The importance of predicting the price of energy carriers for the development of the economy and industry today is not overlooked. Meanwhile, predicting natural gas prices as one of the most important carriers of energy and an important role in providing clean energy ca More
The importance of predicting the price of energy carriers for the development of the economy and industry today is not overlooked. Meanwhile, predicting natural gas prices as one of the most important carriers of energy and an important role in providing clean energy can be considered as an important tool in industrial development decision making. In this paper, we have investigated the nonlinear behavior of natural gas prices in a multi-year period, as well we have introduced methods for the development and synthesis of fractalization (FDGM) has been used to predict the price of natural gas. The results of the price forecast based on the introduced methods, Indicates the effectiveness of these methods. At the same time, given the fractal nature of the price of natural gas in the period under review, the results show that the forecast error using the FDGM method is always below 7%. And very good results were obtained using combination fractional and fractional methods.
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This paper attempts to model the demand function for natural gas in residential and commercial sectors in Iran using econometric approach of smooth transition regression in a continuous and nonlinear manner. To this end, the annual data of natural gas real price and ele More
This paper attempts to model the demand function for natural gas in residential and commercial sectors in Iran using econometric approach of smooth transition regression in a continuous and nonlinear manner. To this end, the annual data of natural gas real price and electricity real price in residential and commercial sectors, revenue, the number of natural gas consumers and mean temperature for the period 1972 to 2009 have been utilized as the impact factors of natural gas demand in residential and commercial sectors. The results indicate that natural gas demand follows a two-regime pattern of LSTR1 considering the real price of natural gas in residential and commercial sectors as the transition variable. The LSTR1 model estimated the regime switching point, or the threshold extreme, to be at 60.95 Rials-Cubic Meter of real price of natural gas, and determined the slope parameter to be 27.6. Variables such as revenue, real price of gas, and the number of consumers affect the natural gas consumption positively in residential and commercial sectors and their effectiveness increase as the threshold extreme is passed. Natural gas demand. On the other hand, it maintains an inverse relation with the real price of natural gas whose effectiveness increases with entry into the second regime.
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Natural gas, having less polluting effects on environment as well as easier accessibility and transferability, has been enjoying the highest demand growth among the fossil fuels for the last few years. The world's largest gas reserves are located in Persian Gulf and Cas More
Natural gas, having less polluting effects on environment as well as easier accessibility and transferability, has been enjoying the highest demand growth among the fossil fuels for the last few years. The world's largest gas reserves are located in Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea regions and the countries of South and East Asia are considered the largest markets for the consumption of gas coming from the regions. There are alternate routes to transport the gas from Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea. One of the options is the transport of natural gas from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India.This paper seeks to answer the question that "what are the Background, challenges and the obstacles of Turkmenistan-to-India Pipeline Project known as TAPI? The findings of the research show that there are many factors involved in the pipeline project implementation and there are also many challenges and problems within the project construction and transport processes. Such problems, if not solved properly, will surely interfere with the construction and transport processes.
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Background and Objective: The pressure of the natural gas at the pressure reduction station is reduced by the regulator and by the general law of the gases, the gas temperature is reduced by decreasing in constant volume. If the gas temperature falls below the dew point More
Background and Objective: The pressure of the natural gas at the pressure reduction station is reduced by the regulator and by the general law of the gases, the gas temperature is reduced by decreasing in constant volume. If the gas temperature falls below the dew point temperature, it can form hydrates, freeze, and eventually blockage and clogging of the gas passage. Therefore, indirect water bath heater is used to increase the gas temperature before the pressure reduction. At present, the thermal efficiency of these heaters is very low and a large amount of fuel is wasted in the heaters.
Material and Methodology: In this paper, using fin in the gas pressure reduction station heater fire tube on its thermal efficiency and greenhouse gas investigated experimentally and and the thermodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of the heater are compared in the usual case and in the fin state.
Findings: The results showed that using fin in the heater fire tube increased the thermal efficiency of the heater and the heat transfer coefficient by 14% and 19%, respectively.
Discussion and Conclusion: If the results of the increasing in efficiency were applied to all gas pressure reduction station heaters, the energy saving and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions over one year were estimated to be 40 million cubic meters and 76.75 thousand tons, respectively.
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بنزین به دلیل داشتن دمای اشتعال خود­به­خودی پایین­تر باعث کوبش موتور در نسبت تراکم بالاتر می­شود. گاز طبیعی (NG) عدد اکتان بالاتری دارد و از نظر خواص ضدکوبشی سوخت مناسبی است. با این حال، استفاده از آن به عنوان سوخت موتور منجر به افزایش انتشار برخی از گاز More
بنزین به دلیل داشتن دمای اشتعال خود­به­خودی پایین­تر باعث کوبش موتور در نسبت تراکم بالاتر می­شود. گاز طبیعی (NG) عدد اکتان بالاتری دارد و از نظر خواص ضدکوبشی سوخت مناسبی است. با این حال، استفاده از آن به عنوان سوخت موتور منجر به افزایش انتشار برخی از گازهای آلاینده­ی خروجی و کاهش قدرت موتور می شود که دلیل آن کاهش سرعت سوختن و طبیعت گازی سوخت است. استفاده از مخلوط بنزین و NG با سوخت غالب بنزین می­تواند کاهش قدرت موتور را جبران کرده و از وقوع کوبش موتور جلوگیری کند. با در نظر گرفتن این موضوع، در مطالعه حاضر، 4 ترکیب مختلف بنزین و NG شامل 100%، 90%، 80% و 70% بنزین و مابقی NG (به ترتیب GA100، GA90، GA80 و GA70) با استفاده از یک موتور تحقیقاتی SI تک سیلندر با نسبت هم­ارزی 1.0، نسبت تراکم 11، و سرعت موتور 1500، 1800 و 2100 دور در دقیقه به صورت تجربی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
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Natural gas has a vital role as energy supplier in Iranian residual regions. According to reports of manager of dispatching department of National Iranian Gas Company, residual consumers had a share of 70 percentage of all manufactured natural gas, on cold days of 2021. More
Natural gas has a vital role as energy supplier in Iranian residual regions. According to reports of manager of dispatching department of National Iranian Gas Company, residual consumers had a share of 70 percentage of all manufactured natural gas, on cold days of 2021. Also about 88 percentage of the country's electricity is supplied by fossil fuels, based on the report of Water and Electricity Industry. All of these statistics warn us about the importance of residential gas management. In this article, a nonlinear regression model was produced based on temperature and population of residential consumers in different periods of year. Also consumptions of residential consumers of Karaj city used to evaluate performance of the model. Results show that there is a meaningful correlation between selected features and consumed amount of natural gas that can help us to predict consumption more accurate in future.
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In order to balance between gas produce and gas consumption in cold seasons which accounts as peak time, Gasstorage is as fundamental approaches which guarantee gas of country. In this regard, salt structure of Nasr Abadin Kashan has suitable potential and can be used a More
In order to balance between gas produce and gas consumption in cold seasons which accounts as peak time, Gasstorage is as fundamental approaches which guarantee gas of country. In this regard, salt structure of Nasr Abadin Kashan has suitable potential and can be used as the largest site of natural gas storage in central Iran scope.Feasibility study with purpose of determining fault mechanism around the salt structure is an essential thing. Inorder to eliminate ambiguities, field operation is with analysis of the structure and kinetic geometry of faults ,right on the diversion channel , analysis of stereo graphic images, gravity interpretations such as documents ofstrike- slip activity with reverse component of Abshirin fault. Abshirin fault with a length of about 10 km, withapproximate distance of 2-3 km in salt structure is depreciated, which stands in a separation about 3.5 km towardDeh-nar fault as right stepping pattern arrangement . According to the obtained results, finally we concluded thatAbshirin faults and Deh-nar faults are not so significant impact on gas storage site.
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One of the most important issues in the field of natural gas export via pipeline is the lack of pricing strategy, and providing an optimum pricing mechanism has always been one of the biggest challenges for gas export contracts. In this paper a pricing mechanism based o More
One of the most important issues in the field of natural gas export via pipeline is the lack of pricing strategy, and providing an optimum pricing mechanism has always been one of the biggest challenges for gas export contracts. In this paper a pricing mechanism based on Game theory provided. The pricing mechanism has been developed based on cooperation among producing countries, consumers and gas transmitters that in the case of gas-exporting countries' commitment to it, the interests of these countries will be supplied. So, taking into account the realities of the market and according to the conditions of transmitter country, different scenarios have been compiled and according to it, the modeling is accomplished. The results of the different models in determining price, quantity and optimum tariff for two cooperative and non-cooperative games is that the interest of member countries in cooperative game is far greater than non-cooperative game.
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Natural gas high consumption in home sector is an important issue in Iranian economy. The data confirm that the increase of natural gas consumption in Iran is dramatically high near 9.9 percent. This paper estimates long run and short run natural gas demand by using ARD More
Natural gas high consumption in home sector is an important issue in Iranian economy. The data confirm that the increase of natural gas consumption in Iran is dramatically high near 9.9 percent. This paper estimates long run and short run natural gas demand by using ARDL, ECM models during 1999-2009. The results indicate that natural gas can't be substituted by electricity; there is a long run relationship between the variables; price elasticity of natural gas is -0.12 and -o.36 in short run and long run respectively but not statistically significant and income elasticity, in short run and long run, is 0.627 and 0.88 respectively.
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Abstract: Nowadays the security of energy is one of the most important dimensions of national security and focus of attention of all states. Iran for the reason of having rich natural gas resources and special geopolitical location has great potential in int More
Abstract: Nowadays the security of energy is one of the most important dimensions of national security and focus of attention of all states. Iran for the reason of having rich natural gas resources and special geopolitical location has great potential in international gas trade through pipeline. The purpose of the present paper is to explain the challenges that Iran is facing for providing security of energy through cross border pipelines. The basic point is what are the most important challenges which Iran is facing in natural gas trade through cross border pipelines and what are the solution for managing these challenges? The descriptive-analytical examination of the issue shows that Iran is facing challenges in three sectors. These challenges are the security of supply, demand and transit, but the most important among these three is the security of demand. In the direction of maintaining demand and diversification of it, the suitable solution is the increase in attraction of foreign investment and transfer of technical know-how, readiness to increase supply in emergency situation when the demand suddenly increases and subsiding the international disputes in supply of natural gas.
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Gas distribution networks are considered essential. Therefore, considering the importance of the implementation of such projects and the challenges raised in this field, the present study tries to evaluate the key criteria of risk management in the implementation of net More
Gas distribution networks are considered essential. Therefore, considering the importance of the implementation of such projects and the challenges raised in this field, the present study tries to evaluate the key criteria of risk management in the implementation of network projects by comparing two fuzzy multi-indicator decision-making techniques. Pay for the distribution of natural gas. For this purpose, by selecting a number of 36 experts and experts in the field of natural gas industry, using a researcher-made questionnaire, Lawshe method and multi-indicator decision- making techniques based on fuzzy SWARA and fuzzy best- the worst method were used. The obtained results indicate that, out of 32 risk management criteria, 17 criteria were identified as key risk management criteria. Also, based on the results, it is concluded is consistent that the final and definitive weight of the criterion of inadequacy or lack of technical information for design in carrying out the fuzzy best- the worst method multi-indicator decision-making technique with the second rank of the final and definitive weight obtained in the fuzzy SWARA multi-indicator decision-making technique and has been evaluated with the highest importance and the final and definitive weight of the criterion of the inappropriate evaluation process and the selection of suppliers and contractors in two multi-indicator decision- making techniques has been evaluated with the least importance. They share meaning with each other.
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Improving safety and increasing efficiency of utilization of natural gas is very important issue due to its wide use as one of the main energy sources for industry and home consumers all around the world. On the other hand, utilization of this clean fossil energy is too More
Improving safety and increasing efficiency of utilization of natural gas is very important issue due to its wide use as one of the main energy sources for industry and home consumers all around the world. On the other hand, utilization of this clean fossil energy is too risky without considering safety cautions regarding gas leakage, explosion, and flammability. Due to the above mentioned facts and to overcome the problems, it is vital to inject proper compounds to natural gas to make it easily detectable by any person. So far, various types of compounds as "odorant" have been formulated and produced to inject to natural gas. In case of gas leakage, these compounds at low concentration are easily detectable by any person, due to their specific and pungent stink odor. Odorants are classified into classical and modern categories. In this article, a comprehensive study on different aspects of modern natural gas odorants and their odorization process has been performed. In addition, with studying basic chemistry and history of these compounds, the most important properties of odorants have been presented in order to help to recognize the most proper odorant for a specific application and its synthesis methods.
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Abstract
This paper has been tried to measure technical, allocative and economic efficiency of natural gas refineries of Iran during 2003-2009 with using non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist index.For this purpose, the input based method with th More
Abstract
This paper has been tried to measure technical, allocative and economic efficiency of natural gas refineries of Iran during 2003-2009 with using non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist index.For this purpose, the input based method with three inputs and two output is used. The results showed that the average technical, allocative and economic efficiency, of provinces of the country during 2003-2009, respectively is 95 percent, 98.1 percent and 93 percent. Among natural gas refineries for calculation of the productivity, two refinery, on average, have experienced during 2003-2009 positive growth, and 4 other refinery, have experienced negative growth in productivity. During the year, interest in total factor productivity refineries growers an average of 8.2 percent had negative growth, negative growth of 8 percent due to changes in Technology efficiency .
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Nowadays there is a need for natural gas in almost every country. Considering the fact that Islamic Republic of Iran is the second owner of natural gas reserves in the world, export of this important factor would be one of the most inevitable subjects in our economy. Fu More
Nowadays there is a need for natural gas in almost every country. Considering the fact that Islamic Republic of Iran is the second owner of natural gas reserves in the world, export of this important factor would be one of the most inevitable subjects in our economy. Furthermore, the benefits of oil export can be replaced by the benefits of gas export. But the high level of domestic consumption is of the most restrictive factors in promoting gas export. The main purpose of this paper is to determine an optimum price for Iran's natural gas export taking into account the domestic versus international demand for the fuel. In this way we practice a mathematical approach with a linear planning model and considering the concept of opportunity cost in our analysis.In this way the optimum price would be reviled by adding the shadow price to the marginal cost. If we allocate our natural reserves to export, we should add the minimum benefits of domestic consumption to marginal cost of production of gas. Obviously it will result in minimum price of gas export which is estimated to be 48.8 cent per cubic meter.
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The rapid increase in petrol consumption in years, as well as the current restrictions regarding meeting the increasing demand for petrol with production or via import, has made executive officials, including the Ministry of Oil, warn about the current trend. They have More
The rapid increase in petrol consumption in years, as well as the current restrictions regarding meeting the increasing demand for petrol with production or via import, has made executive officials, including the Ministry of Oil, warn about the current trend. They have announced that if the current situation goes on, we will be faced with a crisis. Meeting such a demand is not possible both technically and financially, and we will soon encounter a dead lock situation while the increasing import of petrol is a burden to the annual budget. The availability of rich resources of natural gas in the country as an alternative to petrol to be used in public transport has made this issue one of the priorities of the energy sector. The were five scenarios assumed for the plan and the plan was studied in terms of whether or not implementing the plan would be economically beneficial in either of those scenarios. The current study analyzed the scenario in which the modification the taxis of Tehran(into running on natural gas) has been taken into consideration. Model results were analyzed according to the main scenario and the results showed that replacing natural gas with petrochemical products in the public transport is considerably beneficial, and that such a plan is economically justifiable.
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Natural gas enjoys a significant place among all energy sources and plays an important role in the economy of Iran in meeting the growing energy needs of country. Furthermore the household and commercial sector has the largest share in gas consumption. In this paper att More
Natural gas enjoys a significant place among all energy sources and plays an important role in the economy of Iran in meeting the growing energy needs of country. Furthermore the household and commercial sector has the largest share in gas consumption. In this paper attempts are made to delineate factors affecting the household and commercial demand for natural gas with special reference to Gilan province. Towards this end this paper has measured the short run and long run price elasticity of demand for natural gas for household and commercial consumption sector respectively. The findings of this study have indicated that the short run and long price elasticity coefficient is in order of - 2354 and -23.6 respectively. The model has also estimated the short and long run cross elasticity of demand for household and commercial sector. Their respective coefficients are found to be in order of 2365 and 23..
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In this paper we want to evaluate between gas injections to oil well instead of exporting or domestic consumption policy based on the linear planning model. According to the most studies, the oil wells conservation will be depleted in the next future. So achievement of More
In this paper we want to evaluate between gas injections to oil well instead of exporting or domestic consumption policy based on the linear planning model. According to the most studies, the oil wells conservation will be depleted in the next future. So achievement of the maximum utilization from this limited energy resource is very important. The findings indicate that the natural gas with its specifications should be used as a suitable substitution to crude oil. On the other hand, prevention from decrease of the process of oil production is one of the crucial issues of oil resources of Iran, and injection of natural gas can prevent from hiding of crude oil in limestone with split. After allocating natural gas to domestic uses, whatever remains out of total imports and domestic production is balance which can be used for injection to oil wells or to export. But through the linear planning model applied in this research, the profit resulted from injection of one cubic meter of natural gas to an oil well is 23/12 cents and the profit made out of export of it at price of 22/20 cents is equal to 13/74 cents. Therefore the state national benefit will be maximum when the most possible amount of the remaining natural gas is used for injection and the rest amount for export.
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