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Open Access Article
1 - Growth indices variations of wheat in response to various density and sowing dates of wild oat
farshad abrahimpourTo study the effect of sowing date and density of wild oat on growth and development of wheat an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block in four replications in forms of split-plot in frame of basic design in 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 at Farm Experimental-Re MoreTo study the effect of sowing date and density of wild oat on growth and development of wheat an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block in four replications in forms of split-plot in frame of basic design in 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 at Farm Experimental-Research Islamic Azad University of Shooshtar, Khouzestan. Treatments including sowing date of wild oat (16, 22, 26 November, 1, 6, 11, 16, 22, and 26 December) as main plot, and six densities (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 plants m-2) as subplot was conducted in competition with winter wheat on December 6th . The results analysis of growth indices of wheat indicated that with increase growth day degree (GDD), the best status of total dry matter (TDM), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) belonged to free plots and the latest sowing date (26 December). In addition, by increasing of density or sowing date of wild oat before wheat decreased total dry matter 61 and 70%, crop growth rate 45 and 58%, relative growth rate 57 and 89%, net assimilation rate 92 and 100%, and leaf area index 97 and 100% than density 0 plant m-2 and the later sowing date Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Estimating rice leaf area index at North Iran
Ali Akbar Noroozi Nader Jalali Morteza Miri Moosa AbbasiLeaf Area Index (LAI), is a key component in estimating crop yield and environmental stresses. Given the importance of accurate determination of these parameters, the present study was aimed to estimate the LAI of rice plant. For this purpose, 20 paddy fields were selec MoreLeaf Area Index (LAI), is a key component in estimating crop yield and environmental stresses. Given the importance of accurate determination of these parameters, the present study was aimed to estimate the LAI of rice plant. For this purpose, 20 paddy fields were selected. The data required to perform the operations in the study area were corrected by land impressions (direct method) and measured by AccuPAR (indirect method). Field work to gathering LAI were taken at intervals of 16 days from seedling stage to the flowering stage of rice plants. The results showed that the lowest and highest levels of LAI belongs to seedlings and flowering stages, respectively. The leaf area obtained by both methods, were almost the same for each farm during different stages of plant growth. Consistent with the obtained values by both methods, indicate that the index can be calculated from a derived empirical relationship. Based on this empirical formula for every stage of plant growth, weka3.7 software was adopted to calculate the mentioned relationship. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Improvement of leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration (SPAD) soybean by Fe, Zn and Mn nano-chelates foliar application under limited irrigation conditions
Mohammad Saeed VagharObjectives: Maintaining the balance of nutrients leads to increase yield so the essential elements should be available enough in the process of plant nutrition. This experiment was performed by foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-clates under limited ir MoreObjectives: Maintaining the balance of nutrients leads to increase yield so the essential elements should be available enough in the process of plant nutrition. This experiment was performed by foliar application of iron, zinc, and manganese nano-clates under limited irrigation conditions to improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration.Methods: The two years experiment was conducted (2016-2017). The main plot included four levels of irrigation: full irrigation, irrigation withhold at flowering stage, podding stage, and grain filling period. The subplot included eight levels of foliar application with Fe, Zn, Mn, Fe+Zn, Fe+Mn, Zn+Mn, Fe+Zn+Mn nano-chelates, and distilled water (control).Results: Drought stress reduced leaf area index significantly. The highest reduction was obtained from the interaction of control treatment and cessation of irrigation in the pod stage, which was 31.5% less than the full irrigation treatment. Foliar application of Zn+Mn was more successful in modulating drought stress and increased leaf area index by 49.4% compared to the control. Irrigation cessation in flowering stage increased chlorophyll concentration by 11.2% and decreased it by 16.5% in pod stage. With the application of Fe+Zn nano-chelate increased on leaf chlorophyll concentration in the pod stage and grain formation by 38.8% and 39.1% compared to the control and was recognized as the best treatment.Conclusion: In limited irrigation conditions, foliar feeding of Fe, Zn and Mn nano-chlates is a suitable solution and compatible with water crisis and can improve soybean yield by modifying drought stress and improving leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Investigation Growth Indices Analysis and Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) Crop Production Affected Different Level of Nitrogen and Nitroxin Bio-Fertilizer
Armaghan Charkhab Mani Mojaddam -
Open Access Article
5 - Assessment Effect of Different Amount and Time of Apply Gibberellin Acid on Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Broad Bean
Somayeh Ghalandari Tayeb Sakinezhad -
Open Access Article
6 - Response of Growth Indices of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) To Different Level of Deficit Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilizer
Masood Allaf Lida Berahmandzadeh -
Open Access Article
7 - Effect of Duration and Composition of Seed Priming on Germination Indices and Yield of Wheat (cv. Mehregan) in Khorramshahr Region (South west of Iran)
Masomeh Sebti Kamran Mohsenifar -
Open Access Article
8 - Assessment Effect of Different Irrigation Regime and Fertilizer Combinations on Seed Yield, Radiation Use Efficiency and Biochemical Parameters of Corn
Mohammad Nasri Mansoreh Khalatbari -
Open Access Article
9 - Assessment Effect of Nitroxin and Phosphorus Biofertilizer on Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Crop Production, Seed Protein Content and Correlation between Traits
Maryam Amini -
Open Access Article
10 - Evaluation Effect of Different Level of Vermicompost and Manure on Physiological Parameters of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)
Ahmad Zalaghi Seyed Kivan Marashi Mani Mojadam -
Open Access Article
11 - Response of Morphological Traits and Seed Protein Content of Bread Wheat to Apply Different Level of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers
Reza Dashtbozorgi Shahram Lack -
Open Access Article
12 - Investigating the Effect of Nitrogen and Nitroxin Biological Fertilizer on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Dual-purpose Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Forage
Najmeh Haghighatzadeh Mani Mojaddam -
Open Access Article
13 - Response of Qualitative Characteristics of Cowpea to Foliar Application of Methanol and Zinc Chelate
Hossien Atrak Mani Mojadam -
Open Access Article
14 - اثر پوشش های کاهنده تبخیر بر شاخص های فیزیولوژیکی رشد ذرت سینگل کراس 704
شکوفه نچف آبادی محمد رضا نوری امام زاده ای مهدی قبادی نیا عبدالرزاق دانش شهرکیبه منظور بررسی شاخص‎های فیزیولوژیکی رشد ذرت، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 1393 انجام شد. آزمایش به صورت طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام گردید. تیمارها شامل شاهد )بدون پوشش(، پوشش پلاستیک شفاف، پلاستیک سیاه، گونی نخی، گونی پلاستیک سفید و آبی بودند. به‎منظور کاهش ت Moreبه منظور بررسی شاخص‎های فیزیولوژیکی رشد ذرت، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 1393 انجام شد. آزمایش به صورت طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام گردید. تیمارها شامل شاهد )بدون پوشش(، پوشش پلاستیک شفاف، پلاستیک سیاه، گونی نخی، گونی پلاستیک سفید و آبی بودند. به‎منظور کاهش تبخیر از سطح خاک و کاهش میزان آب مصرفی عملیات کاشت و داشت طبق اصول زراعی انجام شد. رطوبت خاک در ناحیه ریشه در طول فصل به کمک دستگاه تتاپروپ اندازه گیری شد و میزان و زمان هر اتفاق آبیاری بر اساس MAD=50 با تأمین نیاز آبی کامل تعیین و اعمال گردید. نتایج نشان داد بیش‎ترین شاخص سطح برگ، شاخص رشد محصول، شاخص رشد نسبی و میزان جذب خالص مربوط به پوشش گونی سفید و گونی آبی است که به‎دلیل حفظ آب و ذخیره رطوبت در خاک و خنک بودن محیط رشد گیاه می‎باشد و نهایتا سبب افزایش رشد محصول و عملکرد بالا می‎گردد و کم‎ترین مقدار شاخص‎های فیزیولوژیکی مربوط به پوشش پلاستیک سیاه است که علت این امر کمبود رطوبت و نبودن شرایط مطلوب رشد برای گیاه بوده است که باعث کم‎بودن عملکرد شده است. بنابراین گونی سفید و گونی آبی بیش‎ترین تاثیر در حفظ رطوبت آب و عملکرد محصول را دارا می‎باشند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The Effect of Different Interference Periods of Weeds on, Leaf Area Index, Yield and Yield Components of Corn Hybrid
H. Shahi B. Mirshekari A. Valad Abadi A. Dabbag-e-Mohammadi NasabDifferent interference periods of weed on leaf area index, yield and yield components of corn hybrids were investigated in a factorial experiment conducted of Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Brach, based on randomized complete MoreDifferent interference periods of weed on leaf area index, yield and yield components of corn hybrids were investigated in a factorial experiment conducted of Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Brach, based on randomized complete block design in three replicates in 2007. The treatments consisted of weed interference periods (interference at 2 – 4 leaf Stage, 4 – 6 leaf, 6 –8 leaf stages, full season weed interference and weed free control plot) and three corn hybrids (504, 604 and 704). Results showed that the traits such as biological yield, leaf area index and number of grain per plant in a row were affected by weed interference treatments and maize hybrids significantly. While the grain yield, and harvest index were influenced by corn hybrids, significantly. But there was not significant difference in weed interference treatments. Biological yield and leaf area index in full season weed interference in comparison with weed free control plot reduced by 25%, 48%, respectively. In this study 504 hybrid with grain yield 5.8 tha-1, biological yield 11.6 t.ha-1 and harvest index 49% was found to be better than hybrids 604 and 704 hybrids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Evaluation of Yield, Yield Components and Photosynthesis of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Response to Combined Salinity and Drought Stresses at Vegetative Growth Stage
Marziyeh Esmaeilzadeh Hosein Babazadeh Hormozd Naghavi Ali Saremi Gholamhosein ShiresmaeiliThe research was carried out to evaluate the response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to salinity, drought and combined salinity- drought stresses at its vegetative stage and share of their effects on reduction of yield, yield components and photosynthesis of pla MoreThe research was carried out to evaluate the response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to salinity, drought and combined salinity- drought stresses at its vegetative stage and share of their effects on reduction of yield, yield components and photosynthesis of plant. For this purpose, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was carried out at Agricultural Education Center of Kabotarabad- Isfahan in 2016-2017. In this study, response of spring safflower (Sofeh variety) to four salinity stress levels (2.5, 5, 10 and 15 dS/m) and four drought stress levels (100%, 80%, 60% and 40% F.C.) at vegetative growth stage were evaluated. The results showed that mean values of most traits were significantly reduced with increasing salinity and drought stress levels, in such a way that severe drought (Irrigation based on 40% field capacity) and salinity (15 dS/m) treatments produced lowest values for all traits. Seed oil content decreased with increasing salinity but this decrease (7.4%) was significant only at highest salinity level (15 dS/m). The highest level of combined salinity-drought stress decreased seed yield (87.13% decrease) more than the highest level of each of drought (71.40% decrease) and salinity (55.56% decrease) stresses as compared to control treatment (without drought and salinity stress), and the share of drought stress in reduction of seed yield was higher than the salinity stress (71.40% and 55.56%, respectively). Thus, growing safflower with minimum loss of seed yield, by irrigation with 80% F.C. and water salinity with 5 dS/m at the vegetative growth stage is possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Evaluating of Forage Yield Increase of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Weed Control by Its Intercropping with Forage Legumes
Saeid Vaezi Seyed Alireza Valadabadi Majid Pouryousef Saeed Seifzadeh Hamid Reza ZakerinThis experiment was conducted to study yield increase of forage sorghum by its intercropping with forage legumes and weed control. This study was carried out in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications at the Research Statio MoreThis experiment was conducted to study yield increase of forage sorghum by its intercropping with forage legumes and weed control. This study was carried out in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications at the Research Station of University of Zanjan in 2015. In this experiment, a different proportatios of sorghum with forage legumes including pure culture of sorghum plants, lathyrus and hairy vetch, increased percent of sorghum by 33%, 66% and 100% of hairy vetch and lathyrus, and different weed control management, including full weed control during season, single weed control and no weeds control, were examined. The results showed that the highest and lowest fresh and dry yields of sorghum were obtained in intercropping of sorghum with 33% vetch and 100% lathyrus, respectively. The highest chlorophyll content and leaf area belonged to sole cropping of sorghum and full weed control. The highest height of sorghum and cover crops was observed in 100% sorghum+ 100% lathyrus and weed-infested. On the other hand, in the sole culture of vetch and lathyrus and full weed control treat, the cover crops had the highest dry weights. The results of this experiment also showed that the highest dry weights and density of weeds were obtained under sole culture and weed-infested condition. As a result, it can be said that by selecting the appropriate intercropping ratios and forage legumes, we can control weed population to a large extent also improve the quantitative yield of sorghum forage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Effect of Shading on some Important Physiological Traits in Lentil Crop
F. Darabi A. Hatami M.J. Zarea R. NaseriLight is one of the growth-reducing factors in mixed cropping and agroforestry systems. Therefore, an experimental field was conducted to justiffy the effect of light intensity on two lentil cultivars. It was performed in a factorial experiment based on randomized compl MoreLight is one of the growth-reducing factors in mixed cropping and agroforestry systems. Therefore, an experimental field was conducted to justiffy the effect of light intensity on two lentil cultivars. It was performed in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University during 2012-2013 cropping season. The factors under study consisted of shading in four levels (0 shading, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of shadings) and two cultivars lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) (Ziba and ILL4400). Results showed that physiologic traits were significantly affected by cultivar × shading intraction. Ziba cultivar had the highest chlorophyll a and b content in 100% shading. Carotenoid content, relative water content and leaf area index also increased with increasing in shading. The highest and lowest carotenoid and relative water contents were observed in 100% shading × ILL4400 cultivar and control treatment × Ziba cultiva, respectively. The highest leaf specific weight observed in control treatment × Ziba cultivar and decreased with increasing shading. Grain yield decreased with increasing shading. The highest and lowest mean grain yield, 2522 kg.ha-1 and 1137 kg.ha-1, were observed in control treatment × Ziba cultivar and 100% shading and ILL4400 cultivar, respectively. Based on the results of this study, Ziba cultivar had the highest leaf area index, relative water content and chlorophyll a in higher shading treatments; hence, it can perform better than ILL4400 in mixed cropping and agroforestry systems where the light is limited factor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Growth Analysis of Corn (Zea mays L. cv. SC 604) With Different Fertilizers Application
M. Yazdani H. Pirdashti M.A. BahmanyarTo investigate the responses growth indices of corn (Zea mays L. cv. SC 604) to using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) and rhizobacteria, a field experiment was conducted during 2008. The study was arranged in s MoreTo investigate the responses growth indices of corn (Zea mays L. cv. SC 604) to using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) and rhizobacteria, a field experiment was conducted during 2008. The study was arranged in split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Three levels of manures, consisted of 20 Mg.ha-1 farmyard manure, 15 Mg.ha-1 green manure and check or without any manures assigned to main plots and eight levels of fertilizer combinations (consisted of 1-NPK or recommended fertilizer application; 2-NPK+PSM+PGPR; 3-NP50%K+PSM +PGPR; 4-N50%PK+PSM+ PGPR; 5-N50%P50%K+PSM+ PGPR; 6-PK+PGPR; 7-NK+PSM and 8-PSM+ PGPR) to sub plots. Results showed that the maximum dry matter (13/2 g.m-2), leaf area index (3/8) and crop growth rate (34/5 g.m-2.day-1) were, produced by using both farmyard manure and application of NPK plus biofertilizers. Application of green manure and biofertilizer significantly increased dry matter by 11% compared to control. Meanwhile, farmyard manure and green manure application markedly increased the leaf area index by 17 and 10%, respectively. NPK treatment in farmyard manure plots and inoculation of PGPR and PSM significantly increased crop growth rate in corn plants compared to green manure and control plots. However, inoculation of biofertilizer and reducing P application by 50% did not significant influence growth indices such as total dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, and crop growth rate significantly. In conclusion, it seems that biofertilizers could be recommended as an effective option to reduce phosphate chemical fertilizers, improve the growth indices of corn plants, which ultimately result in grain yield increase. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Morphophysiological and Antioxidant Properties of Calendula officinalis L. under Irrigation Regimes
Afsaneh Pirmani Touraj Mir Mahmoodi Soran Sharafi Saman Yazdan SetaTo study the effects of nitrogen levels on morphophysiological and antioxidants properties of calendula under deferent irrigation regimes a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Urmia Agricultural MoreTo study the effects of nitrogen levels on morphophysiological and antioxidants properties of calendula under deferent irrigation regimes a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Urmia Agricultural Station of Saat Lo for two cropping seasons 2016-17. Treatments were four levels of irrigation (irrigation after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days) assigned to main plots, and application of 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1 nitrogen to subplots. Results showed that the effects of irrigation intervals on all studied traits waer significant. There were significant differences among nitrogen levels on all traits except proline content. Interaction of two treatments was significant on leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield. Resulats also indicated that, with increasing irrigation intervals from 5 to 20 days, relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and dry flower yield were reduced by 36.64, 35.27, 24.31 and 45.77 percent respectively. Proline content, catalase superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde activities were increased by 24.72, 33.04, 35.51 and 20.86 percent, respectively. Among the nitrogen fertilizer levels, 160 kg ha-1 increased, relative water content, chlorophyll a, carotenoid and dry flower yield by 16.18, 4.24, 23.68 and 28.26 percent, respectively, while it reduced the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde by 18.10, 21.23 and 29.69 percent respectively as compared to control. The highest leaf area index, stomatal conduction coefficient, chlorophyll b were increased by the use of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation intervals of 5 days. The highest percentage of essential oil of the flower and essential oil yield were also belonged to the application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and irrigation interval of 10 days. To obtain better quality and higher essential oil yield from calendula, irrigation interval of 10 days and application of 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Yield and Oil Percentage of Safflower Cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Spring and Summer Planting Seasons Affected by Drought Stress
Gholam Hossein Shir esmaeili Ali Akbar Maghsudi mood Gholam Reza Khajueinejad Ruhollah AbdoshahiTo investigate the effects of drought stress on yield and oil percentage of safflower, an experiment was carried in split split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications during spring and summer planting seasons at Kaboutarabad Agricultural R MoreTo investigate the effects of drought stress on yield and oil percentage of safflower, an experiment was carried in split split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications during spring and summer planting seasons at Kaboutarabad Agricultural Research Station of Isfahan in 2015. The main factor consisted of two planting seasons (spring and summer), the sub-factor comprised of three irrigation treatments (normal irrigating from sowing to plant maturity as control, irrigation up to the beginning of flowering and irrigation up to seed filling period) and the sub-sub factor were ten safflower cultivars (Sofeh, Goldasht, Sina, Faraman, Mec117, Mec295, Mec18, Mec11, Mec7 and Mec27). The results showed that irrigation treatments had significant effects on leaf area index, relative water content, plant dry weight and grain yield. Drought stress reduced these traits. Drought stress had not significant effect on oil percentage while oil yield because of reduction of grain yield. The highest yield of oil belonged to Sofeh cultivar. Oil yield in irrigation treatments during seed filling and flowering period decreased by 26% and 46%, respectively as compared to control. Results showed that all cultivars in summer planting had lower grain and oil yield due to increasing of temperature as compare to spring planting. Although the oil percentage in summer planting was about 1% higher than spring planting, but due to lower grain yield, oil yield decreased by 60% during summer planting. Sofa and Mec11 cultivars produced the highest and lowest oil yields with 803 and 530 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Also, Sofa cultivar had the highest grain yield in both of planting seasons. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Effect of Phosphate Fertilizer Type and Nitrogen Application Method on Tuber Yield and Growth Indices of Three Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars
Masoud Jalili Honarmand Mohammad Ali AboutalebianNitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients in growth of plants. In addition, the type and method of fertilizer application play an important role in the efficient absorption of nutrients and reduce fertilizer use. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in a randomi MoreNitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients in growth of plants. In addition, the type and method of fertilizer application play an important role in the efficient absorption of nutrients and reduce fertilizer use. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Bahar city in 2017: phosphorus fertilizer was three levels (no application, triple superphosphate and diammonium phosphate), nitrogen fertilizer with two levels (placement and no-placement) and potato cultivar with three levels (Agria, Banba and Sante). The highest leaf area index (5.27), crop growth rate (13.22 g.m-2) and total dry matter (582.86 g.m-2) were obtained from diammonium phosphate along with nitrogen placement in by using Agria cultivar. The results also showed that under conditions phosphorus deficiency, nitrogen application method did not affect leaf area index, crop growth rate and total dry matter: However, tuber yield of Agria under phosphorus deficiency increased by nitrogen placement treatment. In this study, the use of diammonium phosphate, compared to triple superphosphate, increased leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and total dry matter. The effect of nitrogen placement along with triple superphosphate was higher than that of nitrogen with diammonium phosphate. Chlorophyll index was not affected by nitrogen placement when using diammonium phosphate, whereas, nitrogen placement increased chlorophyll index by 6.5% with triple superphosphate. The results also showed that the tuber yield increased by 25.4% when nitrogen used by placement combined with triple superphosphate fertilizer. As a whole, highest tuber yields of all three cultivars, especially in Agria and Banba, were increased under nitrogen placement treatment along with diammonium phosphate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Effect of Urea and Nitrapyrine on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Different Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivume L.) under Different Tillage Conditions
Reza Nozari Esmaeil Hadidi Masouleh Azam Borzouei Saeed Sayfzadeh Ali EskandariIn order to evaluate different tillage methods and urea fertilizer with nitrapyrin on total chlorophyll content, grain protein, yield and yield components of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in form of split factorial in randomized complete blocks with t MoreIn order to evaluate different tillage methods and urea fertilizer with nitrapyrin on total chlorophyll content, grain protein, yield and yield components of two wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in form of split factorial in randomized complete blocks with three replications in the Research farm Nuclear Science and Technology in 2017-2018. Experimental treatments included conventional and minimum tillage, fertilizer treatment at three levels of 0, 150 kg urea ha-1 and 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitrapyrin and wheat cultivars (Arg and Omidbakhsh). Tillage systems were effective on the studied traits and that the highest amount of chlorophyll (5.18 mg.g-1 FW) and leaf area index (3.78) were obtained in minimum and conventional tillage, respectively. The highest grain protein content (170.7%), grain yield (668.3 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (42.51%) were obtained in minimum tillage and 150 kg urea ha-1 fertilizer + nitrapyrin. Application of urea + nitrapyrin increased grain protein, 1000-grain weight and harvest index. Both Arg and Omidbakhsh cultivars obtained the highest plant height (102.16 and 104.66 cm, respectively) and leaf area index (3.88 and 3.98, respectively) in 150 kg urea ha-1 treatment. The three-way interactions of tillage, fertilizer and cultivar also had a significant effect on leaf dry weight, grain yield and biological yield. In minimal tillage, Omidbakhsh cultivar in 150 kg urea ha-1 + nitrapyrin fertilizer treatment showed better grain yield and biological yield than other treatments. According to the obtained results, in minimal plowing conditions, Omidbakhsh cultivar and application of urea + nitrapyrin is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Response of Some Physiological Parameters of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Varieties to Manure, Chemical Fertilizer and Their Combined Uses
Sajjad Nasiri Sohrab Mahmoudi Mohammad Ali Behdani Alireza SamadzadehTo evaluate the effects of manure, chemical fertilizers and their combined uses on yield and some physiological parameters of tomato varieties, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Fa MoreTo evaluate the effects of manure, chemical fertilizers and their combined uses on yield and some physiological parameters of tomato varieties, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Faculty of the University of Birjand in 2014. In this experiment fertilizer with 3 levels (manure, chemical fertilizer and their combined uses) asseigned to main plots and three tomato varieties (Orbana, Super chief and Super majar) to sub plots. Physiological parameters under study were LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR which measured every 10 days after the seedling establishment. The results showed significant effects of fertilizer and varieties on these parameters. The highest leaf area index (3.56) was obtained by the used of chemical fertilizers and the lowest (3) by the application of manure. Orbana possessed the highest LAI (4) and Super chief the lowest LAI (2.78). In this experiment, the highest crop growth rate (CGR) belonged to Orbana by the use of combined application of fertilizers and the lowest to Super Chief by the use of manure. Plants treated with chemical fertilizer had the highest relative growth rate (RGR) and those treated with their combined application and manure stood in the lower categories. The highest total tomato yield was related to the use of chemical fertilizer and the lowest to the use of combined fertilizers. The results of this experiment can be used to emphasize the role of organic fertilizers to produce highest tomato yield, both in quantity and quality, in this region and other similar regions in the country. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Effect of Mycorrhiza and Phosphate Solublizing Bacteria on Yield of Corn (Zea mays L.) (KSC 704) under Different Irrigation Regimes
Khoshnaz Payandeh Mani Mojaddam Nazli DerogarApplication of mycorrhizal fungi may improve the nutritional status of the plant and increase its resistance to environmental stresses, such as deficiencies water. This research was conducted in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with thre MoreApplication of mycorrhizal fungi may improve the nutritional status of the plant and increase its resistance to environmental stresses, such as deficiencies water. This research was conducted in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Hamidieh region of Ahvaz in 2018. Treatments consisted of irrigation regimes with three levels (60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation) assigned to main plots and combined use of mycorrhiza and phosphate stabilizing bacteriawith four levels (non application, mycorrhiza, mycorrhiza and phosphate stabilizing bacteria and Phosphate solublizing bacteria) to sub plots. The results showed that the effects of irrigation regimes and combined use of mycorrhiza and phosphorus fertilizer on leaf area index, symbiosis percent, seed number of seeds per row of corn ear, number of seeds per ear, 1000 seed weight and seed yield were significant. Mean comparisons showed that combined treatment of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria resulted in the maximum number of seeds per ear, number of seeds per row, 1000 seed weight and leaf area index. The highest seed yield (6400.55 kg.ha-1) was obtained from 60 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan and the combined application of mycorrhiza and phosphate solubilizing bacteria and lowest from 120 mm evaporation and without application of mycorrhiza and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. It can be concluded that combined use of mycorrhiza and phosphate solubilizing bacteria can be considered promising in growing maize for seed at this experimental region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Effect of N Fertilizer and Growth Stimulating Bacteria on Growth Traits of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under Delayed Sowing Condition
Nosratollah Nosrat Morteza Goldani Javad RezaeiDelayed planting of sugar beet, use of nitrogen fertilizer and growth promoting bacteria are important in accelerating growth and compensating time loss. To study this subject, a split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 repl MoreDelayed planting of sugar beet, use of nitrogen fertilizer and growth promoting bacteria are important in accelerating growth and compensating time loss. To study this subject, a split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 8 treatments in 2018 at the Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The factors under study consisted of planting date with two levels (regular planting, D1, and delayed planting, D2) as the main factor, nitrogen fertilizer with two levels (use of nitrogen fertilizer based on recommended rate, N1 and 25% less than recommended rate, N2) as a subfactors and bacterial growth stimulant with two levels (bacterial inoculation, B2, and without its use, B1) were considered as sub-sub- factors. Growth indices under study were leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. In this study, highest leaf area index (3.5) and dry matter accumulation (2898 g.m-2) in thermal unit, as well as growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate under regular and delayed planting dates were due to the use of recommended rate of nitrogen fertilizer and bacterial inoculation treatments. The least amounts of these traits were obtained at both planting dates and use of nitrogen fertilizer, 25% less than the recommendation, and without using bacteria. Root yield and sugar content sugar beet under treatment of bacterial and nitrogen use, based on recommended rate, showed 8 to 10% higher than other treatments, under both regular and delayed planting date. It seems that the combined use of chemical and biological fertilizers is useful in delayed sowing, to compensate delayed time loss planting of sugar beet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Effect of Super-Adsorbent and Irrigation Levels on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris)
Marouf Khalili Hamze HamzeTo Investigate the effect of super-adsorbent and irrigation levels on quantitative and qualitative characteristics Rastar cultivar of sugar beet a split plots experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replicas was conducted at the Agr MoreTo Investigate the effect of super-adsorbent and irrigation levels on quantitative and qualitative characteristics Rastar cultivar of sugar beet a split plots experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replicas was conducted at the Agricultural University of Mahabad in 2017. Irrigation in three levels (Irrigation after 60, 120 and 180 mm evaporation from class A pan) is assigned to main plats and super-absorbents A200 in four levels (0, 50, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1) to the subplots. The simple effects of irrigation regime and superabsorbent on all traits, except for the coefficient of sugar extraction, was significant. The interaction of treatments were significant on the dry weight of shoot, sugar content, root yield, and sugar yield and white sugar yield. In this research, the highest leaf area index, root length, and leaf relative water content and the lowest amount of white sugar content belonged to irrigation after 60 mm evaporation. Application of 50 and 150 kg.ha-1 super-absorbent highly increased leaf area index, root length, and leaf relative water content while it decrease the percent of white sugar content. The highest shoot dry weight (3.97 t.ha-1), root yield (69.35 t.ha-1), sugar yield (10.51 t.ha-1) and white sugar yield (9.39 t.ha-1) and the lowest percentage of sugar (15.20%) caused by irrigation interval after 60 mm evaporation and using 200 kg.ha-1 super-absorbent. Interactions due to irrigation and use of super-absorbent showed that there was the non-significant difference between irrigation regime after 60 mm in control treatment (not applicable super-absorbent) with the application of 50, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1super-adsorbent in irrigation regime after 120 mm and application of 150 and 200 kg.ha-1super-absorbent in irrigation regime after 180 mm. Thus, using of 150 kg.ha-1 super-absorbent in irrigation regime after 180 mm evaporation can have similar white sugar yield as it was under irrigation regime after 60 mm in control treatment (not applicable super-absorbent) while saving about 8650 m3 per hectare by using this treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Effects of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis along with Vermicompost and Tea Compost on Quantity and Quality Yield of Mentha aquatic L.
Mostafa Koozehgar Kaleji Mohammad Reza Ardakani Naser Khodabandeh Mojtaba Alavi FazelTo evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers and mycorrhizal symbiosis on yield components and percentage of essence of Mentha aquatica, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 4 replications was conducted in Sari, in 20 MoreTo evaluate the effect of organic fertilizers and mycorrhizal symbiosis on yield components and percentage of essence of Mentha aquatica, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 4 replications was conducted in Sari, in 2014. The experimental treatments were mycorrhizal fuangi (Glomus mosseae) with two levels (0 and 10% per pot), vermi-compost with two levels (0 and 10% per pot) and compost of tea with two levels (0 and 1.5 liter per pot). The results showed that use of organic fertilizer and mycorrhizal symbiosis significantly improved the quantity and quality characters Mentha aquatica. Use of organic and biological fertilizers had a significant effect on most of the measured traits and increased all of the traits as compared to those of control. Thus, highest plant height, leaf number, seed number per plant, plant dry weight, root length, root diameter, leaf area index, essence present and essence yield were obtained by using mycorrhizal symbiosis and compost tea, vermin-compost as compared to those of control treatment. Generally, the use of organic and biofertilizers, produced optimum quality and quantity of Mentha aquatica. In fact, increased performance of organic and biological fertilizers improved the activity of plant growth regulators and reduced elemental leaching and thus resulted in higher absorption of nutrients, increased plant growth, seed yield and essential oil content of Mentha aquatica. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Agro-Physiological Responses of Different Peal Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) Cultivars to Water Deficit in Kerman Climatic Conditions
Seyed Nabiladin Fatemi Ali Akbar Maghsoodi Mood Ghasem Mohammadi NejadCultivar selection is one of the most important factors to obtain maximum yield, based on the climatic conditions of each region. Drought is one of the environmental stresses that causes adverse effects on most stages of plant growth, structure and its activities. To in MoreCultivar selection is one of the most important factors to obtain maximum yield, based on the climatic conditions of each region. Drought is one of the environmental stresses that causes adverse effects on most stages of plant growth, structure and its activities. To investigate the agro-physiological responses of different pearl millet cultivars (Hybrid 1, Hybrid 2, IP13150, IP13151, IP22269, ICMV5222, HHVBCTA) to two levels of irrigation (100% and 60% of field capacity) an split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was done in Kerman climatic conditions. The results showed that the simple effect of irrigation treatment and also simple effect of cultivar as well as the interaction of irrigation×cultivar were significant for all traits, except for relative water content and chlorophyll index. Decreasing the value of irrigation water from 100% to 60% of field capacity, caused significantly reduction of chlorophyll index (20.87%) and relative humidity content (29.06%). Drought stress increased proline content in all cultivars and the highest one was obtained from HHVBCTA under this condition. The results showed that the highest values of plant height, leaf area index, fresh and dry forage yield under normal irrigation and also drought stress conditions were obtained from Hybrid 1 and IP13151 cultivars, respectively. According to the comparison results of interaction, the lowest and highest percentage reduction of fresh forage of the due to drought stress were related to IP13151 (13.16%) and Hybrid 2 (61.58%), respectively. Generally, according to the obtained results, Hybrid 1 and IP13151 cultivars are suitable for planting in Kerman climatic region under normal and stress conditions, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The Analysis of Topping Results of Faba Bean Varieties (Vicia faba L.) by Using Logistic Nonlinear Regression Model
Arefeh Alipour Ghasem Abad sofla Ali Rahemi Karizaki Ali Nakhzari-moghaddam Abbas BiabaniGrowth analysis is a valuable method to quantify crop growth, development and production. Because, parameters of nonlinear regression models have significant physiological meanings, it was decided to study the effect of topping and variety on crop growth indices by usin MoreGrowth analysis is a valuable method to quantify crop growth, development and production. Because, parameters of nonlinear regression models have significant physiological meanings, it was decided to study the effect of topping and variety on crop growth indices by using a logistic nonlinear regression model in a factorial experiment, based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications, at the Research Farm of Gonbad University during 2014-2015. The first factor consisted of five faba bean verities (Zohreh, Shami, Sheshband, Sarazeri and Barkat) and the second factor of two levels, topping and control. Results showed that using this molel described well the variation pattern of dry matter accumulation and LAI by time. It was also revealel that the difference between verities for the time to reach maximum leaf area index and the time required to reach 50 percent of maximum dry matter were not significant. The effect of variety on leaf area index was significant at the 5% level. The maximum and minimum leaf area index, total dry matter and crop growth rate of Barkat, Zohre and the Saraziri were higher than Shami and Sheshband varieties, and thus this was resulted in higher yield. Leaf area index in all varieties was the critical leaf area index. The average critical leaf area index in varieties was 1.37. The maximum and minimum relative growth rate at the beginning of the growing season belonged to the Saraziri and Barkat with 0.066 and 0.055 g/g.day, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Response of Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Maize (Zea mays L.) to the Application of Zinc and Iron at Irrigation Cutoff Conditions
Mojtaba Afshari Ahmad Naderi Mani Mojadam Shahram Lak Mojtaba AlavifazelThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of micronutrients on physiological, biochemical and functional characteristics of the of SC704 hybrid maize at water deficit condition during two cropping years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 at Experimental Farm in north MoreThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of micronutrients on physiological, biochemical and functional characteristics of the of SC704 hybrid maize at water deficit condition during two cropping years of 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 at Experimental Farm in northwest of Ahvaz. The experiment was conducted as split-split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots consisted of water deficit stresses at three levels, complete irrigation, cutoff irrigation both at the vegetative growth stage (12-14 leaf) and early seed growth stage, sub-plots were zinc sulfate foliar application at three concentrations (0, 5 and 10 g.L-1) and sub sub-plots foliar solution of iron sulfate at three concentrations (0, 3 and 6 g.L-1). The results of this study showed that increasing ZnSO4 concentration from zero to ten per thousand at constant levels of FeSO4 application (6 per thousand concentrations) resulted in increase in leaf area index under water deficit condition at the vegetative growth stage and beginning of seed growth stage. The lowest current photosynthesis was obtained in the absence of foliar application of zinc and iron. The lowest content of intercellular carbon dioxide was obtained at the beginning of seed growth stage when irrigation was stopped. The use of zinc and iron sulfate increased the values of this trait and removed the photosynthetic limitations. The highest yield of ear was obtained in complete irrigation with 6 per thousand concentration FeSO4 spray (9135.66 kg.ha-1), which increased by 25.1% compared to non-spray at this irrigation level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Effect of Salicylic Acid on Morpho-agronomical Traits of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) under Drought Stress
Faramarz Chamani Enayatollah Tohidinejad Mehdi MohayejiGuar is a tropical, salt and drought tolerant plant. To assess the effect of salicylic acid on its morphological and agronomical traits under different irrigation intervals, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replicates was perfo MoreGuar is a tropical, salt and drought tolerant plant. To assess the effect of salicylic acid on its morphological and agronomical traits under different irrigation intervals, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replicates was performed in Galeh-Gang region in Kerman province, Iran. Three different irrigations with 6, 9 and 12 day intervals, assigned to main plots and four salicylic acid concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) to sub plots. Salicylic acid spraying was done three times at five leaf, flowering and podding stages. The results indicated that most of the morphologic and agronomic characters of guar were influenced under different irrigation intervals. Leaf area index, number of pods per plants and number of seeds per pod were decreased when drought stress occured. Spraying plants with salicylic acid increased almost all characters under study. While, the highest number of pods per plant, seeds per pod were obtained at 2 mM and leaf area index at 1 mM salicylic acid treatments. Irrigation interval by salicylic acid interaction was significant for specific leaf area, 1000 seed weight, seed protein content and seed yield. The highest seed yield (1245.25 kg.ha-1) was belonged to the irrigation of 6 day interval and 1 mM acid salicylic treatment. As a whole it can be concluded that use of 1 mM salicylic acid treatment might increase drought tolerance of guar and prevent yield reduction during drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Evaluation of Yield and Yield Components of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) in as affected by Different Planting Densities
Mohammad-Reza Vahedi Enayatolah Tohidi Nejad Amin Pasandi PourTo investigate the effect of different planting densities on yield and yield components of quinoa (Titicaca cultivar), a factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design was studied at the Research Farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research an MoreTo investigate the effect of different planting densities on yield and yield components of quinoa (Titicaca cultivar), a factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design was studied at the Research Farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center of Kerman province in 2018-2019. Two inter-row space (30 and 50 cm) considered as the first factor and four intra-row space including 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm as the second factor. Increasing the intra-row and inter-row spacing resulted in significant reduction in CGR. Thus, the lowest value of this index, at both intra-row spacing attributed to 20 cm the inter-row spacing. The lowest grain yield (225.76 g.m-2) was related to the treatment of 50 cm inter-row and 20 cm intra-row spacings, Reduction intra-row spacing up to 10 cm resulted in a significant increase in seed yield. However, at in the inter-row spacing of 30 cm, there was no significant difference between the intra-row spacings in seed yield. The highest seed yield value was obtained from the intra- row spacing of 20 cm, with an average of 386.36 g.m-2. In general, the inter-row spacing of 30 cm and intra-row spacing of 15 and 20 cm resulted in highest seed yield and 1000 seed weight of quinoa in this research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Variation Trend of Leaf Area Index, Yield and Yield Components of Green Beans (Phaseolous vulgaris L.) by Using Zinc Sulfate and Nitrogen
Sh. Lack M. Kermanshahi H. NoryaniProper nutrition of plant is one of the most important factors to improve both quality and quantiy of crop yields. Accordingly, the effect of different levels of zinc and nitrogen on leaf area index, yield and yield components of green beans investigated in the summer o MoreProper nutrition of plant is one of the most important factors to improve both quality and quantiy of crop yields. Accordingly, the effect of different levels of zinc and nitrogen on leaf area index, yield and yield components of green beans investigated in the summer of 2012. The experiment used was a split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications in the Dezful. In this study, the main plots consisted of four nitrogen rates of urea (0, 30, 60 and 90 kgha-1), and sub plots of four levels of zinc sulfate (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg.ha-1). The results showed that application of 90 N kg.ha-1 increased leaf area index, plant dry matter, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and protein content. Use of zinc sulfate at the rate of 20 kg.ha-1 was superior in grain yield and yield components. The highest leaf area index, grain and biological yields harvest index and protein content were achieved by application of 90 kg nitrogen and 20 kg of zinc sulfate per hectare. It seems that the use of zinc with appropriate rates, through its involvement in physiological processes and nitrogen metabolism in plants as an essential element, accelerates green beans growth processes and increases green bean yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Yield Comparison of Sesame Cultivars and Their Physiological Growth Indices Under Chemical and Biological Potassium Fertilizer Applications
Hamid Madani Behzad Sani Hamid GolipourTo compare the yield and physiological growth indices of three Iranian sesame cultivars under the application of chemical and biological potassium fertilizers a pot experiment was conducted in the summer of 2015 in greenhouse. This study was performed as factorial arran MoreTo compare the yield and physiological growth indices of three Iranian sesame cultivars under the application of chemical and biological potassium fertilizers a pot experiment was conducted in the summer of 2015 in greenhouse. This study was performed as factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The potassium fertilizer application, based on soil test, was in four levels (K1:K2SO4 50%, K2: Bacillus circulans L., K3: Bacillus megatherium L. and K4: KSB1+KSB2 and three sesame cultivars used were Ultan, Yekta and Dashtestan 2. The plant samples were taken from 30 to 105 days after sowing with 15 days intervals. LAI, TDM, CGR, NAR and RGR were measured during the different growth stages. The results showed that the Yekta cultivar produced the highest seed yield (18.62 g.plant-1). Ultan produced highest growth rate as compared to the other cultivars. Furthermore, it responded differently to the application of biologic KSB1 fertilizer as compared to the other treatments and cultivars. KSB1 improved and accelerated plant growth rate at 90 days after sowing. While, the use of chemical potassium sulfate, KSB2 and combined application of Bacillus circulans L. with KSB1 and 2 improved growth 105 days after sowing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - The effect of mycorrhiza fungi on the morphological characteristics, phenolic compounds. and chlorophyll fluorescence of Borage (Borago officinails L.) under draught stress
علی Rahimi Sh Jahanbin امین Salehi هوشنگ FarajiDrought is one of the factors that affect medicinal plants. On the other hand, the role of mycorrhiza fungi was effective in improving the performance of some medicinal plants exposed to draught stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a ra MoreDrought is one of the factors that affect medicinal plants. On the other hand, the role of mycorrhiza fungi was effective in improving the performance of some medicinal plants exposed to draught stress. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Boyerahmad region during 2015 - 2016. The experiment factors consisted of irrigation levels (main plot) as irrigation after S1 =30, S2 =60, S3 =90, S4 =120 and S5 =150 mm water evaporation from evaporation pan class A and mycorrhiza fungi (sub plot) consisted of non-inoculation (NG), inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi species of Glomus mosseae (GM) and Glomus intraradices (GI). Results showed that the effect of year on the studied traits of Borage was not significant. The effect of drought stress on leaf area index of Borage was significant and in the irrigation after 30 and 60 mm evaporation the highest LAI was obtained. The application of mycorrhiza fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices increased the amount of phenols of Borageby %13 and% 9, respectively as compared with the plants not inoculated with mycorrhiza fungi. Increase in the drought from 30 mm to 150 mm decreased evaporation, height, number of tributaries and chlorophyll fluorescence, but the application of mycorrhiza could increase the studied characteristics of Borage under drought stress conditions and decrease the negative effects of stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Effect of flavobacterium, vermicompost, and humic acid on current photosynthesis, dry matter translocation, and grain yield of Triticosecale Wittma L. under salinity stress conditions
sara mohammadi kalesar lou Raouf Seyed sharifi Hamed Narimani Zhila NazariA factorial experiment was conducted on Triticosecale Wittma L. based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil during 2020. Experimental fact MoreA factorial experiment was conducted on Triticosecale Wittma L. based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil during 2020. Experimental factors included salinity levels (non-application of salinity as control and soil salinity of 50 and 100 mM NaCl), and bio-fertilizers (no application of bio-fertilizers as control, application of vermicompost, flavobacterium, vermicompost + flavobacterium + humic acid (foliar application with water as control and foliar application of 2 g.L-1 humic acid). Results showed that the highest leaf area index, root weight and volume, and leaf protein content were recorded in combined applications of vermicompost + flavobacterium + foliar application of humic acid under non-salinity conditions. Also, combined application of vermicompost + flavobacterium + foliar humic acid under non-salinity conditions decreased dry matter translocation from stem, shoot, and its contribution to grain yield by 31.97, 40.8, and 138.84% respectively while increasing grain yield, current photosynthesis, and contribution of current photosynthesis in grain yield by 69.56, 151.44, and 48.3%, respectively compared to no application of bio-fertilizers and humic acid under 100 mM soil salinity. Based on the results, it seems that the application of bio-fertilizers and humic acid can increase current photosynthesis and its contribution in grain yield of triticale by improving leaf area index, root weight, and volume. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of suger beet cultivars (Beta Vulgaris L.) topretreatment and salinity
Ali Shokouhian Heshmat Omidi Amin Bostani Amirmohammad NajiA plant’s response to osmotic stress is a complex phenomenon that causes many abnormal symptoms due to limitations in growth and development or even the loss of yield. The present study was designed to investigate the morpho-physiological responses of different su MoreA plant’s response to osmotic stress is a complex phenomenon that causes many abnormal symptoms due to limitations in growth and development or even the loss of yield. The present study was designed to investigate the morpho-physiological responses of different sugar beet cultivars (‘Shokofa’, ‘Sina’, ‘Paya’, ‘Turbata’, and ‘Aria’) to priming (non-priming, osmopriming, and hydro-priming) and salinity of irrigation water (>2, 8, and 16 dS/m). The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot experimental based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) implemented in three replications in a research farm in Saveh city, Iran, during 2019-2020. Results showed that non-priming of ‘Shokofa’ genotype, hydro-priming of ‘Aria’ genotype, and osmo-priming of ‘Paya’ genotype under non-salinity conditions had the highest total chlorophyll content (31.04, 32.80, and 28.50 µg/g FW, respectively). The highest proline content was related to the hydro-and osmo-priming of seeds under high salinity stress (1.91 and 1.23 μmol/g FW, respectively). Hydro-priming of ‘Shokofa’ seed showed the highest LAI under the high salt stress level. The highest root yield (62.9 tons/ha) was observed in the hydro-priming of ‘Aria’ genotype under without salt stress conditions. In addition, all sugar beet cultivars under non-stress and hydro-priming conditions had the highest root yield. Among the cultivars, ‘Sina’, ‘Torbata’, and ‘Aria’ and hydro-priming technique are recommended for planting in areas under soil or irrigation water salinity stress Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Storage duration and temperature of hydroprimed seeds affects some growth indices and yield of wheat.
Zeinab Farajollahi Hamid Reza Eisvand -
Open Access Article
40 - Effect of different mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on growth traits and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Hossien Hamidi1,2 Seyed Keyvan Marashi2*In order to investigate the effects of different mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on growth traits and grain yield of wheat, an experiment was conducted in factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor includ MoreIn order to investigate the effects of different mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on growth traits and grain yield of wheat, an experiment was conducted in factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor included mycorrhizal fungi application as non-use of fungi (control), Glomus intraradices, Glomus mossea and Glomus fasciculatum and the second factor included various levels of phosphorus fertilization included non-application of fertilizer (control), 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1. The results showed that the effect of fungi, phosphorus fertilizer and interaction between the application of fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on leaf area index, dry matter, root dry matter and grain yield were significant. In all treatments of mycorrhizal fungi with increasing of phosphorous fertilizer level, leaf area index, total dry matter, root dry matter and grain yield increased. Maximum values in all studied traits were observed under the application of Glomus intraradices and Glomus mossea. Glomus mossea and Glomus intraradices at 80 kg ha-1 fertilizer level was the best condition for all traits. But in Glomus fasciculatum, the maximum of traits was obtained at 120 kg ha-1 fertilizer. In general, using Glomus mossea and Glomus intraradices can reduce the use of phosphate fertilizers, which could be a new approach to achieve sustainable agriculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Effect of silicon application on morphological and physiological characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus.annuus L.) under different moisture levels
zohreh nabipour Gholamreza Zamani Available water is the main factor limiting crop growth and production in arid areas. In this regard, in order to investigate the effect of silicon application on morphological, physiological and yield characteristics of sunflower under different mois More Available water is the main factor limiting crop growth and production in arid areas. In this regard, in order to investigate the effect of silicon application on morphological, physiological and yield characteristics of sunflower under different moisture levels, an experiment was conducted in the crop year 2018-2019 in Gonabad, Iran. This study was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor of irrigation with different moisture levels based on water requirement includes four levels (100% water requirement, 80% water requirement, 60% water requirement and 40% water requirement) and the secondary factor of silicon consumption time. There were four levels (no application (control), application in vegetative stage, application in reproductive stage, application in vegetative stage and reproductive stage). The results showed that reducing the moisture level from 100% to 40% of water requirement reduced the quantitative traits studied; So that the lowest seed yield (1730.8 kg / ha) and oil yield (583.41 kg / ha) were obtained in the treatment of moisture level of 40% of water requirement. Also, the application of silicon under low moisture levels based on water requirement improved the effects of reducing moisture levels in all evaluated traits and seed yield. The highest seed yield (7572.96 kg / ha) was obtained in the treatment of 80% water requirement and application of silicon in the vegetative and reproductive stages and the lowest value (1193.54 kg / ha) was obtained in the treatment of 40% water requirement and without the use of silicon. Also, the application of silicon in the vegetative and reproductive stages compared to the non-application treatment (control) increased 2.5, 1.5 and 2.5 times the oil yield at different levels of moisture, including 80, 60 and 40% of water requirement. In general, the results showed that the use of silicon in the vegetative and reproductive stages at a moisture level of 80% of the water requirement compensated for the adverse effects of reducing the moisture level in the studied traits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Effect of application of sulfur and thiobacillus on improvement of morpho-physiological characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Khuzestan lands
Fatemeh Mousavi Seyed Keyvan Marashi Timour Babaei NejadIn order to investigate the effect of acid modifiers in lands with high pH on improving morpho-physiological characteristics of wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included, sulfur sulfat MoreIn order to investigate the effect of acid modifiers in lands with high pH on improving morpho-physiological characteristics of wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included, sulfur sulfate in three levels (0, 250 and 500 kg ha-1) and thiobacillus in three levels (0, 5 and 10 kg ha-1). The results showed that the effect of sulfur fertilizer and thiobacillus bacteria on total dry weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and plant height were significant at 1% probability level. The interaction between sulfur and thiobacillus fertilizers on total dry weight was significant at 1% probability level and on plant height at 5% probability level and was not significant for other traits. The maximum crop growth rate were obtained by 12.5 and 11.6 g m-2 under 500 kg ha-1 sulfur fertilizer and 10 kg ha-1 thiobacillus, respectively and the minimum by 9.7 and 10.6 were under non-application of sulfur fertilizer and non-application of thiobacillus. The maximum plant height (94.3 cm) was observed under application of 500 and 10 kg ha-1 of sulfur and thiobacillus fertilizer and the minimum by 74.6 was under non-application of sulfur fertilizer and thiobacillus. In general, the results of experiment showed that the application of sulfur fertilizer and thiobacillus bacteria in lands with high pH improved morpho-physiological characteristics of wheat, which could be interest to researchers and farmers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Study of correlation between some agronomic traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in different treatments of phosphorus biological and chemical fertilizers
Mona Yousefipor Shahram Lack* Khoshnaz PayandehApplication of bio-fertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture perform important role at increasing of crop pro-duction and improving soil fertility. In order to investigate combine application of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers and micronutrients on morpho-ph MoreApplication of bio-fertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture perform important role at increasing of crop pro-duction and improving soil fertility. In order to investigate combine application of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers and micronutrients on morpho-physiologic characteristics of barley, present research was conducted via split plot experiment according randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Ramhormoz during 2016-17. The main treatments consisted of phosphorus fertilizers and bio-fertilizers in four levels (Non use phosphorus fertilizer or control, bio-fertilizer “Barvar2”, bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and 200 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer) and spray micro-nutrient (included micronutrients of zinc, iron and manganese) at three levels (no spray micro-nutrient or control, spray micro-nutrient at 0.002 and 0.004 concentration) belonged to sub plots. Results of analysis of variance indicated effect of combine application of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers and micronutrients on measured traits was significant. Mean comparison result of phosphorus fertilizers showed that bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer had maximum peduncle length (9.46 cm), awn length (11.95 cm), leaf area index (4.5), chlorophyll index (40.26) and days to rippening (185 day) also spray micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentration achieved maximum rate of mentioned traits. According mean comparison results of interactions of treatments the highest seed yield (400.1 g.m-2) and main spike weight (2.89 gr) belonged to bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and spray micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentration. Generally to achieved optimum yield use bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and foliar application micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentrations for Ramhormoz weather conditions can be advised. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological parameters of wheat in deficit irrigation conditions
Fatemeh Tourfi Alireza Shokuhfar2*In order to effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological parameters of wheat in deficit irrigation conditions this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. main plots consisted: full irrigation, n MoreIn order to effect of humic acid on yield, yield components and physiological parameters of wheat in deficit irrigation conditions this research was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. main plots consisted: full irrigation, no irrigation at the beginning of stem elongation, and no irrigation at the pollination stage and sub plots included different levels of humic acid fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/L). Results showed that interaction of irrigation and humic acid on number of seeds per spike and 1000 grain weight at 1% probability level and number of spikes per unit area and harvest index was significant at 5% probability level. Grain yield under the effect low irrigation and humic acid was significant at 1% probability level. The highest leaf area index and crop growth rate were affected in full irrigation and 300 mg.L-1 humic acid and least of them were obtained in low irrigation stress conditions in different periods and no foliar application of humic acid. The highest grain yield was obtained in full irrigation (5035 kg.ha-1) and foliar application with 300 mg.L-1 humic acid (4462 kg.ha-1). The lowest grain yield was obtained in no irrigation at the pollination stage (2355 kg.ha-1) and no-humic acid (2667 kg.ha-1). As a result, foliar application 300 mg.L-1 of humic acid in different periods of low irrigation stress improved the physiological indices and increased yield components compared to control (no foliar application). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Assessment of the role of growth reduction factors on some morpho-physiological and yield indicators of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars in climate condition of Khouzestan
Marzieh Gorgizadeh Shahram Lak Abdolali GilaniIn order to Assessment of the role of growth reduction factors on some morpho-physiological and yield indicators of rice cultivars an experiment in the year 2018 was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimentation f MoreIn order to Assessment of the role of growth reduction factors on some morpho-physiological and yield indicators of rice cultivars an experiment in the year 2018 was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimentation factors included various rice varieties: Champa, Chermez-anbori and Hoveizeh in the main plot and reducing growth factors include: control (without cutting), consumption of half a liter of medax top in 45 days after planting, cut 65 days after planting to a height of 35 cm and cut 85 days after planting at a height of 35 cm in the subplot was. the results showed difference between levels of reducing growth factors in terms of stem height, panicle number, number of hollow seed per panicle and seed yield were at 1% probability and 1000-seed weight at 5% level. the difference between cultivars in terms of number of hollow seed per panicle at 1% level and 1000 grain weight at 5% probability level. highest number of hollow seed per panicle was in the control and the lowest in the cut 65 days after planting. the highest grain yield was obtained in the application of medax top with average of 4.7 tons/ha and the lowest grain yield with average of 3.19 tons/ha was obtained by cutting in 85 days after planting. So it can be cut by 65 days after the planting and use of the medax top or using the hoveizeh cultivar to reach the desired results in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - The evaluation of different herbicide on weeds control, growth indices, and forage yield Alfalfa
masoud noroozi mohammad reza dadashi fariba mighani hossien ajam norooziField experiment was conducted to evaluate chemical control of weeds in newly planted alfalfa with emphasis on growth indices in randomize complete-block design (RCBD) with 9 treatments and 4 replications at the research field of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Prot MoreField experiment was conducted to evaluate chemical control of weeds in newly planted alfalfa with emphasis on growth indices in randomize complete-block design (RCBD) with 9 treatments and 4 replications at the research field of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection located in Meshkindasht, Karaj, during 2014-2016. The treatments consisted of Eradicane 4.1 g ai/ha, Metribuzin 525 g ai/ha, 2,4-DB 1269 g ai/ha, 2,4-DB 1480 g ai/ha, Bentazon 144 g ai/ha, Imazethapyr 50 g ai/ha (with 200 ml Sitogit), Imazethapyr 100 g ai/ha (with 200 ml Sitogit), non-herbicide control and whole-season weeding control. Based on reducing density of broad-leaved weeds the most effective herbicides were Metribuzin (99 and 97% in first and second cutting) and Imazethapyr 1 lit/ha (91 and 90% in first and second cutting). The poorest control was application of Eradicane (44 and 36 % in first and second cutting). Furthermore, the results of reducing density of grass weeds showed that among all herbicides the highest efficiency were related to Eradicane (100% in both cutting) and Imazethapyr 100 g ai/ha (87 and 91% in first and second cutting). the lowest fresh and dry weight of alfalfa, cumulative dry matter and leaf area index was related to use of Metribuzin, which was due to the effects of herbicide injury on alfalfa, thus it led to decreasing of alfalfa density in the first year Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Evaluation of Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) competition with redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflxus L.) at different levels of plant density
تاصر جعفرزاده Alireza Pirzad Hashem HadiIn order to evaluate the castor bean’s competitive effect with redroot pigweed at different levels of plant density, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in three replications at Agricultural Research of West Azarbayjan in MoreIn order to evaluate the castor bean’s competitive effect with redroot pigweed at different levels of plant density, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in three replications at Agricultural Research of West Azarbayjan in Urmia in 2011. The first factor was different densities of castor bean in five levels 0 (Pure stand of pigweed), 3, 4, 5 and 6 plant.m-², and second factor was three levels of redroot pigweed 0 (Pure stand of castor), 5, 10 and 15 plant.m-². Results showed that with increasing pigweed density, castor bean grain yield 20-38%, oil percent 39%, and plant height 32% comparing to pure culture decreased. The maximum amount of leaf dry weight (58.7g.m-2), stem dry weight (49.3g.m-2), number of branches (5.3), and height (44.9cm) belonged to pure stand of pigweed, that decreased by increasing castor bean density. With increasing of pigweed density, its leaf area index in pure culture reached the highest level (1.44) which was 50% higher than with 15 plant/m2 of pigweed, and 6 plant.m-² of castor bean. The highest (157cm) and the lowest (107 cm) height of castor bean attained at 6 and 3 plants per m2, respectively. Therefore that increasing pigweed density decrease grain yield and oil yield. The amount of this reduction was related to pigweed density. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - The Effect of Water Deficit on Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Vegetative Characteristics and Grain Yield of Corn Hybrids
houman homayouni victoria khazarian Mohsen SaeidiRestriction of humidity is one of the main factors limiting production in arid and semiarid regions. To evaluate the effects of water deficit on chlorophyll fluorescence, vegetative characteristics and grain yield of corn, an experiment was conducted a spilt plot plan i MoreRestriction of humidity is one of the main factors limiting production in arid and semiarid regions. To evaluate the effects of water deficit on chlorophyll fluorescence, vegetative characteristics and grain yield of corn, an experiment was conducted a spilt plot plan in the form of a completely randomized block design in triplicate in Karaj in 2009 and 2010. The main plots consisted irrigation, including full irrigation (I1), 12.5 % (I2), 25 % (I3), 37.5 % (I4) and 50 % (I5) water deficit, and the subplot consisted corn hybrids including SC704, SC500 and SC301. In terms of fluorescence chlorophyll parameters, in the Leaf10 stage and tasseling stage, there was a meaningful difference among corn hybrids, while in other cases a meaningful difference was not observed. The leaf area index, plant height and grain yield decreased by decreasing the amount of water in water deficit treatments. However, decreasing water to 12.5 % did not have a meaningful effect on the grain yield. The lowest grain yield was related to I5 (with performance of 2497 kg/ha). Among hybrids, SC704 (with yield of 4592 kg/ha) accrued the highest grain yield to itself. At the same time as the intensification of deficit irrigation, the decrease in the level of photosynthesis that occurred through decrease of leaf area played a more important role compared to photosystem II efficiency in grain yield. Moreover, due to the scatted data of the quantum yield of photosystem II achieved, which are affected by the environmental conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Investigation of water deficit and physical seed priming effects on some morphophysiological traits and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.)
Farhad Farahvash Reza Siyami Bahram Mirshekari Varahram Rashidi Alireza TarinejadTo investigate the physical seed priming of maize under water deficit, a split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2014. Main MoreTo investigate the physical seed priming of maize under water deficit, a split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2014. Main plots consisted of two irrigation levels (control and water deficit respectively 70 and 110 mm evaporations from class A pan) and sub plots of eleven levels of physical priming (gamma and beta rays with fixed velocity of two micro curie, laser with continuous wave He-Ne with wavelength 6328 angstrom, magnetic field with 40 Mt and ultrasonic waves with maximum 3 wat/cm2 in 5 and 10 minutes along with control, without any treatment). Based on the results obtained, grain yield and leaf area index decreased by 18.5 and 23% respectively under drought stress condition in comparison with normal irrigation (70 mm evaporation from the pan). Proline concentration of leaves increased under drought stress by 38% as compared with control treatment. The highest leaf area indices by using magnetic field and 5 minutes laser and gamma irradiations obtained to be 3.95. The highest grain yield belonged to treatment of 5 and 10 minutes of magnetic field and to treatments of 5 minutes gamma and laser irradiations. Increasing treatment time from 5 to10 minutes, of gamma and laser irradiations decreased grain yield by 20 and 17%, respectively. It can be concluded that physical seed priming by magnetic field, gamma and laser irradiations for short times can be recommended for higher grain yields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - The effect of nitrogen rates on wheat morphological traits and grain yield in different irrigation conditions
Sadegh Shahrasbi Yahya Emam Hadi Pirasteh-AnoshehIn a 2-yrs field study, growth pattern and grain yield of wheat as affected by different nitrogen levels under varied irrigation conditions were evaluated in Shiraz University during 2013-15 growing seasons. The results showed that in both years at anthesis and ripening MoreIn a 2-yrs field study, growth pattern and grain yield of wheat as affected by different nitrogen levels under varied irrigation conditions were evaluated in Shiraz University during 2013-15 growing seasons. The results showed that in both years at anthesis and ripening stages in all irrigation treatments, except rainfed, 300 kg N ha-1 had the highest plant height, while the highest plant height in rainfed for all sampling stages was achieved in 225 kg N ha-1 treatment. In all irrigation treatments, except rainfed, the plots receiving more N had the higher leaf area index for all sampling stages. As water deficit was applied and intensified, the less N fertilizer was needed for achieving the higher dry matter production; so that the highest final dry matter in normal irrigation, irrigation cutting at grain filling and spike emergence and rainfed conditions for both years were obtained from 225, 225, 150 and 75 kg N ha-1, by 1195.1, 1115.2, 931.1 kg ha-1 and 517.6 at the first and by 1015.8, 957.9, 791.5 kg ha-1 and 389.9 kg N ha-1 at the second year, respectively. In both years, the highest SPAD index was observed from rainfed conditions and 375 kg N ha-1, and the highest grain yield was observed in normal irrigation with 150 kg N ha-1 by 568.1 and 515.5 kg ha-1 at the first and second years, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Effect of bacterial inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer timing on growth indices, yield and morphological traits of triticale (Triticosecale wittmack)
N. Hasanzadeh R. Seyed SharifiiUsing biological fertilizers containing different microbial strains, leads to less chemical fertilizer application and consequently high quality products with no harmful chemicals for human health. In order to investigate the effect of seed inoculation with growth promo MoreUsing biological fertilizers containing different microbial strains, leads to less chemical fertilizer application and consequently high quality products with no harmful chemicals for human health. In order to investigate the effect of seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and nitrogen fertilizer timing on growth indices, yield and some morphological traits of triticale (Joanilo variety), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012, at the green house in agricultural science college of Mohaghegh Ardabili university. The factors consisted of nitrogen fertilizer timing in four levels including T1 (1/2 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation), T2 (1/3 in planting time + 1/3 during stem elongation + 1/3 before panicle appearance), T3 (1/4 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and T4 (1/4 in planting time + 1/4 during tilling stage + 1/4 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels including B0 (no-inoculation), B1 (Azotobacter chroococcum, strain 5), B2 (Azospirillum Lipoferum, strain OF) and B3 (Pseudomonas putida, strain 4). Results indicated that the interaction of bacterial inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer timing were significant on all measured traits. It seems that seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels led to an increase in yield and improved growth indices as well as morphological traits so that the most leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and plant dry weight were observed in the interaction of Azotobacter and Azospirillum inoculation in the second and third fertilizer timing levels. Bacterial inoculation with Azotobacter and second fertilizer timing level increased grain yield 2.5 times more than the control treatment. The most values for morphological traits of triticale were acquired in seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels. Using biological fertilizers containing different microbial strains, leads to less chemical fertilizer application and consequently high quality products with no harmful chemicals for human health. In order to investigate the effect of seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and nitrogen fertilizer timing on growth indices, yield and some morphological traits of triticale (Joanilo variety), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012, at the green house in agricultural science college of Mohaghegh Ardabili university. The factors consisted of nitrogen fertilizer timing in four levels including T1 (1/2 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation), T2 (1/3 in planting time + 1/3 during stem elongation + 1/3 before panicle appearance), T3 (1/4 in planting time + 1/2 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and T4 (1/4 in planting time + 1/4 during tilling stage + 1/4 during stem elongation + 1/4 during panicle growth) and seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels including B0 (no-inoculation), B1 (Azotobacter chroococcum, strain 5), B2 (Azospirillum Lipoferum, strain OF) and B3 (Pseudomonas putida, strain 4). Results indicated that the interaction of bacterial inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer timing were significant on all measured traits. It seems that seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels led to an increase in yield and improved growth indices as well as morphological traits so that the most leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and plant dry weight were observed in the interaction of Azotobacter and Azospirillum inoculation in the second and third fertilizer timing levels. Bacterial inoculation with Azotobacter and second fertilizer timing level increased grain yield 2.5 times more than the control treatment. The most values for morphological traits of triticale were acquired in seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria and the second and third fertilizer timing levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Effect of Humic Acid and Putassium Fertilizer on Growth feature of Mallow (Malva sylvestris L.)
I. Bahremand K. Bakhsh Kelarestaghi N. AsgariIn order to determine the effect of humic acid and potassium fertilizer on the fresh and dry weight of heath and root dry weight , Length of root and Leaf Area Index (LAI) of mention plant, there was an Experiment using the plan of Compeletly Randomized Block Design wit MoreIn order to determine the effect of humic acid and potassium fertilizer on the fresh and dry weight of heath and root dry weight , Length of root and Leaf Area Index (LAI) of mention plant, there was an Experiment using the plan of Compeletly Randomized Block Design with 3 replications and 12 treatments raised on factorial.the factors was 4 level of humic acid (0,5,10,15 kg/ha) and 3 level of potassium sulfate (0,50,100 kg/ha). During the experiment , Leaf Area Index, as well as plant fresh and dry weight , Length of root and root dry weight was measured and analyzed. Results showed that the positive effect of humic acid and potassium on Leaf Area Index by plant and increase dry and fresh weight ,root dr weight and Length of root . That treatment who had received the most amount of humic acid had significant difference in comparision of other treatments. Comparing treatment who had received the most amount of "Potassium" had significant difference too. Comparing interaction between treatments, also indicate that treated plants with the highest amount of humic acid and putassium, had significant difference in comparision of other treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Quantitative and Qualitative Responses of Corn 704 Singel-Cross to Different Planting Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels
Jaber Khordadi Varamin Seyed Mohammad Reza Haj Seyed Hadi Mohammad Taghi Darzi Arash Rozbahaei -
Open Access Article
54 - Study on Vertical Distribution of Leaf Area, Yield and Assimilate Remobilization in Grain Corn Hybrids (Zea Mays L.)
Masoud Rafiee Mohammad Amin BahariIn order to determine the vertical distribution of leaf area index and remobilization of assimilates to grain in mid- and late maturing hybrids of grain corn, an experiment was carried out in Randomize complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in Lorestan Agri MoreIn order to determine the vertical distribution of leaf area index and remobilization of assimilates to grain in mid- and late maturing hybrids of grain corn, an experiment was carried out in Randomize complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in Lorestan Agriculture Research Center in 2014. Average numbers of green leaves in investigated hybrids at flowering stage were 11. Vertical distribution of leaf area index curve was third-order polynomial as bell-shaped with highest leaf area density in the middle of canopy. A third-order polynomial accurately as S-shaped curve described the relationship between cumulative leaf area index (LAI) and plant height at tassel emergence stage. Maximum and minimum of total LAI were achieved from hybrids 4 and 9 respectively, but highest and lowest grain yield achieved from hybrids 11 and 3 (8675.5 and 6237.3 kg/ha, respectively). No remobilization was found between hybrids. Significant and negative correlation between remobilization and LAI (-0.54*), non significant correlation between grain yield and LAI and lack of remobilization indicates a high level of current photosynthesis in the grain filling stage with a severe physiological sink restriction in advanced grain corn hybrids. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - Effect of plant density, nitrogen fertilizer and sowing date on the yield and chemical composition of essential oil of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
حخخقهش ئشظمخخئSweet basil is one of the most widespread spices in the world. leaves are used commonly as a flavoring in many food products.This experiment was carried out in research farm of damavand in 2019. Evaluate effect of plant density, nitrogen fertilizer and sowing date on yi MoreSweet basil is one of the most widespread spices in the world. leaves are used commonly as a flavoring in many food products.This experiment was carried out in research farm of damavand in 2019. Evaluate effect of plant density, nitrogen fertilizer and sowing date on yield and chemical composition of essential oil of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) .The experimental was conducted a factorial using randomized compelet block design with four replication.The factors were three levels of nitrogen fertilizers: N1= 50 kg/ha, N2= 100 kg/ha, N3= 150 kg/ha and three levels of plant densities:P1=5 cm, P2= 10 cm, P3= 15 cm with two sowing date:S1= 25 April, S2= 10 May.In this evaluation, most stage of plant phonology such as plant height, number of leaf, plant dry weight, leaf of stem, leaf area index, yield of essential oil and percentage of methyl chavicol were measured. The results showed that plant height mean with application of 50 kg/ha had superior point and interaction of N3P2S1 was higher than other levels in plant dry weight on the first and second cutting,, yield of essential oil on the interaction NS had significant at the 1 % level on the first and second cutting and leaf area index were significant on the intraction of PS and NSP on the first and second cutting %5 level which indicates better performance in nitrogen of 150 kg/ha, plant densities of 15 cm and sowing date of 25 April on the first and second cutting. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Effect of different irrigation and plant density on yield and yield components of Karoun hybrid at Dezful weather conditions
Mahmoud Mousavi Ghanavati Shahram LakIn order to determine the best irrigation and plant density on yield and yield components of hybrid maize Karun plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three levels of irrigation (watering 1-70 mm evaporation from pan 2. 90 mm evaporation irrigation o MoreIn order to determine the best irrigation and plant density on yield and yield components of hybrid maize Karun plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three levels of irrigation (watering 1-70 mm evaporation from pan 2. 90 mm evaporation irrigation of 110 mm evaporation from evaporation pan 3) as the main treatment and four densities (9-8-7-6 per square meter) as sub-plots with three replications with three replications was conducted in 2014. The results showed that the number of kernels per row irrigation, seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, plant height, harvest index, leaf area index, number of rows per ear and ear length had a significant effect. The effect of density on row number, grain weight, yield, biological yield, plant height, harvest index, leaf area index, number of rows per ear and ear length was significant. The highest average grain yield 9756 kg per hectare to eight plants per square meter density belonged to 70 mm evaporation statistically with a density of eight plants per square meter with 90 mm evaporation was analyzed in a group and the lowest with an average of 6393 kg per hectare the density per square meter, with 110 mm evaporation which were not. According to the results, it is suggested to avoid the loss of irrigation water saving of 90 mm evaporation is used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - The effect of using sulfur fertilizer in seedling box and plant density in field on growth and yield of rice Tarom mahali cultivar
S.M Hashemi kamanghar Alahyar Falah Morteza Nasiri In order to investigate the effect of different sulfur levels application with planting densityon yield and yield components of rice of Tarom mahali cultivar, a split plot experimentwas conducted in a completely randomized format with 12 treatments and 4 replicati More In order to investigate the effect of different sulfur levels application with planting densityon yield and yield components of rice of Tarom mahali cultivar, a split plot experimentwas conducted in a completely randomized format with 12 treatments and 4 replications in2011 in Babol. Experimental factors included sulfur at 4 levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 g perseedling box) as the main factor and 3 planting density (30 × 13, 30 × 15 and 30 × 17 cm2)as a secondary factor. Measured traits included plant height, 1000-seed weight, number ofleaves, number of tillers, cluster length, number of pro-empty seeds, Leaf Area Index andseed yield. The results showed that the application of sulfur increased the number of fullgrains in the cluster and also the interaction effects of sulfur application and plantingdensity increased the weight of 1000 grains compared to the control. The results of meancomparison showed that planting density treatment 17× 30 cm2, 100 g of sulfur caused96.65% increase in 1000-seed weight compared to planting density treatment 17× 30 cm2and 50 g of sulfur. Also, the maximum and minimum number of tillers in the mound wereobtained from the combined treatment of planting density 17× 30 cm2 and 150 g of sulfurand planting density 15× 30 cm2 and 150 g of sulfur respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Investigation of the effect of biological fertilizer, vermicompost and vermiwash, on some vegetative and reproductive traits of geranium plant (Pelargonium peltatum)
Tahereh vagheii Sepideh Kalateh Jari Sakineh Saeidisar Marjan DianatIn order to investigate the effect of vermicompost and vermiwash biological fertilizers on experimental growth of geranium plant, an experiment as a factorial form in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019 was conducted. The experimental fact MoreIn order to investigate the effect of vermicompost and vermiwash biological fertilizers on experimental growth of geranium plant, an experiment as a factorial form in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019 was conducted. The experimental factors were included vermicompost at non-using of 20 and 40% volumetric levels and at non-using of 100 and 200 ppm vermiwash. The results showed that using vermicompost was increased plant height, number of stems, internode length, number of flower stems, flower height, fresh and dry leaves weight, number of leaves per stem, leaf area index, root volume, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus compared to control. The most plant height and flower height were obtained in 20% vermicompost treatment, and the highest number of shoots,fresh and dry leaves weight leaf area index in 40% vermicompost and the most potassium and phosphorus were obtained in 20 and 40% vermicompost treatment. According to the results, using vermiwash was increased plant height, internode length, number of flowering stems, fresh and dry leaves weight, flower height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of leaves per stem, root volume, Nitrogen. The most plant height were obtained at 100 ppm vermiwash treatment and the highest flower height in 200 ppm vermiwash treatment. There is an additive effect, so that the highest internode length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, 40% vermicompost using with 200 ppm vermiwash, the most number of leaves per stem and fresh and dry leaf weight of 40% vermicompost using with 100 ppm vermiwash, the most root fresh weight of 20% vermicompost using with 200 ppm vermiwash, the most nitrogen concentration in 20% vermicompost treatment with 100 ppm vermiwash, the highest number of flowering shoots from different levels using of vermiwash with %40 vermicompost and non-using and using of 100 ppm with 20% vermicompost were obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - The effect of cytokinin hormone consumption on improving grain yield and some growth indices of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) genotypes in Khuzestan province
Mohsen Pourfarokhi tayeb sakinejad شهرام لک ناصر ظریفی نیا Mani MojadamIn the sustainable agriculture system, the use of plant hormones has received more attention in recent years due to the potential for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and increasing the quantity and quality of the produced crops. To investigate the effects of cy MoreIn the sustainable agriculture system, the use of plant hormones has received more attention in recent years due to the potential for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and increasing the quantity and quality of the produced crops. To investigate the effects of cytokinin foliar application on the physiological and yield characteristics of cowpea cultivars, a split-plot experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in the two crop years of 2018 and 2019 in Dezful city. The main factors included Mashhad, local, and Arabic cultivars, and the secondary factor was foliar application of cytokinin hormone at 100 and 200 ppm. Hormonal foliar spraying was done at the beginning of the flowering stage. The results of combined variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between cultivars for all traits, except for the harvest index. The correlation between seed yield and protein percentage, hundred seed weight, and biological yield was positive and significant, with the highest correlation related to seed protein percentage (0.958). The highest seed yield (with an average of 2281 kg/ha) belonged to the Mashhad variety, and the lowest yield (with an average of 1386 kg/ha) belonged to the Arab variety. The highest and lowest seed yields were obtained from the use of 200 ppm of cytokinin hormone and the control treatment (with an average of 2319 and 1327 kg/ha, respectively). Increasing the use of cytokinin improved quality traits such as chlorophyll index and seed protein. In general, it was found that the selection of high-yielding Mashhad variety and foliar spraying of 200 ppm of cytokinin hormone, in addition to increasing yield, could improve quality traits in cowpea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Effect of Managed Deficit Irrigation and Different Fertilizer Levels on Yield and some Physiological Traits of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)
Hassan Fatemi Kiyan مریم تاتاری Mohammad Reza Tokalo Masomeh Salehi Kmal Haj Mohammadnia GhalibafThe availability of organic matter in deficit irrigation conditions can be a practical solution to compensate the negative effects of drought stress. In order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and chemical fertilizers on yield and some physiological traits MoreThe availability of organic matter in deficit irrigation conditions can be a practical solution to compensate the negative effects of drought stress. In order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and chemical fertilizers on yield and some physiological traits of quinoa an experiment was conducted in 2019 as split plot based on a randomized complete block design in two locations (Mashhad and Neishabour). Irrigation levels included, I0: full irrigation, I1: irrigation at emergence stage, I2: irrigation at stem elongation stage, I3: irrigation at flowering stage, I4: irrigation at seed setting stage. Fertilizer treatments included control (no fertilizer application); chemical fertilizer application according to local practices; manure application of 10 tons; and manure application of 20 tons per hectare. Seed yield and yield components, leaf area index, crop growth rate and relative growth rate were measured. The highest 1000-seed weight was obtained in 20 tons of manure and I2 treatment in Neishabour. The lowest 1000-seed weight was obtained in 10 and 20 tons of manure and I1 in Neishabour. The lowest grain yield in I1 treatment was observed in Neishabour and the highest grain yield in I0 treatment with 20 t.ha-1 manure was observed in Mashhad. Fertilizer treatments increased crop growth rate in both experimental sites, but the effect of manure on increasing crop growth rate was greater than the effect of chemical fertilizer. However, due to the high fat content of quinoa, the use of 20 tons of manure per hectare is recommended if it is purely economic. In general, I2 treatment along with the application of manure in both places had high grain yield and dry matter production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Effect of Planting Date and Zinc Sulfate on Phenology, Growth Indices and Grain Yield of Lallemantiaiberica (M.B.) Fischer & Meyer
Mina Rostami Farid Shekari Kamran Afsahi Majid KhiyaviThe production of oilseeds, edible leaves, and secondary metabolites of dragon's head makes it an important food, forage, and medicinal plant. Choosing a proper planting date and plant nutrition can make a significant effecton crop plantsgrowth, quality and yield.The ef MoreThe production of oilseeds, edible leaves, and secondary metabolites of dragon's head makes it an important food, forage, and medicinal plant. Choosing a proper planting date and plant nutrition can make a significant effecton crop plantsgrowth, quality and yield.The effects of planting date (16 March, 14 April, and 13 May 2019) and foliar application of zinc sulfate (zero as control, 2 and 4 g.L-1) on growth indices and seed yield of dragon's head was evaluated under a field experiment.Delayed planting date reduced the days to flowering, days to seed ripening, plant height, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and grain yield, and yield components.In contrast, the use of zinc sulfate increased plant height, LAI, CGR and RGR. There was a correlation between plant height and number of branches and consequently there were more capsules per plant.The highest effect of zinc sulfate application on seed yield and yield components was observed in the first planting date and with delay in planting, the efficiency of zinc sulfate fertilizer application decreased. On the third planting date, zinc sulfate application had no significant effect on grain yield. As a result of late planting, fewer branches, fewer capsules per plant, and smaller seeds contributed to the yield reduction.It was found that early cultivation and application of zinc sulfate increased plant height, number of branches, number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight, and thus seed yield, by increasing the days to flowering, days to ripening, LAI, CGR, and RGR. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Modification of some growth indices in wheat under water deficit conditions
Hamid Dehghanzadeh manouchehr jam negadThe experiment was conducted during 2004-2006 growing seasons at the Agricultural Research Station, Islamic Azad University, Naragh Branch, to evaluate the effects of water deficit on growth indices of three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. A split plot exp MoreThe experiment was conducted during 2004-2006 growing seasons at the Agricultural Research Station, Islamic Azad University, Naragh Branch, to evaluate the effects of water deficit on growth indices of three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. A split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications was used in both years. Irrigation treatments (irrigation after 70 (I1), 90 (I2) and 110 (I3) mm of cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan) were considered as the main plot and wheat cultivars (Mahdavy, Sepahan and Roshan-back cross) as subplots. Irrigation after 70 and 90 mm cumulative evaporations did not modify growth indices, significantly. Delay in irrigation from 90 to 110 mm cumulative pan evaporation significantly reduced the growth indices. Pattren of changes in leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), net assimilation rate (NAR), and crop growth rate (CGR) were similar in both 70 and 90 mm treatments. At samplings, delay in irrigation from 90 to 110 mm cumulative evaporation lowered the incraese of all growth indices. Pattern of changes in CGR was more similar to LAI but dissimilar to NAR. The results indicated that 22% water could be saved when wheat plants were irrigated after 90 mm of cumulative pan evaporation. However, a decrease of growth indices and grain yield under this water condition was not important. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Relationship between yield and yield components in Euroflour sunflower hybrid under water stress
Ebrahim Abbasi Seyahjani Farhad Farhvash Hamdohllah Kazemi Arbat Mohamad Bagher Khorshidi Benam4To investigate the effect of water stress on Euroflour hybrid of sunflower, an experiment was conducted in research field of Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University. Experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Water stress le MoreTo investigate the effect of water stress on Euroflour hybrid of sunflower, an experiment was conducted in research field of Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University. Experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Water stress levels were irrigation after 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mm evaporation from class A pan. Based on the results, grain yield decreased 25%, 29%, 42% and 51% at irrigation after 100, 150, 200 and 250 mm evaporation traetments in comparison to the control (irrigation after 50 mm evaporation), respectively. Besides, oil yield percentage reduced up to 30%, 36%, 54% and 62% at irrigation after 100, 150, 200 and 250 mm evaporation treatments compared to the control, respectively.Increasing water stress decreased head diameter, 100 seed weight, seed kernel weight, number of filled seeds per head, biomass, chlorophyll content, leaf area index, relative water content, and oil percentage. Water deficit, on the other hand, increased seed hollowness and stomatal resistance. So, Euroflour is a susceptible sunflower cultivar to water deficit and any delayed irrigation will decrease yield through decreasing 100 seed weight and number of filled seeds per head which are the most important components of grain yield in sunflower. Manuscript profile
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