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Open Access Article
1 - Export of Iranian Carpets to the United States During the Qajar Period; Backgrounds and Challenges
Fereshte Jahani The integration of Iranian economy into the world economy in the Qajar period caused foreign trade, especially handicrafts such as carpets, to grow significantly. In such circumstances, the United States was considered as one of the most important target countri More The integration of Iranian economy into the world economy in the Qajar period caused foreign trade, especially handicrafts such as carpets, to grow significantly. In such circumstances, the United States was considered as one of the most important target countries for the export of Iranian carpets, but this export was accompanied by ups and downs. The present article, based on the press and unpublished documents, seeks to answer the question of what factors accelerated the trade of Iranian carpets in the US market and what were the challenges ahead? the findings of this study indicate that following the reflection of trade and commerce exhibitions in the Qajar period press and the efforts of Iranian diplomats in Washington, some backgrounds in the United States and some factors in Iran accelerated the process of exporting Iranian carpets. Although in some cases there were brief interruptions in carpet exports to the United States for some reason, these obstacles were removed through the efforts of diplomats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Urban Carpet, the Introduction of Folding Urbanism
Siamak Panahi Seyyed Mostafa Mokhtabad Amraey Arsalan Karimi Khiavi This study has concentrated on the role of folding on urbanism and introduced the "urban carpet" as the introduction of folding urbanism. Folding philosophy is derived from Deleuze theories in rhizome and anti-oedipus based on Leibniz’s mathematics. This th More This study has concentrated on the role of folding on urbanism and introduced the "urban carpet" as the introduction of folding urbanism. Folding philosophy is derived from Deleuze theories in rhizome and anti-oedipus based on Leibniz’s mathematics. This theory appeared in architecture by Eisenman and later, in the macro-scale and urban design was introduced by Hadid. Today, she presents her manifesto of folding genesis as "urban carpet" that already has determined in landscape design by James Wines. Hadid based on "unity in diversity" philosophy with the complexity of folding mathematics tries to design a city with post-modern feminist literature, so that provide the anti-oedipus city with its own harmonies. This study has made an effort to indicate how architects criticize and use the folding stream in urbanism as they call it "urban carpet" and for this purpose spontaneously, we analyzed some famous works which their base concept was about folding movement. The conclusion of the study is that the "urban carpet" can be the introduction and some referent of folding urbanism and although, has been successful in creation of harmony in the macro-scale and bird view, but in the human-scale architecture and discourse of the event architecture is not successful. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The study of Cypress appearance in the Persian art and architecture in the light of Gestalt theory
Fatemeh Khozaei Mina Safizadeh Ahmad Hassan Qamar Islam -
Open Access Article
4 - Analyzing the Meaning of the Garden Carpet Found in Astan Quds Razavi based on Emil Male's Opinion
Sahel ErfanmaneshGarden carpets are a type of rug that gained popularity during the late Safavid period. One prominent example of this type is a carpet housed in the Astan Quds Museum. One notable feature of this carpet, which serves the function of Sajdah, is the inclusion of 'Sajdah' MoreGarden carpets are a type of rug that gained popularity during the late Safavid period. One prominent example of this type is a carpet housed in the Astan Quds Museum. One notable feature of this carpet, which serves the function of Sajdah, is the inclusion of 'Sajdah' written on the front of the altar. The motifs employed in these carpets, in addition to the mihrab and a zikr on the front of the mihrab, include flying birds and thirteen fish inside the mihrab. Given that animal designs are less common in prayer mats, the question arises: What is the relationship between these designs and the rug's function? The research method employed is descriptive-analytical, and the information is gathered through library research. To unravel the meaning of the rug according to its function, it becomes necessary to understand the icons and the concealed codes within them. Hence, the Iconography method developed by Emil Male has been employed to analyze the carpet. The research findings reveal that the carpet incorporates visual symbols of Iranian ascension and excellence along with verbal symbols of Islamic excellence. Consequently, the combination of visual and verbal elements creates a new narrative that underscores Islamic-Iranian excellence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Reading the Geometric Patterns Used in the Buildings and Carpets of the Timurid- Turkmani Period
Roghayeh Moradi Lida Balilan AslThe era of Turkman and Timurid rule stands as one of the most illustrious periods of Islamic civilization, characterized by a flourishing of art and architecture. A prominent feature of Timurid-Turkman architecture is the extensive use of geometry, which manifests in th MoreThe era of Turkman and Timurid rule stands as one of the most illustrious periods of Islamic civilization, characterized by a flourishing of art and architecture. A prominent feature of Timurid-Turkman architecture is the extensive use of geometry, which manifests in the grandeur and verticality of the buildings from this era. Additionally, the employment of geometric patterns experienced significant growth during this period. This scientific approach found applications in architecture, art, and even in the construction of buildings and related industries like carpet weaving. The Timurid-Turkman period can be regarded as the final epoch in which strong, intricate knots and geometric patterns were prevalent. In subsequent periods, the presence of geometric patterns in architectural decorations diminished. Based on this premise, the present research aims to analyze the presence of geometry and identify pattern similarities between the designs of Timurid-Turkman carpets and the architectural structures of that era. This analysis will be conducted using a historical-analytical-descriptive approach, relying on historical and library sources. The article seeks to examine the geometric patterns employed in the buildings and carpets of the Timurid-Turkman period. The central claim of this article is to demonstrate that the architecture and industries of this era drew inspiration from geometry and geometric patterns. This claim is closely tied to the underlying assumption that not only the carpets from the Timurid-Turkman period but also other types of designs can be found in illustrated manuscripts and workshop records. Geometric designs can be traced back to various dates throughout the century, encompassing the courts of the Timurid-Turkman rulers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Analyzing the Traditional Motifs of Afshan Carpets of the Pahlavi Period based on Thematic Analysis (Case Study: Malek Museum)
Maral Shahmoradi Aliakbari Neda ZiabakhshCarpet weaving is one of the main productions of the Iranian people, passed down from generation to generation. Some of the hand-woven carpets exhibited in museums serve as evidence of this rich heritage. Understanding the structure of these carpets opens the door to un MoreCarpet weaving is one of the main productions of the Iranian people, passed down from generation to generation. Some of the hand-woven carpets exhibited in museums serve as evidence of this rich heritage. Understanding the structure of these carpets opens the door to unraveling the intricacies of their creation. This article aims to explore the physical and conceptual aspects of Afshan carpets, delving into their symbolic meanings. Through applied research and a structural approach, this study contributes to documenting and preserving the fundamental principles underlying Afshan carpets. Using both quantitative and qualitative strategies, along with library and field methods, this research employs descriptive, analytical, adaptive, and inductive reasoning methods to elucidate the philosophical depth and significance of the motifs present in Afshan carpets. To achieve this, a case study approach was adopted, focusing on seven carpets with Afshan designs from the Malek Museum. These carpets were selected based on design homogeneity and the period of their production. The structure and design serve as the two key elements shaping the texture of a carpet. The design principles and rules are influenced by the culture, customs, and religious teachings of the society, manifesting content in symbolic forms. These themes encompass various elements, including plant motifs symbolizing life, imaginary forms prevalent in mystical traditions, and mapping forms found in visual dimensions like the Islimi designs, which represent the concept of unity in diversity and the mystical symbol of monotheism. These elements play a crucial role in shaping the motifs found in Afshan carpets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - A Paradigmatic Model on the Role of Electronic Marketing Capabilities in Promoting Iranian Carpet Export Capacity
Zahra Naeini Peikani Shahnaz Nayebzadeh Sayyed Hasan Hataminasab -
Open Access Article
8 - Designing a Strategic Model for International Marketing of Iranian Handmade Carpets
Mojtaba Faizollahi Mahmoud Ahmadi Sharif Mehran Keshtkar Haranki -
Open Access Article
9 - Using Johansen-Juselius Cointegration Technique to Identify the Effective Factors of Production in Carpet Industry (The Case Study: Kurdistan Province)
Anvar khosravi Ramiar Refaei Hozan RefaeiCarpet Industry has a long history and background in Kurdistan Province. Kurdistan has an advantage regarding the potentials in the production and export of carpet. The production and export to the world markets can be increased given the high potentials of trade organi MoreCarpet Industry has a long history and background in Kurdistan Province. Kurdistan has an advantage regarding the potentials in the production and export of carpet. The production and export to the world markets can be increased given the high potentials of trade organizations. This study estimated the production of carpet in Kurdistan Province. In order to estimate this function, three indices, i.e., economic, social and cultural indices were specified and two variables were introduced for each one. Using Johansen-Juselius Cointegration Technique for the period from 1999 to 2009, the long-term results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between most of the introduced variables and carpet production in Kurdistan. Regarding the short-term ECM Coefficient and the fact that the results of the tests are reliable at 90 % confidence interval, we can say that the process of the variables movement towards long-term balance has a good and justified balance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Wave Scroll Motif: Trace of Ancient Greek Art in Oriental Rural and Nomadic Carpets
Sara Moslehi Bahman Firoozmandi Arman ShishegarThe wave scroll motif is among the designs that, nowadays, are mainly seen in rural and nomadic carpets in a wide geographical area, from Central Asia to Anatolia and the Caucasus, as well as Iran. Historically, this motif originates from Hellenistic art and is still us MoreThe wave scroll motif is among the designs that, nowadays, are mainly seen in rural and nomadic carpets in a wide geographical area, from Central Asia to Anatolia and the Caucasus, as well as Iran. Historically, this motif originates from Hellenistic art and is still used in oriental carpets today. The purpose of this article is to find out how and the possible time of the arrival of this pattern from Greek art to Iranian carpets using archaeological evidence, including old museum carpets. Using valuable motifs of Sassanian Carpets, this article tracks the transfer of this motif from the Hellenic-Byzantine civilization to the art of pre-Islamic Iran and in various artistic disciplines such as pottery and textiles to clarify this motif’s long journey from pre-Islamic art to the Islamic period. This study shows that the motif was most likely known since the Seleucid period in the Persianate world, but the most evidence of it can be seen in the art of the Parthian and Sasanian periods, furthermore the findings show that this motif was used at least from late Parthian era on the border of hand-made textiles like carpets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Iran'sentryinto theglobal marketand its impact oncraftsinthe secondhalf of theQajar Period. Case Study:Qaenatprovince
omid spehri rad ali aramjoWith thewideentering ofIran to theglobal marketin the second halfof Qajars government (1264-1344 A.H), social and economic spheres of the country have been Changed.Craftsas wellastheeconomicfieldthiswas no exception.present article, also review the status of provincial MoreWith thewideentering ofIran to theglobal marketin the second halfof Qajars government (1264-1344 A.H), social and economic spheres of the country have been Changed.Craftsas wellastheeconomicfieldthiswas no exception.present article, also review the status of provincial crafts ofQaenat in the second half of Qajar rule and the influence of the large influx of this province on the global market,hasexamined.According to findingsof thisresearch, in thisperiod many of Qaenats crafts, mainly due to lack ofcompetitionwith Westerncheap goods, graduallydestroyed.However, theproduction and trade ofCarpetsdue tothe growinginterest inthe global market, hasconsiderablyincreased.Whilethis industryin terms ofquality,sufferedsignificant damage.Althoughithasreceived little attentioninstudies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The Assessment of Intrapreneurship in Machine carpet Industry Case Study: Zomorrod Kashan and Abrisham Shomal Companies
Mohammadreza MoharrKochebaqi Shahram MirzaiidaryaniThe objective of this research is to assess the Intrapreneurship in the Machine carpet Industry in Zomorrod Kashan and Abrisham Shomal Companies which the population of the study includes the experts of both companies. The survey is conducted using intrapreneurship ques MoreThe objective of this research is to assess the Intrapreneurship in the Machine carpet Industry in Zomorrod Kashan and Abrisham Shomal Companies which the population of the study includes the experts of both companies. The survey is conducted using intrapreneurship questionnaire consisting 57 questions on personal and organizational factors. Contents validity of the questionnaire is confirmed by the university professors and professionals. Also, the reliability of all components and the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. To analyze the data, after checking the normal distribution of variables using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, skewness and kurtosis, the condition of personal factors and organizational factors in both companies are analyzed separately using one-sample t-test and finally, the differences between the conditions of the intrapreneurship factors is discussed in both companies using independent sample t-test. According to the results of inferential statistics, in both companies characteristic component is lower than average and considered as an obstacle to the intrapreneurship in both companies. Among organizational factors, in both companies, all components are above average and none of the components were identified as an obstacle to the intrapreneurship. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Designing an Impact Model of Market Orientation on the Productivity of Iranian Handmade Carpet Industry
Mehrdad Azadi Seyyed Abbas Heidari VahidReza MirabiHandmade carpet industry is one of the most powerful internal industries which could not repeat the success it had in the past years at a global scale despite its high potential. One of the reasons can be lack of attention to productivity and the related affecting facto MoreHandmade carpet industry is one of the most powerful internal industries which could not repeat the success it had in the past years at a global scale despite its high potential. One of the reasons can be lack of attention to productivity and the related affecting factors. Therefore, in the current research, a model was presented to measure the impact of marketing on the productivity of carpet industry in Iran. The statistical population included two different parts of carpet industry experts (10 experts) and the managers at different levels of Iran National Carpet Center and the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade from among whom 203 ones were selected based on Cochran sampling formula. First, reviewing the theories and frameworks about market orientation and productivity and benefiting the views of handmade carpet industry experts, a preliminary model was extracted. Then, through continuously applying structural equation model in LISREL software environment, the extracted model was tested and finally, the impact of market orientation including customer orientation (customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and customer capital), market situation (rival orientation and market intelligence) and inter functional coordination (flexibility, knowledge sharing and cooperation) on productivity (including market effectiveness and market intensity) was proved. It was also found that the influence of customer orientation on productivity was more than other dimensions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - A study on how to promote Shiism in the city of Joshqan
Rahmatollah Zargari keyvan loloieJoshqan Qali was the center of a very large region called Joshqanat, which started in Isfahan and continued near Delijan in Markazi province. This region during its tortuous period due to various incidents and ignorance of officials of different eras, today is considere MoreJoshqan Qali was the center of a very large region called Joshqanat, which started in Isfahan and continued near Delijan in Markazi province. This region during its tortuous period due to various incidents and ignorance of officials of different eras, today is considered a very small area that is part of Ghamsar, Kashan city and Isfahan province.This vast region in terms of religion, before the advent of Islam, they accepted the religion of Zoroastrianism or after the advent of Islam or the conquest of Iran by Muslim Arabs, converted to Islam and from the second century AH, the guardianship of Imam Reza (AS) Later, the Shiite religion was promoted in this region, and finally, with the emergence of the Safavids and the officialization of the Shiite religion in Iran, the people of Joshqan accepted the Shiite religion. Today, the people of Joshqan are all Twelver Shiites, and Shiite religious ceremonies, especially Ashura, Ghadr nights, Eid Ghadir, etc., are held well. In this research, an attempt is made to study and reflect on the influence of the ideological atmosphere of Iran in the second century AH and later in the early Safavid period in changing the culture and religion of this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The effect of 8 weeks of selected therapeutic exercise on pain and functional disability of carpet weavers with chronic back pain
Bijan Goodarzi mohammad hydarinia Masoud MirmoaziThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of selected therapeutic exercises on pain and functional disability of carpet weavers with chronic back pain. The research method was semi-experimental. The statistical population of the research include MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of selected therapeutic exercises on pain and functional disability of carpet weavers with chronic back pain. The research method was semi-experimental. The statistical population of the research included 30 carpet weavers suffering from back pain with the age range of 30 to 45 years who referred to the treatment clinics of Borujerd city, who voluntarily participated in this research project. The aforementioned subjects were randomly divided into two treatment exercise groups (age 37.20 ± 2.61( and control (age 36.98 ± 3.002). 24 hours before the start of the exercises, the subjects of both groups were given a questionnaire Low back pain disability was assessed and vas pain was determined. Subjects in the experimental groups underwent therapeutic exercises for 8 weeks and three sessions per week. Data analysis was performed using Student's dependent t-tests (in order to examine pre- test and post-test of each group), one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were performed. The research results showed that exercise therapy has a significant effect on functional disability and pain level of carpet weavers with chronic back pain (P=0.0001). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The Images of the Fight between the Dragon and Simorgh on Persian Carpets: A Study Based on Myths and Literary Texts
Zahrā Asgari Farideh Davoodi MoqadamThe designs on Persian carpets include symbolic narratives, which have been beautifully depicted on the carpets by inspiration from the national myths. The fight between the dragon and Simorgh is one of these designs that are displayed in the form of "gereft-o-gir" (lit MoreThe designs on Persian carpets include symbolic narratives, which have been beautifully depicted on the carpets by inspiration from the national myths. The fight between the dragon and Simorgh is one of these designs that are displayed in the form of "gereft-o-gir" (literally “captured and pinned,”). Each of these two myths has symbolic reflections; they refer to symbols of Ahura and Ahreman, good and evil, earth and heaven, life and death, and soul. The present article examines Iranian native myths by considering factors such as repetition, frequency, and originality. The findings of the research show the fight between the dragon and Simorgh which refers to the concepts of good and evil and the fight of Ahura and Ahreman. Also, the ritualistic approach is involved in the formation of this fight that in which the snake and the dragon (as the symbols of Ahreman) are in conflict with the Simorgh (as the symbol of Ahura). Manuscript profile
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