Catalysis

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1 - حذف آلاینده فنل از محیط آبی با استفاده از نانوکامپوزیت TiO2/SBA-15 با بکارگیری روش پاسخ سطحی
سمیرا خدابخش لعبت تقوی ابراهیم علایی لیلا سمیعی

10.22034/jest.2020.26389.3537

زمینه و هدف: ترکیبات فنلی یکی از مهم ترین مواد آلاینده هستند که موجب سمی شدن منابع آب می گردند. حضور فنل و مشتقات آن در آب و فاضلاب به دلیل سمیت و تهدیدی که برای زندگی انسان، حیوان و محیط ایجاد می کند یک نگرانی عمده محسوب می شود. به هر- حال شناخت و ردیابی این آلاینده ها أکثر

زمینه و هدف: ترکیبات فنلی یکی از مهم ترین مواد آلاینده هستند که موجب سمی شدن منابع آب می گردند. حضور فنل و مشتقات آن در آب و فاضلاب به دلیل سمیت و تهدیدی که برای زندگی انسان، حیوان و محیط ایجاد می کند یک نگرانی عمده محسوب می شود. به هر- حال شناخت و ردیابی این آلاینده ها و همچنین شناخت راه های کنترل و حذف آن ها امری بسیار مهم برای حفظ محیط زیست، تصفیه انواع فاضلاب و تأمین آب آشامیدنی سالم و بهداشتی می باشد. لذا این تحقیق با هدف اصلی حذف آلاینده فنل از محیط آبی با غلظت اولیه بالا(mg/l100) توسط فرایند هتروژن فوتوکاتالیست در راکتور با پوشش شیشه ای پیرکس با بستر شبه مایع انجام یافت.روش بررسی: ابتدا آنالیز پاسخ سطحی برای نانوکاتالیست TiO2 به همراه هیدروژن پراکسید و اشعه UV 250 وات، برای یافتن شرایط بهینه حذف فنل از محیط آبی به روش هتروژن فوتوکاتالیست انجام شد.سپس جاذب SBA-15 که به دلیل ساختار متخلخل قابلیت زیادی در حذف آلاینده فنل در میان سایر جاذب ها دارد و سپس نانوکامپوزیت TiO2/SBA-15 سنتز شد. سپس ویژگی های ساختاری و فیزیکی نانوکامپوزیت توسط آنالیزهایTEM ، FESEM، BET ، XRD شناسایی شد.یافته ها:نتایج بیان گر کارایی حذف 96% فنل با غلظت mg/l100 در مدت زمان 420 دقیقه بود.استفاده از روش پاسخ سطحی برای تعیین شرایط بهینه یکی از روش های مؤثر برای دست یابی به هدف مورد نظر در این تحقیق بود.بحث و نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج، ملاحظه می شود که مواد مزو متخلخل پریودیک حاوی TiO2 در مقایسه با TiO2 پشتیبانی نشده راندمان بالایی در تخریب فوتوکاتالیزوری آلاینده های آبی دارد. تفاصيل المقالة

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2 - Application of Magnetic Nano Adsorbent Fe2O3 for Removal of Hazardous Ponceau-S Dye from Aqueous Solution
B. N. Patil D. S. Shirsath Y. V. Marathe V. S. Shrivastava

The photodegradation of Ponceau-S dye was investigated using UV radiation in presence of nanosized Fe2 O3 .Removal efficiency of Ponceau-S was sensitive to the operational parameters such as dye concentration, catalyst dose, pH, contact time, TOC and COD. The photocatal أکثر

The photodegradation of Ponceau-S dye was investigated using UV radiation in presence of nanosized Fe2 O3 .Removal efficiency of Ponceau-S was sensitive to the operational parameters such as dye concentration, catalyst dose, pH, contact time, TOC and COD. The photocatalytic treatment of red colored Ponceau-S dye by magnetic nano semiconductor (Fe2 O3 )is an effective, economic and faster mode. The kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out. A simple kinetics model was proposed which confirmed pseudo second order reaction. Langmuir isotherm fitted this study. The optimum conditions for the degradation of the dye were initial concentration 50 mgL-1, pH 8, contact time 20 minutes and catalyst dose 5 gL-1 of Fe2 O3 .The semiconductor photocatalyst was also carried out for SEM and XRD analysis which confirms the utilized semiconductor was nanosized. تفاصيل المقالة

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3 - Contributing factors on the removal of Azo-dyes from industrial wastewater: A comparison of the efficiency of sonocataysis and photocatalysis process
Azam Pirkarami Leila Fereidooni Kambiz Tahvildari

The influence of the number of operating parameters on photocatalytic and sonocatalytic Acid Red 88 degradation from an aqueous solution was investigated in this paper. The experimental results indicated that the sonocatalytic process with Ni-TiO2 was far more effective أکثر

The influence of the number of operating parameters on photocatalytic and sonocatalytic Acid Red 88 degradation from an aqueous solution was investigated in this paper. The experimental results indicated that the sonocatalytic process with Ni-TiO2 was far more effective for the degradation of high concentration azo dyes, regardless of the process condition. In order to achieve a larger surface area of the catalyst, Ni-TiO2 was suspended in the aqueous solution. The optimum experimental conditions obtained as catalyst dosage of 0.6mg L-1, pH of 7 and dye concentration of 30 mg L-1. The COD value of the solution after photodegradation showed a significant decrease to 59 mg L-1 from 1573 mg L-1 while this value decreased to 34 mg L-1 after sonocatalytic degradation. The catalyst performance was evaluated by SEM and XRD techniques. Dye removal efficiency of 88% was obtained by sonocatalysis process with a dye concentration of 300 mg L-1 and within a pH range of 2-11. However, the efficiency was only 28% after photocatalytic degradation with the same dye concentration and within a more limited pH range of 3-9. Therefore, a specific method was proposed in this article for azo dye degradation. تفاصيل المقالة

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4 - مروری بر خواص الکترونیکی و ساختاری فتوکاتالیزگرهای تیتانیوم دی اکسید برای حذف آلاینده های زیست محیطی پساب ها
عبدالحمید دهقانی اعظم مؤذنی بیستگانی میلاد قزلسفلو سهیل دهقانی سیاهکی حمید رضا مرادی

امروزه، تصفیه آلاینده های زیست محیطی پساب ها(رنگ‌های نساجی و فاضلاب‌های ناشی از پساب های دارویی) به یکی از مسائل چالش‌ برانگیز تبدیل شده‌است و روش‌های متعددی برای تصفیه این دسته از پساب ها از جمله روش‌های شیمیایی، فیزیکی و بیولوژیکی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است که هر کدا أکثر

امروزه، تصفیه آلاینده های زیست محیطی پساب ها(رنگ‌های نساجی و فاضلاب‌های ناشی از پساب های دارویی) به یکی از مسائل چالش‌ برانگیز تبدیل شده‌است و روش‌های متعددی برای تصفیه این دسته از پساب ها از جمله روش‌های شیمیایی، فیزیکی و بیولوژیکی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است که هر کدام از این روش‌ها دارای مزایا و معایب خاص خود بوده است. در چند دهه اخیر، تیتانیوم دی اکسید به‌دلیل خواص شیمیایی و فیزیکی منحصر به‌فردش، شرایط مناسبی برای کاربردهای زیست محیطی ایجاد کرده‌است. اساس فرایند‌های فتوکاتالیزگری، مبتنی بر تولید گونه‌های بسیار فعال مانند رادیکال‌های هیدروکسیل می‌باشد که این گونه‌های فعال، گستره وسیعی از آلاینده‌های آلی را به سرعت اکسید می‌کنند. تیتانیوم دی اکسید به عنوان یک نیمه هادی به‌دلیل ارزان قیمت بودن، عدم سمیت، پایداری شیمیایی بالا، دردسترس بودن و بازده بالا به‌عنوان یک فتوکاتالیزگر کارآمد جهت اکسایش ترکیبات آلی، سمیت زدایی، احیا فلزات سمی، حذف موثر فلزات سنگین، تخریب باکتری‌ها و ویروس‌ها مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. از آن‌جایی که تیتانیوم دی اکسید و بسیاری از نیمه هادی‌های دیگر دارای شکاف باند بزرگی هستند، استفاده از تصفیه فتوکاتالیزگری آب با استفاده از تیتانیوم دی اکسید به‌دلیل راندمان نسبتا پایین آن محدود شده‌است. به منظور بهبود راندمان فتوکاتالیزگری تیتانیوم دی اکسید برای تصفیه آب، و همچنین سایر کاربردهای فتوکاتالیزگری، تحقیقات زیادی برای گسترش پاسخ فتوکاتالیزگری تیتانیوم دی اکسید به محدوده مرئی انجام شده‌است. در این مقاله، به طور نظامند به معرفی تیتانیوم دی اکسید و بررسی خواص الکترونیکی و ساختاری آن پرداخته می شود. تفاصيل المقالة

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5 - Salicylic acid an efficient organocatalyst for synthesis of coumarins
Rushikesh Mane Pramod Kulkarnia

Various substituted coumarins were synthesized in high yield and purity by direct reaction of substituted phenol and β-keto esters in the presence of a catalytic amount of salicylic acid under solvent-free conditions. This method is simple, cost-effective, short re أکثر

Various substituted coumarins were synthesized in high yield and purity by direct reaction of substituted phenol and β-keto esters in the presence of a catalytic amount of salicylic acid under solvent-free conditions. This method is simple, cost-effective, short reaction time, simple work-up procedure, and avoid the use of transition metals. تفاصيل المقالة

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6 - Synthesis and Application of New Oxidant bis(banzyltriphenylphosphonium) peroxodisulfate on Oxidation of Benzylhalides to Corresponding Benzylaldehyde Compounds
Rashid Badri Seid Sina Mohsenin Elham Tahanpesar

Put the peroxodisulfate ion (S2O82-) in the phase transfer catalyst banzyltriphenylphosphonium can make a catalyst with mild oxidation property, and used it for oxidation of Benzylhalides to corresponding Benzylaldehyde Compounds. For making catalyst used xylene and wat أکثر

Put the peroxodisulfate ion (S2O82-) in the phase transfer catalyst banzyltriphenylphosphonium can make a catalyst with mild oxidation property, and used it for oxidation of Benzylhalides to corresponding Benzylaldehyde Compounds. For making catalyst used xylene and water as solvent, and it was an easy process with high yield. Oxidation used in reflux condition with acetonitrile as solvent. The advantages of this oxidation: high yield and short time. تفاصيل المقالة

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7 - Study of structural and optical properties of anthocyanin- modified TiO2 for the purpose of photodegradation
Marzieh Ataie Dila Azadeh Haghighat zadeh

In this research, dye – sensitization method was used to improve the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide dye using natural pigment of anthocyanin. Product morphology were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and phase identification using X-ray di أکثر

In this research, dye – sensitization method was used to improve the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide dye using natural pigment of anthocyanin. Product morphology were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and phase identification using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Spectroscopic analysis of the matter was performed using FT-IR spectrometer and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Analysis of DRS was used to study the optical properties of the samples. The results of XRD and SEM showed that the surface modification of titanium dioxide with pigments has no effect on the crystalline phase and morphology of particle. Analysis of DRS showed that dye – sensitization caused reduction in energy gap and can shift the absorption edge of TiO2 to the visible region. The photocatalytic activity of the modified TiO2 was studied by measuring the degradation percent of methylene blue under visible light irradiation and the effect of various parameters on the amount of degradation of methylene blue too. تفاصيل المقالة

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8 - مروری بر ساختار، روش های سنتز و کاربردهای چارچوب های فلز-آلی
مجید روزی فر سارا سبحانی

چارچوب های فلز ـ آلی (MOFS )که به عنوان پلیمرهای کوئوردیناسیونی متخلخل شناخته می شوند، در سال های اخیر توجه محققان بی شماری را به خود جلب کرده است. این ساختارها یک دسته جدید از مواد متخلخل هستند، که بوسیله اتصال یون ها یا کلاسترها فلزی با لیگاندهای آلی چند دندانه توسط پ أکثر

چارچوب های فلز ـ آلی (MOFS )که به عنوان پلیمرهای کوئوردیناسیونی متخلخل شناخته می شوند، در سال های اخیر توجه محققان بی شماری را به خود جلب کرده است. این ساختارها یک دسته جدید از مواد متخلخل هستند، که بوسیله اتصال یون ها یا کلاسترها فلزی با لیگاندهای آلی چند دندانه توسط پیوندهای کوولانسی تشکیل می شوند. پلیمرهای کوئوردیناسیونی در مقایسه با دیگر ترکیبات متخلخل مانند زئولیت ها، سیلیکا و کربن فعال به دلیل قابلیت تنظیم سطح حفره، اندازه، شکل وگروههای عاملی سطح حفره هایشان به عنوان موادی چند منظوره با خواص متفاوت مطرح هستند. به همین دلیل این ترکیبات در زمینه های متفاوت از جمله ذخیره سازی و جذب گازها، ساخت انواع سنسورها، جداسازی مواد، پزشکی، بیولوژیک، کاربردهای زیست محیطی و کاتالزوری کاربرد دارند. تفاصيل المقالة

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9 - Incorporation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in RHA-MTW Zeolite and its Application for Degradation of Dye
afshin pourahmad Babak Sadeghi Babak Azari Masoud Mokhtary

10.22034/jna.2020.1892718.1187

White rice husk ash (RHA), an agriculture waste, was used as a silica source for MTW zeolite synthesis. The RHA-MTW zeolite derived from RHA was prepared by hydrothermal method at 150 °C in the presence of tetraethylammonium hydroxide. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were grow أکثر

White rice husk ash (RHA), an agriculture waste, was used as a silica source for MTW zeolite synthesis. The RHA-MTW zeolite derived from RHA was prepared by hydrothermal method at 150 °C in the presence of tetraethylammonium hydroxide. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were grown in zeolite substrates using a solid state reaction. The synthesized nanocomposite (NC) was characterized by XRD, SEM, DRS and TEM and tested as photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution under ultraviolet (UV) light. The BET results indicated that pore volume and surface area of ZnO/RHA-MTW NC was smaller than RHA-MTW zeolite. On the basis of the obtained experimental results, it was founded that zinc oxide NPs were encapsulated into channels of RHA-MTW zeolite. The SEM and TEM images of ZnO/RHA-MTW NC confirmed the formation of RHA-MTW particles with size diameter of 2.5 µm and locating of zinc oxide NPs in channels of zeolite with an average size of between 35 nm. The results showed MB degradation reached 85 % under UV light. The MB indicated maximum adsorption at pH=9. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO was enhanced in the presence of zeolite due to reduction of recombination rate of the electro-hole in ZnO semiconductor. تفاصيل المقالة

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10 - Incorporation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in RHA-MTW Zeolite and its Application for Degradation of Dye
Babak Azari Afshin Pourahmad Babak Sadeghi Masoud Mokhtary

10.22034/jna.2020.680020

White rice husk ash (RHA), an agricultural waste, was used as a silica source forMTW zeolite synthesis. The RHA-MTW zeolite derived from RHA was preparedby hydrothermal method at 150 °C in the presence of tetraethylammoniumhydroxide. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were gro أکثر

White rice husk ash (RHA), an agricultural waste, was used as a silica source forMTW zeolite synthesis. The RHA-MTW zeolite derived from RHA was preparedby hydrothermal method at 150 °C in the presence of tetraethylammoniumhydroxide. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were grown in zeolite substrates using asolid state reaction. The synthesized nanocomposite (NC) was characterized byXRD, SEM, DRS and TEM and tested as photocatalytic degradation of methyleneblue (MB) dye from aqueous solution under ultraviolet (UV) light. The BET resultsindicated that pore volume and surface area of ZnO/RHA-MTW NC was smallerthan RHA-MTW zeolite. On the basis of the obtained experimental results, it wasfound that zinc oxide NPs were encapsulated into the channels of RHA-MTWzeolite. The SEM and TEM images of ZnO/RHA-MTW NC confirmed the formationof RHA-MTW particles with size diameter of 2.5 μm and locating of zinc oxideNPs in channels of zeolite with an average size of between 35 nm. The resultsshowed MB degradation had reached 85 % under UV light. The MB indicatedmaximum adsorption at pH=9. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO was enhancedin the presence of zeolite due to reduction of recombination rate of the electroholein ZnO semiconductor.ARTICLE INF O تفاصيل المقالة

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11 - A strategy for degradation of 2,5-dichlorophenol using its photoelectrocatalytic oxidation on the TiO2/Ti thin film electrode
Ebrahim Zarei

In this work, the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of 2,5-dichlorophenol can be used for its removal from aqueous solution. To study this activity, a TiO2 thin film modified titanium sheet (TiO2/Ti) was fabricated by anodizing Ti plates using a two electrode syst أکثر

In this work, the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of 2,5-dichlorophenol can be used for its removal from aqueous solution. To study this activity, a TiO2 thin film modified titanium sheet (TiO2/Ti) was fabricated by anodizing Ti plates using a two electrode system under the constant bias voltage of 20 V for 20 min in a solution of 0.2% (v/v) HF followed by calcination at 500 oC for 2 h. Then, the electrochemical properties of 2,5-dichlorophenol were compared on the surface of the TiO2/Ti and unmodified Ti electrodes. Consequently, the TiO2/Ti was applied for PEC degradation of 2,5-dichlorophenol. It was found that 2,5-dichlorophenol could be degraded more efficiently by this photoelectrocatalysis process than the sum of degradation obtained by photocatalytic (PC) and electrochemical (EC) oxidation so that the amount of 2,5-dichlorophenol degraded by PEC, PC and EC oxidation were equal to 51%, 39% and 5% respectively under the 0.4 V voltage in 60 min. The effect of various parameters was studied and the highest degradation percentage of 2,5-dichlorophenol was obtained at pH 6.0, the initial 2,5-dichlorophenol concentration of 7.0 mg L-1 and applied potential of 1.2 V. تفاصيل المقالة

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12 - Baker’s yeast catalyzed Henry reaction: Biocatalytic C-C bond formation
Prabhakar Shrivas Nitesh Punyapreddiwar Atul Wankhade Sangesh Zodape Umesh Pratap

The C-C bond formation is an important reaction in organic synthesis to obtain value-added intermediates. Therefore, in this paper an attempt has been made to accelerate the Henry reaction (C-C bond formation) between aryl aldehydes and nitromethane using less expensive أکثر

The C-C bond formation is an important reaction in organic synthesis to obtain value-added intermediates. Therefore, in this paper an attempt has been made to accelerate the Henry reaction (C-C bond formation) between aryl aldehydes and nitromethane using less expensive whole cell biocatalyst, baker’s yeast (BY). The scope of the methodology was also tested for the heteryl aldehyde i.e. 2-chloro-3-formyl quinoline to obtain the corresponding quinoline containing nitroalcohol. The developed protocol is highly efficient and completely environmentally friendly. The work addressed the issue of non-aqueous biocatalysis, since Henry reaction catalysed by baker's yeast has been carried out in ethanol. تفاصيل المقالة

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13 - Snail shell as a natural and highly efficient catalyst for the synthesis of imidazole derivatives
Zakaria Benzekribe Houda Serrar Abdelkebir Zarguil Said Boukhris Abdelaziz Souizi

A convenient, simple and green process for the synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazole and 1,2,4,5-tetraaryl-1H-imidazole derivatives using snail shell, which is abundant in Morocco, as a catalyst in ethanol at 40 °C has been developed. Additionally, short reaction أکثر

A convenient, simple and green process for the synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-1H-imidazole and 1,2,4,5-tetraaryl-1H-imidazole derivatives using snail shell, which is abundant in Morocco, as a catalyst in ethanol at 40 °C has been developed. Additionally, short reaction times, excellent yields, simple procedure and relative non-toxicity of the catalyst are other noteworthy advantages and make this method an interesting alternative to other methodologies. Finally, this solid catalyst can be recovered and reused at least seven times with negligible loss in activity. The catalyst has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and measuring the specific surface. تفاصيل المقالة

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14 - Nano cotton-shape mesoporous (NCSM) modified by Fe3O4: Green, magnetic and reusable catalytic system for dechlorization of bromothymol blue (BTB)
Hamid Aliyan

Fe3O4-containing cotton-like mesoporous silica system (Fe3O4@NCSM) was studied with regard to its performance towards the photodecolorization of bromothymol blue (BTB) aqueous solution. The surface properties of the functionalized catalyst were analyzed by a series of c أکثر

Fe3O4-containing cotton-like mesoporous silica system (Fe3O4@NCSM) was studied with regard to its performance towards the photodecolorization of bromothymol blue (BTB) aqueous solution. The surface properties of the functionalized catalyst were analyzed by a series of characterization techniques like FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM and TEM. The N2 Adsorption–desorption analysis shows that the mesostructure of silica remains intact after Fe3O4 modifications, while the spectral technique shows the successful encapsulating of the neat Fe3O4 inside the porous silica support. The optimum values of the experimental parameters which affect the degradation efficiency were obtained as: 0.15 g L−1 of the photocatalyst, 25 ppm dye concentration and pH 5.6. تفاصيل المقالة

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15 - Carbon catalyst derived from Himalayan pine for the C-N coupling of organic molecules leading to pyrrole formation
Neeraj Gupta Pushpa Bhardwaj Amit Kumar

Carbon catalyst consisting of a hybrid structure made up of amorphous carbon and nanographite was prepared from the leaves of Pinus Roxburghii. The catalyst was prepared through sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid treatment of the dried pine leaves; and further funct أکثر

Carbon catalyst consisting of a hybrid structure made up of amorphous carbon and nanographite was prepared from the leaves of Pinus Roxburghii. The catalyst was prepared through sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid treatment of the dried pine leaves; and further functionalized with sulfuric acid treatment to incorporate the acidic functionalities. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by FTIR, XRD, TEM and XPS spectroscopic techniques and used as a heterogeneous catalyst for C-N coupling reaction leading to pyrrole formation through the nucleophilic attack of nitrogen atom in amines or imines on the dicarbonyl compounds. The optimized method was explored on various 2,4- and 2,5- dicarbonyl compounds and it was found to afford the five member pyrrole nucleus is good to excellent yields. The scope of the reaction was demonstrated by synthesizing thirteen pyrrole derivatives that are well characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectrometry. The mechanism of the reaction was proposed and acidic sites present on the catalyst surface are believed to be the active sites in the conversion. تفاصيل المقالة

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16 - Photo corrosion of titania nanotubes within water splitting reaction
Shahab Khameneh Asl Deniz Unar

Titania nanotubes (TNT) prepared by anodization of Ti foils were used for water splitting in a standalone cell. The concentration polarization between the anode side (1M NaOH) and cathode side (0.5 M H2SO4) ensured that the water splitting reaction could take place with أکثر

Titania nanotubes (TNT) prepared by anodization of Ti foils were used for water splitting in a standalone cell. The concentration polarization between the anode side (1M NaOH) and cathode side (0.5 M H2SO4) ensured that the water splitting reaction could take place with no external bias and separate H2 and O2 evolution could be achieved. The destruction of TNT structures under 365 nm UV irradiation as well as the absence of the stoichiometry between the anodic and cathodic gas collectors indicates the limits of the stability of TNT structures under these conditions. تفاصيل المقالة

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17 - Fe3O4/FDU-12: A highly efficient and magnetically separable nano-catalyst for oxidation of alcohols
Najme Kalvari Janaki Razieh Fazaeli Hamid Aliyan

A series of Fe3O4 supported on mesoporous FDU-12 silica systems were prepared by the hydrothermal conditions. The surface properties of the functionalized catalyst were analyzed by a series of characterization techniques like FTIR, XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption an أکثر

A series of Fe3O4 supported on mesoporous FDU-12 silica systems were prepared by the hydrothermal conditions. The surface properties of the functionalized catalyst were analyzed by a series of characterization techniques like FTIR, XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption and TEM. XRD and adsorption–desorption analysis shows that the mesostructure of FDU silica remains intact after Fe3O4 modifications, while spectral technique show the successful immobilizing of the neat Fe3O4 inside the porous silica support. Fe3O4/FDU-12 system, has emerged as highly efficient and magnetically recoverable heterogeneous catalyst for selective oxidation of alcohols with H2O2 at reflux conditions because of its high specific surface area, tuneable pore size, and unique structure. The advantages of this catalytic system is mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, high product yields, easy preparation of the catalysts, non-toxicity of the catalysts, simple and clean work-up of the desired products. The wet catalyst can be removed easily, recovered and reused without significant loss of activity. تفاصيل المقالة

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18 - Fe3O4/SiO2/(CH2)3N+Me3Br3– core–shell nanoparticles: An efficient catalyst for the synthesis of functionalized 5-oxo-hexahydroquinolines
Azita Farrokhi Issa Yavari Keivan Ghodrati

The four-component Hantzsch condensation reaction of dimedone, ethyl acetoacetate, ammonium acetate, and various aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes in the presence of catalytic amount of a magnetic nanoparticle-supported tribromide, as a green catalyst, under solvent‐free أکثر

The four-component Hantzsch condensation reaction of dimedone, ethyl acetoacetate, ammonium acetate, and various aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes in the presence of catalytic amount of a magnetic nanoparticle-supported tribromide, as a green catalyst, under solvent‐free conditions at 80 °C affords functionalized 5-oxo-hexahydroquinolines in good to excellent yields. The magnetic Fe3O4-SiO2-(CH2)3N+Me3Br3–, was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The method offers several advantages including high yields, short reaction time, simple work-up procedure and catalyst reusability for several runs. The catalyst could be readily separated by using a magnetic force and reused six times without any significant loss of catalytic activity. تفاصيل المقالة

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19 - Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of nanosized modified mesocellulous silica foams (MCFs) with PW12 and vanadium oxide
Leili Shabani Hamid Aliyan

A series of tungestophosphoric acid and vanadium oxide supported on Mesocellulous Silica Foams (MCFs) featuring a well-defined three-dimensional (3D) mesoporosity were studied with regard to their performance in the photocatalytic activity to degrade Oezine Y (OY). This أکثر

A series of tungestophosphoric acid and vanadium oxide supported on Mesocellulous Silica Foams (MCFs) featuring a well-defined three-dimensional (3D) mesoporosity were studied with regard to their performance in the photocatalytic activity to degrade Oezine Y (OY). This nanosized mesoporous catalyst (PW12@V-MCF) was characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET and TEM. XRD shows that the structure of MCF remains intact after PW12 modification, while spectral techniques show the successful grafting of the PW12 on the MCF cavities. PW12-MCF was used as a catalyst in the photodecolorization process of Oezine Y (OY) dye in aqueous solution under UV radiation. It was found that the catalyst exhibited significantly high catalytic stability, and the activity loss is negligible after three OY degradation cycles. تفاصيل المقالة

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20 - Eco-friendly preparation and characterization of CuMn2O4 nanoparticles with the green capping agent and their photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications
Ali Sobhani-Nasab Mohammad Eghbali-Arani Seyed Mostafa Hosseinpour-Mashkani Farhad Ahmadi Mehdi Rahimi-Nasrabadi Vahid Ameri

In this study, copper manganese oxide (CuMn2O4) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a simple sol-gel technique in the presence of lactose as the green capping agent. The lactose concentration effect on the crystalline size and magnetic properties of final pro أکثر

In this study, copper manganese oxide (CuMn2O4) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a simple sol-gel technique in the presence of lactose as the green capping agent. The lactose concentration effect on the crystalline size and magnetic properties of final products were systematically investigated. The structural, morphological, magnetic, and optical properties of as-obtained products were examined by techniques such as the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. SEM and VSM results show that lactose concentrations play an important role in the magnetic properties and morphology of CuMn2O4 nanoparticles. Degradation of type of dye (Rhodamine B = Rh B and Methyl orange = MO) under ultraviolet light was examined to assess the feasibility of using CuMn2O4 for photocatalytic activities. To demonstrate the possibility of developing an inexpensive solar cell, FTO/TiO2/CuMn2O4/Pt-FTO, the CuMn2O4 paste was put on the top of the TiO2 through the doctor blade technique. تفاصيل المقالة

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21 - Nitrogen doped TiO2 for efficient visible light photocatalytic dye degradation
Jila Talat-Mehrabad Mohammad Partovi Farzad Arjomandi Rad Rana Khalilnezhad

In this study, Nitrogen doped TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by the sol gel method and physicochemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (DRS) أکثر

In this study, Nitrogen doped TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by the sol gel method and physicochemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (DRS) techniques. The XRD data indicated that the nanoparticles had the same crystals structures as the pure TiO2. Photocatalytic properties of the nitrogen doped TiO2 nanocatalyst and pure TiO2 were compared for degradation of Blue 5 dye in visible light irradiation and the DRS results showed that the band gap of doped photocatalyst was smaller than that of the undoped TiO2 and there was a shift in the absorption band toward the visible light region. The Photocatalytic properties of the nitrogen doped TiO2 nanocatalyst wereemployed for degradation of crystal Blue 5 dye under visible light irradiation. The effects of pH, amount of photocatalysts,catalyst dosage, and dye concentration were also examined. The best results were reported for the concentration of 20 mg/L N-TiO2 nano-particles. Also results showed that the photodecomposition of N-TiO2 is complete at pH 11. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis indicated 30 % mineralization of Blue 5 after 75 min irradiation. تفاصيل المقالة

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22 - Properties of sol-gel synthesized multiphase TiO2 (AB)-ZnO (ZW) semiconductor nanostructure: An effective catalyst for methylene blue dye degradation
Manikandan Balakrishnan Rita John

The present study, describes the structural, electrical, and the photocatalytic activity of sol-gel synthesized TiO2- ZnO nanostructure. The synthesized mixed oxide nanostructure is characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV-Vis, FESEM, DLS and Impedance Spectroscopy analyse أکثر

The present study, describes the structural, electrical, and the photocatalytic activity of sol-gel synthesized TiO2- ZnO nanostructure. The synthesized mixed oxide nanostructure is characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV-Vis, FESEM, DLS and Impedance Spectroscopy analyses. In addition, photocatalytic activity of multiphase TiO2 (TAB)-ZnO (ZW) nanostructure is analysed using Methylene Blue dye as the model dye under UV and Visible light illumination. The XRD analysis confirms the bi-phase TiO2 and mono-phase ZnO in the multiphase TiO2-ZnO nanostructures. The average crystallite size of 33 nm has been estimated using Scherrer formula. The crystallite size and mechanical properties such as strain, stress, and other parameters are analysed using Williamson-Hall model. The FTIR spectrum shows the characteristics absorption peaks of TiO2 and ZnO at 679.44 and 432.79 cm-1 respectively, and reveals the presence of TiO2 and ZnO in the synthesized multiphase nanostructure. The optical band gap is calculated using Tauc relation with the data obtained from UV-Vis spectrometer. The calculated band gap value is 3.1 eV. The FESEM study shows the spherical morphology and the DLS analysis confirms the particle size is 433 nm. The presence of Ti-O and Zn–O stretching modes are confirmed from Raman spectrum. The electrical properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and ac conductivity are analysed from impedance data. The prepared multiphase TiO2 (TAB)-ZnO (ZW) nanostructure shows better photocatalytic activity in both UV and visible light region. The rate constant has been calculated as 0.0083 and 0.0052 min-1 for UV and visible light irradiation. تفاصيل المقالة

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23 - Photo Catalysis Desulfurization at Copper Oxides /Titanium Oxide Nanotubes Under UV and Visible Light Irradiation
Hameed Hussein Alwan

Titanium dioxide nanotubes TNTs were synthesized by anodization in a fluoride-based electrolyte, TNTs are commonly working as photocatalytic under ultraviolet UV irradiation via its wide bandgap, and it was expanded under visible light irradiation by doping with other m أکثر

Titanium dioxide nanotubes TNTs were synthesized by anodization in a fluoride-based electrolyte, TNTs are commonly working as photocatalytic under ultraviolet UV irradiation via its wide bandgap, and it was expanded under visible light irradiation by doping with other metals or metals oxides, herein TNTs were doped by copper oxides Cu2O and CuO to produce copper oxides /titanium oxide nanotubes CuOx /TNT. The prepared catalysts (TNTs and CuOx/TNT) were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM and, EDX, while catalysts activity was investigated for oxidization of Dibenzothiophene DBT under ultraviolet UV and visible light VL irradiations, the feedstock is model fuel (heptane contains DBT as a sulfur component) was oxidized by hydrogen peroxide H2O2. Results showed that TNT has a moderate catalysis effect under UV irradiation and a low catalysis effect under VL irradiation. CuOx/TNT catalyst exhibited good sensitivity for VL radiation. The study investigated the effect of initial DBT concentration, oxidant dosage, reaction temperature, contact time, and type of irradiation on oxidation desulfurization ODS reaction by using TNT and CuOx/TNT catalysts, the results showed that DBT removal efficiency was increasing with temperature (56.2, 80.4 and 91.2 at 40,50, and 60 °C respectively at 100 minutes) and oxidant amount ( 66.4, 80.4, and 86.1 by adding 5,10,15 ml of oxidant respectively at 100 minutes) while it decreases with the increasing initial BDT concentration (94.8, 80.4, and 86.1 when using 100,150, and 200 ppm as initial DBT concentration at 100 minutes). The kinetics calculations exhibited that ODS reaction under VL irradiation follows pseudo-first-order reaction at CuOx/TNT catalyst with reaction rate constants of 0.00076, 0.0108, and 0.0141 min-1 at 40,50, and 60°C respectively, the activation energy for the reaction is 26.8 kJ/mol, negative ΔS (-0.218 kJ/mol.K) and positive ΔH and ΔG for DBT oxidation under UV irradiation. تفاصيل المقالة

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24 - Photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye using NiAl2O4 and Co doped NiAl2O4 nanophotocatalysts prepared by simple one pot wet chemical synthetic route
M. Arunkumar A. Samson Nesaraj

Novel metal oxides have been studied worldwide due to their potential uses in ecological refinement, particularly to eliminate organic impurities present in water. In this work, we report the preparation of Ni1-xCoxAl2O4-δ (where x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) na أکثر

Novel metal oxides have been studied worldwide due to their potential uses in ecological refinement, particularly to eliminate organic impurities present in water. In this work, we report the preparation of Ni1-xCoxAl2O4-δ (where x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) nanoparticles by simple chemical precipitation route. The as-synthesized spinel particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), UV-Vis Spectroscopy (UV) and Photo Luminescence (PL) Spectroscopy techniques. The XRD results affirmed the development of the cubic structure in all the samples. FT-IR confirmed the presence of the M-O bond. Particle characteristics statistics showed the existence of particles in the range of 36-741 nm range. SEM analysis strengthened the presence of various sized grains (nano and micron) in the samples. EDX analysis affirmed the existence of an appropriate amount of elements (Ni, Al, Co and O) in all the samples. The band gap of Co doped NiAl2O4 was in between 2.8 – 3.0 eV, which was in line with the reported data. The PL spectra exhibited a strong peak at around 450 nm in the samples. From UV studies, the λmax was around 310 nm in all the prepared samples. The photoluminescent characteristics of the samples were confirmed by PL studies and their photoemission was found at 437 nm. Among the samples studied, the parent NiAl2O4 shows more efficiency in degrading the malachite green (MG) dye than other Co doped NiAl2O4 photocatalysts under the irradiation of visible light at the wavelength of 616nm at normal temperature. تفاصيل المقالة

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25 - Spotlight: Supramolecular catalysis
Morteza Torabi

Morteza Torabi was born in 1995 in Hamedan, Iran. He received his B.Sc. in Applied Chemistry (2017) and M.Sc. in Organic Chemistry (2019) from Bu-Ali Sina University under the supervision of Professor Mohammad Ali Zolfigol. He is currently working towards his Ph.D. unde أکثر

Morteza Torabi was born in 1995 in Hamedan, Iran. He received his B.Sc. in Applied Chemistry (2017) and M.Sc. in Organic Chemistry (2019) from Bu-Ali Sina University under the supervision of Professor Mohammad Ali Zolfigol. He is currently working towards his Ph.D. under the supervision of Professor Mohammad Ali Zolfigol at Bu-Ali Sina University. His research interest is the design, synthesis and characterization of acidic magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic ionic liquids, and urea based compound as catalysts and their applications in organic synthesis. تفاصيل المقالة

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26 - Optical, Morphological and Microstructural Investigation of TiO2 nanoparticles for Photocatalytic application
B. Manikandan K. R. Murali Rita John

Enriched characteristics like porosity, stability and specific surface area assist TiO2 to find extensive applications in photocatalysis, dye sensitized solar cell, and sensors. TiO2 semiconductor was prepared using titanyl acetylacetonate and characterized by XRD, FTIR أکثر

Enriched characteristics like porosity, stability and specific surface area assist TiO2 to find extensive applications in photocatalysis, dye sensitized solar cell, and sensors. TiO2 semiconductor was prepared using titanyl acetylacetonate and characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV-Vis, FESEM, EDX, and DLS. XRD result confirmed the tetragonal structured anatase TiO2 semiconductor. Scherrer formula is used to calculate crystallite size and the obtained value is 6.81 nm. Microstrain, stress, energy density, and crystallite size are calculated using W-H model. The absorption peak of TiO2 is observed at 652.11 cm-1 from FTIR spectrum and authenticated the anatase TiO2 semiconductor. The UV absorption edge is identified at 365 nm and the bandgap is calculated from the Kubelka-Munk equation using Tauc plot. Raman spectrum show bands at 140,197, 395, 512, and 635 cm-1 and these peaks confirmed the presence of the anatase TiO2 stretching mode. FESEM micrographs exhibited agglomerated spherical morphology and the particle size was further analysed using DLS study. The elemental compositions were identified in the EDX analysis. The obtained spectrum showed 55.88 Wt% of O and 44.12 Wt% of Ti atoms. The prepared anatase TiO2 semiconductor indicated enhanced catalytic behaviour. The rate constants and half life time are related to crystallite size using mathematical relation. It is found that the degradation process varies with crystallite size. تفاصيل المقالة

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27 - Electrochemical amperometric sensing of loratadine using NiO modified paste electrode as an amplified sensor
Neda Raeisi-Kheirabadi Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh Hamidreza Aghaei

A modified carbon paste electrode with NiO nanoparticles showed an excellent electrocatalytic behavior towards loratadine in the voltammetric and chronoamperometric approaches. Typical plots of IC/IL vs. t1/2 were contracted, and an average rate constant of 185.5 &plusm أکثر

A modified carbon paste electrode with NiO nanoparticles showed an excellent electrocatalytic behavior towards loratadine in the voltammetric and chronoamperometric approaches. Typical plots of IC/IL vs. t1/2 were contracted, and an average rate constant of 185.5 ± 2.2 M−1 s−1 was obtained from the slope of the curve. The geometric surface area of the electrode was 0.0314 cm2, and an average D-value of (1.11×10−3 ± 1.16×10−4) m2 s−1 was obtained for the diffusion of loratadine (Lor) towards the electrode surface. When the effective surface area (0.245 cm2) was used in calculations, an average D-value of (1.83×10−5 ± 1.96×10−6) cm2 s−1 was obtained. ∆I response is the peak current difference of the electrode at a fixed time when Lor analyte was added, and it is in proportion to the loratadine concentration in the range of 20-1000 nM. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were 1.4 and 4.7 nM Lor when the 3Sb/m and 10Sb/m criteria were used, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة

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28 - Porous and Bifunctional ZnO-Hydroxyapatite Nanostructure for Photocatalytic Degradation of Paracetamol and Methylene Blue in Water
Jihane Labrag Chaimaa El Bekkali Abdeladim Oulguidoum D. Robert Abdelaziz Laghzizil J. M. Nunzi

Porous ZnO-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite was prepared by dissolution of a rock phosphate ore in an acidic medium followed by alkaline precipitation. Its photocatalytic activity was assessed for the degradation of paracetamol as one of the most commonly prescribed pharmac أکثر

Porous ZnO-hydroxyapatite nanocomposite was prepared by dissolution of a rock phosphate ore in an acidic medium followed by alkaline precipitation. Its photocatalytic activity was assessed for the degradation of paracetamol as one of the most commonly prescribed pharmaceutical drugs and methylene blue as dye model. Thanks to its good porosity, the 40ZnHAp nanocomposite adsorbed the selected pollutants better than the individual ZnO and HAp phases. 40ZnHAp calcined at 500° completely degrades the studied pollutants faster than ZnO, although a longer illumination time is required for the degradation of paracetamol. The low-cost 40ZnHAp nanomaterial can be considered as a potential photocatalyst for wastewater treatment due to its high porosity, which facilitates the entrapment of initial pollutants and/or by-products. It leads to a complete mineralization, consequently yielding healthy discharged water. تفاصيل المقالة

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29 - Optimization of Photo Catalytic Activity of ZnO Nano Composites by Surface Modification with Cu metal using Facile Hydrothermal Approach
Fazal Ur Rehman Manzar Zahra Iqra Qayyum Aoun Raza Amir Waseem

10.30495/ijc.2022.688325

ZnO nano particles and Cu modified ZnO nano composites have been prepared by simple, facile hydrothermal approach. The novelty of this work was the use of aqueous methanolic solution (50:50 ratio) as the solvent of reaction, while zinc chloride was used as the precursor أکثر

ZnO nano particles and Cu modified ZnO nano composites have been prepared by simple, facile hydrothermal approach. The novelty of this work was the use of aqueous methanolic solution (50:50 ratio) as the solvent of reaction, while zinc chloride was used as the precursor of ZnO NPs and Cu- modified ZnO nano composites. XRD results revealed that the synthesized ZnO and Cu-modified ZnO nano composites were of nano size and XRD patterns matched with JCPDS Card 35-1451, confirming the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The FT-IR results confirmed the synthesis of target materials and also the adsorption of Cu metal on ZnO surface. The UV visible spectroscopic analysis indicated that the optical properties improved as the concentration of Cu metal increased on ZnO surface. SEM analysis explored the spherical shape of synthesized nano composites. The EDX graph showed the elemental composition of prepared materials that composed of Zn, O and Cu and no other impurity was found. The Tartrazine Yellow Azo Dye was degraded to investigate the photo catalytic activity which was optimized under sunlight with increasing the Cu metal concentration on surface of ZnO. تفاصيل المقالة

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30 - The Quest for Sustainable Catalysis through Transition Metal Doped Carbon-based Single-Atom Catalysts
Chamalki Madhusha Madhavi de Silva Imalka Munaweera Chandani Perera Nilwala Kottegoda

10.30495/ijc.2022.1959026.1935

Single-atom catalysts have recently received much scientific attraction as sustainable catalysts due to their greater activity and selectivity arising from the uniform distribution, electronic properties, and quantum mechanical interactions at the nanoscale of single at أکثر

Single-atom catalysts have recently received much scientific attraction as sustainable catalysts due to their greater activity and selectivity arising from the uniform distribution, electronic properties, and quantum mechanical interactions at the nanoscale of single atoms coupled with interactions at the metal-support interfaces. Carbon-based materials are an excellent support material for single-atom catalysts owing to their inherent properties such as adjustable pore size, high surface area to volume ratio, and ease of surface functionalization. The interactions at the single atom-carbon support interfaces give rise to the extraordinary catalytic activity in carbon-based single metal catalysts thus opening doors for a wide range of sustainable applications. This review focuses on the evolution of carbon-based single-atom catalysis covering different types of carbon substrates, usage of different single atoms with special attention to transition metals, and its wide range of applications including photocatalysis, organic catalysis, and electrocatalysis followed by the future perspectives on carbon-based single-atom catalysts. تفاصيل المقالة

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31 - Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs): As a multipurpose catalyst
Milad Mohammadi Rasooll

10.30495/ijc.2023.1982143.1997

Milad Mohammadi Rasooll was born in Hamedan, Iran in 1995. He received his B.Sc. in pure Chemistry (2018) from Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran. He received his M.Sc. in Organic Chemistry (2021) under the supervision of Prof. Mohammad Ali Zolfigol. He was also accepted into أکثر

Milad Mohammadi Rasooll was born in Hamedan, Iran in 1995. He received his B.Sc. in pure Chemistry (2018) from Bu-Ali Sina University, Iran. He received his M.Sc. in Organic Chemistry (2021) under the supervision of Prof. Mohammad Ali Zolfigol. He was also accepted into a Ph.D. program in organic chemistry at the Bu-Ali Sina University in the same year. His research interest is the synthesis, characterization, and applications of homogeneous and heterogeneous reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis. تفاصيل المقالة

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32 - Synthesis of a thin film of CuO/MgO/PVC nanocomposites for Photocatalytic applications
Rouabeh Nouhad Roshan Nazir Yassine Djaballah AbQayoom Mir Imene Ameur Ouidad Beldjebli

10.30495/ijc.2023.1970800.1968

This study investigates the effect of a combination of copper and magnesium oxide nanoparticles embedded in a Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix on photocatalytic activity. A thin film of CuO/MgO/PVC nanocomposites (NCs) was synthesized using the sol-gel route. Different w أکثر

This study investigates the effect of a combination of copper and magnesium oxide nanoparticles embedded in a Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix on photocatalytic activity. A thin film of CuO/MgO/PVC nanocomposites (NCs) was synthesized using the sol-gel route. Different weight percentages of CuO/MgO nanocomposites (5% and 15%) incorporated in the PVC matrix were deposited on glass strips using the spin coating method. The characterization of these thin films were carried out by a series of analytical and spectroscopic tools including PXRD, AFM, UV-Vis, and FTIR spectra analysis. The bandgap energy of MgO/PVC significantly reduced from 4.00 eV to 3.77 eV in 15% CuO/MgO/PVC NCs. This study also demonstrates the high ability of CuO/MgO/PVC thin films towards the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) dye with a proposed reaction mechanism. A comparative analysis for the photodegradation of MB dye revealed superior photocatalysis by 15%with a rate constant of 5.20 × 10-3 min-1 showing about 44% efficiency. The credit goes to the decrease in the band gap, enhancement in charge separation, and increase in surface area of thin film CuO/MgO/PVC NCs. تفاصيل المقالة

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33 - Effect of surfactant on structural and optical properties of V2O5 nanocrystals as a potential catalyst for photodegradation
F. Sanakousar C. Vidyasagar S. Chigari Swapna Victor Jiménez-Pérez C. Viswanath K. Prakash M. Sridhara

10.30495/ijc.2023.1973011.1975

An anionic, cationic, and non-ionic surfactant-assisted wet chemical method was used to synthesize vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanocrystals. XRD, FESEM, EDX, FTIR, UV-Vis, and PL techniques were used to characterize the V2O5 nanocrystals. The formation of V2O5 nanocrystal أکثر

An anionic, cationic, and non-ionic surfactant-assisted wet chemical method was used to synthesize vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanocrystals. XRD, FESEM, EDX, FTIR, UV-Vis, and PL techniques were used to characterize the V2O5 nanocrystals. The formation of V2O5 nanocrystals is confirmed by the experimental results. The addition of surfactants had a significant effect on the morphology, crystallinity, and optoelectronic characteristics of the prepared photocatalysts, as per the detailed characterization and analysis of the pertaining light-matter interactions. Additionally, the Scherrer and William-Hall plot methods were used to determine the crystallite sizes from the broadening of the XRD peak. Surfactant addition caused the sample bandgap to broaden, resulting in the blue shift in the distinctive absorption peak of V2O5 nanocrystals. To effectively separate the charge carriers during photocatalysis, the most effective photocatalyst (pure V2O5) material showed small crystallite size and short migration routes for the charge carriers which is confirmed by XRD and PL analysis. Pure V2O5 nanocrystals showed excellent yields in the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye when exposed to sunlight compared to surfactant-assisted V2O5. The V2O5 catalyst’s photostability and reusability were also assessed; after four cycles of testing, the percentage degradation of MB was 94.75%. As per the scavenger experiment, photo-generated holes (h+) and superoxide radical’s anions (O2—&oline;.) are the major species responsible for the degradation of MB dye. There is a suggested mechanism for the higher degradation efficiency of V2O5 at neutral pH when exposed to sunlight. Pure V2O5 is a promising and effective photo-catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of MB dye due to its extremely high performance. تفاصيل المقالة

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34 - Alkyl Ammonium Tungstate Bonded to Fe3O4@SiO2 Nanoparticles; a highly efficient Catalyst for the Oxidation of Symmetrical Sulfides to Symmetrical Sulfoxides
Seyed-Mola Khatami Mehdi Khalaj Majid Ghashang

10.30495/ijc.2023.1993331.2039

A magnetic organic-inorganic hybrid of Fe3O4@SiO2-functionalized propylpiperazine-1,4-diium tungstate (A) nanoparticles with a spherical structure was prepared and completely characterized by XRD, SEM, TGA-DTA, and FT-IR spectral techniques. The magnetic hybrid was used أکثر

A magnetic organic-inorganic hybrid of Fe3O4@SiO2-functionalized propylpiperazine-1,4-diium tungstate (A) nanoparticles with a spherical structure was prepared and completely characterized by XRD, SEM, TGA-DTA, and FT-IR spectral techniques. The magnetic hybrid was used in the oxidation of symmetrical sulfides to symmetrical sulfoxides under ambient conditions. The excellent yields of sulfoxides, easy operation, and recovery, magnetic properties of the catalyst, and environmentally friendly system are the key advantages of this method. تفاصيل المقالة

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35 - Ionic liquids as efficient catalysts for synthesis of phosphorylated dialkyl succinates containing phthalazin-1-one moieties
Ziba Tavakoli Elnaz Ghasemi Issa Yavari

Ionic liquids such as 1,3-dialkylimidazolium salts make excellent catalysts and solvents for synthesis of dialkyl 2-(dialkoxyphosphoryl)-3-(1-oxo-1-H-phthalazin-2-yl)succinates from 2H-phthalazin-1-one, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, and trialkyl phosphites. Under sim أکثر

Ionic liquids such as 1,3-dialkylimidazolium salts make excellent catalysts and solvents for synthesis of dialkyl 2-(dialkoxyphosphoryl)-3-(1-oxo-1-H-phthalazin-2-yl)succinates from 2H-phthalazin-1-one, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, and trialkyl phosphites. Under similar conditions, triphenyl phosphite led to dialkyl 2-(diphenoxyphosphoryl)-3-(1-oxo-1-H-phthalazin-2-yl)succinates. The ionic liquid was readily recycled and can be reused four times without significant loss of activity or mass. تفاصيل المقالة

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36 - Kinetic investigation of photocatalytic degradation of dimethyldisulfide by zeolite A containing nano CdS
Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh Zohreh Banan

In this research, zeolite A was synthesized from waste porcelain and CdS nano-particles were doped in zeolite framework by a precipitation after an ion exchanging process. All raw and modified samples were characterized by FT-IR, XRD and SEM methods. Primary experiments أکثر

In this research, zeolite A was synthesized from waste porcelain and CdS nano-particles were doped in zeolite framework by a precipitation after an ion exchanging process. All raw and modified samples were characterized by FT-IR, XRD and SEM methods. Primary experiments showed that the good efficiency of loaded nano CdS onto the zeolite A for photodecomposition of dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) under UV irradiation. Hence the effect of some experimental parameters on the kinetics of the photodegradation experiments was studied and the optimal conditions were found as: pH 3, 3 g L–1 of the catalyst and 8 ppm of DMDS concentration. UV-Vis spectrophotometric measurements were performed to determine the degradation extent. The degradation process obeyed first-order kinetics. تفاصيل المقالة

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37 - Kinetics inversion of chloro-olefine in the solid acid system
Narges Samadani Langeroodi

The reaction kinetics of the isomerization 3,4-dichlorobutene-1 to 1,4-dichlorobutene-2 was investigated by using gas-liquid chromatography method in the presence of Fe2O3/MgO as solid catalyst in the temperature range 25-55°C. Fe2O3/MgO has been prepared by the sup أکثر

The reaction kinetics of the isomerization 3,4-dichlorobutene-1 to 1,4-dichlorobutene-2 was investigated by using gas-liquid chromatography method in the presence of Fe2O3/MgO as solid catalyst in the temperature range 25-55°C. Fe2O3/MgO has been prepared by the support saturation method, tested in the isomerization of 3, 4-dichlorobutene-1 into 1, 4-dichlorobutene-2. This catalyst shows a high activity opposite to pure MgO in this reaction. The present investigation focuses on the reactivity of Fe2O3/MgO with the 5 wt % Fe2O3 on the surface of MgO. At the optimizing conditions, the activation parameters have been evaluated using the Arrhenius and Eyring plots. The structure of catalyst was investigated by using Mossbauer spectroscopy. تفاصيل المقالة

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38 - A new, green and recyclable poly(4-vinylpyridine)-supported copper iodide nanoparticles catalyst for the synthesis of aryl-14H-dibenzo [a-o] xanthenes
Jalal Albadi Nasir Iravani Moloud Khoshakhlagh

Poly(4-vinylpyridine)-supported copper iodide nanoparticles is reported as a new, green and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of aryl-14H-dibenzo [a-o] xanthenes under solvent-free conditions. This catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and recycled up to 8 أکثر

Poly(4-vinylpyridine)-supported copper iodide nanoparticles is reported as a new, green and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of aryl-14H-dibenzo [a-o] xanthenes under solvent-free conditions. This catalyst can be recovered by simple filtration and recycled up to 8 consecutive runs without any loss of their efficiency. تفاصيل المقالة

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39 - Sulfonated Porous Carbon (SPC): An efficient and recyclable solid acid catalyst for one-pot three-component synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones under solvent-free conditions
Arash Shokrolahi Abbas Zali Mohammad Ali Zarei Karim Esmaeilpour

A simple and efficient procedure has been developed for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones derivatives under solvent-free conditions. This method uses the condensation of isatoic anhydride, aldehydes, and amines in the presence of a catalytic amount Sulfo أکثر

A simple and efficient procedure has been developed for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones derivatives under solvent-free conditions. This method uses the condensation of isatoic anhydride, aldehydes, and amines in the presence of a catalytic amount Sulfonated Porous Carbon (SPC). One of the important advantages of the new method is that the SPC could be recycled and reused. تفاصيل المقالة

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40 - Nanocrystalline TiO2 as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of polyhydroquinolien derivatives via Hantzsch reaction
Farhad Shirini Seyyed Vahid Atghia Meysam Alipour Khoshdel

An efficient synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives was reported via four-component coupling reactions of aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl ketones (dimedone or 1,3-cyclohexanedione), ethyl acetoacetate or methyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate in the presence of a catal أکثر

An efficient synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives was reported via four-component coupling reactions of aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl ketones (dimedone or 1,3-cyclohexanedione), ethyl acetoacetate or methyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate in the presence of a catalytic amount of nanocrystalline TiO2 under solvent free conditions. The reported method is mild, rapid and has the advantages such as heterogeneous catalysis, simple work-up procedure, recyclability of the catalyst and purification of products without chromatographic methods. تفاصيل المقالة

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41 - A comparison between the heterogeneous photodecolorization of an azo dye using Ni/P zeolite and NiS/P zeolite catalysts
Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh Mahshid Khorsandi

A comparison of the photoefficiency of Ni(II) and NiS incorporated into zeolite P towards photodecolorization of Eriochrome Black T dye solution was investigated in a photocatalytic reactor using UV lamp as a light source. The effect of various experimental variables on أکثر

A comparison of the photoefficiency of Ni(II) and NiS incorporated into zeolite P towards photodecolorization of Eriochrome Black T dye solution was investigated in a photocatalytic reactor using UV lamp as a light source. The effect of various experimental variables on the decolorization performance of the process was evaluated by examining catalyst dosage, temperature, initial dye concentration and pH of the dye solution. The obtained results showed better efficiency of NiS/P than Ni/P catalyst. The decolorization process in both case obeyed first-order kinetics. تفاصيل المقالة

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42 - -Fe2O3@SiO2-PW12 nanoparticles: Highly efficient catalysts for the synthesis of pyrazoline derivatives
Hamid Aliyan Razieh Fazaeli Nafiseh Tajsaeed

A new type of magnetically-recoverable catalyst was synthesized by the immobilization of H3PW12O40 on the surface of silica-encapsulated -Fe2O3 nanoparticles. A series of novel 1,3,5-triaryl pyrazoline derivatives has been synthesized by the reaction of chalcone and ph أکثر

A new type of magnetically-recoverable catalyst was synthesized by the immobilization of H3PW12O40 on the surface of silica-encapsulated -Fe2O3 nanoparticles. A series of novel 1,3,5-triaryl pyrazoline derivatives has been synthesized by the reaction of chalcone and phenylhydrazine in the presence of the -Fe2O3@SiO2-PW12nanoparticles, in high yields. The structures of compounds obtained were determined by IR and 1H NMR spectra. -Fe2O3@SiO2-PW12was recycled and no appreciable change in activity was noticed after three cycles. تفاصيل المقالة

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43 - Nanosized mesoporous composite PW12-APTES@KIT-6: An efficient heterogeneous catalyst for selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones
Razieh Fazaeli Hamid Aliyan Somaieh Parishani Foroushani Zahra Mohagheghian Zahra Heidari

Surface of mesostructured silica, KIT-6, was modified by grafting 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) to have the positive charge, and thus, to provide sites for the immobilization of H3PW12O40 (PW12). This modified-nanosized mesoporous silica (PW12-APTES@ KIT-6) was أکثر

Surface of mesostructured silica, KIT-6, was modified by grafting 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) to have the positive charge, and thus, to provide sites for the immobilization of H3PW12O40 (PW12). This modified-nanosized mesoporous silica (PW12-APTES@ KIT-6) was characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET and TEM. The oxidation of sulfides occurs effectively and selectively with H2O2 as the oxidant. PW12-APTES@KIT-6 was used as the catalyst. The catalyst can be reused for several times but it will be less active. تفاصيل المقالة

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44 - Decatungstodivanadogermanic heteropoly acid (H6GeW10V2O40.22H2O): A green and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of Biginelli-type 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones/thiones
Srinivasa Rao Jetti Divya Verma Shubha Jain

Decatungstodivanadogermanic acid (H6GeW10V2O40.22H2O) was used as a green heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones from one-pot three-component cyclocondensation reaction of a β-ketoester, an aldehyde and urea/thiourea under solv أکثر

Decatungstodivanadogermanic acid (H6GeW10V2O40.22H2O) was used as a green heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones from one-pot three-component cyclocondensation reaction of a β-ketoester, an aldehyde and urea/thiourea under solvent-free conditions is reported. This method provides an efficient and much improved modification of the original Biginelli reaction reported in 1893, in terms of high yields, and short reaction times. It has the ability to allow a wide variety of substitutions in all three components. تفاصيل المقالة

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45 - تهیه و شناسایی کاتالیست گرافن اکسید پیوندشده به کمپلکس مس-متفورمین و بررسی رفتارکاتالیستی آن در تهیه مشتق های تتراهیدروپیریدین در شرایط ملایم
ملیکا افتخار

10.30495/jacr.2021.684267

در این پژوهش، در ابتدا صفحه های گرافن اکسید از گرافیت به روش هامر ساخته شد. سپس، مولکول متفورمین با پیوندهای کوالانسی بین گروه های آمینی متفورمین و گروه های کربونیل گرافن اکسید به سطح گرافن اکسید تهیه&lrm;شده متصل شد. همچنین، مس به نیتروژن های مولکول متفورمین کئوردینه أکثر

در این پژوهش، در ابتدا صفحه های گرافن اکسید از گرافیت به روش هامر ساخته شد. سپس، مولکول متفورمین با پیوندهای کوالانسی بین گروه های آمینی متفورمین و گروه های کربونیل گرافن اکسید به سطح گرافن اکسید تهیه&lrm;شده متصل شد. همچنین، مس به نیتروژن های مولکول متفورمین کئوردینه و کمپلکس مس-متفورمین گرافن اکسید تهیه شد. این کاتالیست با روش&lrm; های پراش پرتو ایکس (XRD)، طیف&lrm;شناسی فروسرخ تبدیل فوریه (FTIR)، تجزیه عنصری با روش طیف سنجی نشری پلاسمای جفت شده القایی (ICP-OES)، تجزیه وزن&lrm;سنجی گرمایی (TGA)، میکروسکوپی الکترونی عبوری (TEM) و طیف‌شناسی تفکیک انرژی (EDS) شناسایی شد که نتیجه&lrm;های به&lrm;دست آمده، پیوند موفقیت آمیز این کمپلکس را بر بستر گرافن اکسید تایید کردند. فعالیت کاتالیستی کاتالیست تهیه&lrm; شده در واکنش تهیه مشتق های تتراهیدروپیریدین از راه واکنش آریل&lrm; آلدهیدها، آریل &lrm;آمین&lrm;ها و اتیل&lrm;استواستات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. این واکنش ها در زمان کم با بازده بالا در حضور کاتالیست تهیه&lrm;شده جدید، انجام شد. پس از چند بار واکنش در حضور این کاتالیست، کاهش قابل&lrm;توجهی در فعالیت آن و یا فروشویی مس مشاهده نشد. تفاصيل المقالة

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46 - به‎ کارگیری مونت‌موریلونیت مغناطیسی به‌عنوان کاتالیست ناهمگن قابل بازیافت در تهیه واکنشگر دارویی لووفلوکساسین
آمنه دغلاوی الهه کوثری مجید عبدوس محمدهادی قاسمی

لووفلوکساسین، یک کربوکسی&lrm;کینولون دستوار و یک پادزیست با کاربردهای گسترده برای تهیه داروها است. یکی از چالش‌ها در تهیه این ترکیب، تهیه کاتالیستی کارآمد از واسط ساختاری کلیدی آن&lrm;ها (Q-اسید) است. چندین روش برای تهیه این واکنشگر دارویی گزارش شده که در آن&lrm;ها از ح أکثر

لووفلوکساسین، یک کربوکسی&lrm;کینولون دستوار و یک پادزیست با کاربردهای گسترده برای تهیه داروها است. یکی از چالش‌ها در تهیه این ترکیب، تهیه کاتالیستی کارآمد از واسط ساختاری کلیدی آن&lrm;ها (Q-اسید) است. چندین روش برای تهیه این واکنشگر دارویی گزارش شده که در آن&lrm;ها از حلال‌های سمی و گران‌قیمت استفاده شده است. در این پژوهش، با تمرکز بر مرحله آخر در تهیه لووفلوکساسین با Q-اسید تجاری، تلاش شد تا با استفاده از کاتالیست با ویژگی اسید لویس و به&lrm;کارگیری حلال‌های بی‌خطر، روشی سبز جایگزین شود. ابتدا مونت‌موریلونیت مغناطیسی (MM) تهیه و خالص‌سازی شد. همچنین، آزمایش های واکنش متیل&lrm;پیپرازین با واسط Q-اسید برای تهیه لووفلوکساسین تحت شرایط متفاوت انجام شد. بهترین نتایج با به&lrm;کارگیری متیل&lrm;پی‌پیرازین و Q-اسید به نسبت مولی 2/1 : 1 در حضور مقادیر کاتالیستی MM در حلال اتانول (95 %) در دمای °C 70 در مدت 8 ساعت به&lrm;دست آمد. در انتهای واکنش MM با آهن‌ربا و صاف&lrm;شدن بازیابی و برای فعال‌سازی به مدت 2 ساعت در °C 100 خشک و برای بررسی کارایی دوباره آن، در 5 واکنش متوالی تهیه لووفلوکساسین بدون کاهش محسوسی در بازده به&lrm;کارگرفته شد. در مجموع، با در نظر گرفتن عواملی مانند مقدار مصرف واکنشگرها، زیست‌سازگاری حلال و شرایط ساده بازیافت، شرایط عملیاتی دمایی و مصرف انرژی، نوع، مقدار، زیست‌سازگاری و چگونگی بازیابی کاتالیست، تولید لووفلوکساسین همی‌هیدرات به روش آورده ‌شده در این پژوهش، با قیمت تمام‌شده کمتری همراه است و تولید آن در مقیاس‌های افزایش‌یافته مزایای اقتصادی مناسبی دارد. تفاصيل المقالة

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47 - تهیه چندسازه نانولوله‌های کربنی/ پلاتین بلک و کاربرد آن برای الکتروکاتالیست واکنش آزادسازی هیدروژن
ابراهیم شجاعی شهلا فتحی فرشته چکین

در این پژوهش، ابتدا چندسازه نانولوله‌های کربنی/ پلاتین بلک با روش ساده، مؤثر و ارزان تهیه شد. نمونه تهیه شده با روش‌های میکروسکوپی الکترونی عبوری (TEM) و پراش انرژی پرتو ایکس (EDX) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تصاویر TEM نشان داد که نانوذره‌های پلاتین به‌صورت دانه‌های تسبیح رو أکثر

در این پژوهش، ابتدا چندسازه نانولوله‌های کربنی/ پلاتین بلک با روش ساده، مؤثر و ارزان تهیه شد. نمونه تهیه شده با روش‌های میکروسکوپی الکترونی عبوری (TEM) و پراش انرژی پرتو ایکس (EDX) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تصاویر TEM نشان داد که نانوذره‌های پلاتین به‌صورت دانه‌های تسبیح روی دیواره خارجی نانولوله‌های کربنی تثبیت شده و وجود عنصر پلاتین (Pt) در طیف EDX دلیل بر حضور Pt در چندسازه است. سپس، با ساخت الکترود خمیر کربن اصلاح شده (CPE) با این نانو چندسازه، فعالیت کاتالیستی نانو چندسازه تهیه شده در محیط اسیدی به‌وسیله روش‌های الکتروشیمی از قبیل ولتامتری روبش خطی در واکنش آزادسازی هیدروژن مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج ولتامتری روبش خطی نشان داد که الکترود CPE اصلاح شده با Pt-CNT نسبت به الکترود CPE، با چگالی جریان بالاتر و پتانسیل کم منفی‌تر در واکنش آزادسازی هیدروژن ظاهر می‌شود. اثر عامل‌های متفاوت مانند نوع و غلظت الکترولیت و نسبت پلاتین بلک به نانولوله‌های کربنی در الکتروکاتالیست واکنش آزادسازی هیدروژن مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که سولفوریک اسید M 1/0 و نسبت 2:5 از پلاتین بلک به نانولوله‌های کربنی به‌عنوان شرایط بهینه در واکنش آزادسازی هیدروژن است. تثبیت چنین نانو چندسازه‌ای روی الکترود، موجب پتانسیل شروع فرایند آزادسازی هیدروژن حدود V2/0- و کمترین شیب تافل V-1 dec-14 شد. ضریب انتقال الکترون و چگالی مبادله جریان برای Pt-CNT/CPE با استفاده از شیب نمودار تافل به ترتیب حدود 3/1 وmA cm-2 12/0 برای واکنش آزادسازی هیدروژن به‌دست آمده است. تفاصيل المقالة

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48 - Electropolymerization of 4-aminobenzoic acid containing nano-Au deposited on carbon paste electrode for determination of acetaminophen
Yaping Ding Ying Zhang Liqiang Luo Xiao Liu

The conducting polymer films have been widely applied in the field of electrochemistry owing to their goodstability, permselectivity, unique physical and chemical properties. A novel nano-Au/poly (4-aminobenzoicacid) (PABA) film modified carbon paste electrode was fabri أکثر

The conducting polymer films have been widely applied in the field of electrochemistry owing to their goodstability, permselectivity, unique physical and chemical properties. A novel nano-Au/poly (4-aminobenzoicacid) (PABA) film modified carbon paste electrode was fabricated for sensitive detection of acetaminophenin this paper. The PABA film and nano-Au/PABA film were characterized by scanning electron microscope.The nano-Au/PABA film exhibited obviously catalytic performance to the determination of acetaminophenwith a high sensitivity and a wide linear range. Under optimum conditions (pH, the concentration of 4-aminobenzoic acid, electro-polymerization cycles), linearity between the oxidation peak current and theacetaminophen concentration was obtained in the range of 1.0 × 10–7 – 8.0 × 10–5 mol L-1 with a detectionlimit of 8.0 × 10–8 mol L-1 (S/N = 3). In addition, the nano-Au/PABA film modified electrode wassuccessfully employed to determine the acetaminophen in commercial drugs, and this work has shed somedoubt on the redox mechanism of acetaminophen at the sensor. تفاصيل المقالة

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49 - سنتز و بررسی خواص فوتوکاتالیستی نانو ذرات ZnO در اثر افزودن ZnWO4
سیدعلی حسن زاده مهدی امساکی علی صفارتلوری

در این پژوهش فعالیت فوتوکاتالیستی ZnO و نانوکامپوزیت حاصل از ترکیب آن با ZnWO4 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. همچنین تأثیر افزودن ZnWO4 به نانو ذرات ZnO بر روی فعالیت فوتوکاتالیستی نانوکامپوزیت ZnO-ZnWO4 مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. از روش میکروامولسیون آب در روغن به منظور سنتز نانو ذ أکثر

در این پژوهش فعالیت فوتوکاتالیستی ZnO و نانوکامپوزیت حاصل از ترکیب آن با ZnWO4 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. همچنین تأثیر افزودن ZnWO4 به نانو ذرات ZnO بر روی فعالیت فوتوکاتالیستی نانوکامپوزیت ZnO-ZnWO4 مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. از روش میکروامولسیون آب در روغن به منظور سنتز نانو ذرات استفاده شد و درصدهای متفاوت استوکیومتری از این نانوکامپوزیت جهت بررسی خواص فوتوکاتالیستی سنتز شد. برای مشخصه‌یابی نانو ذرات، از آنالیزهای پراش پرتو ایکس (XRD)، میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی گسیل میدانی (FE-SEM)، میکروسکوپ الکترونی عبوری (TEM)، و طیف‌سنجی جذبی مرئی و فرابنفش (UV-Vis) استفاده شد. نتایج پراش اشعه ایکس نشان داد که نانوکامپوزیت ZnO-ZnWO4 با کریستال‌های نانومتری شکل گرفته است و همچنین نتایج به دست آمده از TEM نشان دهنده توزیع اندازه ذرات در محدوده 40 تا 60 نانومتر است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که راندمان تخریب فتوکاتالیستی رنگ متیلن بلو توسط نانوذرات ZnO در اثر افزوده شدن ZnWO4، افزایش چشمگیری داشته و بالاترین راندمان تخریب مربوط به نانوکامپوزیت ZnO-30%ZnWO4 با 57/96% است. تفاصيل المقالة

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