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Open Access Article
1 - The Effect of Cultural Components on Life Insurance Demand from the View of Central Insurance Staff of Iran (With emphasis on Futuristic views)
Niloufar Mirsepasi Hajieh Rajabi FarjadThe present study aimed to evaluate the impact of cultural components on life insurance demand from the view of employees of central insurance of Iran by descriptive-correlation method. The study population is all staffs of Iran central insurance in 214. According to th MoreThe present study aimed to evaluate the impact of cultural components on life insurance demand from the view of employees of central insurance of Iran by descriptive-correlation method. The study population is all staffs of Iran central insurance in 214. According to the latest statistics, the staffs are 513.A sample size of 220 is selected by Cochran’s formula. Simple random sampling method is used for sampling method. To evaluate effective cultural components on life insurance demand, a researcher-built questionnaire is used with the same title. Pearson correlation test and regression analysis are applied for data analysis. The results of study show that there is a direct and positive association between cultural components and life insurance demand. In other words, cultural components lead to the increase of life insurance demand. The results of the study show that futuristic views component has direct and positive association with life insurance demand. IN other words, futuristic views lead to increase of life insurance demand. Also, there is a direct and positive association between awareness and life insurance demand. In other words, awareness leads to the increase of life insurance demand. It is shown that there is a direct and positive association between reasoning and life insurance demand. In other words, reasoning increases life insurance demand. Also, the results of the study showed that reasoning, futuristic views and awareness was predictor of increasing life insurance demand. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Designing an Assessment Model of Leadership EFQM Using MCDM
A. Taghavi alidash H. MehrmaneshToday, our country's economic firms face countless challenges in globalization. EFQM excellence is astrong tool to help organizations surmount these challenges. This model has two major parts: enablersand results. Enablers include five areas: leadership, people, policy MoreToday, our country's economic firms face countless challenges in globalization. EFQM excellence is astrong tool to help organizations surmount these challenges. This model has two major parts: enablersand results. Enablers include five areas: leadership, people, policy and strategy, partnership andresources, and processes. Results include four areas: people, customer, society, and key performance.This model has been used in organization assessment by people who are responsible for our country’sindustries. However, this model has also been criticized. Assessment is done using an evidentialreasoning approach. The evidential reasoning approach is one of the MCDM techniques. Theimprovable areas must be recognized and divided into two classes: simple and important. Next, theimportant improvable areas must to be prioritized by one of the MADM techniques. To achieve morerapid excellence, the important improvable areas must be conducted by priority. According to theresearch findings, the sub-criteria and bolt points are not equal, in spite of the fact that they areconsidered equal in EFQM excellence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Ignorant Era Jurisprudence The nature, resources, the principles and applications
Mohammad Bagher AmeriniaImportance of studying the background of Islamic jurisprudence is not covered for anyone. What nowadays is known as old jurisprudence and rooted in the field of religious canonization is introduced; in fact, a developed form of a system of history which the lessons of p MoreImportance of studying the background of Islamic jurisprudence is not covered for anyone. What nowadays is known as old jurisprudence and rooted in the field of religious canonization is introduced; in fact, a developed form of a system of history which the lessons of previous religions and commons always originated within simultaneous emergence of Islam, as so those installations are excepted from this process. The ignorant jurisprudence that was the same system of current law (even if simple) among the people in the age of pagan Arabs especially in the field of business and always within commons, was the most important historic background formation in the Islamic civilization that identified need assessment and introduced.This article dealing with the etymology of subject, analysis and applied manners and customs of the age, is trying to introduce Arabic ignorant religious jurisprudence studies, the principles and origins to identify it, and eventually the applicable role in religious Islamic jurisprudence and how to use it in the field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - A Critical Analysis of the Unification Account of Explanation
هدی آزادExplanation is one of the most important issues in the philosophy ofscience, which many attentions have been paid to it since Aristotle. Theunification account of explanation, first presented by Friedman (1974),is one of the most discussed contemporary models. According MoreExplanation is one of the most important issues in the philosophy ofscience, which many attentions have been paid to it since Aristotle. Theunification account of explanation, first presented by Friedman (1974),is one of the most discussed contemporary models. According to thisconception, scientific explanation has to show that many separatedargument patterns have basic similarities and via these similarities wecan understand related phenomena deeper. Philip Kitcher has extendedthis idea and has argued that scientific explanation aims to represent amaximum of facts and natural regularities in terms of minimum oftheoretical concepts and assumptions. According to Kitcher, a few ofargument patterns can be used in the explanation of many beliefs, andso we can show that how scientific explanation amounts tounderstanding. However, the unification account of explanation facessome problems, including the point that the relationship betweenunification and understanding is not clear. Another difficulty concernsthe relationship between explanation and the causal direction. In thispaper, after presenting the main features of the unification account ofexplanation and its merits over the classical D-N model, it will beargued that due to some problems in the unification account it seemthat the best way to round about these problems is to adopt a kind ofexplanatory “pluralism”, depending on different philosophical andscientific contexts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Effects of Nonstationary and Uncertain Demand on an Inventory System Under Belief Structure Condition
امید تهرانیان A. میرزازاده بهمن نادری -
Open Access Article
6 - Analysis of Concepts Related to the Rational Proof of Messianism in Sunni and Shiite Quranic Interpretations
Mashallah Bakhshi Seyyed Adel Nader Ali Mehryar ShababiStudying the concepts of Holy Qur'an is of very importance, especially when it is accompanied by logic, reasoning and interpretation of Qur'an to Qur'an. The present article addresses important issues such as the Assigned and Messianism that are tied to the fate of huma MoreStudying the concepts of Holy Qur'an is of very importance, especially when it is accompanied by logic, reasoning and interpretation of Qur'an to Qur'an. The present article addresses important issues such as the Assigned and Messianism that are tied to the fate of humanity, and there are more than 65 verses that have a completely common view to messianism emphasizing Sunni and Shiite’s interpretations. By studying the meanings of 10 Verses of Qur'an, it is quite obvious that regardless of the interpretation and narration about mentioned verses according to the meanings of the verse itself and putting it next to the general meaning of HolyQur'an, we can argue and conclude that what the commentators and interpretations of Qur'an claim which is more or less narrative or derived from narrations, achieved and applied a kind of independent semantics. The most important results of this research indicate that the messianismas necessity for Jesus’s being alive, and the necessity of the Assigned to overcome the religion of God over all religions and the unification of all religions, can be proved by the conceptual style of the relevant verses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Examining the application of the prohibition of reasoning in family lawsuits
Zahra AsvarIn civil litigation, unlike criminal offenses, the judge, according to the principle of impartiality, has no right to directly collect the evidence of the claim in favor of one of the litigants, which is called the prohibition rule. This research uses analytical-descrip MoreIn civil litigation, unlike criminal offenses, the judge, according to the principle of impartiality, has no right to directly collect the evidence of the claim in favor of one of the litigants, which is called the prohibition rule. This research uses analytical-descriptive method to discuss the application of this rule in litigation of couples, which is a special type of civil litigation. In this research, the aim is to investigate the application of the rule of prohibition of reason in family lawsuits. It was concluded that in cases where the crime occurred in litigation between spouses, it is possible to conduct an investigation in accordance with the Code of Criminal Procedure. The local investigation is under the jurisdiction of the judge, according to which he can issue a verdict based on which he has influenced his knowledge. In some cases, in addition to two-way interviews, the principle of neutrality is used to acknowledge the truth in the language of the couple, and in general, it can be concluded that the rule prohibiting the study of evidence is not a completely absolute rule and within the framework of the principle On the other hand, measures can be taken to obtain evidence that couples' litigation is more flexible than other civil litigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Effect of Moral Reasoning, Exposure to Ethics and Perceived Ethical Climate on Auditors' Ethical Judgment
َAhmad Ahmadi Amin Rostami Saeedeh HeydarzadehThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of ethical reasoning, exposure to ethics, and the perceived ethical climate on auditors' ethical judgment. The statistical population of this research includes the partners of audit institutions that are members of the MoreThe purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of ethical reasoning, exposure to ethics, and the perceived ethical climate on auditors' ethical judgment. The statistical population of this research includes the partners of audit institutions that are members of the Certified Public Accountants Society (independent auditors working as partners), and to investigate the issue, 88 people were selected as a sample from among the members of the society using Cochran's formula. Structural equation modeling has been used to test the research hypotheses. The results of the hypothesis test showed that ethical reasoning, exposure to ethics, and the perceived ethical climate have a positive and significant effect on auditors' ethical judgment. Among the investigated factors, moral reasoning has the greatest impact, and the perceived moral atmosphere has the least effect on the ethical judgment of auditors. People can provide moral arguments according to their knowledge of moral principles and processes. On the other hand, the development of ethics as well as how to teach it can help auditors make ethical decisions when choosing different options. Also, the more ethically auditors perceive their organization's atmosphere, the more ethically they act in applying professional judgments. By examining ethical orientation as an imperative element of judgment and decision-making in the auditor's profession, this research can contribute to expanding the theoretical foundations of behavioral research in auditing as well as provide useful information for auditing policymakers to formulate auditing strategies based on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Investigating the methods of allegory and reasoning in expressing the concepts of some of the stories of Masnavi
Ali Khanbabaei Ali Sohrabnejad Omidvar AlimahmoudiMasnavi is an allegorical work in which Rumi expressed mystical and didactic truths with symbolic language; The purpose of this research is to investigate the methods and techniques of Rumi's allegory and reasoning in expressing Masnavi concepts in some anecdotes. In th MoreMasnavi is an allegorical work in which Rumi expressed mystical and didactic truths with symbolic language; The purpose of this research is to investigate the methods and techniques of Rumi's allegory and reasoning in expressing Masnavi concepts in some anecdotes. In this way, they first studied and took notes on the sources in the field of parables, and then, by carefully examining Masnavi, they started to categorize and organize allegorical concepts and reasoning methods of Rumi in this precious work. This research is descriptive and analytical and based on library information, study and note-taking of existing books and articles, and with a detailed study of Masnavi text.At the end, they have given some examples under the following titles such as: Fable (animal story) and Parable (human story), Exemplum (story-example), proverb, as well as rhetorical reasoning methods and allegorical reasoning. And they have concluded that by using these methods, Rumi has conveyed his intended concepts to his reader in a convincing manner.Keywords: Masnavi, allegory, anecdote, reasoning Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Wisdom in Contrast with Love and Madness in Masnavi and Shams Sonnets
hadi Khadivar Rajab TohidianA long-time existing subject in Persian mysticism, which has formed innovative works, is wisdom and its contrast with mystical love and madness or the contrast of Aristotelian peripatetic school (philosophy and reasoning) with the platonic Eshragi school (mysticism and MoreA long-time existing subject in Persian mysticism, which has formed innovative works, is wisdom and its contrast with mystical love and madness or the contrast of Aristotelian peripatetic school (philosophy and reasoning) with the platonic Eshragi school (mysticism and intuition). The wisdom which is confronted, and humiliated, by a mystic poet like Molana in his two eternal works, i.e. Masnavi and Shams Sonnets, is Greek wisdom which follows self and dream, acting as an obstacle in reaching the destination, and in Molana's words, “It is the incomplete love which denies love.” This does not refer to the complete wisdom, bearing the title of “wisdom of wisdom,” which has been admired and praised in religious verses and sayings and in the works of some mystics such as Molana. This paper, by referring to other mystical poems and texts, tries to examine the contrast between such wisdom and mystical love and madness. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Comparison of executive functions based on test anxiety in the fifth grade elementary
ستاره فیروزی صغری ابراهیمی قوام فریبرز درتاجThe purpose of this research was to compare the executive functions (reasoning, working memory and organizing-planning) of the fifth grade elementary students with high and low test anxiety. Method of research was ex-post facto and the statistical population was the fif MoreThe purpose of this research was to compare the executive functions (reasoning, working memory and organizing-planning) of the fifth grade elementary students with high and low test anxiety. Method of research was ex-post facto and the statistical population was the fifth grade elementary students in Tehran city, among them 313 students were selected via cluster random sampling. The research instruments were Andre-Rey Test (Andre-Rey, 1942), Digit Span and Similarities Subtests of Wechsler intelligence scale (Wechsler, 1949) and Test Anxiety Inventory (Abolghasemi et al, 1375). Data were analyzed using independent sample t-test and Mann Whitney test. The results indicated significant difference between students with high and low test anxiety in reasoning and working memory (P < 0/001). But there was no significant difference between students with high and low test anxiety in organizing-planning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The study of the Role of Type of Schools in Proportional Reasoning of Students
Abolfazl RafiepourThe main purpose of this paper is to study and compare students’ mathematical performance in different types of school (ordinary, private and special) in solving a non-routine math problem. There are about 836 participants, from southern part of Iran, including 29 MoreThe main purpose of this paper is to study and compare students’ mathematical performance in different types of school (ordinary, private and special) in solving a non-routine math problem. There are about 836 participants, from southern part of Iran, including 291 students from ordinary, 293 students from private, and 252 ones from special school. These students were asked to solve a none-routine mathematical problem. Then, the student’s strategies are categorized based on theoretical frame work, being disapproved and verified, in the literature realm. These categories are as: non-answered parts, only-public strategy, unreal answered, transformational strategy, beginning coordination strategy, and the senior one. After that, with using H Kruskal-Wallis test and U Mann-Whitney test, all data were analyzed. Results of the study also show that there is a significant relationship between the type of school and the student’s performance in that, performance of students in special school and private schools was better than performance of students in ordinary school(α=0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Investigating the effect of electronic recommendation stimuli on acceptance of banking along with initial trust
Ebrahim Zarepour Nasirabadi alireza youzbashi mina azarbayejani nahid saravi moghadamIntroduction: In this study, the effect of electronic advisory stimulus (quality of reasoning, value, consistency, and volume) on the acceptance of mobile banking and initial trust among Parsian banks in Tehran was investigated. The present study uses a correlation meth MoreIntroduction: In this study, the effect of electronic advisory stimulus (quality of reasoning, value, consistency, and volume) on the acceptance of mobile banking and initial trust among Parsian banks in Tehran was investigated. The present study uses a correlation method based on post-event observations and regression analysis of a kind of structural equation to predict the relationship through a set of independent and mediated changes.Method: The statistical population of the study includes Parsian Bank customers. To collect data, a questionnaire was designed among private banks the sampling method was a simple cluster random sampling and the number of samples was 506. The software used in this study was a laser. The results show that Parsian Bank's mobile banking acceptance increases value, compatibility, and engagement by strengthening the quality of argumentation of electronic recommendation stimuli, but the volume of comments does not affect mobile banking acceptance. Also, Parsian Bank's trust increases through increasing consumption, quality of argumentation of electronic recommendation stimuli, value, compatibility, and volume of comments. The quality of the rules of e-recommendation stimuli, initial trust, value, the volume of feedback, and compatibility also increase through consumption In this study, the effect of electronic advisory stimulus (quality of reasoning, value, consistency, and volume) on the acceptance of mobile banking and initial trusts among Parsian banks in Tehran was investigated. The present study uses a correlation method based on post-event observations and regression analysis of a kind of structural equation to predict the relationship through a set of independent and mediated changes. The statistical population of the study includes Parsian Bank customers. To collect data, a questionnaire was designed among private banks the sampling method was a simple cluster random sampling and the number of samples was 506. The software used in this study was a laser.Discussion: The results show that Parsian Bank's mobile banking acceptance increases value, compatibility, and engagement by strengthening the quality of argumentation of electronic recommendation stimuli, but the volume of comments does not affect mobile banking acceptance. Also, Parsian Bank's trust increases through increasing consumption, quality of argumentation of electronic recommendation stimuli, value, compatibility, and volume of comments. The quality of the rules of e-recommendation stimuli, initial trust, value, the volume of feedback, and compatibility also increase through consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Sohrevardi and his Proceeding Intellects
محمّد بقائی ماکانComparative studies to identify minds and thinking bases are of prime position. Sohrevardi s beliefs emerges in the comparison. One of the achievements of Illumination philosophy is that it depicts lost identities and refrains from self-arousal. Out of those scholars de MoreComparative studies to identify minds and thinking bases are of prime position. Sohrevardi s beliefs emerges in the comparison. One of the achievements of Illumination philosophy is that it depicts lost identities and refrains from self-arousal. Out of those scholars devoted to Illumination Sheikh are Qotboddin Shirazi, Jalaleddin Davani, Mirdamad Asterabadi, followers of Azar Kyevan, Haj Molla Hadi Sabzevari, and others whose works if studied make the reader get closer to Sohrevardis beliefs. The same is true with comparing Sohrevardi with Hege. Niche, and other Western philosophers, showing the existing the existing similarities available. Just like the book titled Journey to East by Herman Hesse that is of great simillarity with Secret Treatises of Illumination Sheikh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Craziness and Crazy likeness in Mystical Literature
حسین آریانLove, affection, and beauty have been some of the everlasting concerns of mankind who have been engaged with it globally and mentally. These essential matters have special reflection in mysticism insofar as they have been proposed as one of the mystical debates in its v MoreLove, affection, and beauty have been some of the everlasting concerns of mankind who have been engaged with it globally and mentally. These essential matters have special reflection in mysticism insofar as they have been proposed as one of the mystical debates in its various branches. Loving the beloved, drowing in the infinite beauty of the eternal image of God, and having a sip of His affectionate wine make lover a sensation that take him her away from consciousness and reasoning to the bowndless desert of craziness and bewilderement, and as Sufis claim, drive anyone from sobriety to intoxication, and in his inebriation and craziness, he will alienate himself by having a pure wine of unity, behaving in a queer and strange way different from human reasoning and wordly intelligence quite close to insane people, thus it causes a sort of behavior that will be explored later in the paper. These insane and divinely intoxicated people in their impersonal intoxication achieve one of the most beautiful and uncontaminated spiritual and internal relation with their eternally mere beloved, getting so much ripened that nothing remains from their egos except Him and nothing else. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Metaphorical Reasoning in Architectural Design and Construction
Sajad Aeini Khosrow Afzalian Iraj Etessam Farhad Shariatrad -
Open Access Article
17 - Nonlogic Reasoning
Farough AlaviOne of the disagreeable character traits found in some individuals is their mistake in their unanalyzed comparisons they make due to the apparent similarities existing between two individuals or two phenomenon, and as a result influences their unacceptable judgments. T MoreOne of the disagreeable character traits found in some individuals is their mistake in their unanalyzed comparisons they make due to the apparent similarities existing between two individuals or two phenomenon, and as a result influences their unacceptable judgments. This concept in Maulânâ's Mathnavi sometimes is applicable in a full story like the story of the Grocer and the Parrot; the individual's mistake sometimes manifests itself amidst other materials. The mistake reaches the point that if they expect a difference between the Holy Prophet and others, this difference is in their food and sleep and other worldly indications referred to even in the Holy Koran; in any case, probably the summary and the gist of the subject can be best found in Mathnavi's beautiful and famous verse that is: Kâre nikân râ ghias az khod magir garcheh bâshad dar neveshtan "shir" shir The word "shir" is ambiguous in that it means "lion" and "milk" Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - License Plate location Determination by Using Case-Based Reasoning
yaser ebadzadeh Ahmad Habibi Zad Navin -
Open Access Article
19 - Comprehension of factual, nonfactual, and counterfactual conditionals by Iranian EFL learners
Fatemeh Moeini -
Open Access Article
20 - Improving Agent Performance for Multi-Resource Negotiation Using Learning Automata and Case-Based Reasoning
Monireh Haghighatjoo Behrooz Masoumi Mohamad Reza Meybodi -
Open Access Article
21 - Examining Application of Complicated Capital Budgeting Techniques in the Petrochemical Industry
Beit Allah Akbari Moghadam Maryam Khalili Araghi Morvarid Rajabi MoghadamDaily increasing complexity and specialization of financial management’s tasks in companies as well as great significant of capital expenditure in the companies’ success or lack of success have led to the emergence of methods and techniques of capital budgeting. Complic MoreDaily increasing complexity and specialization of financial management’s tasks in companies as well as great significant of capital expenditure in the companies’ success or lack of success have led to the emergence of methods and techniques of capital budgeting. Complicated capital budgeting is accompanied with several devices and various methods (such as Monte Carlo Simulation, certainty equivalents, Game Theory Decision Principles, and Real Choice Reasoning). Recent literature shows that complicated capital budgeting methods cannot supplant traditional capital budgeting methods and they, indeed, are a kind of the latter one. Capital budgeting methods and their various devices (complicated and traditional) may supplement each other or provide further information with regard to how investment theorems are solved. The current study is aimed at examining application of complicated capital budgeting techniques in the petrochemical industry. It is notable that novel financial techniques and even traditional ones are mostly applied in the petrochemical industry and that the largest and most complicated projects are presently executed in this field. Eventually, study findings imply an increase in peculiar uncertainty is not accompanied with application of complicated capital budgeting methods (including certainty equivalents, Game Theory Decision Principles, and Real Choice Reasoning Technique), while in the case of Monte Carlo Technique, an increase in peculiar uncertainty results from complicated capital budgeting methods (i.e. Monte Carlo Technique) being used. It can also be discussed that financial uncertainty (profit uncertainty, inflation uncertainty, and inflation rate uncertainty) is regarded as a factor affecting the application of complicated capital budgeting methods; amongst these three factors, inflation rate uncertainty acts the main role of influencing complicated capital budgeting methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Unanimity and its Role in Deducting Criminal Precepts
adel sarikhani esmaeil aqghababaei saeed atarzadehDespite the Sunnites, jurists of Shiite have considered unanimity a reason due to its power of decoding the innocents saying, and therefore have counted it as a factor of tradition along with the Book and Wisdom as the ways of reaching true religious rules. The matter c MoreDespite the Sunnites, jurists of Shiite have considered unanimity a reason due to its power of decoding the innocents saying, and therefore have counted it as a factor of tradition along with the Book and Wisdom as the ways of reaching true religious rules. The matter can decrease unanimity’s status - if ever being accepted- to a single narrator tradition and therefore can cause the invoking of such a reasoning to be confronted with some challenges, knowing for sure that the case of blood and soul are to be dealt with plenty of caution. It is tried in this article to introduce and discuss the issues based on unanimity though the criticism of invoking unanimity in deducting criminal precepts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Analogy in the Jurisprudence of World Trade Organization: Its Applicability & Inclusion
Heidar Piri wrya hafidiDespite some differences, analogy accepted as one of the flexible and practical method in inference of religious laws among most Islamic schools and its origin goes back to the origin of jurisprudence itself. Analogy is not limited to Islamic jurisprudential-legal syste MoreDespite some differences, analogy accepted as one of the flexible and practical method in inference of religious laws among most Islamic schools and its origin goes back to the origin of jurisprudence itself. Analogy is not limited to Islamic jurisprudential-legal system and has been recognized in other legal systems, including the international law system. Analogical reasoning has been used repeatedly in the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body (the DSB Panels and the Appellate Body) on different occasions. Although the DSB Panels and the Appellate body has been silent, in most cases, about resorting to analogy; it could be argued that analogy plays an important role in the reports of the Panels and the Appellate body, as a means of filling gaps, eliminating the ambiguity and brevity in the WTO agreements, as well as identifying the sources of international law.This paper analyzes the role of analogy in the judicial procedure and agreements of the WTO. The practice of the WTO clearly shows that in determining the meaning of the provisions of treaties, the scope of a right or obligation, clarifying the content of the rules and its effective role in the interpretation process, the Panels and the appellate body resort to analogical reasoning as a rational solution or a criterion. In addition, by analogy, the WTO legal system typically ensures the coherence and predictability of the Panels and the Appellate body reports,which are vital for any judicial mechanism and reinforce an understanding of the legality and fairness of the system Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Comparative Study of Critical Thinking Skills of Ph. D. Students in Different Fields of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch
Kobra Namvaran Germi Sadegh Maleki Avarsin Elmira Khan GaldiCritical thinking, as one of the types of human thinking, is necessary for people at higher education levels. Past studies have reported the extent of critical thinking of students of different university levels low. This research aimed to compare the critical thinking MoreCritical thinking, as one of the types of human thinking, is necessary for people at higher education levels. Past studies have reported the extent of critical thinking of students of different university levels low. This research aimed to compare the critical thinking of Ph.D. students in different fields. The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population was 1210 Ph.D. students in different fields at Tabriz Islamic Azad University. The sample size was estimated 212 people by Cochran's method. The sampling method was multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected through form B of the California Critical Thinking Skills Test and were analyzed using t-mean comparison and analysis of variance tests. Based on the findings, the mean score of critical thinking of Ph.D. students in the Tabriz branch is 18.81± 5.36. The critical thinking score was highest in the humanities faculty, 19.81±5.54, and it was lowest in the technical-engineering faculty, 17.04±5.19. The mean score of critical thinking in the Agriculture Faculty was lower than the Humanities faculty and higher than the Technical Faculty, 18.25±5.36. There was no significant difference between students of different fields in critical thinking, inference, and induction. However, there was a significant difference in analysis, evaluation, and induction components. Although younger students had more powerful analyses power and older students had more powerful inference power, there were no significant differences between the age groups of students in critical thinking. There were significant differences between men’s and women’s critical thinking, analysis, evaluation, and deduction skills. Women’s critical thinking, analysis, evaluation, and deduction skills were better than men’s. It is better to organize workshops on critical thinking skills for students (with priority for technical-engineering faculty) and ways to strengthen it for university professors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Role of Fuzzy Sets on Artificial Intelligence Methods: A literature Review
Cengiz Kahraman Sezi Onar Basar Oztaysi Selcuk CebiMachines can model and improve the human minds capabilities through artificial intelligence. One of the most popular tools of artificial intelligence is fuzzy sets, which can capture and model the vagueness and impreciseness in human thoughts. This paper, first of all, MoreMachines can model and improve the human minds capabilities through artificial intelligence. One of the most popular tools of artificial intelligence is fuzzy sets, which can capture and model the vagueness and impreciseness in human thoughts. This paper, first of all, introduces the recent extensions of ordinary fuzzy sets and then presents a literature review on the integration of fuzzy sets with other artificial intelligence techniques such as automated reasoning, autonomous agents, multi-agent systems, machine learning, case-based reasoning, deep learning, information reasoning, information representation, natural language processing, symbolic reasoning, and neural networks. Graphical illustrations of literature review results are presented for each of these integrated artificial intelligence techniques. The results of a patent search on fuzzy artificial intelligence are also given. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - On the Inferential Zigzag and Its Activation Towards Clarifying What It Is Commonsense Reasoning
Marco Elio Tabacchi Settimo Termini Enric TrillasThis paper has a twofold goal: The first is to study how the inferential zigzag can be activated, even computationally, trying to analyse what kind of reasoning consists of, where its ’mechanism’ is rooted, how it can be activated since without all this it can just seem MoreThis paper has a twofold goal: The first is to study how the inferential zigzag can be activated, even computationally, trying to analyse what kind of reasoning consists of, where its ’mechanism’ is rooted, how it can be activated since without all this it can just seem a metaphysical idea. The second, not so deeply different - as it can be presumed at a first view - but complementary, is to explore the subject’s link with the old thought on conjectures of the 15th Century Theologist and Philosopher Nicolaus Cusanus who was the first thinker consciously and extensively using conjectures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Pathology of the Method of Examination of Reasons in Criminal Courts
mahdi pourreza farhad allahverdi mohammad nabipourReceive Date: 2023/04/20 Revise Date: 2023/05/01   MoreReceive Date: 2023/04/20 Revise Date: 2023/05/01 Accept Date: 2023/05/07 Article 166 of the Constitution: ‘the verdicts of courts should be documented and substantiated to the legal provisions and principles that according to that judgment is issued. The obligation of a judge to justify his decision is one of the crucial elements in accessing to justice and fairness. On one hand, the reasoned decisions enable higher authorities to effectively oversee the criminal judgments and on the other hand they contribute to increasing a sense of justice among addressees. Author in this article with aim of critical and pathological examination about method of dealing with reasons in criminal courts by means of using analytical descriptive method resulted that in order to achieve a fair trial, it is essential to pay attention to the reasons and issuing documented and reasoned decisions which prevents judicial tyranny and informs the litigants about the reasons for acception or rejection of their claims and evidence. Furthermore, the attainment of a fair trial necessitates the presence of expert and trained judges who can assess evidences based on their knowledge and expertise, leading to the issuance of reasoned decisions based on the legal evidences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - INTEGRATING CASE-BASED REASONING, KNOWLEDGE-BASED APPROACH AND TSP ALGORITHM FOR MINIMUM TOUR FINDING
حسین عرفانی -
Open Access Article
29 - The style of equation in Saadi's lyrics
mohammad HakimazarSaadi is a poet who gives reasons. His verses in the lyrics are very close to the logical proposition that both contain imaginative elements and the stability of words. One of the ways of creating artistic images and establishing logical ground in lyrics is the style of MoreSaadi is a poet who gives reasons. His verses in the lyrics are very close to the logical proposition that both contain imaginative elements and the stability of words. One of the ways of creating artistic images and establishing logical ground in lyrics is the style of equation. Saadi in this field was very skillful and by using this technique made his lyrics more artistic and logic. The style of equitation is the subdivision of simile that by combining with allegory led verses to a comprehensible and bright imagination. It talks about common experiences. It joins the mental images of poet with outer images in our world. Saadi by means of allegory smile and its technical subdivision, the style of equation, has composed poetry sometimes in the form of single couplets or quatrains. By proper understanding of brevity, Saadi has used couplets within the framework of style of equation. These couplets are taken from Iranian social fields to demonstrate actual experiences of Iranians with utmost brevity. This causes lyric to be imaginative as well as logical and geometric. Saadi with awareness of his addressees' spirits and psyches, and by means of the style of equation has showed popular philosophy, human tangible experiences, popular sayings, stores, religious and non-religious mythology, and then combined them with mystical and lovely messages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Analysis of the Influence of Islamic Azad University Jahrom Arranged between Students in the Development of Idea modern
علی شکور علی شمس الدینی سهیلا شهیمSince that promote the culture and values of transcendental essential component of a modern - building in the country is to achieve comprehensive development so the role of universities in promoting these values is very important. The recognition of different social cla MoreSince that promote the culture and values of transcendental essential component of a modern - building in the country is to achieve comprehensive development so the role of universities in promoting these values is very important. The recognition of different social classes who entered the University of and is the role of affect on students and graduates from basic prerequisite for the development of human resources among communities. This study relied on descriptive analytical and extensive operations and field survey effort in the development of Islamic Azad University jahrom branch, arranged between students and measured values into modern. All undergraduate students studying in the population will consist that they have selected a sample of 120 people. Results showed positive effects with a significant level of 0/05 in the university education, the tendency toward value-oriented reasoning, individualism, egalitarianism, and advancement of the tendency among students to be. Well educated in modern values such as humanism and charm of a small effect on the promotion of the students did not have deter. So the ideals and values of the society and the family confirmed that most can be due to the institutionalization of these principles in the minds of most of the other students that only by setting the value of university are promoted, accepted and accepting students are located. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Reasoning history in syntax
Ali Saberi Fatemeh Haji AsadollahiSince a long time ago syntacticians have used reason and reasoning in their speech to proof syntactic theorms and make their speech decisive, but they have disagreed about the rate of using reasons and reasonings.While the syntactic rules becoming completed, the disagre MoreSince a long time ago syntacticians have used reason and reasoning in their speech to proof syntactic theorms and make their speech decisive, but they have disagreed about the rate of using reasons and reasonings.While the syntactic rules becoming completed, the disagreements caused atendency among many syntacticians to use reasoning in the syntactic debates and as a result, we notice the progress and revolution of reasoning debates, proofs, and comparison in syntax. The first step in reasoning started with using simple reasons in syntax and to teach syntactic debates, it continued its progressing so that in the third and fourth centuries, we could see a big group of syntacticians who used a large amount of reasoning in syntax and wrote some merely reasoning books.The large number of reasons caused complexity in syntactic debates and opened a new window to the syntacticians who opposed reasoning in syntax.Some syntactitians tried to make the syntactic debates as simple as possible and it was the result of a group of syntacticians’ disagreement with that kind of reasoning. In this article, we have analyzed the way reasoning opened its way in syntax, its evolution, and its characteristics at different stages. The aim is to mention the historical movement of the evolution and tremendous changes which happened to syntactic rules at each stages. Meanwhile, we tried to clear the effort of syntacticians for finding the most effective way of teaching syntactic rules. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - The effect comparison between group discussion (problem based learning) and lecturing method on clinical reasoning in educating electrolyte and acid-base disorders' subject to pediatric ward's interns
Mahmud reza Khazaee Mahmud AriamaneshIntroductin: Problem-based learning has replaced traditional teaching in most universities around the world but still there are many challenges in replacing traditional methods by this new method of learning . Two methods of lecture and problem–based learni MoreIntroductin: Problem-based learning has replaced traditional teaching in most universities around the world but still there are many challenges in replacing traditional methods by this new method of learning . Two methods of lecture and problem–based learning (PBL) for teaching electrolyte and acid-base disorders’ subject to pediatric ward’s interns are compared in this study. Methods: forty one students of medical school of Mashhad Islamic Azad University at pediatric ward were divided into two groups randomly. Then electrolyte and acid-base disorders’ subject was taught to both groups during their three months ward. One group was taught through traditional method and the second group was taught through problem-based learning method in 6-7 member group parts. The headings of the lesson were the same for the two groups. Students were evaluated through the Script concordance test which is a standard test for measuring clinical reasoning . Demographic data of students was registered in special forms . Data was analyzed by SPSS software using independent T-test and paired T-test. Resaults: 41 Interns (21 in lecturing and 20 in PBL group ) mostly female (17 and 13 respectively ) were enrolled . mean age of students in each group were 25.4 ± 1.1 and 26.4 ± 2.4 respectively .There was no significant difference between two groups considering age , sex , year of interance and pre-internal test score. Although clinical reasoning scores were higher in PBL group but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05), except men (p=0.017) and those students with higher pre-internal test scores (p=0.03) that achieved significantly higher clinical reasoning scores. Conclusion: Students are encouraged to reflect more. And avoid memorizing the material in PBL method,more over, this method motivates students to study more by encouraging them into more group interactions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The comparative impact of reasoning gap tasks and opinion gap tasks on young EFL learners’ classroom engagement
Azadeh Khanzadeh Darabi Alireza Memari HanjaniThis study examined the differences between the effects of reasoning gap tasks and opinion gap tasks on young EFL learners’ classroom engagement. The participants comprised 63 Iranian young EFL learners within the age range of 9 to 12 years old. These 63 learners were s MoreThis study examined the differences between the effects of reasoning gap tasks and opinion gap tasks on young EFL learners’ classroom engagement. The participants comprised 63 Iranian young EFL learners within the age range of 9 to 12 years old. These 63 learners were selected out of an initial number of 100 male and female EFL learners at the intermediate level based on their performance on a Flyers test. The 63 selected participants were divided into two intact groups consisting of 31 learners in the opinion-gap task experimental group and 32 learners in the reasoning-gap experimental group. Then, an engagement checklist was used by two raters in the two groups as pretest. After that, for ten sessions each lasting for 90 minutes, in one of the groups, the researcher carried out opinion-gap tasks while reasoning gap tasks were implemented in another experimental group. Upon finishing the treatment, the two raters used exactly the same checklist and obtained the posttest engagement scores. The analysis of the data through the parametric test of paired sample t-test indicated that both task types significantly impacted young EFL learners’ classroom engagement. Besides, the results of Mann-Whitney U Test revealed that there was no significant difference between the effects of reasoning gap tasks and opinion gap tasks on young EFL learners’ classroom engagement. Based on the results, EFL teachers are recommended to use both task types to enhance EFL learners’ classroom engagement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Effectiveness of training packages of Yang's reasoning on mood instability and perception of social competence in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Miad Sayfi pour Ilnaz Sajadian Mohammad Ali NadiThe present study investigated the effectiveness of of training packages of Yang's reasoning on mood instability and perception of social competence in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, pos MoreThe present study investigated the effectiveness of of training packages of Yang's reasoning on mood instability and perception of social competence in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population of the research was children aged 8 to 12 years with symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who had referred to specialized occupational therapy centers in Isfahan city in the fall of 1400. Among them, 30 children were selected in a purposeful way and randomly placed in two groups of 15 people (experimental and control).The research tools included Shields & Cicchetti's emotion regulation checklist (1998) and Parandin's social competence scale (2015). The experimental group was trained in Yang's reasoning and thinking skills during 8 sessions of 60 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results indicated a significant and stable effect of Yang's reasoning and thinking skills package on mood instability and social competence perception (p<0.001). Therefore, Yang's reasoning and thinking skills package can be used to reduce mood instability and improve the social competence of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Manuscript profile
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