian ideas. By cleverly comparing the Khwarezmshahs to the Iranians and the Mongols to the Turanians, he interpreted history based on epics and recreated the epic battles of the Iranians. 2. Rashid al-Din Fazlullah has a significant place in familiarizing foreigners with Iranshahri concepts and ideas. He seeks to create a platform for recreating the political ideas of ancient Iran, including Shah and Iranshahr. 3. By expressing the way of ruling the mythological and historical kings of Iran, Wasaf tries to adopt the culture and reduce the ill-temper of the Mongols and Ilkhans in order to train them as kings with the Iranian religion. Manuscript profile -
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98 - Exploring Epic Elements in Suhrawardi's Aql-i Surkh Treatise
Askar Seyadat soodabeh keshavarzi Zarrintaj VarediIn the works of Persian Sufis and mystics, alongside national, historical, and religious epics, there exist mystical epics as well. These mystical epics feature the holy traveler (sālek), who, like the hero of the epic, continually faces conflicts with his/her hidden de MoreIn the works of Persian Sufis and mystics, alongside national, historical, and religious epics, there exist mystical epics as well. These mystical epics feature the holy traveler (sālek), who, like the hero of the epic, continually faces conflicts with his/her hidden devil or carnal soul. In Suhrawardi's treatise, Aql-i Surkh (The Red Intellect), the author employs symbolic language to depict the soul's entrapment within the body's prison, and through the words of a wise old man, he illustrates the intricate twists and turns of the path towards spiritual rediscovery. The current research, utilizing an analytical-descriptive method, examines the epic elements present within Aql-i Surkh. This analysis reveals the mystical-epic components embedded within the treatise. The study's findings suggest that epic components and symbols, such as the struggle between good and evil, the journey, the Haftkhān (Seven Labours), the need for a wise old man's companionship during Haftkhān, Mount Qaf, Simorgh, epic warriors, Jam-e Giti-nama, weapons, and the Water of Life, imbue the treatise with a distinct mystical-epic flavor. Manuscript profile -
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99 - mythical places in the scrolls of storytelling
Salman Rahimi zahra golamiOne of the mythological bases with which humans have always had a transcendental relationship is place. Accepting the mythical role of some places and their sanctity is a theme that can be seen in mythological, epic and storytelling narratives and is manifested in the f MoreOne of the mythological bases with which humans have always had a transcendental relationship is place. Accepting the mythical role of some places and their sanctity is a theme that can be seen in mythological, epic and storytelling narratives and is manifested in the form of mountains, caves, wells, springs, crypts, fortresses, gardens, enchanted places, etc. In mythological belief, the place is different from what is defined in the cosmic and material environment; and the material and worldly objects and phenomena become transcendental and sacred affairs. By staying on a mythical place, the hero matures and evolves, and undergoes spiritual transformation as well as immortality. This research aims to introduce mythical places and analyze their function and quality in the narratives of scrolls of storytelling; and by studying the epic narratives of the Shahnameh and scrolls of storytelling, it tries to investigate and analyze examples of important themes of mythical places. In this regard, the mythical quality of the places in the scrolls were analyzed. The mountain is one of the holiest places due to its high position and proximity to the sky, and other mythical and sacred places such as springs, castles, crypts, and gardens are often located on top of mountains. The research methodology in this article is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile -
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100 - Devils of Drought in Shāhnāmeh and Rāmāyānā: A Comparative Study
Nimā AdhamIranian and Indian nations have common racial and ethnic origins; and during the time, they have left impression on each other. These impressions are reflected and can be seen in the two nations literary works. Assuming existance of common themes between Shāhnāmeh of Fe MoreIranian and Indian nations have common racial and ethnic origins; and during the time, they have left impression on each other. These impressions are reflected and can be seen in the two nations literary works. Assuming existance of common themes between Shāhnāmeh of Ferdousi and Rāmāyānā, one of the great Hindu epics, the article tries to compare three antagonist characters of these two works: Zahhāk and Afrāsiyāb with Rāvānā. The study shows the salient presence of devils of drought in both of works as their common root. Manuscript profile -
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101 - The Representations of "the Other" in Shāhnāmeh
Farzād Bāloo Rezā Sattāri Fātemeh BasiriThe concept of "the other" came to literature and was introduced to literary theories through Mikhail Bakhtin. According to him, among the literary genres, it is only in the novel, specifically Dostoevsky's novels, which the possibility of dialogue and the presence of t MoreThe concept of "the other" came to literature and was introduced to literary theories through Mikhail Bakhtin. According to him, among the literary genres, it is only in the novel, specifically Dostoevsky's novels, which the possibility of dialogue and the presence of the other are provided. Also, he suggests that genres of epic and tragedy, like Tolstoy's novels, lack dialogic characteristics. He believes that the foundation of epic works is based on elimination of the other. In the present article, the attempt has made to show the representations of "the other" in Shāhnāmeh based on a deconstructional and negative approach to the theory of Bakhtin. These representations can be studied with respect to the following issues: 1) the creation of Shāhnāmeh as a voice versus the prevailing voice; 2) Shāhnāmeh as a meeting point of various genres; 3) institution of championship versus institution of kingdom; and 4) marriage with foreigners. They indicate to the presence of "the other" and the existence of dialogue and polyphony in Shāhnāmeh Manuscript profile -
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102 - The Story of Zahhāk: A Mystical Analysis
Ali HeidarīThe Story of Zahhāk, one of mysterious tales of Shāhnāmeh, has been often analyzed from political and social points of view. The present article tries to analyze the battle of Fereydūn and Zahhāk from a mystical perspective. Fereydūn (from teri meaning "the third" and MoreThe Story of Zahhāk, one of mysterious tales of Shāhnāmeh, has been often analyzed from political and social points of view. The present article tries to analyze the battle of Fereydūn and Zahhāk from a mystical perspective. Fereydūn (from teri meaning "the third" and tenin meaning "snake and dragon") has three sons. Zahhāk has three snakes: two snakes on his shoulders and the third one is his own head. Fereydūn fights Zahhāk but has no right to kill him; he must only imprison Zahhāk. As in mystical texts the dragon is a symbol of the carnal soul (Nafs-e-Ammareh), so it can be said that Fereydūn is a symbol of the peaceful soul (Nafs-e-Mutmainneh). The man can control the carnal soul (Nafs-e-Ammareh) but can never annihilate it. Manuscript profile -
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103 - Generation and Transformation of Heroes: From Myth to Epic
Hamidrezā Khārazmī Mohammadrezā Sarfī Mahmoud Moddaberī Enāyatollah SharifpourThrough the passage of time the myths change and sometimes appear in a new form: epic. In the process of change, some transformations, such as displacement, inversion, elimination and other changes may take place in the myth. Meantime, the heroes change too. The present MoreThrough the passage of time the myths change and sometimes appear in a new form: epic. In the process of change, some transformations, such as displacement, inversion, elimination and other changes may take place in the myth. Meantime, the heroes change too. The present article tries to analyze these transformations by taking into account the functions of myth and epic. Manuscript profile -
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104 - KeiKāvūs: Personality and Acts
رضا ستاری KeiKāvūs is a mythological king of Iran and a fictional character in Shāhnāmeh. According to Shāhnāmeh, KeiKāvūs had a flying craft made of wood and gold, attached to specially trained eagles. He invaded Māzandarān and was defeated there in a great battl More KeiKāvūs is a mythological king of Iran and a fictional character in Shāhnāmeh. According to Shāhnāmeh, KeiKāvūs had a flying craft made of wood and gold, attached to specially trained eagles. He invaded Māzandarān and was defeated there in a great battle by Div-e Sefid (the White Beast). He attacked Hāmāvarān and married Sudābeh, the daughter of the king of hāmāvarān. The present article tries to study Keikāvūs's personality and acts not only in Shāhnāmeh but also in Pahlavi texts and Avestā. Manuscript profile -
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105 - Samak-e Ayyār: A Literary Analysis
خورشید نوروزی Samak-e Ayyār is an ancient fictional story about an Iranian ayyār (a warrior who has courage and chivalry) first told orally by Sādaqa b. Abūl-Qāsim Shirāzi, then Collected and writting down by Farāmarz Ibn Khodādād Arrajāni in the 12th Century (6th Cen More Samak-e Ayyār is an ancient fictional story about an Iranian ayyār (a warrior who has courage and chivalry) first told orally by Sādaqa b. Abūl-Qāsim Shirāzi, then Collected and writting down by Farāmarz Ibn Khodādād Arrajāni in the 12th Century (6th Century AH). Samak-e Ayyar is described as a popular romance, while some consider it an epic. The present article tries to analyze Samak-e Ayyār by taking into account the two literary genres, romance and epic. Manuscript profile -
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106 - Studying the Common Themes in Nibelungenlied and Shāhnāmeh
Kambiz SafieeAlthough epic isn’t the oldest narrative genre but it is the most prevailing one in the ancient time and middle ages. Epic and myth, oral or written, can be found in all cultures and sub-cultures. Myths provide the raw material for the epics and in some cultures e MoreAlthough epic isn’t the oldest narrative genre but it is the most prevailing one in the ancient time and middle ages. Epic and myth, oral or written, can be found in all cultures and sub-cultures. Myths provide the raw material for the epics and in some cultures epics are continuation of them. The world's literature is full of epic-mythical themes. We can see these themes in two prominent books of Persian and German literature, namely Nibelungenlied and Shāhnāmeh. The common subjects such as mythical heroes, super-natural animals, war, battle, revenge and the like can be seen in these works. In the present article, after presenting the backgrounds of two epics, the two super-heroes, Siegfried and Rostam, are compared and common themes and common historical and epic features in these two prominent masterpieces are entertained. Manuscript profile -
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107 - Connection of Love and Epic in Shāhnāmeh and the Story of Koroghlu: A Comparative Study
Ateke Rasmi Sakineh Rasmi Epic stories reflect feelings and way of thinking of men in the passage of time. Though epic and lyric have different languages,yet love is a common theme in them. In Shāhnāmeh and the story of Koroghlu it can be seen the epic and lyrical themes have a very close More Epic stories reflect feelings and way of thinking of men in the passage of time. Though epic and lyric have different languages,yet love is a common theme in them. In Shāhnāmeh and the story of Koroghlu it can be seen the epic and lyrical themes have a very close connection with each other. The stories of ‘Zāl and Rūdāba’, ‘Tahmineh and Rostam’ and ‘Bijan and Manijeh’ are from the best lyrical stories in Persian literature. In the epic of Koroghlu too, the subject of love, which is usually expressed by women, often comes in the middle or end of the story. The authors of article suppose that epics are drawn from life and epic, history, nationality, justice and spirituality that are the basic themes of Shāhnāmeh and the epic of Koroghlu. So in the present article, the origin of love, its features, characteristics of beloved, appearance of love and its consequences in these two epics are considered Manuscript profile -
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108 - بازتاب نظریات مدیریتی در شاهنامه فردوسی (با تکیه بر پارادایم نیوتنی و تئوری آشوب)
Vahid Mobarak Farshid Vazileh -
Open Access Article
109 - Bahrām: From Myth to Reality (Similar Features of a Common Name)
Hooshang Mohammadi AfshārIn ancient myths, often common names have the same destiny and are influenced by the same eternal pattern and archetype. The examples of these names are abundant in Iranian myths and national epics. Among the most popular names that are mythical, ritualistic and epic, w MoreIn ancient myths, often common names have the same destiny and are influenced by the same eternal pattern and archetype. The examples of these names are abundant in Iranian myths and national epics. Among the most popular names that are mythical, ritualistic and epic, we find the name of " Bahrām" that in Aryan culture and ancient Iranian history has his own functions such as god of war, god of victory, the promised, the savior, king and armed, trooper and victorious. By using descriptive and analytical method, the present research attempts to identify and analyze the personality of the famous Bahrāms in Iranian mythology and national epic, and to prove that the examples of this name in Iranian mythology and history of Iran have almost same feature, function and destiny. Manuscript profile -
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110 - Critical Discourse Analysis in the Poetry of Seyed Hassan Hosseini Safarnameh Khaizaran on Fairclough Discourse Analysis Theory
marzieh hosseini rokn abadi reza fahimi manijeh fallahiDiscourse is a type of language application in a specific field and the study of social and cultural developments affecting the language structure. According to Fairclough, discourse analysis is the integration of text and society with the structure of language. Discour MoreDiscourse is a type of language application in a specific field and the study of social and cultural developments affecting the language structure. According to Fairclough, discourse analysis is the integration of text and society with the structure of language. Discourses are different representations of social life that place social actors in different situations and represent social life in different ways to creatively create a regular world through everyday methods. The analysis of each discourse has three perspectives;Analyzing the forms and structures of syntax that represent the author's point of view, the use of literary arts that is a big step in the personalization of language, and the analysis of the nature of literary speech that is a great way of communication in the service of society. Hosseini connects the melodious words to the symbol of zeal and the anti-tyranny nation and removes the objective veils from this great event. In his Ashura poem "Safarnameh Khaizran", he depicts the oppressed martyrdom of Alamdar of Karbala with an epic and strong tone in the form of Nimai's poetry. The upcoming research with descriptive and Analytical metod looking for answer to this question that what is the use of language and discourse in this poem? Manuscript profile -
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111 - بررسی ویژگی های حماسه در «ملحمة عید الغدیر» اثر بولس یوسف سلامه
علی صابری سعیده بیرجندی -
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112 - Immorality and The world after death from the perspective of epic literature With the look of Gil Gamesh
Fatemeh KhodakaramiDeath, with the beginning of life, casts a shadow on human life. Fear and worry about the passage of time and the end of worldly life has always been the main concern of mankind.The fear of death and the search to find the water of life and a young plant to become immor MoreDeath, with the beginning of life, casts a shadow on human life. Fear and worry about the passage of time and the end of worldly life has always been the main concern of mankind.The fear of death and the search to find the water of life and a young plant to become immortal have become the basis of the creation of universal works. The myth of "Gil Gamesh" as a global epic and a human existentialist work is the story of evolution and finally surrendering to the afterlife. Gil Gamesh's epic is one of the most comprehensive and beautiful works of Sumerian and Babylonian literature. The essence of this mythological legend is the struggle to find the plant of youth and eternal life. In this oldest human epic, the hero of the story, like other immortal heroes of the atmosphere, is searching for the secret of immortality and wisdom.In this article, an attempt has been made to look at the philosophy of wisdom and the survival of the soul and the world after death from the perspective of mythology. Manuscript profile -
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113 - Studying the Epical, Mythological Allusions In Abbas Bagheri's Poetry
Samar Miri Abdollah Vacegh AbbasiAbstract The basis of epic narratives are the same mythical stories that have been changed in the passage of time and have lived in a specific timetable and ultimately have been converted into verse by a competent poet. The my MoreAbstract The basis of epic narratives are the same mythical stories that have been changed in the passage of time and have lived in a specific timetable and ultimately have been converted into verse by a competent poet. The myth is the symbolic explanation of profound psychological needs in the ancient sources. The scrutiny on these matters indicate that despite the combination of myths in the thought themes, they are not personal, but are a mass of psychological complex and interwoven processes. The purpose of present paper entitled : studying the epical mythological allusion in Abbas Bagheri's poetry is to have a comprehensive knowledge about the contemporary poets in a descriptive – analytical method and how the mythical and epical elements have been studied. The research shows that Bagheri has paid special attention to myth and epic in his poetry and there is a inseparable bond of myth and epic in his poetry. He has stated his purpose in the mold of epic and myth as allusion, symbol, allegory, image, and allusiveness. These elements have been mostly reflected in the frame of allusiveness to features of mythology and epic like Rostam, Zaal, and … and animals like Simorgh and beliefs and traditions like Nooshdaru (panacea) and creatures like Ahoora, and epical natural elements like Gaz and Hamoon. The poet has not used them merely for beautifying his words but has reflected the torments and problems of his society in it. Manuscript profile -
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114 - Studying the Symbols and Rites of Familiarization in the Versified Story of the " Banu Ghoshasb Nameh "
Nasim Parizadeh Hamid Reza farzi Rostam Amani Astmal Abstract Familiarization (initiating, being honored, passage, apprentice, and servitude) are the rites and ceremonies which are accomplished to make changes and transformation in the life of an individual and is interp More Abstract Familiarization (initiating, being honored, passage, apprentice, and servitude) are the rites and ceremonies which are accomplished to make changes and transformation in the life of an individual and is interpreted as death (eliminating the ignorance and profanity of childhood) and rebirth (the soul and life transcendence). This is in regard to the belief of some researchers including "Mircha Eliadeh" who consider the myths and fairy tales initiated from the familiarization and other transient rites or the symbolic expressions of those ceremonies. The story of "Banu Ghoshasb Nameh", as an epic and myth has been investigated in this article. We assume that this story reveals the rites and ceremonies of familiarization (initiating) in itself. Based on the mentioned ideas and through the thematic analysis of the story, the adaptability of this story, together with the familiarization has been proved; all the components and the levels of familiarization such as seclusion, separation, taking the new learner to the woods ( desert ) and hard test can be observed in that story. Besides these symbolic elements, there are other archetypes in the text which have been analyzed in relation to the main theme of familiarization. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
115 - The Evolution of the Epic in Contemporary Persian Poetry ( from Nima to our time )
Azadeh Hossein Zadeh Ali Sarvar Ya'ghoobi Mohammad reza GHariAbstract Epic is one of the most important, valuable and influential literary types in the literature of nations, that does not belong to a certain ancient era; it also can be seen in the poems of contemporary poets. Therefore MoreAbstract Epic is one of the most important, valuable and influential literary types in the literature of nations, that does not belong to a certain ancient era; it also can be seen in the poems of contemporary poets. Therefore, it faces many changes and has a direct relationship with political and social events. The epic teller poet in contemporary era is in the context of political and social events of his time and tries to compose the epic of his own time. He tries to turn, his own struggles against the tyranny which he has witnessed, into the epic. Therefore, the present research is presented in response to this question that how is the movement of epic in the literary literature of the contemporary period, from the time of Nima to the present time has been reviewed and analyzed in terms of content in the poetry of ten poets from Nima up to now as the most prominent representatives of Semitic poetry. This article has been conducted through descriptive-analytical method based on content analysis approach. The results show that the epic movement parallel with the political, historical and social changes undergoes some other changes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
116 - Epic in Seyyed Ashrafadding Gilani's Poetry ( Nassime Shomal )
Mohammad Ali Mahmoodabadi Ali Asghar BabasafariAbstract By studying and reviewing the treasure of a thousand years of Persian Literature and poetry, we understand that the poet and the writer are clearly influenced by their personal and social situation in one of the liter MoreAbstract By studying and reviewing the treasure of a thousand years of Persian Literature and poetry, we understand that the poet and the writer are clearly influenced by their personal and social situation in one of the literary genres (epic literature, didactic and lyric forms ) which express morally and socially the kind of idealistic aspirations which outcries to the readers. Nassim Shomal( poetry of northern breeze )is one of the prominent representatives of the Iranian constitutional era. Although his poetry lacks the literary integrity and maturity, his simplicity sincerity, honesty and freedom of language caused to have a significant impact on public. Therefore research on epic themes seemed to be important and inevitable. In this study, we surveyed the epic effects, courage and resistance in Seyyed Ashrafaddin Gilani's lyrics and concluded that the north breeze look at the extreme Iranian myths and using the ancient stories and myths of ancient Iran, the expressed new concepts and themes along with deep rooted sentiments to achieve the goals of liberation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
117 - Epic in Abul ghassem Aref Qazvini's Poetry
Ashraf Mahmud Abadi Ali Asghar Baba SafariAbstract A study in the field of epic literature in the themes and within the bounds of the nation beliefs and its history in various fields is of special importance; so that it unveils the thoughts and the dominan MoreAbstract A study in the field of epic literature in the themes and within the bounds of the nation beliefs and its history in various fields is of special importance; so that it unveils the thoughts and the dominant culture of the era. Abul Ghassem Aref Qazvini is among the poets of contemporary literature in Iran whose themes in his political – social context can be viewed clearly. He is one of the first degree poets on the constitutional poetry known in the field of poetry and national and epic songs as the pre-eminent poet of his time. In this study, we try to check out the epic effect with descriptive – analytic methods in lyric themes and respond the question: " what are the features of epic poem the poet uses in the field of resistance?" Aref Qazvini is the most prominent mystic poet of versification in constitutional period, the epic poetry and literature as a poet and composer in plain language and sometimes in implicit one many of which are in defense of the mother land and fighting against colonialism and void divisions . It also criticized the unjust rulers, calling for awakening the Islamic tenets . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
118 - Simin Behbahani's lyric characteristics : Epic and Resistance
Ja'far Mohammadi Arash MoshfaghiAbstract Since resistance against ugliness and darkness imposes an obligation on poets during the war and oppression time, few ones can be named in these eras who have not shared their works in the field of resistance literatu MoreAbstract Since resistance against ugliness and darkness imposes an obligation on poets during the war and oppression time, few ones can be named in these eras who have not shared their works in the field of resistance literature. Human nature does not tolerate evil; therefore, civil disobedience to tyranny and oppression arises in different forms. Revolutionary movements from 1978 to 1979 to some extent made openness and enlightenment speech possible for Iranian poets . Simin Behbahani is one of the contemporary ghazal poets who before the Islamic revolution explicitly stated the events that had significant impact on the formation of the revolution. Her Ghazals reflected the events of the day. Following that, Behbahani reflected other topics in the field of resistance literature and in this research the most important indicators of resistance literature in Simin Behbahani's ghazals during and post revolution periods, an during Iran and Iraq war, will be discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
119 - The Mathnavi of " Shahnameh " , a newly found epic work, in the twelfth century A. H.
Hamid Reza Dehghanpour Ahmad Reza YalamehaAbstract Correction of the texts left in handwriting is one of the most important literary researches. One of these texts, the Mathnavi of Shahnameh with 8156 distiches, is from an anonymous poet with the pseudonym of Sharar. Th MoreAbstract Correction of the texts left in handwriting is one of the most important literary researches. One of these texts, the Mathnavi of Shahnameh with 8156 distiches, is from an anonymous poet with the pseudonym of Sharar. The poet has not been mentioned in any literary annals. No information is available on his birth and death. Only from a few lines in the same source it turns out that his pen-name was Sharar and his home city was Bukhara and was forced to live in India. According to several other passages, the Mathnavi of Shahnameh is about the wars of Mohammad Shah of India. The poetry of Shahnameh was written in the twelfth century and was transcribed in Indian calligraphy. In the manuscript catalog, there is only one handwriting of this system which is also in the library of Ayatollah Golpayegani in Qom, registered with the number 2612. But the compilers of this system managed to find another version of this mathnavi which was in the later section of the same version. This correction is based on those two copies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
120 - Structure of Epic Language in Kushnameh-ye Iranshan Ibn Abilkhir
Saman Rahman Zade Fatemeh Modarresi Bahman NozhatThe structure of epic language in Kushnameh written by Iranshan AbilKhayr *Saman Rahman Zadeh PhD Student, Persian Literature, Urmia University, Iran **Fatemeh Modarresi Persian Literature, Urmia University, Iran ***Bahman Nozhat Associate Professor, Persian Liter MoreThe structure of epic language in Kushnameh written by Iranshan AbilKhayr *Saman Rahman Zadeh PhD Student, Persian Literature, Urmia University, Iran **Fatemeh Modarresi Persian Literature, Urmia University, Iran ***Bahman Nozhat Associate Professor, Persian Literature, Urmia University, Iran Date of reception: 96/12/11 Date of acceptance: 98/7/17 Abstract One of the subjects in new criticism is to investigate the structure of language in literary works. The pattern suggested for the study of epic language, studies the characteristic of poetic language used in epic in terms of music, phonetic, diction, syntax, rhetoric, content, and theme to explore how this literary genre manifest itself in language and describes the process of epic composition. For this reason taking Shahnameh as the yardstick for epic language and employing formalistic theories and the pattern provided by schloars Shahbazi and Malek Sabet in this regard this article seeks to study the epic language in Kushnameh. At every level necessary parameters are defined their manifestation in the epic language are shown providing evidence to indicate the characteristics of the epic language followed by the enquiry about how successful Iranshan Abilkhayr had been in using the epic language. Results obtained show that Abilkhayr as one of the imitators of epic language, selecting shahnameh for model had been fairly successful in employing the epic language in many instances and his work is recognized as a complete example of national epic composition after Shahnameh. * . saman207@gmail.com ** . fatemeh.modarresi@yahoo.com *** . b.nozhat@urmia.ac.ir Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
121 - Presenting ideal parameters for rewriting and story selection drawing from epic works especially Shahnameh in child and Young adult Literature
Pariya Ansari عبدالحسین فرزادThe present article is the outcome of a library research made in order to promote the quality of the rewritten texts drawn from epic works with emphasis on the cognitive, emotional, and social development parameters for the child and adolescent. The first step tow MoreThe present article is the outcome of a library research made in order to promote the quality of the rewritten texts drawn from epic works with emphasis on the cognitive, emotional, and social development parameters for the child and adolescent. The first step towards achieving this aim is to present the theoretical basis of rewriting the epic works in child and adolescent literature and then the brief history of the rewritten works as far as national interests is concerned with particular emphasis on Shahnameh is investigated. Next the characteristics of the child’s development in different ages are classified and based on that information the general and specialized regulations for rewriting the ancient epic works are evaluated. Based on this analysis, the ideal parameters for choosing a story and rewriting epic works compatible with mental capacities and different cognitive abilities addressed at child and young adult in different ages are suggested and summed up. Finally, to show the matter in practice examples of these ideal parameters in comparison with their inefficient adaptations of Shahnameh stories are provided. The present research is a scientific method for presenting ideal parameters for story selection in other literary genres too. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
122 - The structure of the promises in the epics
نصرالله دشتی Mehdi RezaeiPromise is one of the religious and social elements and is the basis for the discipline in the ancient societies . Mitra is the god of promise that every time enters a land it unites that land´s gods and preserves its holiness. Promise which has a great standing a MorePromise is one of the religious and social elements and is the basis for the discipline in the ancient societies . Mitra is the god of promise that every time enters a land it unites that land´s gods and preserves its holiness. Promise which has a great standing and holiness for the Indian and European people, has been evident in their epics and myths , and it determines an important part of the events and the fates of the heroes of the epics. In this essay, first we will review the structure of the different kinds of the promises in the epics, myths and historical works in Iran, India and Greece. Then we will compare and analyze their common elements. The results show that rituals such as sacrificing ,pouring wine on the tombs, presenting the witness, hand shaking with pressure, and the holiness of the water and fire at the time of the promise, are the common elements of the promises. These common rituals give us a structural model which is observed in most of the promises. Comparing these common elements with the epics and the religious beliefs show that these common elements and patterns have a very close relationship with the Mitraism rituals( the god of the promise) , and it is the god of promise which ,by preserving its holiness in the minds and the religious eyesight of the Indian and European people, constitutes the elements of the promises. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
123 - The influence of national and patriotic Persian epic in the Poetry of Iqbal Lahori
Alireza Rezaeian Seyed Ebrahim Arman Fateme EmamiAllameh Mohammad Iqbal Lahouri is a prominent and distinguished poet, a defender of national interests and heritage who has an important role in his homeland with its special Islamic boundaries. The epic of his homeland had always been an integral part of his subl MoreAllameh Mohammad Iqbal Lahouri is a prominent and distinguished poet, a defender of national interests and heritage who has an important role in his homeland with its special Islamic boundaries. The epic of his homeland had always been an integral part of his sublime ideas and novel thoughts. The gem of his existence sparkles with love for his motherland. He is famed and admired for his constant preoccupation with Islamic nationalism and patriotic activities. Commemorating his native land and the defense of his country was his prime mission, a motif clearly seen in Persian epic and in the poetry of earlier patriotic poets of Iran. This research was conducted by library method making use of primary and secondary sources as well as internet sources. The purpose of this article is to explore to what extent patriotic poetry of Iqbal Lahouri was under the influence of patriotic Persian epic since he is considered as a pioneer of patriotic poetry with its special significance in contemporary literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
124 - The analytic study of battle with dragon from myth and epic to religious poetry emphasizing upon the dragon being killed at the cradle by Imam Ali
Reza shajari Elham Arabshahi kashiAbstractBattle with dragon is one of the most exciting adventures in the mythological and heroic history that had always been the center of attention. Little by little, it found its way into religious poetry being regarded as an important achievement for religious heroe MoreAbstractBattle with dragon is one of the most exciting adventures in the mythological and heroic history that had always been the center of attention. Little by little, it found its way into religious poetry being regarded as an important achievement for religious heroes, as many poets from the 7th century till present refer to the event of slaying the dragon by Imam Ali in the cradle. The oldest narrative source of this story is Manaqib Ibn Shahr Ashub in the 6th century Hijra. However, in other authentic Shi’a and Sunni texts and sources such as Shavahed al Tanzil by Haskani, Manaqib by Kharazmi, and Manaqib Ali Ibn Abi Talib by Aljallabi al Shafeei there are no references to this story. This research is concerned with the study and analysis of the theme of dragon killing in both myth and epic, paying particular attention to the slaying dragon by Imam Ali in cradle, also dealing with the reasons behind the frequent growth of this theme in religious poetry. The fame of this theme in the field of divine religions could be a symbolic discussion, dragon being the symbol of either external enemies including Ahriman, Anti religion enemies or internal enemies such as Nafs or lower soul. All saints could at some point overcome this latter enemy and in case of Imam Ali dragon can be regarded as both internal and external enemy. Due to having an epic prestigious form, this tale not only during human history but also within the domain of religious poetry have been tremendously received. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
125 - Persian epic in France
sina forouzesh maryam barzegarAbstract Shahnameh translated by William Jones, and excerpts of which translated into English verse and French prose are recognized to an extent in the west. From then on characters like Louis Langles, Ernest Renan, Jean-Jacques Ampere, Noldeke announced that the MoreAbstract Shahnameh translated by William Jones, and excerpts of which translated into English verse and French prose are recognized to an extent in the west. From then on characters like Louis Langles, Ernest Renan, Jean-Jacques Ampere, Noldeke announced that the Persian national epic outshines any other epic in the world. The purpose of this article is to determine how Shahnameh’s reputation diffused in France and to what extent the French were inspired by its tales. Since the 18th century and after the great French revolution, in French literature a movement took form which turned the attention of this nation towards literary works of other nations. With the spread of Orientalism in Europe the worldwide process of translation movement took speed. The first translations made from excerpts of Shahnameh were carried out by Louis Langles, De Wallenbourg, and Biyanki, however translation and critical edition of Shahnameh of Ferdowsi undertaken by Jules Mohl took forty years to complete and finally in 1877 it was published in seven volumes. Since then, French authors such as Alfred Delvau, Maurice Maeterlich, Noldeke conducted researches and produced criticism regarding Shahnameh that influenced French poets like Abel Bonnard, Victor Hugo, Francois Coppee, Paul Furt, and Andre Gide. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
126 - Introducing and investigating the stylistics of Haft Lashkar Masnavi
Fahimeh Gordgiran maryam mahmoodi ahmadreza yalamehaAbstract Haft Lashkar in the form of Masnavi is an epic tale which was composed in the twelveth and thirteenth centuries. Since its first and last pages had been omitted, there is no information available about its author, yet it is assumed that its composer coul MoreAbstract Haft Lashkar in the form of Masnavi is an epic tale which was composed in the twelveth and thirteenth centuries. Since its first and last pages had been omitted, there is no information available about its author, yet it is assumed that its composer could have come from the Indian subcontinent. In view of its’ stylistics features and according to manuscripts studies criteria this work enjoys the characteristics of the style common in the Safavid era. This Masnavi is a verse narrative of a tale which appeared in the naqqali scrolls under the name of Haft Lashkar. The most considerable part of this Masnavi is devoted to the tale of Borzu and his son Tamur or Taymur who intends to place Borzu on the throne instead of Kaykhosrow. It appears that in composing this Masnavi, its composer had looked up to Shahnameh to a great extent but the poems are weak and unstable and at times meter is not respected. The composer employs feast and epic in feast and combat scenes. Applying documentary and library approach to the only copy left from the Haft Lashkar Masnavi, this research aims to assess it in terms of stylistics which involves examination of the every aspect of the language, its content and usage of literary devices. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
127 - Comparative analysis of Sohrab in Shahnameh with Babhuvahana in Mahabharata
Sara Ajalli Ahmad khatami Abolghasem EsmaeelpourAbstractSohrab, one of the mythological characters in Persian national epic, Shahnameh is similar in many respects to Babhruvahana, the epic character in Indian epic, Mahabharata. Their similarities and differences lend themselves to examination in many respects.& MoreAbstractSohrab, one of the mythological characters in Persian national epic, Shahnameh is similar in many respects to Babhruvahana, the epic character in Indian epic, Mahabharata. Their similarities and differences lend themselves to examination in many respects. The common origin of their names, their lineage, identical destiny, the parents’ marriage story with the exact details, residence of both at their mothers side, and far from the father, the role of the spectacular horse in the progression of the tale, confrontation with the father in battle field after many years, the impact of supernatural forces in the tale, one of the opponents getting killed in the battle ground and the attempt made for acquiring the elixir are among the most remarkable common grounds between these two characters. Nevertheless accurate examination of their life histories make us understand also significant differences between the two characters that inevitably lead to entirely different fates and hence the course of the tales take diverse turns. Using comparative analysis approach, the purpose of this article is to study the significant similarities and differences between the two characters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
128 - Mythic reason for defeating Forod by Bijan
حمیدرضا خوارزمیMythic reason for defeating Forod by Bijan Man has always tried to dominate nature and to rule or to accept nature in the form of beliefs of domination. The pattern of human design in beliefs is based on their own mental criteria, and therefore, we see human ideals in MoreMythic reason for defeating Forod by Bijan Man has always tried to dominate nature and to rule or to accept nature in the form of beliefs of domination. The pattern of human design in beliefs is based on their own mental criteria, and therefore, we see human ideals in these attitudes With the difference that some people have used their imagination. The epic stories that originate from the mythical stories of any country can be understood by discovering the originality of the mythical story and putting together several other stories. In this research, we are looking for the answer to the question of why the Bijan conquer Forod and what is the mystery and mystery of killing the epic characters at the hands of his family? The author seeks to answer the above questions using descriptive and analytical mythical patterns. According to the hypothesis, the only weapon of labor on individuals in some stories is their own family tools. Key word: Sayyash Armor, Bijan, Myth, Epic Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
129 - The critical account of nine narratives from Iranians’ uprisings during Imam Ali’s caliphate taken from the religious epic of Dalil Al-Jinan
fatemeh sadeghi ali asghar bashiriAbstract The book of poetry Dalil Al – Jinan wa Rukn Al – Iman Fi Waqayi Al - Jamal wa Al - saffayn wa Al – Nahrawan is composed by Abbas Nasekh Turk in the eleventh century Hijri. This collection as its name suggests concerns Imam Ali and his b MoreAbstract The book of poetry Dalil Al – Jinan wa Rukn Al – Iman Fi Waqayi Al - Jamal wa Al - saffayn wa Al – Nahrawan is composed by Abbas Nasekh Turk in the eleventh century Hijri. This collection as its name suggests concerns Imam Ali and his battles Jamal, Saffayn, and Nahrawan. Amid this religious epic there are nine stories regarding uprisings occurred in various cities and regions in Iran. These areas are as follows: Ghore, Mazandaran, Sistan, Ghaen, Marv, Fars, Isfahan, Amol, and Ahwaz. In historical sources also there are certain references to Iranians’ revolts in the reign of Imam Ali the most of important of which occurred in Ahwaz, Fars, Khorasan, Rey, Daylam, and Sajestan areas. Using descriptive analytic method this research discusses the narratives in this religious epic and compares them with the historical ones. The results reveal that some of these narratives such as the revolt of Khorriat in Ahwaz or people’s revolt in Fars are to a certain extent correspond with historical sources, however other revolts such as that of Kavus Ibn Gobd in Isfahan or Faramarz Ibn Hoshang in Mazandaran are not referred to in historical texts. It is assumed that these accounts come from sources no longer available today or that they are stories shifted form one historical period to another. There is also this possibility that these popular tales are narratives finding their ways in this book of poetry. In other words they are myths and popular tales which have transformed into history. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
130 - Analysis of the lack of female genocide in Fedowsi's Shahnameh Based on the position of women in Iranian Myths
zahra jamshidi seyedmohamad artaReflection on absence of female genocide inFedowsi's ShahnamehAbstractOne of the most and important wonderful epic themes is genocide theme in the mysteries of nations, in the other words, it is archetype of same blood relatives .There are so manyand so much examples of MoreReflection on absence of female genocide inFedowsi's ShahnamehAbstractOne of the most and important wonderful epic themes is genocide theme in the mysteries of nations, in the other words, it is archetype of same blood relatives .There are so manyand so much examples of parricide, matricide, fratricide, but there is no exampleand model of matricide, sister - cide, or girl - cide in Iranian and persion mysteries. Herewith, there are different reasons including; the power of Iranian godd esses, their religious penetration in the hearts of ancient, Iranian as well as the innocent position of women like the earthy goddesses, the matriarchal government in Ariaan tribes, the roles of women in agriculture, the purity of earth, the role of women in generation,…etc. The methodology is analytical, historical, scientific due to the evidences of Iranian mysteries, as well as Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh.Keywords: Myth, Epic, Shahnameh, Female Genocide, Female co-worker. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
131 - A narrative from Jamshid’s dynasty till the advent of Feraydun
Hamidreza kharazmiAbstractMyths are the narrators of the man’s first stories and in the later stage where man moves from the primordial thoughts towards a newer life is no longer faced with the primal questions instead answers his new needs with myth. In epic we encounter mor MoreAbstractMyths are the narrators of the man’s first stories and in the later stage where man moves from the primordial thoughts towards a newer life is no longer faced with the primal questions instead answers his new needs with myth. In epic we encounter more logical narratives of the stories. Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh as a written heritage of Persian myths in a newer epic genre is a retelling of the narratives which in the other epic and mythological books were orally communicated. After logical expression of the history of heroes such as Kyomarth, Hoshang, Tahmores, and Jamshid, there is a gap in the reign of Ahurian and Zahhak comes into power, and later with the coming of Feraydun, Zahhak is overthroned. In the thousand years of Zahhak’s demonic soveriengty, the fate of Jamshid’s and Feraydun’s dynasty and their relationship is not clear. On the basis of other epic and historical sources in particular Kushnameh, the purpose of this article is to retell this narrative. The outcome of this research is that after wondering in India and Zabolestan, Jamshid marries Khaqan’s daughter and the King of Zabol’s daughter. From one branch, Rostam’s clan is born and from the other Feraydun’s clan. The method of the research is descriptive analytic one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
132 - The study of anti-hero modifications in national, religious, and historical epics along with the analysis of six epic poetries
galavijh jalali Alireza MozaffariEpic texts are dispensable parts of Persian literature whose main masterpiece is Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. After Shahnameh, composing epic became popular and following its imitation in different eras, variety of religious and historical epics were composed, however in MoreEpic texts are dispensable parts of Persian literature whose main masterpiece is Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh. After Shahnameh, composing epic became popular and following its imitation in different eras, variety of religious and historical epics were composed, however in their compositions political, cultural and social changes in the country were greatly influential and in accordance with those changes the theme, standpoint, features and purposes of the epic characters had also changed. This research is an attempt to study the anti-hero modifications and to find its similarities and differences in national, religious, and historical epics of Banu Goshasb nameh and Faramarz nameh, Ali nameh, and Khavaran nameh, Tamar nameh, Jang nameh Keshm and Jarun nameh respectively. Library and descriptive analytic method were used in this regard. The results obtained show that religious and historical epics are based upon national epic however in fundamental opposition between good and evil and in correlation with the protagonist’s aim in the tale and the theme of the tale were subject to certain changes. The common factor in three kinds of epic is the presence of a humane anti-hero who fights with demonic, inauthentic, and vulgar characteristics but this anti-hero in religious and historical epic influenced by hero’s motivation and the historical narrative, in pursuing purposes such as struggle, action, anti-hero characteristics and finally his final destiny underwent a change. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
133 - Study on the personality and role of the child,bastour, Yadegar zariran with struc turalism approach.
Manuchehr Alipoor Habibollah Abbasi Elaheh hajihaYadegar zariran is one of the ancient epic texts of Iran, the old version of which dates back to the Parthian period. The purpose of this article is to show the image of a child in the literary structure of Yadegar Zariran. In this research, an attempt was made to inves MoreYadegar zariran is one of the ancient epic texts of Iran, the old version of which dates back to the Parthian period. The purpose of this article is to show the image of a child in the literary structure of Yadegar Zariran. In this research, an attempt was made to investigate the role of "Bastour" as a seven-year-old child in this epic text, using a descriptive-analytical method and a structuralist approach. The results obtained in this study show that the very bold and dual presence of the bed in the monument of Zariran, on the one hand as a seven-year-old child and on the other hand, as a warrior, in addition to increasing the story's appeal to the text, has Demonstrate epic etiquette for the presence of the child. Also, according to the theory of structuralism, some dual confrontations such as the confrontation of children and adults, the confrontation of writing and speech, the confrontation of Iranians and Khyunans, In this text, it is analyzed that from this perspective, Zariran monument can attract children as the audience of epic texts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
134 - Ten Ghezelbash as a prose epic: A cast at epic themes of the novel
manochehr joukar zahra nasiri shiraz somayeeh sharooniThe historical novel of Ten Ghezelbash in five volumes is one of the most significant historical novels and it is believed to have far more capacity to be regarded solely as a mere historical novel. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate aspects such as epic stru MoreThe historical novel of Ten Ghezelbash in five volumes is one of the most significant historical novels and it is believed to have far more capacity to be regarded solely as a mere historical novel. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate aspects such as epic structures and themes. Using library and descriptive analytic method this research deals with studying those aspects. The existence of different war scenes against foreigners in the novel on one hand and writer’s emphasis upon national Persian values, and elements at the same time as well as Shia sect on the other hand had caused this work to have many similarities with a prose epic text. Certain epic themes include the hero’s journey, women as pioneers to claim love, war and war strategies, presence of horse with mythological epic functions, description of weapons, unity of ethnic groups in confrontation with enemies, patriotism, and struggle in order to win name and integrity, abstinence from dishonor, vagabondage, astrology, and prediction. The extent of using epic deeds and elements are quite significant in this novel. Some are drawn directly from Shahnameh and Ferdowsi’s influence upon Masroor is evident in this regard. It can be understood that despite having certain differences with Shahnameh, this historical novel has established close relation with epic style and one can regard it as an epic in prose. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
135 - On Shahnameh’s Mazandaran once more The battle of Iran and Mazandaran (East and West) the main ground for Persian epics
kamran arzhangiThe predominant theme of Persian epics after Shahnameh is the description of the battles between Iran and Mazandaran. Apparantly in this regard Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is an exception since it describes the most battles of the Iraninans with the Turanians.  MoreThe predominant theme of Persian epics after Shahnameh is the description of the battles between Iran and Mazandaran. Apparantly in this regard Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is an exception since it describes the most battles of the Iraninans with the Turanians. There are numerous comments about the reason behind why the central battle in Shahnameh belongs to Iran and Turan, yet the main discussion in this research is concerned with the epics other than Shahnameh. Eventhough epic geography is totally distinct from the real geography and the fictional geograhy is a psychological symbolic geography which is except for the names has no connection with the real geography, however the study of the fictional geography tells us that Mazandaran in Shahnameh must be located roughly in the west. Relying on the evidence collected from different texts this research shows that in most Persian epic texts with the exception of Shahnameh, the main battle of Persians is with the people of Mazandaran and Turanians have no significant role. Mazandaran based on the above evidence is roughly located in the west which is a symbol of darkness according to the Persian epic literature and is set against brightness (Iran), therefore Mazandaran cannot be located in the territory of India (east).. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
136 - The structure of Iranian national epic based on George Dumézil’s theory
Saman Ghasemi FiroozabadiThere are two common approaches in the research of Shahnameh. The first group of studies scrutinize one unique story of Shahnameh, while the other one emphasizes on the coherence of all the stories. In this research the Iranian national epic is interpreted using structu MoreThere are two common approaches in the research of Shahnameh. The first group of studies scrutinize one unique story of Shahnameh, while the other one emphasizes on the coherence of all the stories. In this research the Iranian national epic is interpreted using structuralism. It suggests that Iranian national epic is not a set of scattered stories, but basically it has an Indio-European style. To that end, present study embeds on two theoretical foundations: first, according to George Dumézil’s theory, Indo-European universe has a class system. Secondly, according to Bahman Sarkarati, Iranian national epic is classified into three eras based on limited age of the universe and a confrontation between the celestial and the evil powers. In the first era, celestial order became a class system with the rise of Hooshang, Tahmoores, and Jamshid dynasties; respectively, which agrees with George Dumézil’s theory of three functional groups. In the second era, an evil period is manifested through the destruction of the class system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
137 - Analysis of ontological metaphors in Mehrdad Avesta's "Epic of Arash" based on Lakoff and Johnsons’s theory
Fereshteh Shahsanam ahmad khajeim Aboulghasem rahimi hasan delbariAbstractOne of the achievements of cognitive linguistics is the discovery of the fact that languages use conceptual metaphors to make abstract concepts tangible. According to Lakoff and Johnson (2003), conceptual metaphor uses the domain of origin, which is a tangible MoreAbstractOne of the achievements of cognitive linguistics is the discovery of the fact that languages use conceptual metaphors to make abstract concepts tangible. According to Lakoff and Johnson (2003), conceptual metaphor uses the domain of origin, which is a tangible domain, to explain the domain of destination, which is an abstract and intangible concept; In fact, the basis of conceptual metaphor is the existence of a category of origin and a category of destination and the creation of a correspondence between them. In this view, conceptual metaphors are divided into three categories: ontological, directional and structural, and ontological metaphors in turn fall into three sub-categories: container, object / matter, personality (discernment). Arash's long epic poem is one of the valuable works of Mehrdad Avesta. According to his epic content, he has expressed many abstract concepts with the help of conceptual metaphors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the ontological metaphors in this epic work in a descriptive-analytical manner. After answering the question of how ontological metaphors were used in Arash's epic and what concepts were tangible through this metaphor, the authors came to the conclusion that the poet sought to express sigh and regret. From the turbulent times that have arisen from the war between Iran and Turan, the conceptualized areas such as times, regrets, fears, calamities, and etc. were expressed with the areas of origin in terms of the vessel, objects and people. Since the essence of the epic is associated with dynamism and mobility, most conceptualization has taken place with the domain of the origin of the character bringing life to abstract concepts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
138 - Intercultural Shahnameh: A study of the illustrated version of the Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh
Fatemeh MahvanAbstractThe Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh is one of the masterpieces of the Mongol era in Tabriz school. This illustrated manuscript well expresses the visual narration of the Ilkhanid kings and artistic relations of that time. This study examines these illustrat MoreAbstractThe Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh is one of the masterpieces of the Mongol era in Tabriz school. This illustrated manuscript well expresses the visual narration of the Ilkhanid kings and artistic relations of that time. This study examines these illustrations from the perspective of visual features to show how Iraninan and Far Eastern art were intertwined in this work. This connection is quite evident in the display of chinese mongolian portraits and the manner of illustrating nature (tree, mountain, cloud). Moreover other illustrated features in this version such as the symbolic Farr of kings, picturing the battle scenes and mourning rituals are also examined. In some cases the paintings are compared with their counterparts in Jamee al Tavarikh both belong to the same era using the same style. The results show that the artistic style of many cultures are intermingled in the illustrations of the Great Ilkhanid Shahnameh. On one hand the influence of the Chinese painting in depicting portraits and scenary is evident and on the other hand Mongolian culture dominates the paintings. Moreover the theme of the illustrations is rooted in the paintings of the ancient Iran. One can even find traces of influence of the fartetched art such as Byzantine art in this work. Therefore this version of Shahnameh can be regarded as an intercultural Shahnameh which blends many cultural traditions such as Mongolian, Chinese, old Persian, and Byzantine into one unified copy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
139 - A retelling of the metamorphic evolution of the horse myth in the transition from epic to mysticism
Zahra Asgari s.Ali GhasemzadeHorse as a totem of Iranians is a myth that has a significant presence in ritualistic-literary texts of different periods and is considered a recurring myth. Horse has a dual nature in mythologies and also in mystical teachings and is both regarded as a symbol of divine MoreHorse as a totem of Iranians is a myth that has a significant presence in ritualistic-literary texts of different periods and is considered a recurring myth. Horse has a dual nature in mythologies and also in mystical teachings and is both regarded as a symbol of divine and demonic themes. For its popularity among the Iranians, horse is mostly recognized as a divine symbol. This article seeks to investigate the transformation of the horse myth through the epic era to the mystical period by content-analysis method. The results of the research show that the horse has a special role and position in epic and heroic texts that it is considered as a complement to heroes and helps them in all stages of life. After the epic era, the horse is still a symbol of sublime themes in mystical texts; but because of its rebellious nature, it is also used as a symbol of the soul, however the same soul, upon hard training and by austerity has the ability to be tamed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
140 - The epic of inness – Rumi, Ferdowsi and contemporary man
hamidreza dibaei kho esmaeil azar maryam barzegarModernity emerged after the Renaissance and the Enlightenment in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries andinfluenced the life of contemporary man to a large extent. Man today seeks his happiness outside of himself and is oblivious to the world within. The epic within MoreModernity emerged after the Renaissance and the Enlightenment in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries andinfluenced the life of contemporary man to a large extent. Man today seeks his happiness outside of himself and is oblivious to the world within. The epic within or the soul finds a special meaning in the domain of philosophy and religion. Philosophically, soul refers to the body whereas in essence it is independent of the body.Soul is the same thing as the inside, sometimes it belongs to the body and sometimes it has a spiritual sense. From the point of view of religion, soul is the light emanating from the divine light which descends to the human body. The soul can be interpreted as the psyche and the inside, which has put modern man at the crossroads of tradition and modernity causing his bewilderment. Industry instead of providing his comfort, creates more obstacles. This descriptive-analytical study is an attempt to find common grounds related to the human psyche in the epic Poem of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and the mystical poem of Rumi's Masnavi to express how contemporary man confronts his long tradition and background with the modern world. In mystical epic texts inside is referred to as the heart, soul, psyche and inner soul. Ferdowsi uses psyche instead of the inside. According to Rumi, contemporary man can create an epic through battle with his self and open a new horizon by traveling from the material world to the spiritual world to find meaning. Ferdowsi, on the other hand, considers the human psyche as a means of man’s wisdom and happiness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
141 - The study and analysis of Iranian national epic romances in the light of intertextuality approach (with emphasis on Shahnameh, Samnameh, Borzunameh, Garshaspnameh, and Banu Goshaspnameh)
kamalodin Arekhi Mahmood Abbasi Abdolali Oveisi KahkhaAbstract Romances are regarded as the integral part of Iranian national epics. Considering the fact that epics produced after Shahnameh were all influenced by it, many lyrical characteristics of Shahnameh are found in them. The attempt is made in this MoreAbstract Romances are regarded as the integral part of Iranian national epics. Considering the fact that epics produced after Shahnameh were all influenced by it, many lyrical characteristics of Shahnameh are found in them. The attempt is made in this article to study these characteristics in the light of intertextuality approach. Intertextual relationships are divided into three categories in terms of diction, theme, and content. The epics were examined from the perspective of content intertextuality and the descriptive analytic library method was employed in this research. The results of the study indicate that subjects such as falling in love via hearing, the role of mediators in love, women as pioneers in declaring love, role of astronomers and priests or Mobadan, and etc are used intertextually in most romances. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
142 - Epic creating Hafez and the impact of Ferdowsi's Shahnemeh on him
Ehsan Barzegar Mahmoud Tavoosi Mehdi MahooziDivane Hafez is so intertwined with national beliefs that it can be said after Shahnameh no work in the domain of Persian literature could reflect the Persian spirit more than Hafez's Divan. In terms of diction, literary and artistic sense it is unparalleled. Hafez perc MoreDivane Hafez is so intertwined with national beliefs that it can be said after Shahnameh no work in the domain of Persian literature could reflect the Persian spirit more than Hafez's Divan. In terms of diction, literary and artistic sense it is unparalleled. Hafez perceives with thorough inspection and immaculate vision the problems of his time and integrate them delightfully to breathe new life to the noble Persian spirit. His all encompassing command over the history and culture of his predecessors and his accurate inquiry into the ancient texts of the Persian literature puts him in a position to draw inspiration from all their literary and artistic gifts and Shahnameh Ferdowsi doubtless is one such sublime work. Hafez depicts the scenes in battle fields and festivities by employing epic diction, intermingling lyricism with epic to its utmost beauty throughout his Divan. Hafez could revive his past culture by choosing a figurative language and a variety of literary devices, incredible parts of speech to invent novel compounds and this reveals his challenging spirit in a unique manner. Choice of diction and literary devices such as hyperbol, ambivalence, similes, personification, allusion and variety of ironies all provides him with the ingredients to create a genre of lyric epic. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
143 - Mythological and epic foundations in the story of Beasts of Mazandaran in Shahnameh
Arash Akbari MafakherThis article seeks to identify the epic and mythological foundations of the story of the Beasts of Mazandaran in Shahnameh with particular attention to their records in Avestan, Pahlavi, Soghdi and other texts. The very first epic and mythological origin of this s MoreThis article seeks to identify the epic and mythological foundations of the story of the Beasts of Mazandaran in Shahnameh with particular attention to their records in Avestan, Pahlavi, Soghdi and other texts. The very first epic and mythological origin of this story is in the Avestan and Pahlavi texts. In these texts, the beasts appear in two divine and manlike structures and stand against Ahuramazda, deities and men. However, in the ninth book of Dinkard, an independent story makes the epic framework of the story of Beasts of Mazandaran. In this story, beasts are gigantic men who stand against Feraydun . This narration is conveyed to the first report in Koushnameh. These gigantic men in the report of Dinkard and Koushnameh having passed through the stories of Nariman and Maghreb Beasts, Sam and Nareh beasts of Mazandaran and Soghdi Rostamnameh acquire demonic nature and transform into demonic beasts with magic forces and superhuman deeds. In the end, the story of beasts of Mazandaran after being demythologized is conveyed to the second report of Koushnameh Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
144 - The impact of heroic chants in the formation of Persian epic stories
Farzad GhaemiThe basis of the epic stories among different human ethnic groups is known to be the chants and scattered oral narratives told by the minstrels and public entertainers. Often accompanied by music and dramatic, theatrical and ritual movements, these narratives were perfo MoreThe basis of the epic stories among different human ethnic groups is known to be the chants and scattered oral narratives told by the minstrels and public entertainers. Often accompanied by music and dramatic, theatrical and ritual movements, these narratives were performed for the aristocrats and for the people and sometimes sur place underwent fundamental transformations. In this article first the views of the scholars regarding the oral chants and their narrators among different nations and the role of these poems in the formation of grand epic works were dealt with. Then evidence regarding the oral history of these narrations in ancient Iran and the social and artistic role of Ashkani minstrels who had the major part in the realization of this oral tradition has been presented. Finally, the tradition of recording these oral narratives reaching its peaks in the Sassanid era has been investigated. This created a trend whose continuation in the Islamic era in terms of translation of these works into Farsi and Arabic and their poetic recreation by the Iranian poets has produced the movement of the composition of Shahnameh in the Eastern Iran, and later on led to the formation of the rich Persian literature treasury. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
145 - Introducing The book of Tamor Nameh, an historical epic in imitation of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Nezami's Eskandar Nameh
Mohammad Mostafa Resalat Panahi Seyyed Mohammad RastgoofarAbstract Hatefi Jami, a nephew of Abdor-Rahman Jami is one of the qualified poets in the Timurid era master in all genres of poetry particularly in narrative Masnavi. In imitation of Nezami, he has produced many such Masnavis such as Laily and Majnun, MoreAbstract Hatefi Jami, a nephew of Abdor-Rahman Jami is one of the qualified poets in the Timurid era master in all genres of poetry particularly in narrative Masnavi. In imitation of Nezami, he has produced many such Masnavis such as Laily and Majnun, Shirin and Khosrow, Haft Manzar, and Tamor Nameh. Towards the end of his life he composed an epic in the name of Shahnameh on victories of Shah Esmaeil Safavi which remained unfinished. Apart from the aforementioned Masnavis Hatefi composed a book of poetry which exists today. Tamor Nameh, his best major work is an historical epic giving the account of Timour's life, combats, braveries, conquests, and the destruction and bloodshed he brought about. Modelled after Sharaf- al Din Ali Yasdi's Zafar Nameh, Hatefi composed Tamor Nameh and according to his own admission and as far as the comparison of the texts are concerned, he had remained quite true to Zafar Nameh and except for certain poetic devices indespensible to verse, he had not added anything to the text but at times eliminated few minor parts. Hatefi in composition of this epic work emulated Ferdowsi's Shahnameh on one hand and Nezami's Eskandar Nameh on the other hand. Eloquent techniques utilized in Tamor Nameh were mostly inspired by Shahnameh whereas the general structure of the work was inspired by Nezami. Besides its literary merit, Tamor Nameh is worthy of attention in terms of history since it is a reliable source for Timour's biography and conquests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
146 - Historiography Style in Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Zagros ZandSome do not recognize Shahnameh as a historical text since being an epic or due to its versified form and despite its mythic sections its historical value is underestimated. This research aims to find answers to the questions regarding the style and the manner o f histo MoreSome do not recognize Shahnameh as a historical text since being an epic or due to its versified form and despite its mythic sections its historical value is underestimated. This research aims to find answers to the questions regarding the style and the manner o f historiography of Shahnameh, recognize its historiographical characteristics and to show the value and standpoint of Shahnameh in the trend of historiography in Iran. Casting a look upon the ancient Persian historiography, and the first Islamic centuries those characteristics were analyzed to show that the style used in Shahnameh was the continuation of the ancient way in historiography. The method was to search for the historiographical elements and themes in the text, having in mind Ferdowsi’s reasons, purposes and motivation for recording history, bringing evidence from the Shahnameh text and classify them into six sections. The poetic, fictive and mythological aspects of the text and also the ethical and national purposes of Ferdowsi to enliven and immortalize the Persian national identity in no way undermined the historical aspect of the events. Based on these findings it could be understood that apart from sharing the historiographic characteristics of the ancient Iran and its rebirth, Shahnameh has taken this style to its utmost power and efficiency and hence has influenced greatly the histories succeeding it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
147 - Textology and introducing the epic Book, Naseri’s Eskandar Nameh
Hamidreza kharazmi Vahid GhanbariAfter setting fire of Persian lands, Macedoni Eskandar who in the mind and language of Iranians enjoyed a bad reputation and possessed negative characteristics, after coming of Islam in Iran suddenly finds an auspicious face and is identified as Du’l-Qarnayn from MoreAfter setting fire of Persian lands, Macedoni Eskandar who in the mind and language of Iranians enjoyed a bad reputation and possessed negative characteristics, after coming of Islam in Iran suddenly finds an auspicious face and is identified as Du’l-Qarnayn from then on according to Kahf Sura verses 83-98 Iranians write many books about him both in prose and verse. Each book according to the references referred to dealt with different aspects of his life. The book of Eskandar Nameh, composed by Naseri Kermani paid attention to some angles of his life. This article familiarizes the reader with the text and deals with the style of Naseri’s composition of poetry. Like many Nezami’s imitators, Naseri had been immensely under the influence of Nezami Ganjavi in composition of his book as far as diction and imageries are concerned and in spite of epic works had used Khafif meter in his composition. In comparison with other Eskandar Namehs new points are encountered such as the fire that consumed Persepolis set by Eskandar had something to do with temptation on the behalf of a beloved. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
148 - The origin of the battle of Sam with Ouj Ibn Onogh in Samnameh based on the principle of correspondence in epics
ali asghar bashiri ali mohammadiOne of the main issues in studying literary movements in Persian national epics is the presence of religious elements within the heroic verse so called correspondence by the scholars. The story of the battle between Sam and ouj Ibn onogh which is considered as a m MoreOne of the main issues in studying literary movements in Persian national epics is the presence of religious elements within the heroic verse so called correspondence by the scholars. The story of the battle between Sam and ouj Ibn onogh which is considered as a major part of Samnameh lends itself readily to analysis according to the principle of correspondence. Sam is one of the national champions of Iran and his name is included both in Avesta and Pahlavi texts and in Shahnameh he is one of the notable champions during Manuchehr’s reign. Ouj Ibn onogh is a gigantic monster killed by Moses according to the religious texts. Although the story of ouj has Semitic and Hamitic roots, it should be considered that via religious texts it has found its way to epic stories. In this research the story of this battle is analyzed and its origin is investigated. Meanwhile several controversies around the story are included in the final section. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
149 - The analysis of the structure of heroic tales in Bahmannameh based on the Theory of Grintser and Greimas
Maryam Khalili Jahan Tigh Zinab Sheikh Hosseyni mohammad baraniStructuralism is one of the methods of analyzing the text in the twentieth century which casts a general look over the work and examines the existing rules and patterns in text. Grintser is a Russian theorist who had studied the structure of the epic tales origina MoreStructuralism is one of the methods of analyzing the text in the twentieth century which casts a general look over the work and examines the existing rules and patterns in text. Grintser is a Russian theorist who had studied the structure of the epic tales originated from Asian civilizations. Employing documentary research method, the attempt is made in this article to analyze Bahmannameh based on the theory of Grintser and Greimas, and also to analyze the impact of evil and good thoughts on the structure of heroic tales in this work to answer the questions whether these tales have the structure of calenderic myths and whether the hero of these epics like the Goddess of fertility in mythological tales dies periodically only to return to life later. According to the research done for this article, it seems that the hero in heroic tales of Bahmannameh has calenderic mythical structure according to the theory of Grinster and the narrative texture of this epic verse is under the influence of the everlasting battle between Good and evil. This in turn had led to the emergence of apparent oppositions in characters and actions of the tale. Keywords Structure, epic, heroic tales, Bahmannameh, Grinster. Manuscript profile
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