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Open Access Article

1 - A Comparative Study of the Position of Social Themes in the "Maqamat" of Badi al-Zaman al-Hamadani and the "Hadith Isa Ibn Hisham" by Muhammad Muwaylihi
Mohammadreza Lotfi zahra Khosravi vamakani Ali Saberi

10.30495/clq.2022.1961705.2438

Recognition and analysis of literary works and the lives of the creators of those works is not possible without studying and analyzing the society and culture in which they have developed. In other words, researching the way of life, social relations, beliefs, failures More

Recognition and analysis of literary works and the lives of the creators of those works is not possible without studying and analyzing the society and culture in which they have developed. In other words, researching the way of life, social relations, beliefs, failures and victories, pains and joys and ups and downs of the society in which the artist lives, a more detailed and comprehensive study of life and works Makes it possible."Maqamat" is the most important work of "Badi at al-Zaman Al-Hamadani" which was written in Arabic and was first published in Beirut in 1889 with 51 descriptions. He created a new style in Arabic prose writing; The hero of his officials, Abolfath Eskandari, appears every time in clothes and travels to different cities and talks about various issues such as a powerful storyteller. It is a literary place. He sees the story as a place to show his literary power in using metaphorical expressions along with metaphor, irony, metaphor and proverb.Writers in the contemporary period also followed his style and expressed their thoughts in the form of "maqamah", among which we can include well-known figures such as Muhammad Muwaylihi, Nasif Yazji, Ahmad Shoghi, Muḥammad Tawfīq Al-Bakrī and Hafez Ibrahim.This research, which has been written in a comparative-analytical way, has comparatively studied social themes in the "authorities" of Badi al-Zaman al-Hamadani and the "hadith of Isa Ibn Hisham" by Muhammad Muwaylihi. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Sohrab Sepehri and Walt Whitman's Common Look
Hasan Payandeh

The present article compares two poems: "when I have heard Daneshvar's (a stargazer) talks" by Walt Whitman and the last line of "lines and blank verse as well" by Sohrab Sepehri.I have tried to show the mystical point of view of these two poets. The interesting similar More

The present article compares two poems: "when I have heard Daneshvar's (a stargazer) talks" by Walt Whitman and the last line of "lines and blank verse as well" by Sohrab Sepehri.I have tried to show the mystical point of view of these two poets. The interesting similarity between these two is about the way of indicating their ideas which is the same. Thus the method of criticizing of these two poems in the present article is formalistic. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Rhetoric Aesthetic Criticism by a Comparative Approach on Arabic & Persian Eloquence
Habibollah Jadidol Eslami Hamideh Jamal Zahi

The common aspects which have existed between Iranians and Persians in different fields such as poetry, literature and music – and more important the religious language and the connection made by Islam between them – caused a wide relation, interaction and m More

The common aspects which have existed between Iranians and Persians in different fields such as poetry, literature and music – and more important the religious language and the connection made by Islam between them – caused a wide relation, interaction and mutual effects. One of the manifestations of the mutual effect in Islamic culture is undoubtedly in the field of eloquence or better to say Persian and Arabic aesthetics. Thus this paper intends to express some of these literary effects and affects from aesthetic criticism point of view and then study them comparatively. Accordingly, some vague and challenging common expressions such as allegory, simile and etc. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - A Comparative Study of Anesthesia in Ahmad Bakhit and Nader Naderpour’s Poetries
Mina Sadat Amir Aftabi

Anesthesia is a rhetorical and artistic technique which develops and enriches the poetic images through transferring senses by switching from one sense to another and leads to creating innovative and affective images. Anesthesia is a technique of literary devices and is More

Anesthesia is a rhetorical and artistic technique which develops and enriches the poetic images through transferring senses by switching from one sense to another and leads to creating innovative and affective images. Anesthesia is a technique of literary devices and is considered both as a subdivision of figure of speech and rhetoric. Mixing senses in creating unique literary images and transferring the poetic atmosphere play a significant role in reciting a poem. Due to increasing the literary pleasure through absorbing the audience, accurate transferring of internal feelings and involving the audience with the poet’s spiritual experience, this literary device is of high importance in Persian and Arabic literature, especially among contemporary poets. Because of the high frequency of anesthesia usage in Arabic and Persian poetry, the present study tries to analyze descriptively and analytically this literary device in just Ahmad Bakhit, an Egyptian poet, and Nader Naderpour’s poetry. It is observable that both poets employed anesthesia to expand the audience’s imagination, increase literary pleasure, to innovate poetic images, and successfully transfer the inner feelings and the poetic spirit. Based on the analysis of the samples, it can be said that anesthesia has intensified the pure image- making, meaning transfer, affecting the audience, and poetic beautification. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The semantic beauties of superfluous pun in the Holy Quran
Gholamreza Moeini Hadizadeh Mohammad Fazeli Reza Ashrafzadeh

10.30495/qsf.2021.684512

Undoubtedly, one of the most beautiful verbal arrays is the pun array, which plays an effective role in strengthening the inner music of words. On the other hand, one of the most obvious aspects of the miracle of the Holy Quran is its musical miracle, so that from the v More

Undoubtedly, one of the most beautiful verbal arrays is the pun array, which plays an effective role in strengthening the inner music of words. On the other hand, one of the most obvious aspects of the miracle of the Holy Quran is its musical miracle, so that from the very beginning of its revelation, it has immersed all listeners in miracles. But what is more interesting in the verbal music of the Qur'an than any other subject; There is a close connection between word and meaning. However, this heartwarming relation is not easily detected and identified in all cases. In this research, which has been done in a research-analytical manner, examples of types of superfluous puns in the Qur'an have been introduced and some cases of beautiful proportions of word and meaning in this branch of puns have been explained; Proofs that word and meaning in the word of God are parallel and the semantic beauty of verbal arrays in the Qur'an, if not more than their verbal beauty, is not less than it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Alliteration and Tone of Letters in Holy Quran
Gholamreza Moeini Hadizadeh Mohammad Fazeli Reza Ashrafzadeh

One of the most beautiful verbal rhetoric part of speech is alliteration which is frequently seen in Holy Quran and plays vital role in strengthening speech rhythm. Although many researches have been done on Quran’s rhetorics, no serious research to find out the a More

One of the most beautiful verbal rhetoric part of speech is alliteration which is frequently seen in Holy Quran and plays vital role in strengthening speech rhythm. Although many researches have been done on Quran’s rhetorics, no serious research to find out the abovementioned figure of speech and its beauties in Quran. Other figure of speech based on alliteration repetition is “tone of letters”, although rhetoric scholars have not studied it as an independent figure of speech, its wonderful effect on beautifying and strengthening speech song can’t be ignored. This article – which is done with research – analytical method – tries to offer acceptable definition of “tone of letters” beside alliteration. Awesome samples of these two figures of speech in Holy Quran are introduced as well as some Persian examples. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Modernism and Innovation in the Book Al-Badii by Ibn Muttaz
Sadegh Ebrahimi Kavari Rahime Cholanian

One of the most important stages in the development of nations’ literature and language is the stage of systemization. No nation could step into this stage unless its literature and language has matured. Many scholars and literary men with different More

One of the most important stages in the development of nations’ literature and language is the stage of systemization. No nation could step into this stage unless its literature and language has matured. Many scholars and literary men with different scientific status have mentioned his fact in their works. One of these scholars is Abdullah Ibn Muttaz. In the introduction to his book named “Kitab Al-Badii”, he states: “no one has collected the new and wonderful figures of speech before me and no writer has taken the lead to write down on this subject”. His work has elements of innovation and modernity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - An Analysis on Style of “Lamiyah Al Safar” Ode by Mirza Fazlali Praising Imam Ali
Zahra Ildari Houshang Zandi

Lamiyah Al Safar ode is one of the versified works which was versed into Arabic by Turkish poets. Mirza Fazlali Molavi has versed it to praise Imam Ali and citing his dignities by literary language and unwrapped his real love to Imam Ali. The present research intends to More

Lamiyah Al Safar ode is one of the versified works which was versed into Arabic by Turkish poets. Mirza Fazlali Molavi has versed it to praise Imam Ali and citing his dignities by literary language and unwrapped his real love to Imam Ali. The present research intends to analyze and criticize by structural and technical approach and the method is descriptive – analytical in order to survey the mentioned ode in three stages of rhythmical structure, expressive forms and figures of speech and clarify some aesthetic aspects of the ode. By studying rhythmical structure of Lamiyah Al Safar ode it expressed that poet has enjoyed frequent rhythm in consonant and vowel frequency stage in order to create balance between verbal and semantic applications in addition to emphasis on external rhythm aspect; thus generates music intentionally and increases specific rhythm to the ode’s verses. Lamiyah Al Safar ode is full of techniques from expressive and rhetorical aspects as well which shows poet’s sensitive and kind spirit; since he has applied the mentioned figures of speech based on the verses in order to make them more pleasant. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - An analysis of evolution and formation of Maghamat
Mohammad Moradi

Maghameh is one of the literary styles that has been created in the fourth century. The present article studies various aspects of this literary style. First it defines it and then studies its formation and growth followed by its characteristics, sources and different v More

Maghameh is one of the literary styles that has been created in the fourth century. The present article studies various aspects of this literary style. First it defines it and then studies its formation and growth followed by its characteristics, sources and different views on it. It attempts to study Malek Al Shoara Bahar’s works and his goals in using Maghameh, affects and similes in his poetry. Also the affects of Persian and Arabic literati from Badi’ Al Zaman and his knowledge has been studied. At the end of the article Persian and new Arabic Maghamt has been introduced. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Opposition Eloquence in Ahmad Matar's Political Poetries
Ali bagher Taherinia Hossein Elyasi

There is a strong relationship between Ahmad Hasan Matar – Iraqi poet - and religious, social and political issues. His poetry expresses the dominant atmosphere on nations. He has enjoyed various Arabic eloquence techniques including rhetoric science in order to b More

There is a strong relationship between Ahmad Hasan Matar – Iraqi poet - and religious, social and political issues. His poetry expresses the dominant atmosphere on nations. He has enjoyed various Arabic eloquence techniques including rhetoric science in order to beautify the text. Opposition technique is the one in which something expresses and then any opposition of the subject would be expressed accordingly. The present article intends to study the opposition eloquence in Ahmad Matar's works in a way that initially describes opposition technique in theory and then tries to survey some of the existing opposition techniques in the abovementioned poet's political poetries. The results show that Ahmad Matar has applied opposition technique to express his political purposes and indicate the society's problems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Examining the role of Īhām in expressing social and political issues: The case of Ghazals of Saadi and Saif Farghani
Mohammad Pouryavar Choubar Ahmadreza Nazari Charvadeh Masome Nazari Charvadeh

10.30495/dk.2021.1933695.2288

In the dark seventh and eighth centuries AH, which was the period of domination of the Tatar bloodthirsty and the governance of the unworthy cruel rulers over the cultural Iran, critical poems emerged in ways deeper than the protesting literature in the sixth century. I More

In the dark seventh and eighth centuries AH, which was the period of domination of the Tatar bloodthirsty and the governance of the unworthy cruel rulers over the cultural Iran, critical poems emerged in ways deeper than the protesting literature in the sixth century. In this period, Saadi and Saif Farghani were two liberals who each addressed the issues of the disintegrated society of that time. Since the arbitrariness of anti-people governments had captured the pen and speech in the labyrinth of tyranny, these poets inevitably turned to cryptic novelties, especially equivoque , to criticize the turbulent situation of the time. Based on a descriptive-analytical and comparative method, this study aims to investigate and compare the function of equivoque in raising political and social issues in the Ghazal of the mentioned poets in order to firstly explain the impact of Genghis Khan invasion and Mongol rule in this period on the common theme in their Ghazal and secondly, the most equivoques of the Ghazal of the mentioned poets is known by their political and social functions and their similarities and differences, as well. The final result of this research shows that the application of "Equivoque " method in raising political and social issues in Saadi's Ghazal is more frequent than Saif’s. Most of the equivoques criticisms of these two poets are directed at those in power. Among the types of equivoque , abstract equivoque and equivoque of proportion are more prominent in Saadi's Ghazal and equivoque of proportion and contradiction in Saif's Ghazal, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Analytical Study of Discordant Verbs, a Trope Exclusive to Sa’di and Hafez
Ahmad Zakeri

“Discordant Verbs”, a literary trope involving juxtaposition of opposite verbs, is employed as a verbal rhetoric device in literary works. If used artistically and accompanied by such figures of speech as parallelism and pun, this literary device can add to More

“Discordant Verbs”, a literary trope involving juxtaposition of opposite verbs, is employed as a verbal rhetoric device in literary works. If used artistically and accompanied by such figures of speech as parallelism and pun, this literary device can add to the impressive eloquence of the speech. However, it is not so frequently used as to be considered a typical style in writing, and is exclusive to Sa’di and Hafez. By reviewing the way language and poetry are interrelated the researcher here tries to explore and analyze the figure of speech of “discordant verbs” in the poems of Sa’di and Hafez. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Poetic Representations in Madihe Nabavi by Attar Neishabouri
Abdolhamid Ahmadi

A poet's   cast of mind manifests itself in his style as he perceives the world from a peculiar perspective. In fact, poets though they all follow some common features, investigate unique modes of writing. This leads into a sort of diversity especially by thos More

A poet's   cast of mind manifests itself in his style as he perceives the world from a peculiar perspective. In fact, poets though they all follow some common features, investigate unique modes of writing. This leads into a sort of diversity especially by those poets who share common features. Amongst these  features one may refer to  glorification of prophets which invites various styles and modes. The researcher in this paper attempts to analyze the poetic representations in Attar's Madihe Nabavi. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Comparative Criticism and Investigation of Maqamat of Hamedani and Hariri
Ali Asghar Habibi

Maqameh is declared as one of the most important literary techniques in Arabic literature. The main cause  of this importance must  be searched in the goal that writer of Maqameh fallows it , and that is teaching methods of expression in addition to  prof More

Maqameh is declared as one of the most important literary techniques in Arabic literature. The main cause  of this importance must  be searched in the goal that writer of Maqameh fallows it , and that is teaching methods of expression in addition to  profiting of literal equation and vocal contradictory and musical Rhythmic methods adorned by  kinds of different orders of creativity .in addition of mentioned items , we must not forget the role of narration and plot  in fulfillment of different instructional goals and explanation of social , cultural and Folklore questions. The most famous writers of Maqamat in Arabic literature are Badieozaman Hamedani (inventor of Maqameh technique) and Hariri . Later this method with all of fablic, instructional technical dimension’s influence in persion literature with expansion of Arabic maqamat circle and exit from Arabic frame work. Meanwhile we can find the best manifestation of this effect in Hamedani’s Maqamat. In this paper, the writer tries to specify artistic and literary powerful report, technical, subjective, instructional, social, cultural, literary Arabic’s Maqamat. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - The Analysis of Statistical Stylistics in some of Hamedani's and Yazeji's Maqamat Based on Bosiman's Hypothesis
Soqra Falahati Hamed Sedqi Esmail Ashraf

Researchers paid special attention to statistical stylistics studies such that recognition and discrimination of different styles in every text can be possible applying this method. Bosiman's statistical stylistics is quantitative but not qualitative.  In this stud More

Researchers paid special attention to statistical stylistics studies such that recognition and discrimination of different styles in every text can be possible applying this method. Bosiman's statistical stylistics is quantitative but not qualitative.  In this study, We have investigated examples of Hamedani's and Yazeji's Maqamat based on Bosiman's equation in the paper. This equation adjusts Maqamat's style. The style of both authors in their Maqamat is based on this equation of literary style and passiveness degree is different from a Maqameh to another.Main element leading to increase of adjective-verb ratio in Maqamat of Hamedani and Yazeji is excessive usage of literary prose and poetry of Maqameh and also because Maqameh is considered as means for practicing writing and standing against religions of prose and poetry. Maqameh is similar to spoken word and that is including dictionary and expressing society status and its emotions. Among theme elements, only age has effect on Maqamat and this element is effective in raising of verb- adjective ratio for both of the authors.This paper is to investigate and study the style of Hamedani and Yazeji in some of their Maqamat based on Bosiman's hypothesis.   Manuscript profile

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16 - Badee Balki and Anoushirvan,s pandname* (reminder)
Hashem Mohamadi

Badee Balki and Anoushirvan,s pandname(reminder) Abou Mohammad Badee Balkhi is the poot of 4 th century . Ther are a lot of differences among biographers regarding his name and penname,one of his works is "Masnavi of Rahatol Ensan" deriver from Anoushirvan,s pandnameh. More

Badee Balki and Anoushirvan,s pandname(reminder) Abou Mohammad Badee Balkhi is the poot of 4 th century . Ther are a lot of differences among biographers regarding his name and penname,one of his works is "Masnavi of Rahatol Ensan" deriver from Anoushirvan,s pandnameh. The poetical topic of this book that is full of mottos, maxims, and advice,has a simple and practical dimensi on  and reminds us of the maxims remained from great people narratives based on the statements of my thologic and historical characters. In this paper this book and its stylish, literary and artistic features have been studied. Manuscript profile

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17 - Congeries, the Ornament of All Figures of Speech
Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini, Gholamreza Fathi,

Congeries is the most effective figure of speech that is created by the poet    through choosing approp riate words. Also called “taxis,” congeries makes other figures of speech take an active role in the literary work. However, literary-term More

Congeries is the most effective figure of speech that is created by the poet    through choosing approp riate words. Also called “taxis,” congeries makes other figures of speech take an active role in the literary work. However, literary-terminology books do not give a comprehensive definition of the term “congeries”; thus, they need to be reviewd. This paper is an attempt to offer a correct definition of “congeries” through various examples.     Manuscript profile

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18 - Evolution of Allegory Expression in Hakim Ferdowsi’s Rostam and Esfandiar
mohammadreza kayvanfar Parvaneh Adel Zadeh kamran pashaei

The longitudinal and iterative study on Rostam and Sohrab's story, and importance of this story from venerable Ferdowsi Hakim’s Shahnameh which is taught to associate and bachelor’s degree students in the first semesters of language and literature program ha More

The longitudinal and iterative study on Rostam and Sohrab's story, and importance of this story from venerable Ferdowsi Hakim’s Shahnameh which is taught to associate and bachelor’s degree students in the first semesters of language and literature program have encouraged us to conduct this research. The research could investigate, explore, identify, and interpret various allegories embedded in this story. We strongly hope this research is useful and helpful for students and those interested in epic literature, along with the efforts and works of other researchers who have worked on this valuable book. After a longitudinal study from technical and verbal perspectives, the research has found that the story of Rostam and Sohrab, which consists of long dialogues between heroes, is such a novel painting presenting the meaning, expression, rhetoric, and aesthetic devices, especially, in terms of allegory in various forms in the platform of metaphorical applications of animism and foregone, and also, in terms of metaphor, simile, irony, permissibility, allusion, sensibility, vulgarity, epanodos (Laf-o-Nashr), and proverb. Indeed, using all novel expression and rhetoric devices throughout the Shahnameh's literary work is evident in this specific story. What is more appear in this story is various exaggerations and propagandas, which were used in other stories of the Shahnameh. The presence of these expressions and rhetoric devices is one of the main features of the epic stories of Shahnameh. Besides, the descriptive and compound analogies derived from sensory observations were extensively used, which is not common in other stories of the Shahnameh. This research aimed to understand the allegories used in the story of Rostam and Esfandiar, also using the novel expression expressive devices to understand the content of this Epic-letter (Razm-nameh) of Shahnameh. This research has been conducted employing library and descriptive-analytical methods on the verses of Ferdowsi Hakim’s Shahnameh in the story of Rostam and Esfandiar. The variety of these plentiful applications is a sign of its nurtured content. Deeping to this content is achieved through iterated revisions that Ferdowsi has incorporated for more than thirty years, from 369 to 402 Hijri. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Evolution of Allegory Expression in Hakim Ferdowsi’s Rostam and Esfandiar
mohammadreza kayvanfar Parvaneh Adel Zadeh kamran pashaei

At first glance, the story of Rostam and Esfandiar and considering the confrontation between them, it is expected throughout the story is of war, the clatter of swords, and the commotion of confrontation. The question is whether Ferdowsi's expression was technical, arti More

At first glance, the story of Rostam and Esfandiar and considering the confrontation between them, it is expected throughout the story is of war, the clatter of swords, and the commotion of confrontation. The question is whether Ferdowsi's expression was technical, artistic, and mixed with allegorical, verbal or expressive images, or not? After a longitudinal study of the work from technical and verbal perspectives, the researcher has come to the conclusion that the story of Rostam and Esfandiar, which consists of long dialogues between two heroes, is a picture of novel expressive and aesthetic literature devices, especially in term of allegory in various forms, in a context of metaphorical applications of animism and foregrand, as well as, Simile, irony, permissibility, sensuality, vulgarity, epanodos (Laf-o-Nashr), and proverbs. It is more like a practice in expressing literary aesthetics than an epic content that can be simple and straightforward due to its very large content. The necessity of this research is to better understand the allegories used in the story of Rostam and Esfandiar for the students for using novel and expressive devices, in order to better understand the content of the Epic-letter )Razm-nameh(. The research has been conducted using library, descriptive and analytical methods on the Ferdowsi Hakim Shahnameh verses. And this is a sign of nurtured content, and deepening it through iterated revisions that Ferdowsi has incorporated for more than thirty years, from 369 to 402 Hijriijri. Manuscript profile

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20 - A Survey of the Book Dalael Al E’jaj Fi Elm Al-Maani by Abd Al-Qaher Jorjani (d. 417 A. H.)
Alavi Moqaddam

Dalael Al E’jaj Fi Elm Al-Maani by is Jorjani, the master of rhetoric. Apparently, this book is expected to discuss issues related to semantics, but it does not. Yet one can trace kenning, simile, metaphor, allegory and tropes in this book, like Abd Al-Qaher&rsqu More

Dalael Al E’jaj Fi Elm Al-Maani by is Jorjani, the master of rhetoric. Apparently, this book is expected to discuss issues related to semantics, but it does not. Yet one can trace kenning, simile, metaphor, allegory and tropes in this book, like Abd Al-Qaher’s other book, Asrar Al-Balagheh Fi Elm Al-Bayan, in which semantic issues such as, inversion, hypozeugma, ellipsis, asyndeton, polysyndeton, apostrophe, brevity, and periphrasis have also been presented.  Or in Albadi’ by Ibn Mohayez, for example, not only rhetoric issues but metaphor and apostrophe have also been considered. Why is it so? The reason is that classifying rhetoric sciences into meaning, figurative language, and rhetoric, was first done by Sakaki (d. 626 A. H.) and Badr Al-Din Ibn Malik in Almesbah.  Here it has been said that the concepts of meaning, figurative language, and rhetoric are not the ones used by the predecessors not those used today. Or trope, for instance, in Abu Obeideh Ma’mar Ibn Motanna’s (d. 210 or 211 A. H.) Majaz Al Qoran is not the same trope employed in Qasim Al Haqiqah, but for him it means interpretation. Manuscript profile

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21 - Comparing the Effect of Synectics and Lecturing Teaching Methods on Increasing the Creativity of the Third Grade of Elementary School students (considering Zarinshahr Schoolgirls and Schoolboys)
Maryam Khadkhodaee Ameneh Soleimani

This study was carried out with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of synectics and lecturing teaching methods on increasing the creativity of students in the third grade of elementary school. Quasi- experimental method was used in the study .the participants were 1 More

This study was carried out with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of synectics and lecturing teaching methods on increasing the creativity of students in the third grade of elementary school. Quasi- experimental method was used in the study .the participants were 103 students who were categorized randomly into experimental (25 schoolgirls and 23 schoolboys) and control group (28 schoolgirls and 27 schoolboys). The measurement instrument was Torrance creativity test (form A).The synaptics teaching method was performed for experimental group by teaching experimental science, social science, and composition. The control group, however, did not receive any intervention .The results of covariance analysis indicated that there were significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group and control group in the pre- test and post-test. Also, significant relationship was observed between the increased scores in creativity regarding fluidity, flexibility, and originality components and the total score of creativity. Manuscript profile

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22 - The effect of innovative teaching method on creativity and academic achievement in social teaching lessen (considering the boy students of second grade of junior high school in Buin Zahra Town)
hadi darziramandi alireza assareh jamshid jarareh

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of innovative teaching meted on creativity and academic achievement in social teaching lesson considering the boy students of second grade of junior high school in Buin Zahra during the academic year of 90-91. To do so bo More

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of innovative teaching meted on creativity and academic achievement in social teaching lesson considering the boy students of second grade of junior high school in Buin Zahra during the academic year of 90-91. To do so both test and control groups are needed. Therefore, focusing on control group, a semi-experimental method with pre-test and post-test is used.The study sample included 42 boy students of second grad of junior high school (22 students for test group and 20 for the control) .Then, two classes for the sample size was chosen in that, students randomly were selected for control (n = 20) and test (n = 22) groups during the time of social teaching classes. The pre- test of creativity and academic achievement was administered for both groups Then innovative method in 12 sessions (each 45 min) was applied for test group. then, creativity and academic achievement post-test was taken for two groups. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistic method (mean, standard deviation) was used and in inferential part the covariance analysis of variance was applied. The results are as follow: Innovative teaching method has caused to increase the creativity of students. Innovative teaching method is making a positive impact on the academic achievement of students. Innovative teaching method has caused to increase creativity’s components of students (fluency, originality, flexibility and elaboration). Manuscript profile

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23 - Al Asma ul Husna (Names of Allah) from Mystical Point of View Comparative Study of Hakim Molla Hadi Sabzevari and Hossein Hamedani Doroodabadi
Ezzat Parcham Ali Sheikhuleslami Mohammad Faali

Names and divine attributes are among the deepest monotheistic and epistemological issues through which the two-way relationship between truth and the world and the world with truth is explained. The divine names in the channel of manifestation and designation of the di More

Names and divine attributes are among the deepest monotheistic and epistemological issues through which the two-way relationship between truth and the world and the world with truth is explained. The divine names in the channel of manifestation and designation of the divine essence are the mediators of the grace of truth and the origin of all the multiplicities that have appeared in the universe. Human movement in the path of evolution and behavior is done through the divine names because each of the divine names is one of the stages of mystical behavior through which the seeker is on the ascending path and continues his journey until reaching the highest stage of growth and excellence Continues to reach the highest degree of nearness to God. Considering this necessity, the present article is based on the library method and Analytical-Descriptive The mystical thought of Hakim Mollahadi Sabzevari and Droudabadi about the divine names and attributes in order to express the position and importance of the names of Hassani from a mystical, theological and philosophical point of view, to provide the ground for acquiring the knowledge of Hazrat Haqq more than before. The results of this research show that Sabzevari has studied each of the names based on a philosophical and mystical point of view as well as from the point of view of verses and hadiths and Droudabadi has explained the names only from the perspective of verses and narrations and sometimes based on the lexical meaning. Accordingly, there is less consensus in the thought of the two characters in question. In some names, they have significant differences with each other. According to Sabzevari, some names are synonymous with each other and compatible while Droudabadi believes that each of the names plays its special role. Manuscript profile

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24 - Aesthetics of artistic images in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi
hossein azizpour moallem HOSINALI PASHAPASANDI sozan jahanian

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is a mirror of the whole of Iranian history, culture and art, in which situations, people, conversations, scenes and events are described with an artistic expression, and novel, attractive and beautiful images are presented to the reader. But how an More

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is a mirror of the whole of Iranian history, culture and art, in which situations, people, conversations, scenes and events are described with an artistic expression, and novel, attractive and beautiful images are presented to the reader. But how and by what tricks Ferdowsi created such a beautiful image has been the main subject of this research and an attempt has been made to examine the secret of beauty and charm of the great Ferdowsi's artistic illustrations in Shahnameh, especially from an expressive and novel perspective. This research is a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and the results show that Ferdowsi with his unique mastery - which indicates the poet's mastery of the spirit of the Persian language - using the element of tone and its masterful combination with content and the use of imaginary forms such as similes, metaphors, allusions and metaphors, phonological and lexical compositions and combining it with original arrays such as repetition and phonemes, good reasoning, exaggeration, observance, etc., could show the peak of artistic images. It is unique in its kind. Manuscript profile

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25 - A study of aesthetic effects in Ali Babachahi's poems (Case study: seven collections of poetry)
Mahboobeh Shirgardoon

Beauty has a deep connection with poetry. In the aesthetics of poetry, imagination, music and novel elements are the most important factors in the beauty of poetry. These beauty factors are not specific to a period and the poet, but in the contemporary era, the role of More

Beauty has a deep connection with poetry. In the aesthetics of poetry, imagination, music and novel elements are the most important factors in the beauty of poetry. These beauty factors are not specific to a period and the poet, but in the contemporary era, the role of these factors has become more colorful. One of these contemporary poets is Ali Babachahi, he is from Bushehr and is from the land of waves and sea and is a naturalist poet; For this reason, one can examine the aesthetic effects in his poems. In our studies, we have come to the conclusion that most of his poems are based on descriptions and similes, and that natural elements are most used in his similes and metaphors. Most metaphors are sensory to sensory. In terms of spiritual music, the contradiction in his poetry mostly includes the contradiction between two names and adjectives, which expresses the opposition of good and bad in his life. Literary allusions have a special place, he has established a deep connection between his poetry and his senses through sensuality. Phonetic and phonetic elements such as phonetics and puns play an important role in the inner coherence of his poetry. Repetition is the most widely used method in his poetry. In foreign music, he has used most of the usual weights of Persian poetry and most of the weights are gentle. Rhyme and line have been very effective for the richness of the poem and the musical appeal of his speech. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - To investigate of literary techniques in prose of Nafsat Almsdor based on the principles of structuralism
Roghayeh sadraie

With a deep understanding among ancient texts of Persian prose, Nafsat Almsdor of Nasavi shines very beautiful as one of the best examples of Persian technical prose. This work that is one of the most famous literary - historical books of the seventh century and excelle More

With a deep understanding among ancient texts of Persian prose, Nafsat Almsdor of Nasavi shines very beautiful as one of the best examples of Persian technical prose. This work that is one of the most famous literary - historical books of the seventh century and excellent sample of technical prose and is the narrator of a historical juncture. This work has progressed with having aesthetics elements of poetry works such as repeat and balances, outstanding, hyper descriptions, short phrases, arabic affidavit up to a versified work and has put it in an aura of ambiguity that has made it’s understanding very difficult. Among these, application of this literary techniques has caused that this work be out of the automated language criterion and be approached to the language of poetry and order. Therefore, in this article we intend to be examined repetition and balances and outstanding industries that are creation tools of literary discourse and are causing of order and music and deviation of the normal discourse of language to find out that the author of what principles has used for expression his word inner and outer structure. Manuscript profile

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27 - The Reflection of Quran in Exquisite devices of Nizami’s Makhzan-al Asrar
Arezoo Broomandi

10.30495/farsij.2022.1967004.1657

Hakim Nizami Ganjavi (535-595 Hijri) was a 6th-century poet located in Aran, the land of Ravadi and Shadadi Kurds.He was the originator of Khamsa, which is abundantly imitated by various poets of different centuries.His expression is strong and well thought-out, which h More

Hakim Nizami Ganjavi (535-595 Hijri) was a 6th-century poet located in Aran, the land of Ravadi and Shadadi Kurds.He was the originator of Khamsa, which is abundantly imitated by various poets of different centuries.His expression is strong and well thought-out, which has put him amongst the brightest minds in Persian literature.From an artistic point of view, he gravitates towards Metaphors.The usage of Metaphors in Khamsa is a remarkable characteristic of his genre which has caused the researchers to neglect other aspects of his poetic expression.In this article, the author has taken a descriptive-analytical approach while using the available references to study the reflection of the Quran in Makhzan al-Asrar’s Exquisite devices.The results suggest that Nizami has heavily used literal elegancies in this case as well.It is especially seen in the magical way that he has linked Quran verses with figures of speech, which makes distinguishing the two require great precision Manuscript profile

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28 - Effectiveness of Synectics Teaching Method on the creativity and academic achievement of students
Yosef Rasoli Abolghasem EsaMorad

     Background: Synectics teaching method, a method that motivates learners to develop and provide creative ideas and new thoughts and in the face of problems, benefit from innovative solutions.     Purpose: The aim of this study was More

     Background: Synectics teaching method, a method that motivates learners to develop and provide creative ideas and new thoughts and in the face of problems, benefit from innovative solutions.     Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Synectics Teaching Method on the creativity and academic achievement of students in Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad.     Method: Method of research has been a quasi-experimental and using the pre-test and post-test with control group. Using cluster random sampling two classes (n = 50) between classes in different areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Chosen. Then, randomly divided into experimental and control groups, after two months of training with Synectics method, in terms of creativity and academic achievement were tested. For measuring creativity, Abedi Creativity test was used and academic achievement measured by standardized academic achievement tests. Data using independent T test were analyzed.      Findings: The results of the data analysis showed that Synectics active teaching method has been effective on student academic achievement and creativity. And, there are significant differences between the experimental and control groups in tests of creativity and achievement.      Conclusions: T-test analysis showed that Synectics teaching method has a positive impact on creativity and academic achievement. Manuscript profile

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29 - Creativity development based on synectics model in the English subject
E. Z. Zavaraki D. Norouzi S. M. R. Safavi

Background: This paper investigated the effect of creativity development based on synectics model in English subject. Language comprehension was assessed in terms of learning and retention. Objective: The entire aim of this paper focuses on applied experiment and engage More

Background: This paper investigated the effect of creativity development based on synectics model in English subject. Language comprehension was assessed in terms of learning and retention. Objective: The entire aim of this paper focuses on applied experiment and engaged quasi-experiment design. Method: the research has been conducted on second grade boys in Tehran secondary schools. The statistical sample has been selected by multistage cluster sampling. The research was carried out by two different groups that included 20 male students. In order to find out independent variable's effect on dependent variable, a group was taught by Synectics teaching and the other taught by traditional teaching method' composing a precise scenario indicating the high quality of teaching. one pre-test and two post-test held in three stages with 20 teacher-made questionnaire and a sufficient time to be checked learning and retention. The collected data were analyzed with appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software. Results: The results indicated that teaching by means of synectics was so effective in comparison to traditional method did. Conclusion: Teaching by means of synectics is more effective than teaching by traditional method suggesting using synectics method any time appropriate.        Manuscript profile

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30 - The comparative of Saadi's Golestan and Magamat of Badia-Al-Zaman Hamadani
Rasoul Ebadi maryam mohammadzadeh

  Badia-Al-Zaman Hamadani one of the greatest authors in Abbasids age, innovated a new technonogy which is attended by other authors of that age, even by the authors and poets of the next ages. The interest in innovative technology Badia-Al-Zaman not limited to the More

  Badia-Al-Zaman Hamadani one of the greatest authors in Abbasids age, innovated a new technonogy which is attended by other authors of that age, even by the authors and poets of the next ages. The interest in innovative technology Badia-Al-Zaman not limited to the Arabic language but some of the authors and poets in other languages follows him  and wrote valuable works Including Saadi's Golestan book. Saadi influenced in compiling this book from the Arabic Magamat, to the point that some critics consider the introduction of Golestan in a composed way it's a perfect Maqameh. This article seeks to adapt to the Sa'di's Golestan into Magamat Badia-Al-Zaman compare the similarities and differences between them and to clearly express. Based on the results obtained, Shared cases between Magamat and Saadi's Golestan are twelve and difference cases are seven. Thus, with regard to cases more common than differences, Saadi follow style of Magamat, but this influence is not merely imitating Saadi in Golestan genius is clearly visible. Manuscript profile

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31 - Comparative Study of teaching methods and problem focused coping Synectic on creativity and satisfaction from teaching sixth grade students in social studies
تورج حسینی هفشجانی مهدی قنبری

Background: because the creativity and satisfaction of teaching by students in classrooms is important is teaching methods that enhance these two variables must be considered. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of teaching methods Synectics and pro More

Background: because the creativity and satisfaction of teaching by students in classrooms is important is teaching methods that enhance these two variables must be considered. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of teaching methods Synectics and problem solving on creativity and satisfaction from teaching of sixth grade students in social studies lessons. Research method: In this research used of quasi-experimental study with two different groups of teaching. This design applied about 3 lessons of social studies Sixth grade in 12 for each group. The population includes two elementary schools in District 2 Shahrekord in the first semester of academic year 1394-95. Target population included 8 school that with cluster sampling method selected one school and two classes were instructed with two teaching method of Synectic and problem solving. For collection of data used relevant to creativity from Torrance A questionnaire and for student satisfaction of teaching from made researcher questionnaire. The study data MANCOVA and ANCOVA analysis with using by SPSS software. Results: The data showed that teaching method of synectic with 95/0 ensure was more affective than the teaching method of problem solving in improving students' creativity .Also synectic teaching method with 95/0 ensure was more affective than the teaching method of problem solving in improving students' satisfaction of teaching. Conclusion: teaching method of Synectic because has better structure for teaching of social studies more affective than teaching method of problem solving. Manuscript profile

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32 - The impact of innovative teaching models and the creativity of the concept of male students in the first year of secondary school
Hamidreza Moradi Rastegar

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of innovative teaching models and receiving of Hamadan in Thsyly91-90 is on student creativity Psrsal the junior high school. The study used a quasi-experimental methods. The population of all students in secon More

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of innovative teaching models and receiving of Hamadan in Thsyly91-90 is on student creativity Psrsal the junior high school. The study used a quasi-experimental methods. The population of all students in secondary schools in district one boy who Thsyly91-90 in Hamadan, were enrolled in the first grade employment. Size population of 2525 people. The sample size in this study, 30 patients in groups 1 and 2 and replace using multi-stage cluster sampling and simple random direction Jamal Abedi creativity questionnaire was used to measure creativity. Data using descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation, and MANCOVA by 18 SPSS statistical software package was analyzed. The most important findings are as follows: Innovative teaching method based on the overall creativity of students is more effective than the way you get the concept. Innovative teaching method on students' thinking more effective than using a fluid receiving means. Innovative teaching method more effective than the method on the initiative of students receiving means. Innovative teaching method more effective than the method flexibility for students receiving means. Manuscript profile

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33 - The Impact of Syntactic Teaching Model on Improving Students Creativity in Composition Lessons
Hossein Moameni Mahmouei Ahmad Reza Aujineghad

The present research was conducted to determine the effect of Syntactics model of improving student's creativity in composition classes. A quasi-experimental design was used with 100 participants in the second grade of junior high school selected through cluster samplin More

The present research was conducted to determine the effect of Syntactics model of improving student's creativity in composition classes. A quasi-experimental design was used with 100 participants in the second grade of junior high school selected through cluster sampling. The instruments were a Torrance Creativity Test (Form B), Syntactics Teaching Model Checklist, and Data Collection Form for Group Matching. Independent T-test was used for data analysis through SPSS version 15 and the results indicate that the use Syntactics teaching model causes developments in student's creativity. Moreover, the application of this model brings about improvements in steam of consciousnesses, flexibility, ingenuity, and thought expansion. In a comparison between the scores obtained by different genders as a result of Syntactics based instruction on the experimental group, it was found that females outperformed males significantly in creativity, ingenuity, and expansion. However, there was no significant difference between them in terms of flexibility and stream of consciousness. Manuscript profile

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34 - تحلیل نقادانه گفتمان سیاسی : بررسی چند نمونه ازسخنرانی های نخبگان سیاسی در زبان انگلیسی
بیوک بهنام لاله مقتدی

مطالعه حاضرسعی دارد چگونگی کاربرد زبان توسط نخبگان سیاسی در تکوین قدرت را بررسی کند. مقاله با مرور اجمالی بر تحلیل نقادانه گفتمان آغاز می شود و سپس با معرفی مجموعه ای شامل هشت نخبه سیاسی بنام های: مالکوم ایکس - جوزف استالین - نوام چامسکی - ولادیمر لنین - مارتین لوتر کین More

مطالعه حاضرسعی دارد چگونگی کاربرد زبان توسط نخبگان سیاسی در تکوین قدرت را بررسی کند. مقاله با مرور اجمالی بر تحلیل نقادانه گفتمان آغاز می شود و سپس با معرفی مجموعه ای شامل هشت نخبه سیاسی بنام های: مالکوم ایکس - جوزف استالین - نوام چامسکی - ولادیمر لنین - مارتین لوتر کینگ - وینستون چرچیل - ج. اف. کندی و آدولف هیتلرادامه یافته و سپس سخنرانیها ی نخبگان سیاسی یاد شده با در نظر گرفتن صنایع بدیعی به کار گرفته شده مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار می گیرند. سپس داده ها از دیدگاه تحلیل نقادانه گفتمان با استفاده از تئوری سه بعدی مطالعه گفتمان (توصیف - توضیح - تفسیر)- تئوری پیشنهادی نورمن فرکلاف ( 1989)- و تئوری تحلیل نقادانه بافت - پیشنهادی ون دایک( 2004)- مورد کاوش قرار می گیرند. در این تحقیق صتایع بدیعی به شش دسته مهم: قیاس ، گرامر، معنا ، تکرار ، جمله/عبارت معترضه و (فن) بلاغت تقسیم شده اند. نتایج تحلیل آشکار کرد که علیرغم تفاوتها در نوع صنایع بدیعی استفاده شده توسط نخبگان سیاسی انتخاب شده ، الگوی جالب و چشمگیری در گفتمان تمامی افراد انتخاب شده مشترک است و آن عبارت است از استفاده از صنایع گرامر - تکرار و (فن) بلاغت. امید است که این تحقیق دستاوردهای آموزشی ارزشمندی را برای آموزش زبان خارجی در کشور عزیزمان به ارمغان آورد. Manuscript profile

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35 - The effect of teaching synectics on fourth-grade primary school students` creative thinking in experimental sciences course in Salmas
Asadollah Khadivi Vida Banaei

This study aimed at examining the effect of using synectics methodology on fourth grade primary school students` creative thinking in experimental sciences course in Salmas during the academic year 1391-1392. The statistical population of this study included all fourth- More

This study aimed at examining the effect of using synectics methodology on fourth grade primary school students` creative thinking in experimental sciences course in Salmas during the academic year 1391-1392. The statistical population of this study included all fourth-grade primary students in the academic year 1390-1392, among whom 50 female students were selected through cluster sampling as the participants of this study. This research was a quosi-experimental study with pre-test – post-test control group design in which the data was gathered using Torrance creativity test. In the experimental group, synectics methodology was used to teach experimental sciences for three months whereas in the control group, traditional methodology was used to teach the same course. The data was gathered and the analysis of covariance was conducted. The results confirmed the main hypotheses of the study. It was revealed that synectics methodology has a positive effect on the creativity, fluency, expansion, and flexibility of the students` answers and ideas. Manuscript profile

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36 - Analyzing the Historical Discourse of the Qur'an of the Title Maqām Ibrāhīm
abbas rahimloo S.Mahmud TayyebHosinny

The term Maqām Ibrāhīm is used twice in the Qur'an, in verses 125 of al-Baqarah and 97 of Āl-i ʿImrān, The main question of this article is whether these two verses, in the context of their revelation, only wanted to convey a message to their audience about Abraham's st More

The term Maqām Ibrāhīm is used twice in the Qur'an, in verses 125 of al-Baqarah and 97 of Āl-i ʿImrān, The main question of this article is whether these two verses, in the context of their revelation, only wanted to convey a message to their audience about Abraham's stepping stone, or were they looking for another discourse by choosing the title Maqām Ibrāhīm? In this research, by analyzing the linguistic structure of Tajrīd, it was revealed that the Qur'anic title Maqām Ibrāhīm has undergone a change of meaning throughout history, in the form of narrowing of meaning. This Quranic title is used in the context of revelation, in the meaning of Abraham's place of worship and for all Kaʿbah, not just "stepping stone". Therefore, the Qur'an has called the House of Allah the Almighty, the place of Abraham (= the place of worship of Abraham) and with this title, in order to establish the context of the order to change the Qiblah (in verse 125 of al-Baqarah) and theoretical support for this order (in verse 97 of Āl-i ʿImrān), against the criticisms of the Jews. Madinah and their speech was from Bait al-Moqaddas. Manuscript profile

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37 - .
morteza jafari

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38 - An investigation and analysis of the political and social structure and content of "Iham" in Hafez's Ghazals
mohammad pooryavar choobar ahmadreza nazari masoomeh nazari

Īhām is among the most pleasant literary devices and the best way to express social woes and a medium through which to express discontent, albeit conservatively, in societies under authoritarian rule. Hafiz extensively employed this rhetorical embellishment to criticize More

Īhām is among the most pleasant literary devices and the best way to express social woes and a medium through which to express discontent, albeit conservatively, in societies under authoritarian rule. Hafiz extensively employed this rhetorical embellishment to criticize the tumultuous situation, not least in his Ghazals. Relying on the descriptive-analytical method, this inquiry delves into the īhām-loaded poetry of Hafiz aimed at social and political issues. It will shed light on the influence of Mongol invasion of Persia and the dominance of Genghis Khan’s successors in the Hafiz’s poetry. It also identifies the most prominent instances of īhām with socio-political function in his poetry. The results suggest that the best part of social and political īhāms is aimed at the corrupt establishment, principal among them the hypocrite Mongol rulers. As well, two types of īhām were used more frequently than the other ones: tanāsub and mujarrad. Manuscript profile

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39 - The Archetype of Death and Rebirth in the Works of Badi Saqour and Shafiei Kadkani: A Comparative Study
Gholāmrezā Pirouz Parināz Bāgheri

Archetypes are rooted in the depths of collective unconsciousness; some of them, beyond the geographical boundaries, are present in the minds of all men. The present article, by using analytical-comparative method, attempts to exmine "the archetype of death and rebirth" More

Archetypes are rooted in the depths of collective unconsciousness; some of them, beyond the geographical boundaries, are present in the minds of all men. The present article, by using analytical-comparative method, attempts to exmine "the archetype of death and rebirth" in the poems let the Pigeon sleep by Syrian poet, Badi Saqour and in the Praise of Pigeons by M.R. Shafiei Kadkani. The issue of death and rebirth in these poems can be studied in three ways: a: The poet's focus is more on the subject of death. b: Death and rebirth occur in a balanced manner. c: More attention is paid to the subject of rebirth. The most important findings of this study are as follows: Many of the poems in these two collections are based on the balance between death and rebirth. In other his poems, Badi Saqour focuses more on death; but, Shafiei Kadkani emphasizes more on the issue of rebirth.   Manuscript profile

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40 - Rhetorical Elements in Sa’di’s Odes
مصطفی خدایاری

  In the present article an attempt is made to take the rhetorical elements in Sa’di’s odes into consideration. From aesthetic point of view, his poems are examined with respect to figures of speech. Musical elements, rhyming rhythm and rime are also More

  In the present article an attempt is made to take the rhetorical elements in Sa’di’s odes into consideration. From aesthetic point of view, his poems are examined with respect to figures of speech. Musical elements, rhyming rhythm and rime are also the subjects to be studied in his odes.     Manuscript profile

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41 - The Sociological Study of Badiozaman hamedanis Maqamat
Katayoun fallahi Hadiseh motevalli

Describe the characteristics of each community, is one of  the haracteristics offiction. So sociological approach to these works,Can bemappedto thesocietyof that time. Since Badi'ozaman stories reflect social conditions of the time, In this article we are going to More

Describe the characteristics of each community, is one of  the haracteristics offiction. So sociological approach to these works,Can bemappedto thesocietyof that time. Since Badi'ozaman stories reflect social conditions of the time, In this article we are going to check Badi'ozaman stories, the overall outlook of the situation get the Abbasid era And to obtain general information of the period Manuscript profile

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42 - Studying the Spiritual Rhetoric Arrays in Khaksar Abhari's Poetical works Based on his Kohneh Kharabat ( desolated tavern ) Book
Hassan Rajbi Mohammad Gholam Rezaei Tooraj Aghdaei Nozhat Noohi

Abstract         Rhetoric is one of the main branches of eloquence which deals with the praised aspects of verbalization. We have precisely investigated, in this article, the spiritual rhetoric figure of speech used in Khaksar Abhari' More

Abstract         Rhetoric is one of the main branches of eloquence which deals with the praised aspects of verbalization. We have precisely investigated, in this article, the spiritual rhetoric figure of speech used in Khaksar Abhari's poetry, based on his collection of poetry – The Desolated Tavern ( Kohneh Kharabat ). Later, we've regulated the spiritual rhetoric arrays based on the most frequency by giving samples and come to relative conclusion. The findings of this research show that in the sphere of spiritual rhetoric, observing the examplar, contradiction, allusion and guarantee have the most frequency. The other usage of spiritual rhetoric is very rare, the usage of spiritual arrays are more than verbal arrays. Totally, the most significant traits of Khaksar's odes, besides the eloquence and rhetoric and coherence and innovation is that he used several figures of speech in most of his verses. The aim of this research is to assign and choose the samples of spiritual rhetoric arrays in his poetry through the utilization of valid Persian rhetoric books based on " The Desolated Tavern ". Manuscript profile

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43 - The Artistic Quality of Rhetorical Structures in the Newly Found Work from Fathollah Aref
Mohammad Reza Amir Khani Dehbalaee Ahmad Reza Yalameha

Abstract         The subject of this research is to study and evaluate the application of crafts of rhetorics and their criticism in the newly found work from Fathollah Aref, the poet of the 10th century and the composer of The Shahna More

Abstract         The subject of this research is to study and evaluate the application of crafts of rhetorics and their criticism in the newly found work from Fathollah Aref, the poet of the 10th century and the composer of The Shahnameh in the court of Soleiman Ghanuni. One of the specifications that distinguishes one literary work from the other is the kind of its utility from its rhetoric structure which are illustrated by the writer in different ways. Regarding the epic genre of this poetry, Aref tries to create his poetry in higher or the same rank of the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. In the discussion of rhetorics, he sometimes succeeds and the other times fails. Aref's most significant craft in this work is the sensitive expression in the description of the scenes and the choice of similarity in a different atmosphere in a distich. Aref, by posing ironic expressions and in an unexpected manner , unveils his praised one (criticizes him) . Expression together with authority, and questioning in the excellency of the abstract of the book are of his outstanding and successful crafts. Manuscript profile

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44 - A Narrow Research in the Spiritual Rhetoric Arrays in Mirza Mohsen Ta'sir Tabrizi Diwan
Raziyeh Aghazadeh

Abstract         From the aesthetic point of view, the rhetorics is a science by which the beauty of the word is revealed and it is a collection of the crafts which more or less converts the ordinary words to literary ones. One of the More

Abstract         From the aesthetic point of view, the rhetorics is a science by which the beauty of the word is revealed and it is a collection of the crafts which more or less converts the ordinary words to literary ones. One of the basic elements of the poetry, especially in the Indian Style, in addition to narrow types of imagery, is the arrays used in the poetry of this period of time. Mirza Mohsen Ta'sir Tabrizi is of the poets who followed Saeb Tabrizi's school. He has taken great advantage by using eloquent language and innovative arrays which included verbal and spiritual skills in expressing his thoughts and tenets. In this research which has been done in descriptive-analytic method, Ta'sir Tabrizi's Diwas has been investigated from spiritual rhetorics and its significant points have been distinguished. Mystics' agnosticism, the manner of equity, paradox, the order of numbers, the true way of speech, comparison, using parallel words. Among the above-mentioned items: the abstraction, manner of equity, the true way of speech and allusion are of higher frequency. Manuscript profile

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45 - Investigating musical devices in Saadi’s lyrics
Pegah Khadish

Saadi’s poetic language, described as simple but impossible is formed by juxtaposing numerous elements the most significant of which is musical rhythm.  This musical quality has many known devices such as rhythm, internal and external rhyme, harmonious cadenc More

Saadi’s poetic language, described as simple but impossible is formed by juxtaposing numerous elements the most significant of which is musical rhythm.  This musical quality has many known devices such as rhythm, internal and external rhyme, harmonious cadence (synonymy, homophony, oxymoron), and some rhetorical figures such as pun, cadence, and contrast are effective in its formation.  Recognizing these devices, will assist researchers to unravel the mysteries hidden in his poetic language and diction, and to appreciate the relationship between sound and sense in his poetry.  In this article an attempt is made to illustrate how the musical quality is achieved through the various devices used in 200 selected lyrics of Saadi. Manuscript profile

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46 - “Birds of a feather flock together” On Pun
Hassan Jafari Tabar

Pun means bringing words which are identical in sound but differ in meaning. Homonymic pun points at the same time to both speech and writing.  In other words pun is a figure of speech which is both a musical device and a graffiti one. Based on the principle &ldquo More

Pun means bringing words which are identical in sound but differ in meaning. Homonymic pun points at the same time to both speech and writing.  In other words pun is a figure of speech which is both a musical device and a graffiti one. Based on the principle “Birds of a feather flock together” words also unconsciously seek their like and sit together.  This pun is the sweetest of the puns. If two words which are different in meaning share six characteristics such as (type of letters, number of letters, points, their form and  movement, orthography, and the sequence of letters) pun is called ploce, and if they differ only in one of those aspects the pun is called paronomasia.  If the difference lies in more than one aspect, pun is absolute.  The most beautiful of puns is the semi polyptoton. Manuscript profile

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