The main purpose of this paper is to provide a quantitative analysis to investigate the behavior of the OPEC oil price. Obtaining the best mathematical equation to describe the price and volatility of oil has a great importance. Stochastic differential equations are one More
The main purpose of this paper is to provide a quantitative analysis to investigate the behavior of the OPEC oil price. Obtaining the best mathematical equation to describe the price and volatility of oil has a great importance. Stochastic differential equations are one of the best models to determine the oil price, because they include the random factor which can apply the effect of different economical and political elements .In order to earn the best model, at first we study the effectiveness of different stochastic differential equations models and then using the daily OPEC oil price in years 2003 to 2016, according to the high oscillation of oil price due to the various economical and political creases, we divide the data to four parts and estimate the unknown parameters of the equations in these time periods using the General Method of Moment. At last, the best model can be defined by attention to the main price chart and numerical simulations.
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Present study considered deformation of a solid plate as result of external pressure wave. So, a detailed investigation of underwater explosions (UNDEX) and their effects on solid structures is the main objective of this paper. To accomplish this, numerical methods have More
Present study considered deformation of a solid plate as result of external pressure wave. So, a detailed investigation of underwater explosions (UNDEX) and their effects on solid structures is the main objective of this paper. To accomplish this, numerical methods have been used to analyze the UNDEX structure qualitatively and quantitatively. Afterward, perpendicular blades are used to reinforce a marine structure. Governing equations in solid and fluid media were discretized using finite element and finite volume schemes, respectively. As for fluid-structure interaction (FSI), two-way coupling methods were used to map the results of fluid and solid media. The numerical method's validity can be confirmed by comparing numerical results with the analytical solution. Pressure-time diagrams follow the analytical solution reasonably well, indicating that the numerical method is valid. Additionally, results indicate that a pressure wave with amplitude of 20 MPa is generated by the detonation of explosive charge under water. Furthermore, reinforcement blades appear to reduce deformation in structures by increasing their resistance to explosive charges. These blades increase the strength of the plate where it could tolerate the Von-Mises stress up to 750 MPa.
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سرریزهای گابیونی به دلیل سازگاری با محیط زیست و تأثیر مستقیم بر پارامترهای کیفی رودخانه و از طرفی در دسترس بودن و سادگی اجرا و طراحی، طی سال های اخیر مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. در این تحقیق پارامتر های هیدرولیکی سرریز گابیونی کرامپ با حالت جریان آزاد شامل ضریب دبی، پروفی More
سرریزهای گابیونی به دلیل سازگاری با محیط زیست و تأثیر مستقیم بر پارامترهای کیفی رودخانه و از طرفی در دسترس بودن و سادگی اجرا و طراحی، طی سال های اخیر مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. در این تحقیق پارامتر های هیدرولیکی سرریز گابیونی کرامپ با حالت جریان آزاد شامل ضریب دبی، پروفیل سطح آب و حجم دبی درون‎گذر از محیط متخلخل به صورت عددی با استفاده از مدل سه بعدی Flow 3D بررسی شده اند. در این تحقیق در مجموع 18 مدل مختلف شامل 6 هندسه ی مختلف سرریز با سه تخلخل مختلف مصالح (43، 44 و 46 درصد) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان می دهد که افزایش قطر ذرات به افزایش همزمان دبی درون‎گذر، ضریب دبی جریان و در نتیجه افزایش افت منجر می شود. همچنین اینکه افزایش زوایای خارجی بالادست و پایین دست سرریز باعث کاهش ضریب دبی و نیز دبی درون‎گذر خواهد شد. به علاوه اینکه مشخص شد که تاثیر تغییرات شیب پایین دست بر ضریب دبی و شیب بالادست بر دبی درون‎گذر بیشتر است. در انتها با استفاده از رگرسیون غیر خطی چند متغیره روابطی تجربی برای محاسبه ضرایب دبی و دبی درون‎ گذر از این سرریزها ارائه شده است.
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The purpose of this study is to simulate fluid flow in a weir-type cascade solar still, assuming steady-state and air being the ideal gas and incompressible. The commercial software FLUENT is used for numerical simulation of the process. SIMPLE algorithm is used to calc More
The purpose of this study is to simulate fluid flow in a weir-type cascade solar still, assuming steady-state and air being the ideal gas and incompressible. The commercial software FLUENT is used for numerical simulation of the process. SIMPLE algorithm is used to calculate the relationship between pressure and velocity. In addition, first order upwind method is applied for separation of displacement and interpolation of pressure. Numerical simulations are performed for Solar Still with four to ten and also with twelve steps. Results of investigations on a Solar Still with different number of steps, in which the height of the steps is constant value of 2 cm, show that increasing the number of steps causes to increase water production up to eight steps. Furthermore, the highest rate of water production was 232 ml/m3hr for solar still with eight steps.
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In This paper the energy separation phenomenon in a micro-scale vortex tube was investigated by using the computational fluid dynamic. The flow is assumed as steady, turbulent, compressible ideal gas, and the shear-stress transport is used for modeling of turbulence phe More
In This paper the energy separation phenomenon in a micro-scale vortex tube was investigated by using the computational fluid dynamic. The flow is assumed as steady, turbulent, compressible ideal gas, and the shear-stress transport is used for modeling of turbulence phenomenon. The results show that 3-D CFD simulation is more accurate than 2-D axisymmetric one. Moreover, optimum cold-mass ratios to maximize the refrigeration-power and isentropic-efficiency are evaluated. The results of static temperature, velocity magnitude and pressure distributions show that the temperature-separation in the micro-scale vortex tube is a function of kinetic-energy variation and air-expansion in the radial direction.
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The purpose The purpose of this study is to simulate fluid flow in a weir-type cascade solar still, assuming steady-state and air being the ideal gas and incompressible. The commercial software FLUENT is used for numerical simulation of the process. SIMPLE algorithm is More
The purpose The purpose of this study is to simulate fluid flow in a weir-type cascade solar still, assuming steady-state and air being the ideal gas and incompressible. The commercial software FLUENT is used for numerical simulation of the process. SIMPLE algorithm is used to calculate the relationship between pressure and velocity. In addition, first order upwind method is applied for separation of displacement and interpolation of pressure. The effective parameters on unit productivity are the distance between glass surface and water, height of solar still, the number of vortexes and convective heat transfer coefficient. Results of investigations on a Solar Still with different height of steps, indicated that the productivity increases with increasing the height of stairs. Although, it should be noted that in each model with specific number of stairs there is an upward-downward trend; in other words, there is an optimum point in each model with specific number of stairs. Also, the still in the specific model of six-stairs with the height of 3.5 cm of stairs had maximum productivity.
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In this paper, dynamic response of an infinite Timoshenko beam subjected to a harmonic moving load based on the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is studied. The beam made of a symmetric laminated composite that is located on a generalized Pasternak viscoelast More
In this paper, dynamic response of an infinite Timoshenko beam subjected to a harmonic moving load based on the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is studied. The beam made of a symmetric laminated composite that is located on a generalized Pasternak viscoelastic foundation. It is assumed that the mechanical properties of the beam change in the direction of the beam thickness but remain constant in the axial direction. By selection of an appropriate displacement field for the composite beam, and using the principle of total minimum potential energy, the governing partial differential equations of motion are obtained and solved through a complex infinite Fourier transformation method. In this study, by using numerical simulation, the effects of stiffness, damping and shear layer viscosity coefficient of foundation, velocity and frequency of the moving load over the beam response are studied. Then, the numerical simulation results for deflection, shear force and bending stress are abtained. The results show that, when the normal stiffness, shear layer viscosity coefficient, velocity and frequency of the moving load increases, the deflection, shear force and bending stress of the composite beam decreases. The results obtained from the FSDT are compared with the results of a finite element and good agreement is found. Therefore, the dynamic responses of the composite beam under moving load can be found with high accuracy by using the finite element method.
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The purpose of this article is to develop a thermodynamic model appropriate to be piston Stirling engine beta-type deformation is to increase efficiency and output power l. For this purpose, thermodynamic modeling is done in two parts, the first part was isothermal mode More
The purpose of this article is to develop a thermodynamic model appropriate to be piston Stirling engine beta-type deformation is to increase efficiency and output power l. For this purpose, thermodynamic modeling is done in two parts, the first part was isothermal modeling and then using the results of numerical modeling to model the geometry of adiabatic method is performed. In fact, the results of the first part (modeling isothermal), as initial values of the second part (modeling adiabatic), is used. Modeling was performed using MATLAB software and by changing the diameter of the piston, the heat input, heat output and engine efficiency. The results obtained were compared with published values, compared.
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The heat pipe as superconductors can play an essential role in heat transfer According to the application, are designed in different sizes The heat pipe for heat transfer with very high thermal conductivity that heat energy by evaporation and condensation of a working f More
The heat pipe as superconductors can play an essential role in heat transfer According to the application, are designed in different sizes The heat pipe for heat transfer with very high thermal conductivity that heat energy by evaporation and condensation of a working fluid with minimal temperature drop pass When the heat of evaporation area is the working fluid evaporates and creates a pressure gradient in the tube The steam pressure gradient along the tube makes the move to steam condenser condenses in the condenser is, the latent heat is released. The working fluid of the heat pipe by gravity thermosyphon returns to the evaporation zone In this study the vapor and liquid inside the heat pipe is modeled thermosyphon type It is assumed that the flow is permanent and peaceful two-dimensional and volumetric forces have been ignored. In this paper, the finite volume method and SIMPLE algorithm is used. The geometry of the model with the software Gambit drawing grid and numerical calculations to using a software package Efficient called Ansys Fluent by subsidies carried out and the results with the results of a study comparing the temperature of the wall and the heat pipe in all three areas have been analyzed.
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Today, the bent tubes of various bending radius are widely used in the automobile, aerospace, and shipbuilding industries. In the tubes bending, the smaller the bending radius and wall thickness of the tube, the greater the likelihood of defects such as wrinkle, rupture More
Today, the bent tubes of various bending radius are widely used in the automobile, aerospace, and shipbuilding industries. In the tubes bending, the smaller the bending radius and wall thickness of the tube, the greater the likelihood of defects such as wrinkle, rupture and non-circularity of the cross-section of the tube. Therefore, one of the most important issues is how to fix these defects. For the reduction of wrinkle and rupture, the effect of geometric parameters of bending tools, mold and mandrels in pipes are been considerate. The type of mandrel used in the bending process can be effective in optimizing bending mold force and the reduction of wrinkle and rupture. In the paper, the simulation and test of the rotational tube bending process will be presented with using elastomer mandrels of polyurethane elastomeric mandrels and NBR and then the crucial mechanical and physical properties for steel tubes of different diameters. Then the optimal parameters are determined for bending the tube without rupture with using mold force, internal and kinetic energy. The test results verify the simulation results.
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Multiphase flows, such as pool boiling, are complex multi-physical -multi-scale problems that require a multitude of numerical techniques to solve different physics combined for a specific set of flow parameters and different regimes. For this reason, a well-established More
Multiphase flows, such as pool boiling, are complex multi-physical -multi-scale problems that require a multitude of numerical techniques to solve different physics combined for a specific set of flow parameters and different regimes. For this reason, a well-established numerical solution for well-validated predictive simulations has not yet been clearly defined. The main purpose of this study is to summarize the methods and basic principles of numerical simulation of pool boiling and explain all the steps of its implementation in ANSYS Fluent software in a clear and transparent manner. In this research, the details of numerical models and the results obtained for the nucleate boiling regime are presented to analyze the single bubble dynamics and calculate the critical heat flux. Heat flux is also included. The results of this study show that numerical simulations have a relatively good agreement with laboratory and experimental data.
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The role of meso-scale eddies and coastal currents is of great importance in ocean and climate studies. In this regard, data related to the sea level height were extracted from the AVISO reference data series since 2010 to 2014, and meso-scale eddies were identified and More
The role of meso-scale eddies and coastal currents is of great importance in ocean and climate studies. In this regard, data related to the sea level height were extracted from the AVISO reference data series since 2010 to 2014, and meso-scale eddies were identified and tracked based on the sea level height and using ArcGiS software. Moreover, coastal currents were simulated by numerical COHERENS model to influence the formation of meso-scale eddies. The results showed an annual average of 78 meso-scale eddies with a minimum life span of one week, which are often cyclical (59.1%) and decrease the temperature of the region atmosphere. The largest activity area of meso-scale eddies is in the inlet of the Persian Gulf from the Strait of Hormuz and northwest of the Persian Gulf. The strongest eddies are observed in the summer, and in line with the simulation results, the currents with the highest intensities occur from June to August.
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لولههای استوانهای جدار نازک به عنوان جاذب انرژی ضربه بواسطه ساخت و نصب آسان و ظرفیت جذب انرژی بالا در صنایع خودرو سازی استفاده میشوند. با این حال، ضعف اصلی لولههای استوانهای در نیروی پیک اولیه بالا میباشد. لذا، در این مقاله، برای غلبه بر این ضعف از یک آغازگر کمانش More
لولههای استوانهای جدار نازک به عنوان جاذب انرژی ضربه بواسطه ساخت و نصب آسان و ظرفیت جذب انرژی بالا در صنایع خودرو سازی استفاده میشوند. با این حال، ضعف اصلی لولههای استوانهای در نیروی پیک اولیه بالا میباشد. لذا، در این مقاله، برای غلبه بر این ضعف از یک آغازگر کمانشی در ابتدای لوله استفاده شده است. این آغازگر کمانشی شامل یک میله فولادی است که توسط نوارهای کششی در ابتدای لوله استوانهای نصب شده است. در این مطالعه، پارامترهای مربوط به آغازگر از جمله ارتفاع پیش ضربه آغازگر، تعداد نوارهای کششی، زاویه قرارگیری نوارها بر روی بدنه لولههای استوانهای بررسی میشوند. بدین منظور شبیه سازی شبه استاتیک برای تعیین نیروی ماکزیمم لهیدگی، راندمان نیروی لهیدگی و جذب انرژی ویژه با استفاده از نرم افزار Ls-Dyna انجام گردید. برای بررسی صحت شبیهسازی عددی، نتایج آن با تست تجربی مقایسه شده است. نتایج نشان میدهند که مشخصات ضربهپذیری و عملکرد لولههای استوانهای با وجود آغازگرهای کمانشی به طور قابل ملاحظهای بهبود مییابد.
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وجود جریان جابجایی آزاد درون محفظهای که از یک مذاب در حال انجماد پر شده است باعث پدیدار شدن یک ساختار غیر همگن و درشت دانه در محصول نهایی میگردد. با اعمال میدان مغناطیسی مناسب بر مذاب درون محفظه، جریان جابجایی آزاد کاهش یافته و یک ساختار ریز دانه و همگن در محصول نهایی More
وجود جریان جابجایی آزاد درون محفظهای که از یک مذاب در حال انجماد پر شده است باعث پدیدار شدن یک ساختار غیر همگن و درشت دانه در محصول نهایی میگردد. با اعمال میدان مغناطیسی مناسب بر مذاب درون محفظه، جریان جابجایی آزاد کاهش یافته و یک ساختار ریز دانه و همگن در محصول نهایی بوجود می آید. در این تحقیق، با استفاده از روش حجم محدود، به بررسی عددی تأثیر اعمال یک میدان مغناطیسی بر جریان جابجایی آزاد و میدان دما در حالت دائم و آرام درون یک حلقه طویل، که گالیم مذاب در فضای بین دو استوانه افقی هم محور قرار دارد پرداخته شده است. دیوارههای خارجی و داخلی حلقه به ترتیب دارای دمای سرد و گرم هستند. اثر قدرت میدان مغناطیسی بر میدان جریان و میدان دما، تأثیر تغییرات پارامترهای مختلف دیگری نظیر عدد رایلی، زاویة اعمال میدان مغناطیسی و نسبت شعاع های داخلی و خارجی حلقه بر میدان جریان و میدان دما مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که با مایل کردن میدان معناطیسی نسبت به افق مقدار عدد ناسلت افزایش یافت که این افزایش در بازه ای خاص از اعداد هارتمن محسوس تر است. همچنین با افزایش عدد رایلی روند تغییر عدد ناسلت برحسب قدرت میدان مغناطیسی تغییری نمیکند.
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متغیرهای متعددی بر فرایند شکل­دهی فلزات تاثیر گذار می­باشند که یکی از مهمترین آنها اصطکاک است.اصطکاک بر نحوه سیلان ماده و همچنین نیروی مورد نیاز برای شکل­دهی اثر گذار می باشد. برای تعیین میزان و نحوه تاثیر آن داشتن مقدار دقیق ضریب اصطکاک ضروری است. این مقاله More
متغیرهای متعددی بر فرایند شکل­دهی فلزات تاثیر گذار می­باشند که یکی از مهمترین آنها اصطکاک است.اصطکاک بر نحوه سیلان ماده و همچنین نیروی مورد نیاز برای شکل­دهی اثر گذار می باشد. برای تعیین میزان و نحوه تاثیر آن داشتن مقدار دقیق ضریب اصطکاک ضروری است. این مقاله مربوط به مطالعه تجربی و عددی روی آلیاژ تیتانیوم با استفاده از آزمون اصطکاکی تی شکل در دمای بالا است. و با استفاده از شبیه سازی اجزا محدود و آزمایشهای تجربی اثرات پارامترهای دما، سرعت ، شعاع گوشه قالب، و شرایط اصطکاکی در آزمون تی شکل مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. بر اساس نتایج تجربی و عددی مشخص شد حساسیت اصطکاک در آزمایشتی شکلبا افزایش سرعت قالب یا کاهش شعاع لبه قالب و دمای آزمون،افزایش می­یابد. همچنین همخوانی بین مقادیر ضریب اصطکاک به دست آمده به وسیله نرم افزار تحلیل اجزا محدود و منحنی کالیبراسیون اصطکاکی برای شرایط مختلف اصطکاک دیده شد.
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