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Open Access Article
1 - Decentralized Fuzzy-PID Based Control Model for a Multivariable Liquid Level System
Olatunji Adigun -
Open Access Article
2 - Mathematical modeling of fluid flow and heat transfer over a stretching surface in a porous medium
Mahmoud ZarriniIn the current research, fluid flow and heat transfer over a stretching surface in a porous medium were studied; And a mathematical model for the boundary layer equations of its stretching surface based on the Navier-Stokes equations was presented in the form of partial MoreIn the current research, fluid flow and heat transfer over a stretching surface in a porous medium were studied; And a mathematical model for the boundary layer equations of its stretching surface based on the Navier-Stokes equations was presented in the form of partial differential equations and boundary conditions; that these equations were changed in the form of ordinary differential equations with boundary conditions by changing certain variables; And with the shooting numerical method, the boundary conditions of the model were changed to the initial conditions. Finally, an analytical solution for the fluid flow velocity was obtained and to find the heat transfer, the energy equation was solved by using the numerical method of Ronge-Kutta.Repeat (In the current research, fluid flow and heat transfer over a stretching surface in a porous medium were studied; And a mathematical model for the boundary layer equations of its stretching surface based on the Navier-Stokes equations was presented in the form of partial differential equations and boundary conditions; that these equations were changed in the form of ordinary differential equations with boundary conditions by changing certain variables; And with the shooting numerical method, the boundary conditions of the model were changed to the initial conditions. Finally, an analytical solution for the fluid flow velocity was obtained and to find the heat transfer, the energy equation was solved by using the numerical method of Ronge-Kutta.) Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Study of Direct Adventitious Shoot Regeneration in Pomegranate ( Punicagranatum cv. MalasSaveh ) through Cotyledonary Explants
F. Soukhak A. Khalighi S. A. Ghaemmaghami -
Open Access Article
4 - Attempt in order to Micropropagation of Linden In vitro
Kamal Ghasemi Bezdi Vahideh Payamnour Mostafa Mehrdad Akram AhmadiBackground and: Linden is one of threatened species in north of Iran that form very small percentage of the northern forests. Since the linden seeds are facing with germination problems such as with dual physiological (the embryo) and mechanical (hard cover pericarp) do MoreBackground and: Linden is one of threatened species in north of Iran that form very small percentage of the northern forests. Since the linden seeds are facing with germination problems such as with dual physiological (the embryo) and mechanical (hard cover pericarp) dormancy that application such as tissue culture can be effective in planting, restoration and conservation of genetic resources. Method: This study was carried out in order to determine the most suitable explants and the best hormone combination to optimize micropropagation of linden in vitro. Explants were collected and cultured randomly from the best individual of linden from Gorgan Touskaestan forest. Findings: In light of results, from the eleven tested explants, stem containing terminal buds with scale were selected as the most suitable explants and IBA 0.1 mg/l was selected as the most appropriate medium hormonal combination in shoot regeneration. Discussion and Conclusion: Obtained data were analyzed with a completely randomized design by MSTATC software. It is hoped that the achieved results can be reproduced and be helpful in tissue culture research and also the molecular basis studies Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The effects of nitrogen and irrigation interval on broomrape (Orbanche aegyptiaca) damage reduction in host plant (Cucumis sativa L.) in greenhouse condition
Mehrnoush Eskandari Torbaghan Masoud Eskandari TorbaghanIn order to study the effects of nitrogen and irrigation interval on Broomrape (Orbanche aegyptiaca) damage reduction in cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.), an experiment with two factors, nitrogen (urea in three levels 100,200 and 300 Kg/ha) and irrigation interval (with thr MoreIn order to study the effects of nitrogen and irrigation interval on Broomrape (Orbanche aegyptiaca) damage reduction in cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.), an experiment with two factors, nitrogen (urea in three levels 100,200 and 300 Kg/ha) and irrigation interval (with three levels 3,6 and 9 day) in three replications was performed in the greenhouse of Northern Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center. The results showed that the growing velocity was maximum in the treatment of 200 Kg N/ha. However, height and the number of cucumbers were lower. The effect of irrigation interval on the number of flowering days was significant, whereas nitrogen fertilizer did not have a significant influence on this parameter. Hence, irrigation level rising caused reduction in the number of flowering days. Maximum length and diameter of cucumber was observed in the treatment of highest nitrogen level and minimum irrigation interval or the treatment of lowest nitrogen level and medium irrigation interval. The maximum number of cucumbers and weight was obtained in maximum nitrogen and irrigation interval. In addition, rising irrigation interval caused the number of cucumber increase and decrease in cucumber weight. The maximum wet weight of shoot and root was observed in the highest nitrogen treatment. On the other hand, the maximum wet weight of shoot and root was derived from the highest nitrogen and medium irrigation treatment and the highest nitrogen and minimum irrigation interval treatment, respectively. The comparison of water percent in wet and dry weight of shoot showed that the highest value was observed in 300 and 100 Kg N/ha treatments respectively. Maximum shoot/root ratio was observed in the treatment of 100 Kg N/ha and a six-day irrigation interval. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Elastic Buckling of Moderately Thick Homogeneous Circular Plates of Variable Thickness
S.K Jalali M.H Naei -
Open Access Article
7 - Allelopathic Effects of White Top (Cardaria draba L.) on Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Germination
Seyed Jalil Mousavi Mohsen Mousavi Nik Alireza Fathi Shahram TorabianThis study was carried out to determine the effects of aqueous extracts of (cardaria draba L.) organs (root, stem, leaf and their mixture) on germination of sorghum. The experiment was laid out as a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and in four rep MoreThis study was carried out to determine the effects of aqueous extracts of (cardaria draba L.) organs (root, stem, leaf and their mixture) on germination of sorghum. The experiment was laid out as a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and in four replications in research lab of agricultural college at Birjand University in 2010. The treatments included aqueous extracts of root, stem, leaf and their mixture at concentration of zero (check), 10, 20, 40 and 80 percent. According to the results, extracts of different tissuess on germination and root length could be 5% on level, and the germination rate and number of lateral roots was significantly different at 1% percent. The effect of white top extract concentration on all measured traits were significant at 1%. Infact, different organs and concentrations of white top affects considerably prevential on germination of sorghum seeds. Similar results were observed in concentration of 80% by volume, So that the largest percentage of decline in sorghum seed germination (22.5%) were related to the recent treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Evaluation Morphological Characteristics and Mineral Nutrients Content of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Affected Soil Application of Nitrogen and Iron Fertilizers
Ezatollah Esfandiari Majid Abdoli Rana Taheri -
Open Access Article
9 - Evaluation and failure diagnostics of distribution network in a dairy supply chain (Case study: milk distribution company)
Mohammad Amin Khoei Amin JamiliIn today's competitive market, many experts believe that competition has shifted from the level of companies to the competition between their supply chains. Supply chain efficiency depends on several factors. The success of a distribution chain often depends on how the MoreIn today's competitive market, many experts believe that competition has shifted from the level of companies to the competition between their supply chains. Supply chain efficiency depends on several factors. The success of a distribution chain often depends on how the members of the chain perform their tasks in order to achieve common goals. Distributors, as one of the main members and connection between the manufacturer and customers, play a key role in the supply chain management. Besides, they are particular in collecting marketing information, reducing demand uncertainty, and improving customer satisfaction. In the dairy industry, for various reason such as the existence of various sensitivities, including rapid and high corruption rates, the role of supplier is more critical. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and diagnose the milk distribution network of the dairy industry. In this regard, first using the SCOR model approach at three levels, the milk distribution network is evaluated. Then, the evaluation indicators of the distribution network and the complications of the study distribution network were identified. The most important complication identified in the milk distribution network was the distribution of milk close to their expiration date. In the next step, the causes of milk distribution network complications were identified and categorized, the most important of which, according to the AHP method, is the lack of a proper distribution network monitoring system and human errors in information transmission. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Using Lucas Experimental Method to Investigate the Relationship between Exchange Rate Overshooting and Business Cycles in Iran
Farzad Moayeri Mohsen Zayandeh Rood Seed Abdolmajid Jalaei Esfandabadi Hossien Mehrabi BasharabadiExchange rate shocks due to increased risk and uncertainty of production are concerned as a leader variable in creating economic instability in the country. The proof of this can help to adopt economic policies. During 1989 -2013, this has repeatedly been met with Excha MoreExchange rate shocks due to increased risk and uncertainty of production are concerned as a leader variable in creating economic instability in the country. The proof of this can help to adopt economic policies. During 1989 -2013, this has repeatedly been met with Exchange rate overshooting. This article attempts to answer this question that the exchange rate overshooting plays a key role as a leading variable in business cycles in Iran economy. In this regard, using Hodrick-Prescott filtering method, trends, and exchange rate shocks and economic cycles in 1989 -2013 calculated. Then, four complete cycles of currency (peak-peak) were identified. Next, applying Lucas experimental method, the relationship between Log of GDP shock and the exchange rate cycles was investigated at the time of each four cycles. The results showed that exchange rate shocks played as a leading variable in all periods Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - In vitro screening of apple rootstocks for resistance to phytophthora root rot
Mahsa Khatami Hamid Sadeghi Garmaroodi Mohammad TorabiPhytophthora root and crown rot is one the most important diseases of apple in Iran and worldwide. This research was performed first to recover oomycete species from infected apple roots and crowns, second, establish a reliable method for inoculation of apple rootstocks MorePhytophthora root and crown rot is one the most important diseases of apple in Iran and worldwide. This research was performed first to recover oomycete species from infected apple roots and crowns, second, establish a reliable method for inoculation of apple rootstocks and third, evaluate disease resistance of some apple rootstocks in tissue culture media. Different infected samples were collected from the Horticultural Research Stations of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj. Three Phytophthora cactorum isolates in addition to one Pythium sp. isolate were recovered out of 20 samples using semi selective media containing Carbendazim, Pimaricine and Rifampicin, 10 mg per liter each. Pathogenicity test was carried out on unripe pear fruits. For disease resistance evaluation experiments, five apple hybrid progenies (H1-H5) obtained through crossing between local genotype Morabbai mashhad and M9 plus the parents, M26, MM106 rootstocks and local genotype Azayesh were assessed to Phytophthora in tissue culture jars. Plant materials were micropropagated on QL media and inoculated with P. cactorum. The pathogen was amplified on the wheat grains so that the pathogen incited necrosis on the shoots inside the jars. The extent of necrosis was recorded after 18 days. Hybrid H5 was assessed as the most sensitive genotype to P. cactorum while hybrid H1 showed high level of resistance reaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - In-vitro evaluation of resistance of some commercial plum genotypes to phytophthora rot disease
Sanaz Magharri Hamid Sadeghi Garmaroodi Seyed Mohammad AshkanPhytophthora root and crown rot is one of the main reasons for stone fruit trees decline that is sometimes called as short life of stonefruits. This study was initiated to establish an accurate and reliable method to inoculate plum genotypes and screening resistant geno MorePhytophthora root and crown rot is one of the main reasons for stone fruit trees decline that is sometimes called as short life of stonefruits. This study was initiated to establish an accurate and reliable method to inoculate plum genotypes and screening resistant genotypes to the disease. Infected plant tissues were collected from Meshkindasht and Kamalshahr Horticultural Research Stations of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute located in Karaj. Using semi-selective media containing Carbendazim, Pimaricine and Rifampicin, 10 ppm each, two isolates of Phytophthora were obtained from apricot and almond. They were identified as P. cactorum according to physiological and morphological characteristics. Resistance of genotypes to Phytophthora was evaluated using ST107 isolate of P. cactorum isolated from apricot. The plant materials including eight promising genotypes of plum and greengage were propagated on MS tissue culture media amended with Carbendazim successfully, and the pathogen was reproduced on sterilized wheat grains, simultaneously. A single infected grain was located on base of each shoot and the necrosis was recorded after 10 days incubation at 24°C in dark. A four parts scale was used to assess the response of the genotypes. All genotypes were infected with P. cactorum isolate with different severities. Genotypes 3547, 3554, 3553, 3542, 3538, 3528 and 3515 showed more than 70 percent of necrosis extension index. Genotype 3512 showed moderately resistant reaction with less than 50 percent of necrosis extension index. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Improvement of Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) in Artificial Heart
Majid Neshat Yazdi Reihaneh Kardehi Moghaddam -
Open Access Article
14 - Controller designing for use in laser targets in Paralympics shooting
dorna abedini hamed alipour banaei behzad yasrebi -
Open Access Article
15 - Effects of Gibberrellic Acid and Salicylic Acid under Salinity on Na+ and K+ Absorbtion and Leaf Characteristic of Two Rapeseed Lines
احسان Nazarbeygi R. NaseriThis research was carried out on two canola cultivars (Hayola401 and RGS) at Research Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Borujerd Branch. In this research the effects of GA3 (0.05 Mm), SA (5 M) and NaCl (75, 100 and 150 Mm) on Na+ and K+ changes in root, shoot, spec MoreThis research was carried out on two canola cultivars (Hayola401 and RGS) at Research Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Borujerd Branch. In this research the effects of GA3 (0.05 Mm), SA (5 M) and NaCl (75, 100 and 150 Mm) on Na+ and K+ changes in root, shoot, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf weight ratio (LWR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) were evaluated. The results showed that increasing salinity decreased the SLA, LWR and LAR while it decreased the K+ ion and increase the Na+ ion content as compared with those of control treatment. Applying of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid increased SLA, LWR and K+ ion content in root and shoot of the two cultivars significantly, but the effect of GA3 on these traits in higher concentration of NaCl (150 Mm) was not significant. It is therefore concluded that Hayola401 was more tolerant to salinity stress as compared to RGS cultivar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Effect of Zinc Chelate Foliar Application on Yield and Yield Components of Four Wheat Cultivars
محسن Dargahi R. Sadrabadi Haghighi K. Bakhsh KelarestaghiApplication of microelements is one of the ways to increase quantative and qualitative characters of wheat. To evaluate the effect of zinc foliar application on yield and yield components of four wheat cultivars a factorial experiment with two factors was conducted in r MoreApplication of microelements is one of the ways to increase quantative and qualitative characters of wheat. To evaluate the effect of zinc foliar application on yield and yield components of four wheat cultivars a factorial experiment with two factors was conducted in randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2011-2012 year. The first factor consisted of four wheat cultivars (Falat, Bahar, Pishtaz and Tous) and the second factor composed of three levels of zinc chelate foliar applications (control, at shooting stage and at shooting + flowering stages). Zinc concentration in each application was decided to be 4 kilogram per hectare. Results showed that yield and yield components of cultivars were significantly different with each others. The highest and lowest yields were belonged to Bahar and Tous respectively. The highest yield of Bahar, as compared to the other cultivars, was due to its higher biological yield. Zinc foliar applications at shooting and shooting + flowering stages also increased biological and seed yields. Seed yield increase mainly affected by higher 1000 seed weight. In general, it seems that zinc application, due to its role in the physiology of wheat, a sensitive plant to zinc deficiency, may increase its seed yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Study of Fe and Cu accumulation and antioxidant activities of dominant plant species in Sorkhe Mine in Marand province
لیلا حکیمی مژگان فرزامی سپهرThe capability of plant species to accumulate heavy metals in their organs is a factor to alleviate the pollution in the environment. Plants can alleviate environmental pollution using accumulation, uptake and transformation methods, which can change their antioxidant a MoreThe capability of plant species to accumulate heavy metals in their organs is a factor to alleviate the pollution in the environment. Plants can alleviate environmental pollution using accumulation, uptake and transformation methods, which can change their antioxidant activities. The present study was conducted to investigate Fe and Cu accumulation in root and shoot of Alyssum linifolium, Salvia multicaulis, Muscari neglactum, and Verbascum Thapsus and their antioxidant responses in a Copper mine located in East Azarbaijan. The results showed that the maximum and minimum accumulation of Fe was respectively recorded in the roots of M. neglactum and V. thapsus). In addition, the highest and lowest Cu accumulation was also found in the roots of M. neglactum and V. Thapsus, while there was no significant difference among plant shoots for Fe and Cu. The maximum and minimum SOD and APX activities were observed in M. neglactum and V. Thapsus, respectively, whereas there was no significant difference for MAD among all plant species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Study of effects of different plant growth regulators on explant's establishment of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Mill.)
A.B Barzgar مرضیه Shafiee HajiAbad محمود AbdyAloe (Aloe barbadensis Mill) is one of the most important medicinal plants belonging to Liliaceae family that nowadays is propagated by in vitro culture in high-scale propagation. Because of the impotance of the establishment stage in in vito culture of this plant, this MoreAloe (Aloe barbadensis Mill) is one of the most important medicinal plants belonging to Liliaceae family that nowadays is propagated by in vitro culture in high-scale propagation. Because of the impotance of the establishment stage in in vito culture of this plant, this study was conducted to investigate the best media culture for Aloe explants establishment. First, the prolifration rate of two kind of explants (Shoot tips and auxiliary buds) were evaluated on 8 media cultures and shoot tips selected as the best explants. Then, in order to determine the best media culture an experiment was conducted in factorail design with two factors: auxins in four levels (1 mgl-1 IAA, 0.5 mgl-1IAA, 1 mgl-1IBA, 0.5 mgl-1IBA) and cytokinins in two levels (BA and Kinetin at 1 mgl-1) in a complete randomised design with 3 replications. After 35 days the highest rate of prolifration earned on the media contained 0.5 mgl-1 IAA and 1 mgl-1 BA with 6.0 shoots per explant and 2.3 cm length, that is higher and faster than other related reports. Since on the stablishment stage of in vitro culture regnaration of the highest shoot number per explant with small size has considerable attention, this protocol suggestes an appropriate method for establishment of Aloe explants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Development of Linguistic Rules Diagnosis of Failure in Centrifugal Pump for Use in Expert System
Morteza Khakzar Bafruei Reza Adiban -
Open Access Article
20 - Evaluation of Turkish durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) genotypes based on quantitative traits and shoot zinc accumulation under zinc-deficient calcareous soil
Ezatollah Esfandiari Majid Abdoli Behzad Sadeghzadeh Seyed-Bahman Mousavi -
Open Access Article
21 - Evaluation of uptake rate and distribution of nutrient ions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under waterlogging condition
Seyed Keyvan Marashi -
Open Access Article
22 - Effects of hydro- and bio-priming on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seedlings under drought stress
Saba Dashab Heshmat Omidi -
Open Access Article
23 - Effects of Multi-Wall Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT) on Nepeta cataria and Salvia sclarea In Vitro culture
Hekmat A likhani Mehrjardi Parissa Jonoubi Ahmad Majd Reza Haji Hosseini -
Open Access Article
24 - Promotion of callus initiation, shoot regeneration and proliferation in Lisianthus.
Seied Mehdi Miri Akram Savari Kamelia Behzad Behrad Mohajer Iravani -
Open Access Article
25 - ارزیابی محیطهای مختلف رشد و کود ازته بر برخی صفات موفولوژیکی اسپاتیفیلوم
سید فاضل فاضلی کاخکی علیرضا شریفیان ناصر بیک زادهبه منظورمطالعه بسترهای مختلف کشت و کود ازته با منشا اوره بر برخی صفات مورفولوژیکی گیاه زینتی اسپاتی فیلوم، آزمایشی به­صورت طرح کرتهای خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار و در شرایط گلخانه در سال 1397 اجرا شد. پلات اصلی شامل محیط کشتهای خاک برگ Moreبه منظورمطالعه بسترهای مختلف کشت و کود ازته با منشا اوره بر برخی صفات مورفولوژیکی گیاه زینتی اسپاتی فیلوم، آزمایشی به­صورت طرح کرتهای خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار و در شرایط گلخانه در سال 1397 اجرا شد. پلات اصلی شامل محیط کشتهای خاک برگ، ورمیکمپوست و یک محیط رشد مخلوط (مرکب از 20 درصد پیت موس، 50 درصد کوکوپیت و 30 درصد پرلیت) بود و پلات فرعی نیز مقادیر مختلف کود اوره (شامل 0، 1، 2، 3 و 4 گرم در لیتر) بود. نتایج نشان داد که محیط رشد مخلوط به علاوه دو گرم در لیتر کود اوره، اثر مثبت معنیداری بر تمام صفات دارد. با توجه به نتایج اثرات برهمکنش، بیشترین وزن تر ساقه (5/26 گرم در هر بوته)، وزن خشک ساقه (75/3 گرم در هر بوته)، وزن تر ریشه (5/35 گرم در هر بوته)، وزن خشک ریشه (87/4 گرم در هر بوته)، طول دمبرگ (1/55 سانتیمتر) و تعداد برگ (1/12) از محیط رشد مخلوط به علاوه دو گرم در لیتر کود اوره حاصل شد در حالی که مقدار این صفات در تمام محیطهای رشد بدون کود اوره، حداقل بود. افزایش کود اوره از صفر به دو گرم در لیتر، باعث افزایش وزن خشک ساقه و طول دمبرگ شد در حالی که استفاده از سه و چهار گرم در لیتر کود اوره، مقدار این صفات را کاهش داد. محیطهای رشد با هدایت الکتریکی دو دسی زیمنس در متر، تخلخل بالا و ظرفیت نگهداری بالای آب میتواند اثرات قابل ملاحظهای بر بهبود صفات موفولوژیکی گیاه اسپاتیفیلوم داشته باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - پاسخ مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی شمشاد (Euonymus japonicas) به تیمار پاکلوبوترازول تحت تنش شوری
حمیمه زورمان مهناز کریمیپاکلوبوترازول یکی از مهمترین ترکیبات تریازولی می­باشد. این ماده تحمل گیاه را در برابر تنش­های محیطی افزایش میدهد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر پاکلوبوترازول بر صفات مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی شمشاد (Euonymus japonicas) تحت تنش شوری انجام گرفت. گیاهان ابتدا با پا Moreپاکلوبوترازول یکی از مهمترین ترکیبات تریازولی می­باشد. این ماده تحمل گیاه را در برابر تنش­های محیطی افزایش میدهد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر پاکلوبوترازول بر صفات مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی شمشاد (Euonymus japonicas) تحت تنش شوری انجام گرفت. گیاهان ابتدا با پاکلوبوترازول (0، 500 و 1000 میلی­گرم در لیتر) تیمار شدند و سپس تحت تنش شوری (0 ، 50 ، 100 ، 150 میلی­مولار) قرار گرفتند. خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی، نشت الکترولیت، محتوای کلروفیل و فعالیت آنزیم­های آنتی­اکسیدانی با تیمار پاکلوبوترازول و تحت تنش نمک تغییر یافت. در مقایسه با گیاهان شاهد، در 1000 و 500 میلی­گرم پاکلوبوترازول، به­ترتیب کاهش ارتفاع 8/22 و 44/10 درصد مشاهده شد. بیشترین تعداد شاخساره جانبی در 1000 میلی­گرم در لیتر پاکلوبوترازول بدون تنش شوری ثبت شد. اثر متقابل شوری و پاکلوبوترازول بر وزن تر اندام هوایی معنی­دار بود. در غلظت 150 میلی مولار نمک + 1000 میلی­گرم در لیتر پاکلوبوترازول ، وزن تر اندام هوایی 30٪ در مقایسه با 150 میلی­مولار نمک (بدون تیمار پاکلوبوترازول) افزایش نشان داد. در گیاهان تیمار شده با پاکلوبوترازول فعالیت آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز نسبت به گیاهان بدون تیمار با پاکلوبوترازول بیشتر بود. در مقایسه با 150 میلی­مولار کلرید سدیم (بدون تیمار پاکلوبوترازول)، هدایت الکتریکی 4/24 درصد، در 1000 میلی­گرم در لیتر پاکلوبوترازول + 150 میلی­مولار کلرید سدیم کاهش یافت. با توجه به نتایج این مطالعه می­توان بیان کرد که تیمار پاکلوبوترازول می­تواند تنش شوری (150 میلی مولار) را در گیاهان شمشاد کاهش دهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - کاربرد سیلیکات پتاسیم در تخفیف تنش شوری در گیاه زینتی جعفری
ابوالفضل باباپور چالکی محمود شور سید فاضل فاضلی کاخکی بهرام عابدیبه منظور ارزیابی اثر مواد تخفیف دهنده اثرات نامطلوب تنش شوری بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه جعفری زینتی (Tagetes erecta L.Nana) آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار در تابستان 1397 در مرکز تحقیقات جهاد کشاورزی شهرستان مش Moreبه منظور ارزیابی اثر مواد تخفیف دهنده اثرات نامطلوب تنش شوری بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی گیاه جعفری زینتی (Tagetes erecta L.Nana) آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار در تابستان 1397 در مرکز تحقیقات جهاد کشاورزی شهرستان مشهد انجام شد. فاکتور اول سطح شوری در چهار سطح ( 0، 4، 8 ، 12 دسی زیمنس بر متر) و فاکتور دوم سیلیکات پتاسیم در سه سطح ( 0 ،100 ، 150 میلی گرم در لیتر) بود. نتایج نشان داد شوری و سیلیکات پتاسیم تاثیر معنی داری بر صفات مورفولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی داشت. بیشترین ارتفاع گیاه در سطح شوری صفر با 100ppm سیلیکات پتاسیم حاصل شد. بیشترین مقدار وزن خشک گیاه اندامهای هوایی در شوری 8 دسی زیمنس بر متر با 150 ppm سیلیکات پتاسیم حاصل شد. بیشترین میزان پتاسیم برگ در شوری 12 دسی زیمنس بر متر و با کاربرد 100 ppm سلیکات پتاسیم و بیشترین مقدار پتاسیم ریشه در تیمار شوری 4 دسی زیمنس بر متر با 100 ppm حاصل شد. نتایج نشان دادکه در گیاه گل جعفری در شوری های بالا (بیشتر از 8 دسی زیمنس بر متر ) ترکیب سیلیکات پتاسیم نتوانست تاثیر مطلوبی بر رشد گیاه داشته باشد. استفاده از سیلیکات پتاسیم در شوری 12 دسی زیمنس بر متر توانست غلظت سدیم را در بافتهای برگ کاهش و مقدار پتاسیم را افزایش داد هرچند مقدار افزایش پتاسیم در شوری های پایین بیشتر بود. به طور کلی استفاده از سیلیکات پتاسیم میتواند به عنوان یک ماده مکمل در تغذیه گیاهی در شوریهای پایین مورد توجه قرار گیرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - ارزیابی رشد و توانایی گیاه پالایی تال فسکیو زینتی و آفتابگردان در خاکهای آلوده به هیدروکربن های نفتی
کامران پروانکچکیده لجن نفتی پسماندهای حاصل از فرآیندهای پالایش نفت خام میباشند و اولویتترین آلاینده های آلی موجود در محیط زیست هستند. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی توانایی گیاه آفتابگردان و تال فسکیوی زینتی جهت پالایش لجن نفتی پالایشگاه اصفهان و عکسالعمل رشد این گیاهان به آلودگی نفتی د Moreچکیده لجن نفتی پسماندهای حاصل از فرآیندهای پالایش نفت خام میباشند و اولویتترین آلاینده های آلی موجود در محیط زیست هستند. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی توانایی گیاه آفتابگردان و تال فسکیوی زینتی جهت پالایش لجن نفتی پالایشگاه اصفهان و عکسالعمل رشد این گیاهان به آلودگی نفتی در شرایط گلخانه انجام شد. بدین منظور لجن نفتی پس از هوا خشک شدن به نسبتهای صفر(شاهد)، 10 و 20 درصد وزنی با خاک غیر آلوده مخلوط و به صورت جداگانه در گلدان (3 kg) ریخته شد. آزمایش بهصورت کرتهای خرد شده در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا گردید. بر اساس نتایج، میانگین درصد جوانهزنی گیاه تال فسکیو با افزایش مقدار لجن از سطح 0 به سطح 10 و 20 درصد بهطور معنیداری کاهش یافت (P<0.01). در گیاه آفتابگردان این کاهش معنیدار نبود. میانگین ارتفاع، عملکرد ریشه و اندام هوایی گیاه تال فسکیو فقط در تیمار 20 درصد لجن نفتی نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش معنیدار نشان داد. در گیاه آفتابگردان این کاهش در هر سه سطح لجن معنیدار نبود (P<0.01). بیشترین مقدار کاهش هیدروکربنهای نفتی (89%) در ریزوسفر گیاه تال فسکیو، در سطح 10 درصد لجن نفتی مخلوط با خاک مشاهده شد. با افزایش میزان لجن مصرفی به بیش از 10 درصد، میزان تجزیه هیدروکربنهای نفتی در ریزوسفر هر دو گیاه به طور معنیداری کاهش یافت. بنابراین به دلیل رشد و عملکرد مناسب ماده خشک گیاهی و داشتن سیستم ریشه فیبری در گیاه تال فسکیو که سبب کاهش بیشتر کل هیدروکربنهای نفتی میشود، استفاده از این گیاه به عنوان گونهای مناسب برای گیاه پالایی خاکهای آلوده به لجن نفتی پالایشگاه اصفهان توصیه میشود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - In Vitro Flower Bud Formation, Plant Regeneration and Morphogenetic Studies in Local Scented Cultivar of Rosa indica
Raageeva Bimal Niti KiranIn vitro propagation of rose (Rosa indica) as well as rose breeding is a valuable economic enterprise and has received highest importance globally including Indian subcontinent. The development of new cultivars for commerce is faced with new challenges. In vitro micropr MoreIn vitro propagation of rose (Rosa indica) as well as rose breeding is a valuable economic enterprise and has received highest importance globally including Indian subcontinent. The development of new cultivars for commerce is faced with new challenges. In vitro micropropagation protocols of varieties of roses have been established but very few reports on the clonal propagation of local cultivars of Indian scented rose has been made. In the present paper we report the dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of stem nodal, leaf disc, petals well as ovary explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with various growth adjuvants such as coconut water (CW 5%-20% v/v), auxins (IAA, NAA, 2, 4-D and IBA) and cytokinins (BAP and Kn) in varying concentrations. Vigorous callus formation was observed showing embryogenic clusters in both the nodal and leaf disc explants on MS medium supplemented with CW (10% v/v) +2, 4- D (11.3 mM) +BAP (3.55 mM). The proliferation of 4-7 multiple shoots (mean number of shoots 5±1.24) as well as in vitro flower bud formation on in vitro regenerated rose plants from nodal explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with CW+2, 4-D+BAP have been observed. The regenerated shoots treated with ‘Quic Root’ (commercially available rooting chemical) produced well developed root system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Some Useful Information about Micropropagation
Behzad KavianiThis review article investigates a comprehensive description of the factors, methods, strategies, approaches and prerequisites influencing in vitro micropaopagation and the amount of their use across the world. The findings presented here are the results of the study of MoreThis review article investigates a comprehensive description of the factors, methods, strategies, approaches and prerequisites influencing in vitro micropaopagation and the amount of their use across the world. The findings presented here are the results of the study of several hundred papers published all over the world. Tissue culture techniques are routinely used for micropropagation. Enhancement of efficiency and efficacy of plant regeneration are primary goals of micropropagation. In this article, maximum and minimum use of some basic issues concerned with plant tissue culture in vitro especially micropropagation such as types of explants, types of culture media, types of sterilizing agent for explants, types of plant growth regulators (PGRs) for general studies of miro-propagation, shoot and root induction, somatic embryogenesis (SE) and callus induction have been considered. Maximal application for explants, culture media and sterilizing agent are single node, Murashige and Skoog (MS) and sodium hypochlorite (NAClO), respectively. BA and NAA are the most application among cytokinins (CKs) and auxins for general studies of miroprop-agation. Among all PGRs used for general studies of miropropagation, NAA is on the top. BA and IBA are the most use among CKs and auxins for shooting and rooting of explants, respectively. 2,4-D, NAA and TDZ are used more than the other PGRs for induction of SE. Among all types of auxins and CKs used as singular or in combination with them for callus induction, 2,4-D is at the top level. Combination of BA and NAA is the maximum for general studies of miropropagation. This review article can help to the future studies on micro-propagation due to the correct selection of the treatments Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - The Effect of Different Concentrations of Plant Growt Regulators on Micropropagation of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana cv. White
Behzad Kaviani Davood Hashemabadi Mohaddeseh KordiShoot tips from actively growing, greenhouse maintained plants of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana were cultured in vitro for shoot proliferation and root initiation on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with NAA and BA, both in concentrations of 0.00, 0.50, 1.00 MoreShoot tips from actively growing, greenhouse maintained plants of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana were cultured in vitro for shoot proliferation and root initiation on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with NAA and BA, both in concentrations of 0.00, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg l-1. Results showed that the maximum plantlets height (7.012 cm), node number (4.516), root number (8.860) and root length (10.160 cm) were obtained in MS medium containing 1 mg l-1 BA + 1 mg l-1 NAA. Maximum shoot number (5.886), leaf number (8.980) and proliferation index (1.791) were calculated in medium supplemented with 1 mg l-1 BA + 0.5 mg l-1 NAA. Minimum plantlets height (1.988 cm), node number (1.283), root number (2.720), root length (3.016 cm), shoot number (1.221), leaf number (2.015) and proliferation index (0.405) were obtained in medium without BA and NAA (control). Fresh and dry weights of plantlets were calculated, too. About 85% of the micropropagated plantlets were established successfully in acclimatization medium containing peat, perlite and sand (1:1:1). Regenerated plantlets were morphologically identical with mother plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - An Easy and Simple Method for Estimating Total Shoot Length During Screening and Evaluation of Mulberry(Morus spp.) Genotypes
M. Rekha K. Kesavacharyulu K. RajashekarIn mulberry (Morus sp.), grown for its foliage, which is the sole food for the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), evolving high yielding varieties is a long drawn and laborious process. One of the important selection parameter that has significant positive correlation with leaf MoreIn mulberry (Morus sp.), grown for its foliage, which is the sole food for the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), evolving high yielding varieties is a long drawn and laborious process. One of the important selection parameter that has significant positive correlation with leaf yield is Total Shoot Length [TSL] of the mulberry plant. Measuring the length of all the shoots of the test genotypes to get the total shoot length during several stages of screening and evaluation requires enormous skilled manpower and time. The enormity of the task itself most often than not leads to inaccuracies. Due to multi-collinearity among the characters such as number of shoots, length of the longest shoot and total shoot length, the expression of these characters as a single entity could be more accurate and time saving if appropriate statistical relationships are established. In view of this, a regression relationship was derived and a model developed for estimating total shoot length by measuring only the length of longest shoot and number of shoots per plant. The model was tested with four mulberry varieties that are often used as checks in evaluation experiments and significantly high coefficient of determination [R2] ranging from 0.81 to 0.91 were recorded. Further, evaluation of the models with two mulberry genotypes grown under two distinctly different growing environments also showed no significant difference between the estimated and actual total shoot length. These tests confirmed the efficacy of the models across varieties and growing environments, thus paving way for reduction in drudgery, savings in time and resources in mulberry breeding programmes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - ریزافزایی شاهپسند درختی از طریق پرآوری شاخساره های جانبی
احسان نادری سمانی زهره جبارزاده سیروس قبادیدر این پژوهش، انگیزش جوانه و باززایی شاخساره شاهپسند درختی با استفاده از ریزنمونههای گره (جوانه جانبی) در شرایط درون شیشهای ارزیابی شد. جهت پرآوری شاخساره، محیط کشت موراشیگ و اسکوگ (MS) به همراه 0، 2، 4 و 8 میلی گرم در لیتر BAP یا TDZ بررسی شد. ریشه­زایی نی Moreدر این پژوهش، انگیزش جوانه و باززایی شاخساره شاهپسند درختی با استفاده از ریزنمونههای گره (جوانه جانبی) در شرایط درون شیشهای ارزیابی شد. جهت پرآوری شاخساره، محیط کشت موراشیگ و اسکوگ (MS) به همراه 0، 2، 4 و 8 میلی گرم در لیتر BAP یا TDZ بررسی شد. ریشه­زایی نیز در محیط کشت MS همراه با 0، 25/0 و 50/0 میلی­گرم در لیتر IBA مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بعد از گذشت 4 هفته از زمان کشت، ارزیابی­ها انجام شدند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد شاخساره باززایی شده در محیط کشت MS همراه با 8 میلی­گرم در لیتر BAP و بیشترین تعداد جوانه در تیمار 8 میلی­گرم در لیتر TDZ به دست آمد. نتایج نشان دادند بیشترین طول شاخسارهها، طول میانگرهها و وزن شاخسارهها در محیط کشت MS بدون تنظیم کنندههای رشد مشاهده شد. غلظت­های مناسب سایتوکینین سبب افزایش در سنتز RNA، DNA و پروتئین شده و در نتیجه سبب انگیزش شاخساره می­شوند. تفاوت در غلظت BAP می­تواند تحت تاثیر عوامل ژنتیکی و شرایط آزمایش باشد. غلظتهای خیلی کم TDZ باعث تحریک پرآوری شاخسارههای جانبی در گیاهان چوبی می­شوند. مولکولهای گیرنده TDZ سازگاری زیادی با تنظیم کننده­های رشد دارند. در این پژوهش بیشترین تعداد ریشه نیز در محیط کشت MS همراه با 25/0 میلی گرم در لیتر IBA به دست آمد. IBA یکی از تنظیم کنندههای رشد قوی در محیط کشت است که باعث تحریک و افزایش تعداد ریشهها میشود. IBA سبب افزایش IAA درونی میشود که برای رشد نرمال مریستم­های ریشه و توسعه ریشهها لازم است. یکی از اثرات اکسین­ها طویل شدن سلول­ها است اما سلول­های ریشه نیاز به غلظت­های کمتر اکسین برای رشد دارند چرا که اکسین تولید اتیلن را تحریک می­کند و اتیلن نیز یک بازدارنده رشد محسوب می­شود Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Indirect regeneration of endangered Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss
parisa jonubi Ahmad Majd mitra zamani nasrabadiDaracocephalum Kotschyi Boiss is a pharmaceutical and aromatic species of Lamiaceae which could be found in the northern and the north-eastern highlands of Iran. D. Kotschyi is an endangered species due to specific circumstances of habitat and human indiscriminated harv MoreDaracocephalum Kotschyi Boiss is a pharmaceutical and aromatic species of Lamiaceae which could be found in the northern and the north-eastern highlands of Iran. D. Kotschyi is an endangered species due to specific circumstances of habitat and human indiscriminated harvest. In vitro culture of different explants from sterile seedlings showed that all of media used for hypocotyl just produced callus without any shoot regeneration. The best callus production obtained from 14 day old - cotyledonary leaves cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg l-1 BA and 0.5 mg l-1 NAA. These calli were subcultured to MS medium containing 2 mg l-1 BA and 0.2 mg l-1 NAA that showed 33.3% shoot regeneration. In order to indirect regeneration using sequential reculturing, cotyledonary leaves on MS medium containing 1 mg l-1 BA and 1 mg l-1 NAA that 53.3% shoot regeneration was obtained. 75% from regenerated plants that were subcultured on root induction medium supplemented by 2 mg l-1 NAA could produce the strong roots. These plants were transferred to vermiculite and soil.They were adapted to greenhouse condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Study of the vegetative structure of Agrimonia eupatoria L. in the in vivo and in vitro plants
Parisa Saffari Ahmad Majd parissa jonoubi Farzaneh NajafiThe study of vegetative structures of plants is effective in the development of biology and is one of the research methods in the field of taxonomy. Agrimonia eupatoria L. is a valuable medicinal plant of the Rosaceae. Due to weak germination and time-consuming growth i MoreThe study of vegetative structures of plants is effective in the development of biology and is one of the research methods in the field of taxonomy. Agrimonia eupatoria L. is a valuable medicinal plant of the Rosaceae. Due to weak germination and time-consuming growth in the natural habitat, tissue culture is a good method to accelerate the propagation of this plant. In the present study, the anatomical structure of vegetative organs in the in vivo plants was compared with the in vitro plants. Roots, stems, leaves, and petioles of plants in both groups were sampled and fixed in alcohol-glycerine and manual cutting was performed. The samples were stained with Carmen/Methylene blue. The results showed that the general structures in both samples are similar but in the regenerated plants, the density of protective tissues was lower than the in vivo plants (number of layers of collenchyma tissue was less and there was no sclerenchyma). Vascular bundles in the stem, leaves, and petiole of both groups were seen as bicollateral. The number of palisade parenchyma layers and spongy parenchyma layers in the leaves of both groups was similar. The macle crystal structures were observed in the parenchyma of stem and petiole in both groups, but its number was lower in regenerated plants. On the stem and leaves of this plant, there were numerous trichomes that the numbers of trichomes in the regenerated plants were less than natural plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Plant regeneration from blackberry lateral bud culture under a set of hormone, silicic acid, sucrose and activated charcoal
Abbas Ali Dehpour joybari saeid soltani Roya Bishehkolaei kamran ghasemi zahra rajabzadehThe objective of this work was to evaluate the effect plant growth regulator, silicic acid, sucrose and activated charcoal used in micro propagation of thornless Blackberry cv. Merton explants. Propagules of cv. Merton were cultivated on a 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) m MoreThe objective of this work was to evaluate the effect plant growth regulator, silicic acid, sucrose and activated charcoal used in micro propagation of thornless Blackberry cv. Merton explants. Propagules of cv. Merton were cultivated on a 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The single buds were cultured in 1/2 MS containing 0.1% activated charcoal and new shoot containing buds were formed 3 weeks after culture. New buds were cultured in MS containing BA, Kin and IBA at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mgL-1 for shoot regeneration. New shoot after 6 weeks regenerated and the best medium for shoot regeneration was MS medium contains 1.5 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l IBA. Shoots were cultured in 1/2 MS containing 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 mgL-1 NAA and IBA for root formation. After determining the optimal concentrations of IBA and NAA, activated charcoal in concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2%, silicic acid in concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 mgL-1, sucrose in concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5% were added to the culture medium to improve rooting. Sucrose in 4% increased the root length, root weight and chlorophyll content. The addition of activated charcoal in the MS medium resulted in increased shoot and root length. In thornless blackberry cultures, Silicic acid decreased the shoot number but until 5 mg/l increased the shoot length. Silicic acid increased the root length in 1 mg/l and increased the root weight in 5 mg/l rather than control respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - The studies of different culture methods in ors (Juniperus seravshanica)
Farkhondeh Rezanejad Farzaneh Farzan Elaheh ZamaniBahramabadi Farzad Ganjalikhani hakemiJuniperus is the second most prevalent group of conifers on Earth. The reduction in viable seeds and natural regeneration is an important problem of Juniperus. Juniperus seravschanica is important in soil protection and is very resistant to frost and drought too. In thi MoreJuniperus is the second most prevalent group of conifers on Earth. The reduction in viable seeds and natural regeneration is an important problem of Juniperus. Juniperus seravschanica is important in soil protection and is very resistant to frost and drought too. In this study, seed number in cone, seed emptiness and germination were studied on filter paper, peatmoss+ perlite mixture and in field in Galuchar, sarbijan and Dalfard (Kerman province) in populations. In addition, shoot proliferation and rooting in pot and in vitro culture was assayed. The average number of cone seeds in Glochar, Serbijan and Delfard was 4.86, 3.69 and 3.21, respectively. The average number of full seeds per cone was 1.1, 0.22 and 0.1 (22, 5.96 and 3.1%, respectively) in Glochar, Sarbijan and Dalfard, showing 78, 94 and 97% emptiness, respectively. In all media, seed germination percentage was very low (2-5%). No germination was observed in seeds without cold treatment as well as without scarification (making a hole in seed coat). 20 cm young shoots, after cold treatment and rapid immersion in IBA, grew as normal until 4 week and finally dried after 5-6 weeks. The young shoots (1-1.5 cm) cultured in MS and WPM media proliferated and regenerated new branches in WPM (40% regeneration) and MS (57%) media in combination of BAP and NAA (2+3 and 0.2+3 mgl-1, respectively for WPM and MS). No rooting was observed using IBA after 24 weeks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - A new topology for quasi-Z-source inverter
Negar Mirkazemian Ebrahim Banaei -
Open Access Article
39 - Effect of humic acid application on agronomic characteristics of some varieties of clover (Trifolium sp.)
علی تدین مجتبی ظفریانIn order to evaluate the effect of humic acid application on agronomic characteristics of some varieties of clover (Trifolium sp.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replicates at Research Field of Faculty MoreIn order to evaluate the effect of humic acid application on agronomic characteristics of some varieties of clover (Trifolium sp.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replicates at Research Field of Faculty of Agriculture, Shahr-e-Kord University, Shahr-e-Kord, Iran in 2013. Three varieties of clover (Bersim, Haftchin (Persian) and Kermanshahi) were considered as the first factor and three levels of humic acid applications [control (without humic acid), 5 and 10 lha-1] as the second factors. Results showed that shoot dry weight, dry weight per plant, root and shoot dry weight per plant, plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter were affected by interaction effect of variety×humic acid. First and Second time of harvest had 57% and 43% of the most values of treatments, respectively. Haftchin and Kermanshahi varieties had the highest and Bersim had the lowest values of the treatments. Humic acid with 10 l ha-1 produced the highest values of measured treatments. In general, application of 10 liter humic acid per ha produced the highest values of shoot dry weight by 3410 and 3800 kg ha-1 in Kermanshahi and Haftchin varieties, respectively. Bersim produced the lowest value of shoot dry weight by 686 kg ha-1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Effect of nitrogen rates and irrigation intervals on yield and yield components of Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochonriacus) in Saatlou region of Urmia
Naser Jafarzadeh Nooshin NezamabadiConsidering the important role of amaranth as a precious nutrition source with high potential and restrictions of regional water resources , this experiment was conducted with the aim of studying the effects of different irrigation intervals and nitrogen levels on some MoreConsidering the important role of amaranth as a precious nutrition source with high potential and restrictions of regional water resources , this experiment was conducted with the aim of studying the effects of different irrigation intervals and nitrogen levels on some morphological characteristics and forage yield of amaranth. This experiment was carried out at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azarbayjan in 2016. Experimental design was based on randomized complete blocks in a split plot arrangement with three replications. The main factors were irrigation intervals (7, 11, and 15 days) and the sub factors were nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg of pure N ha-1). Results showed that irrigation intervals and nitrogen levels had significant) effects on plant height, number of leaf per plant, weight of leaf, weight of shoot, and biological yield of amaranth. Increasing irrigation intervals from 11 to 15 days reduced 25 percent of amaranth forage yield. Additionally, with the increase of nitrogenlevel we found an increase in features of the yield including the plant height, leaf number, leaf weight, and forage yield. Applying 60 kg nitrogen/ha increased 26 % in plant height, 13 % leaf number, 15 % leaf weight, 25 % stem weight and 38 % in forage yield compared to control. Therefore, 11 days irrigation interval, and 60 kg/ha nitrogen can be suggested to increase amaranth yield at Urmia conditions . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Study of Zinc Chelate Foliar Application on Yield, Yield Components and Harvest Index Some from of Bread Wheat Cultivars in Esfahan Weather Conditions.
Marjan Nekoukhou ahmad majidimehrZinc (Zn) is an essential mineral nutrient for plant and human growth, and a dietary Zn deficiency is a worldwide nutritional problem. In other to Study effect of zinc chelate foliar application on yield, yield components, and Harvest Index 4 bread wheat cultivars in Es MoreZinc (Zn) is an essential mineral nutrient for plant and human growth, and a dietary Zn deficiency is a worldwide nutritional problem. In other to Study effect of zinc chelate foliar application on yield, yield components, and Harvest Index 4 bread wheat cultivars in Esfahan weather conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the crop year 2017-2018 In the central part of city Isfahan. The main factor consisted of zinc chelate foliar application in two levels (Non- foliar application and foliar application with concentration 5 in thousand) and subfactor was Consist of four cultivar bread of wheat (Sirwan, Sivand, Baharan, and Back-Cross). The results of the experiment showed that there was a significant difference between two levels of foliar application and four types of wheat varieties for plant height, Numbers of fertile tillers, number of spikes, grain yield and biological yield. Also, the interaction of foliar application in cultivars has a significant difference in yield and yield components.Maximum amount 1000 grain weight, number of spike and number of seeds per spike belonged to F2V4 treatment. The maximum grain yield (6765.00 Kg/ha) and biological yield (1866.00 Kg/ha) belonged to F2V4 treatment and the lowest was 3933.00 and 6096 Kg/ha, respectively, belonged to F1V1 treatment. In general, to look at the role of zinc element in the physiology of plants, especially crop wheat, as a zinc-deficient herb, it can be increased by the application of zinc-containing compounds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on morphological characteristics and essence yield of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.)
nader omidvar mona dastori abdolraza jafariIn order to evaluate of effect drought stress and salicylic acid on yield and growth parameters and essence of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) a greenhouse experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement base on (CRD)with four replications in Saffashar city in 2011. The MoreIn order to evaluate of effect drought stress and salicylic acid on yield and growth parameters and essence of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) a greenhouse experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement base on (CRD)with four replications in Saffashar city in 2011. The first factor consisted of three levels of drought stress (irrigation at field capacity during the growing period, drought stress medium with 2/3 field capacity in both vegetative and flowering stages and severe drought 1/3 field capacity at flowering stage) and the second factor consisted of four concentration of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg of salicylic acid per liter). Results showed that maximum plant height, shoot dry weight and shot fresh weight can be related to irrigation treatments at field capacity. The lowest measured traits were among the different irrigation treatments on drought stress, with 1/3 field capacity at the flowering stage. Maximum percent ofessence was related to drought stress treatment on 1/3 field capacity at flowering stage and the highest essence yield were obtained to mild and severe drought stress (irrigation at 2/3 field capacity and 1/3 field capacity). Salicylic acid application results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight and essence and essence yield obtained in 300 mg per liter of salicylic acid, and the least was in control. The highest essence yield per hectare was obtained in 2/3 field capacity in both vegetative and flowering stages and the appropriate time could be achieved in both essence percent and essence yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Control of Shoot Tip Necrosis and Plant Death during in Vitro Multiplication of Pistachio Rootstock UCB1 (Pistacia integrima × P. atlantica)
S.R. Nezami A. Yadollahi H. Hokmabadi M. Eftekhari -
Open Access Article
44 - Effects of Humic Acid on Root and Shoot Growth and Leaf Nutrient Contents in Seedlings of Pistacia vera cv. Badami-Riz-Zarand
H. Sajadian H. Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
45 - Comparison seedling growth characteristics of rice varieties of Tarom Mahali, Hasani and Anbarbo with M5 mutants
Allahyar FallahUsing of Gama ray was caused mutation in rice plant and produced diversity at seedling stage can be evaluated. In order to comparison seedling growth characteristics of Tarom Mahali, Hasani and Anbarbo varieties with M5 mutants from them, a augmented test was carried ou MoreUsing of Gama ray was caused mutation in rice plant and produced diversity at seedling stage can be evaluated. In order to comparison seedling growth characteristics of Tarom Mahali, Hasani and Anbarbo varieties with M5 mutants from them, a augmented test was carried out in station nursery of deputy of rice research institute of Iran (Amol) in 2015. Number of 23 mutants of M5 from Tarom Mahali, 7 and 8 mutants from Hasani and Anbarbo varieties respectively with check (parents) were seeded 300g dry seeds in half square of nursery. In three leaves stages were measured growth characteristics such as seedling length, roots, shoot dry weight, total dry weight and root to shoot ratio. The results showed 52 percent of M5 mutant from Tarom Mahali had lower seedling length related to check (Tarom Mahali), however, all of mutants from Hasani had higher seedling length related to check (Hasani). The mutant seedling from Anbarbo variety had about 75 percent less than check. The rate of increasing root and shoot dry weight of mutants was 59-85 percent compared to check, but seedling total dry weight was higher in all mutants related to checks. To high ratio of root to shoot in Anbaro mutants was 100%, but in seedlings of Tarom Mahali mutants was 74%. Among of seedling length with root, shoot and seedling total dry weight there was positive correlation at 1%, however, there was no correlation with root to shoot ratio. The claster analysis is placed in three groups of mutants. Total seedling dry weight of mutants was higher related to check varieties but seedling length was lower. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Comparison seedling growth characteristics of rice varieties of Tarom Mahali, Hasani and Anbarbo with M5 mutants
A. Fallah L. Bagheri A. Nabipour H. EliasiUsing of Gama ray was caused mutation in rice plant and produced diversity at seedling stage can be evaluated. In order to comparison seedling growth characteristics of Tarom Mahali, Hasani and Anbarbo varieties with M5 mutants from them, a augmented test was carried ou MoreUsing of Gama ray was caused mutation in rice plant and produced diversity at seedling stage can be evaluated. In order to comparison seedling growth characteristics of Tarom Mahali, Hasani and Anbarbo varieties with M5 mutants from them, a augmented test was carried out in station nursery of deputy of rice research institute of Iran (Amol) in 2015. Number of 23 mutants of M5 from Tarom Mahali, 7 and 8 mutants from Hasani and Anbarbo varieties respectively with check (parents) were seeded 300g dry seeds in half square of nursery. In three leaves stages were measured growth characteristics such as seedling length, roots, shoot dry weight, total dry weight and root to shoot ratio. The results showed 52 percent of M5 mutant from Tarom Mahali had lower seedling length related to check (Tarom Mahali), however, all of mutants from Hasani had higher seedling length related to check (Hasani). The mutant seedling from Anbarbo variety had about 75 percent less than check. The rate of increasing root and shoot dry weight of mutants was 59-85 percent compared to check, but seedling total dry weight was higher in all mutants related to checks. To high ratio of root to shoot in Anbaro mutants was 100%, but in seedlings of Tarom Mahali mutants was 74%. Among of seedling length with root, shoot and seedling total dry weight there was positive correlation at 1%, however, there was no correlation with root to shoot ratio. The claster analysis is placed in three groups of mutants. Total seedling dry weight of mutants was higher related to check varieties but seedling length was lower. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Designing an Expert System for Internet Connection Problems Troubleshooting for wired network users
Davood Ekhtiyarzadeh Reza Radfar -
Open Access Article
48 - The relationship between exchange rate overshooting and currency substitution in Iran’s economy
Seyed Mansour Heshmati Sanzighi Rahman Saadat Esmaeil AbounooriWhen a country's domestic currency fails to fulfill its roles, foreign currency often replaces it, a phenomenon known as currency substitution. This is particularly common in developing countries and influenced by both economic and political factors. One significant eco MoreWhen a country's domestic currency fails to fulfill its roles, foreign currency often replaces it, a phenomenon known as currency substitution. This is particularly common in developing countries and influenced by both economic and political factors. One significant economic aspect affecting currency substitution is exchange rate overshooting. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between exchange rate overshooting and currency substitution in Iran. Utilizing the Kamin-Ericsson (2003) method, we first examine the foreign currency in circulation and the volume of currency substitution in Iran’s economy using annual data from 1961 to 2021. Then, the Bayesian Vector Autoregression (BVAR) method employed to analyze the impact of exchange rate overshooting on currency substitution. The results indicate that exchange rate overshooting and inflation consistently lead to increased currency substitution in Iran’s economy. Conversely, economic growth negatively affects currency substitution. Additionally, neutralizing the effects of shocks related to exchange rate overshooting, economic development, and inflation requires more than five years. Therefore, economic policymakers must consider these factors when managing currency substitution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - High performant eggplant in vitro regeneration and organogenesis
Farhad Taghipour Soleiman Jamshidi Fahrul HuyopEggplant is a notable vegetable crop grown in a variety of tropical and temperate regions. In vitro regeneration of eggplant was established to determine an efficient phytohormone concentration for development of organogenesis from cotyledon and leaf explants. Ten-day o MoreEggplant is a notable vegetable crop grown in a variety of tropical and temperate regions. In vitro regeneration of eggplant was established to determine an efficient phytohormone concentration for development of organogenesis from cotyledon and leaf explants. Ten-day old cotyledon and 25-day old leaf explants were cultured on MS medium amended with Gamborg’s B5 vitamins and 2% sucrose in 10 different concentrations and combinations of NAA, BAP, TDZ, 2,4-D and IAA phytohormons. Cultured explants were incubated at 25 ± 2 ºC for 3 weeks under 16:8 h photoperiod. Well-grown regenerated shoots were transferred to fresh growth medium after 3 weeks for shoot elongation. All cotyledon and leaf explants produced various callus masses but only white and friable ones were able to regenerate into vigorous shoots. Shoot regeneration medium (SRM10) containing MS + TDZ 2 mg/L + BAP 0.5 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L showed high potential in organogenesis of both explant types. Shoot regeneration and organogenesis from cotyledon explants were much more advantageous than leaf explants. The average of cotyledon and leaf explants producing shoot were 4.3 ± 0.33 and 1.6 ± 0.67 out of 5 in each plate, respectively. The percentages of regenerated shoots in cotyledon and leaf explants cultured on SRM10 were 86.6 ± 6.67 and 33.3 ± 13.3%, respectively. Current work can shed a light on production of transgenic eggplants and can be followed by normal mature plants regeneration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - The effect of halo- and hydropriming on germination and initial growth of corn cv. SC704 under salinity and drought stress conditions
Alyeh Rokhfirooz Soleiman Jamshidi Naser MohebbalipourThis study was conducted during thesummer of 2013 in Islamic Azad University, Dezful branch in a completely randomized design with three replications in a factorial base in order to determine the effect of hydro and halopriming pretreatments on germination, early growth MoreThis study was conducted during thesummer of 2013 in Islamic Azad University, Dezful branch in a completely randomized design with three replications in a factorial base in order to determine the effect of hydro and halopriming pretreatments on germination, early growth and establishment of maize 704 single cross cultivar under salinity and drought conditions. To this end, the corn seeds pretreated with potassium nitrate (halopriming) and distilled water (hydropriming) in terms of germination index and growth of seedlings under salt stress by sodium chloride and drought conditions caused by poly ethylene glycol 6000 in water potentials of 0, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.6 MPa in greenhouse were studied in vitro. Seeds were able to germinate in all concentrations of sodium chloride solution, but germination was not observed only in -0.6 MPa osmotic potential. Pretreatment of seeds caused better seed germination and seedling growth under salinity and drought stresses. The application of hydro and osmotic pretreatments could compensate the negative effects of salinity and drought stresses and had positive effect on germination indices and also caused rapid seed germination. Generally, pretreatment practices are recommended for the improvement of germination and initial establishment of maize seedling. �مام غلظت­های محلول کلرید­سدیم بودند، اما تنها در پتانسیل اسمزی 6/0- مگاپاسکال جوانه­زنی مشاهده نشد. پیش­تیمار بذر باعث جوانه­زنی بهتر و رشد گیاهچه­ها تحت تنش­های شوری و خشکی ­شد. استفاده از روش پیش­تیمار اسمزی و آبی توانست اثرات منفی تنش­ها را جبران نماید و اثر مثبت بر شاخص­های جوانه­زنی داشت و باعث شد تا جوانه­زنی بذرها سریعتر انجام شود. در کل، اعمال پیش­تیمار برای بهبود جوانه­زنی و استقرار اولیه گیاهچه­ ذرت تحت تنش توصیه می­شود. Manuscript profile
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