السرد

Open Access Article

1 - Narrative Discourse Analysis in Palestinian Resistance Literature(Case Study: Passage to the Plaza)
Naeime Parandavaji Kobra Roshanfekr Maryam Bakhshandeh

10.30495/cls.2021.684662

Narrative discourse is an important way to represent the actions, words, and thoughts of a story that arises from studying the distance between the narrator and the characters of the story. Leech and Short are among the most important theorists who have divided the meth More

Narrative discourse is an important way to represent the actions, words, and thoughts of a story that arises from studying the distance between the narrator and the characters of the story. Leech and Short are among the most important theorists who have divided the methods of representation into five methods: direct, indirect, free direct, free indirect, and the narration of words and ideas. The present article analyzes these methods in a descriptive – analytical method by enumerating the ideas of the novel " Passage to the Plaza " (1990). The research findings show that the narrator has applied direct thought, thought reporting and free indirect thought to construct her fictional world; Because direct thinking allows the characters to express their concerns in various political, social, economic, social and cultural fields to the reader without intermediaries. In the indirect free method, the voice of the narrator and the character are mixed and the story is transmitted to the reader through two voices, enjoying various representations. The author paints a vivid picture of Palestinian society in the early years of the uprising (Intifada). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Application of Narration Elements in Al Atlal Ode by Ibrahim Naji
Kamal Dehqani Ashkezari Ezzat Molla Ibrahimi

Narration is one of the tools for human and a method in which the narrator chooses a story events; it could be found in poetries during the history and that's why poem is known as one of the techniques which enjoys narration while telling stories. The present research s More

Narration is one of the tools for human and a method in which the narrator chooses a story events; it could be found in poetries during the history and that's why poem is known as one of the techniques which enjoys narration while telling stories. The present research studies the most important elements of narration in Al Atlal Ode by Ibrahim Naji which are: scene (time & place), character and plan. The poet composes the mentioned ode after failure in love and marriage and unwraps his sufferings and grief. It also seeks to clarify narration's structure in the abovementioned ode by analytical – descriptive method. One of the most important results of this study is the division of an ode into parts in order to simplify the poets' concerns. Referring past and escaping to future is remarkable in this ode and the reason is accompanying the reader to express the past or future events. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Mysticism Mask in Haqqi Yahya Literature
Alaeddin Ramezan

Religious view point is a part of social character structure. The religion is made of two parts: the first part is the legal section which is documented by the religious texts and prays and the second part is the issues that the social life has influence on them such as More

Religious view point is a part of social character structure. The religion is made of two parts: the first part is the legal section which is documented by the religious texts and prays and the second part is the issues that the social life has influence on them such as superstition, myths and traditions. One of the phenomenon which have been created because of the social traditions entrance is the Sufism. The present paper studies the Sufism in Yahya Haqqi literature and the interpretation methods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Novel in the dark for Najib Alkilani in light of criticism
Safoura Khodarahmi

Nowadays novel is one of the most important patterns of story writing and indeed is an image of real life and the era that it was written in. The present article studies an era of social and political life of Egyptians by studying “In Darkness” as a novel wr More

Nowadays novel is one of the most important patterns of story writing and indeed is an image of real life and the era that it was written in. The present article studies an era of social and political life of Egyptians by studying “In Darkness” as a novel written by Najib AlKeilani who is an Egyptian contemporaneous author. Najib AlKeilani wrote this novel when he was in prison in 1957 AD. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Characters Types in "Under the Midmorning Sun" by Ibrahim Nasrallah
Seyyed Mahdi Masbouq Ali Hossein Gholami Yalghon Aghaj

The Character factor plays an important role in novel's structure; it is the center of thoughts and views that all the story theme relies on it. The novel character attains his thoughts and approaches of a fact in which he lives in. Ibrahim Nasrallah applied different c More

The Character factor plays an important role in novel's structure; it is the center of thoughts and views that all the story theme relies on it. The novel character attains his thoughts and approaches of a fact in which he lives in. Ibrahim Nasrallah applied different characters in his novel - Under the Midmorning Sun – in order to express Palestine issue and then attempts to convey Palestinians states such as happiness, sadness, love, war and so on. The characters of the abovementioned novel are exclusive to mysterious and the author point out resistance and crusade for the hometown. The present paper surveys the characters, their physical and mental aspects in Under the Midmorning Sun in descriptive – analytical method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - A Study on Methodology of Narration and its Techniques in "Miramar" by Naguib Mahfouz
Askar Babazadeh Aqdam Abolfazl Rahmani Alireza Hosseini Hossein Shams Abadi

Undoubtedly Naguib Mahfouz – the author of "Miramar" is known as the most famous Egyptian authors who awarded the 1988 literature Noble Prize. The author describes the Egypt revolution and the political situation in 1919 and also expresses different parties and re More

Undoubtedly Naguib Mahfouz – the author of "Miramar" is known as the most famous Egyptian authors who awarded the 1988 literature Noble Prize. The author describes the Egypt revolution and the political situation in 1919 and also expresses different parties and reactions of different stratum. The present paper studies the method and its elements and raises some questions as: 1- how the author introduces the characters to the reader? 2- Which narrative methods are applied in the story by the author? The author's realistic tendency manifests in his work which are attractive similes by enjoying the country's conditions as well as faces, colors, voices and proverbs. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Narrative of closed places in the poem of Mohammad Afifi Matar ( the cemetery and cafe for example)
shahriar hemati Seyed Hamed PoorHeshmati

We consider the narrative structure in the contemporary poetic text to be an integral unit that carries many elements and techniques for its artistic image. The place element has a significant importance in the creation of the narratives and the creation of bonds that c More

We consider the narrative structure in the contemporary poetic text to be an integral unit that carries many elements and techniques for its artistic image. The place element has a significant importance in the creation of the narratives and the creation of bonds that combine the narratives with a specific atmosphere in which to express the views of the narrator, The presence of the prominent closed spaces in the poetry of Mohammed Afifi Matar comes in a special verbal nature confined in closed spaces to the organization of the dramatic events and deepen the internal life of the person concerned, but this may result in the merger at the opposite result and lead to adventure in the experience of the outside and then get out of the opposite interviews. This study attempts to use the descriptive-analytical approach to address the narratives of the closed spaces in the poetry of Muhammad Afifi Matar, and in particular focus on the location of the cemetery and the makhee. The cemetery is unique in the dimensions and sizes of the excellence of the closure and limited as a narrative meaning that may be the twin death and resurrection in a position and then suggest offset hostility and familiarity in other positions and that the cafe in his poetry can be a haven to escape the personal safety and stability of the events of reality Occasional, bipolarism occurs, or becomes a conflict between self-sufficiency and globalization. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Reflections of polyphonic narrative in the novel 'Confessions of a Silencer' by Mo΄nes al-Razzāz as a manifestation of postmodernism
Zahra Beheshti Shaker Amery Sadeq Askari Ahiakbar Noreseedeh

Polyphony is a technique that was proposed in novel and stories by Mikhail MikhailovichBakhtin and then by postmodernists. In Polyphony, multiple sounds of different characters are heard and the sound of main narrator of novel is forgotten. So there are some narrators i More

Polyphony is a technique that was proposed in novel and stories by Mikhail MikhailovichBakhtin and then by postmodernists. In Polyphony, multiple sounds of different characters are heard and the sound of main narrator of novel is forgotten. So there are some narrators in polyphony novels, and the common order of narrating story is not seen in such novels. We can say in such novels, different and even antithetic situations have special sounds. These sounds are placed between conversations of characters. Polyphony is one of the important properties of metanarrative. Merging subsidiary stories in the framework of main story, expressing daily dreams in a narrative frame and a world of dreams and nightmares are some properties of this kind of story. This property is existed in novel of "confesses of sound hider" (e`eterafatokatemalsout) by "mo`nes al-Razaz", the writer has merged a subsidiary story in the framework of main story. He uses daily memories and describes the dreams and nightmares of story characters. So the sounds of all novel characters have a role, and we can say that the novel doesn't have a normal form of first-person narrator or the third-person narrator. Although the third-person narrator occasionally appears, and intermixes to the other narrators of novel, but the narration direction of novel is continuing by sounds of the other characters.  This essay explains about the polyphony technique and its sources, then surveys this technique and different narrators in the novel. And also, it surveys merging subsidiary stories in the framework of main story and appearance of a world of dreams and nightmares. This property has frequently a special place in polyphony novels. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Multiple Beginnings and its Relation to the Novel in the Story of “Endama Tashikh al-Zeab” by Jamal Naji
Reza Nazemian Majid Bayati

The beginning of the novel is the gateway to its world. So this may cause some novelists to stop writing their own novels; because starting a novel is one of the most difficult things about writing a story. The beginning of a story can guide the reader into its world, i More

The beginning of the novel is the gateway to its world. So this may cause some novelists to stop writing their own novels; because starting a novel is one of the most difficult things about writing a story. The beginning of a story can guide the reader into its world, if it is engaging and encouraging. So the first scene of the story can play a huge role in encouraging the reader and communicating with the text; because the beginning of the story is the bridge between the novelist and the reader. This research intends to examine the beginning of the novel based on its initial scene and it focuses on the techniques that the novelist used in the beginning of his novel. Although research on the beginning of the novel has had a prominent place in contemporary research on the novel, this field requires more effort to show the importance of the novel's beginning and to pay attention to its constitutive elements. The beginning of the novel “Endama Tashikh al-Zeab” has special potentials that draw our attention to it. The importance of this research is that it attempts to pay attention to the beginning of the story and its elements and examine the extent of connection of novel's beginning with the novel itself as an interconnected system and a text in the structural perspective. Therefore, this study deals with the first scene of the novel and draws attention to the relationship between the novel and its beginning. The results of this study show that the narrator has used techniques in this novel that those techniques have overcome on the modern novel and he has put the characters at tipping point of his attention to show a world full of contradictions. The narrator uses a polyphonic technique in this novel to avoid the traditional monotony. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Religion and Post-Modernism challenges in Adonis poems: An Epistemological Approach
Khalil parvini Kobra Rawshanfekr Seyyed Hossain Hossaini

The philosophical basis of postmodernism, especially in cosmological sphere, is on the lack of the belief in the metaphysics and the skepticism in efficiency of religious framework for understanding human essence which is based on rationality, instinct and revelation. T More

The philosophical basis of postmodernism, especially in cosmological sphere, is on the lack of the belief in the metaphysics and the skepticism in efficiency of religious framework for understanding human essence which is based on rationality, instinct and revelation. The sovereignty of language is very important in this trend, because the language from this point of view is the essential device for understanding values and their mechanisms. Within the postmodern ideology, language and all its manifestations are understood as cultural symbols outside the realm of "absolutism". This attitude led to impose "relativism" and "individualism" upon the exhaustive principles (grand narratives) that were earlier considered universal. This philosophical effort especially in metaphysics and occult fields has not yet reached to reliable facts. The focus of this paper is on the study of the challenge of religion and Postmodernism and the anxieties emerged from it in the poetry of Adonis. The article in a descriptive-analytical method and by a philosophical-cognitive approach studies those poems of Adonis that bear such philosophical outlooks. It concludes that postmodernism in the poetry of Adonis shows this tension in the following fields: relativism; denial of absolutism; refute of grand narratives and disobedience to religion which do not conform to the absolute religious principles of monotheism, especially of Islam. In this study we have also pointed to the philosophical differences that postmodernism has brought about, because of its distance from the religion of Islam and its interaction with the texts of the other revealed religions. So, it is clear that the problem of the Western postmodern philosophy with religion results from the idea that their religious text does not provide them with convincing knowledge in most cases. What we have seen in those texts, therefore, is a multiple and contradictory interpretations throughout different periods, the interpretations that postmodernism announced its main desires, that we see so much in the poetry of Adonis with a philosophical taste. Manuscript profile

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11 - An Investigation of duration in the Time Speed of Narrative Based on Gerard Genette's narratology (A Comparative Study of Gholam-Hossein Sāedī's Azādārān-e Bayal (Mourners of Bayal) and Mouloud Feraoun's Ibn al-Faqīr)
Salah al-din Abdi Abozar GolzarKhojasteh Mitra Khodadian

The time is the main element in changing an incident to a story. So, one of the important problems in structuralist theories is the situation of time in narration. This problem has a long history among thinkers and theorists. Time is a significant component in two stori More

The time is the main element in changing an incident to a story. So, one of the important problems in structuralist theories is the situation of time in narration. This problem has a long history among thinkers and theorists. Time is a significant component in two stories of Azādārān-e Bayal (Mourners of Bayal) and Ibn al-Faqīr (the poor man's son), and its importance becomes more clear by exploring and examining this element in these two stories. The most complete theory about the element of time in the story is Gerard Genette's theory. For Genette, the formation of time depends on three temporal components: order; duration; and frequency. In the present study only the second component, i.e., the duration, in the two stories of Azādārān-e Bayal and Ibn al-Faqīr is examined. The results of the study show that Azādārān-e Bayal has steady speed of time in narration of the story, whereas the narration of the story in Ibn al-Faqīr is slow with a negative acceleration, and the writer rather used a descriptive delay category. The research method of the article is analytic-descriptive and is based on the American comparative school. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The Reflection of Triple-Narratives of Redemption in Works of Mikha'ilNa'ima and Ahmad Shamlou from a Lyotardian perspective
Haniyeh Majidi Fard Ahmadreza Heidaryan Shahri Bahar Seddighi

The issue of emancipation in contemporary times became more important with the rise of the intellectual movement and scientific advancement. The French philosopher and postmodernist, Jean-François Lyotard, considers redemption as the most important narrative, and More

The issue of emancipation in contemporary times became more important with the rise of the intellectual movement and scientific advancement. The French philosopher and postmodernist, Jean-François Lyotard, considers redemption as the most important narrative, and is of the view that this narrativeembraces three parts, namely, the Marxist historical narrative,the Christian religious narrative, and the intellectual evolution narrative. In this era,committed literature, which is concerned with social and individual needs, was booming due to the effects of political issues. This type of literature is widely available in Persian and Arabic literature as well-known writers, includingMikha'ilNa'ima and Ahmad Shamlouhave produced a large number of writings with regard to human redemption in terms ofanthropological, philosophical, political and social issues. The present study attempts to bring to the fore and examine the above-mentioned narratives in the writings of these two literary scholars. This study examines howthe three narrativesare reflected in Persian and Arabic literature and analyzes the freedom thought in the works of Mikha'ilNa'ima and Ahmad Shamlou from a Lyotardianperspective. The overall results suggest that three redemption narratives have been constructed in the contemporary era and they are widely present in Na'ima and Shamlou’s works. Manuscript profile

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13 - The Function of Narrative Plot in Formation of Organic Unity in Free Poetry: A Case Study of Badr Shākir al-Sayyāb and Mehdi Akhavān Sāles
Aliasghar Ghahremani Moghbel Fereshteh Yadegari Hojjat Rasouli Amir Farhangnia

The beauty of the literary work, especially free poetry, is due to the cohesion of its different parts in form and content, so that it appears to the reader as a coherent construction of harmonious units from the beginning to the end. Organic unity is one of the most pr More

The beauty of the literary work, especially free poetry, is due to the cohesion of its different parts in form and content, so that it appears to the reader as a coherent construction of harmonious units from the beginning to the end. Organic unity is one of the most prominent issues raised after the emergence of free poetry of which the plot is the most important element. In this article, the authors examine the organic unity of narrative plot and its importance in forming organic cohesion and coherence of the constituents of poetry through the comparison between the pioneers of Arabic and Persian free poetry, Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and Mehdi Akhavān Sāles, from a comparative view point and reliance on the American school. They are also examine how each of these poets uses these elements. The findings of the research show that Akhavan is more successful in applying narrative plot, including rising and falling action (gereh goshāei and gereh afkani), in formation process of organic unity, because his poetry is in a clear linear process that is materialized this by using rising and falling action as well as logical systematic sequences of thoughts in which the richness of the Persian heritage in fictional language has been effective. Manuscript profile

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14 - Text Creation Mechanisms in Laila al-Juhani's Firdaws al-yabāb (The Barren Paradise)
Reza Nazemian Majid Salehbek Majid Bayati

In this article text creation mechanisms and aesthetics of language structure in the novel Firdaws al-yabāb (the barren paradise) are investigated. This novel is full of poetic language is concise and inspiring. The novel is characterized by the use of compact language More

In this article text creation mechanisms and aesthetics of language structure in the novel Firdaws al-yabāb (the barren paradise) are investigated. This novel is full of poetic language is concise and inspiring. The novel is characterized by the use of compact language and other texts as if it benefits from other experiences in order to show the inner world and disagree with whatever exists. Laylā Juhanī used other texts to create and develop the text and combined different texts to complete her literary invention. Hence, the critique and discovery of the broad meaning of this novel begins from its beginning. The beginning of a story as its plot is very important to guide to the meaning of the text. Various research methods such as structuralism, semiotics and stylistics have been used in this research, all of which lie under the umbrella term of structuralism. This study does not deal with the theoretical issues related to structuralism that are found in abundance in various sources and references, and has attempted to show these theories in practice in the novel. This article emphasizes the importance of the beginning of the story to discover the hidden meaning in the text and addresses issues such as to make poetic the language and the internal and external relations of the text as mechanisms for text development. The results show that Firdaws al-yabāb has linguistic poetic potentials and numerous textual possibilities. In this article, it is shown that Firdaws al-yabāb is a large metaphor around which small metaphors have been formed. Manuscript profile

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15 - ultra narrative in the novel "The Game of Forgetting" by Muhammad Barada
Shahram Delshad

Al-Mutasardi or Al-Mitarwa'i or Al-Miyataqas, all of which have several words for the meaning of Al-Wahd. Alrvayyvn Bghyh Llvsvl to Thtym Alam Alrvayy Almtkhyl Alzy Kan Yshbh Balvaq Vymasl indeed Tmasa Hrfya, height Astkhdmva'm addicted Alalyat Valadvat per Alrvayh Ltkh More

Al-Mutasardi or Al-Mitarwa'i or Al-Miyataqas, all of which have several words for the meaning of Al-Wahd. Alrvayyvn Bghyh Llvsvl to Thtym Alam Alrvayy Almtkhyl Alzy Kan Yshbh Balvaq Vymasl indeed Tmasa Hrfya, height Astkhdmva'm addicted Alalyat Valadvat per Alrvayh Ltkhrj as Almhakah Alhrfyh just Htrafyh, Fhv Kalsrd exorcised facing Ykhrj Alrvayh I Alvaqyh Albhth, Widmer alcohol Alzy the Ldy Almtlqy Lqbvl Alvqay Valahdas And the test of personalities and natures, the conflict of the righteous, and the firmness of the foundations and the firmness of the author. Yqvm Alrvayy hotels Alsrd Almytaqsy assigned to recruit'm addicted Alalyat Valmvshrat facing Yekhelqan Alnzm Alrvayy Valmntqyh chips per Alsrd, Kahtkak Alam Almtkhyl Balvaq, Tmazj Alrvayh Balnqd, Alatraf Bsnayh Alrvayh hotels Alrvayy entry per Alsrd, Tdakhla Mbashra, reflect Alsyrh autoimmune Llkatb lodging it mentioned Vsfafth.yjdr Here are some of the narrations in the legitimacy of the new narration. The establishment of the narration on the basis of the form of the new narration, in which the narrator is with the new narrators and their authorities and councils, and their employment is directed in the practice of the cold with success. The narrators of the moment until the second of the narrators of the Arabs, looking at the knowledge of the cash, which comes after the interpretations and the considerations of the cash in the Manuscript profile

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16 - The functions of polyphonic narration in the novel "War in Egypt" by Yusuf al-Qaed
Omid Jahanbakht Layli Shahram Delshad Mojtaba Elyasi

Polyphonic narrative is a new type of narrative used by some postmodernist literary historians in the late 1970s to the last decade. In this type of literature, the author uses several narrators for narration and avoids the use of a single narrator.Yusuf Al-Qa'id(1944), More

Polyphonic narrative is a new type of narrative used by some postmodernist literary historians in the late 1970s to the last decade. In this type of literature, the author uses several narrators for narration and avoids the use of a single narrator.Yusuf Al-Qa'id(1944), a prominent Egyptian novelist, has used this method in some of his novels to demonstrate his approach to innovation. The purpose of this article is to examine the functions of polyphonic narration in the novel "War on the Land of Egypt ". It is important to examine this approach in order to identify novels that are modeled on practices appropriate to the age of democracy and civilization; The methods that have been used in conjunction with the development of societies as well as their social and political transformation to convey effective functions to the Arabic reader. The findings indicate that this narrative method is used in the novel to induce three basic functions, namely,dramatic and thematic struggle, explanation and communityization of events and subjects, creating equality, and establishing equal dialogue among fictional characters.I Yusuf al-Qa'id has chosen this narrative style for his narrative plot and through it he intends to reject with this new kind of monotheism and tyranny in the narration and presentation of ideas so that all the characters are equally Be present in the arena of narration, and on the other hand, the reader should be aware of the crisis of democracy and equality in the Arab society in a tangible and realistic way. Manuscript profile

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17 - Analyzing the Point of view in the Poetry of Reza Barahani and Farouk Gouida from Todorov's Perspective
Ismaeil Hoseini Ajdad Niaki Hamed Poorheshmati

Point of view is one of the most important terms in contemporary narrative studies, because it is an attempt to reduce the narrator's control over the text and a method to show the narrator's perception and view of the target topics and relationship establishes with oth More

Point of view is one of the most important terms in contemporary narrative studies, because it is an attempt to reduce the narrator's control over the text and a method to show the narrator's perception and view of the target topics and relationship establishes with other characters. Todorov pays attention to the cognitive and intellectual aspect of the point of view and uses it to control the characters' insight into various events or to inform the narrator's understanding of other characters. Reza Barahani and Farouk Gouida are modern poets in contemporary Persian and Arabic poetry who pay attention to the events of the narrative and the behavioral changes of its characters when faced with various issues, as they value the narrator's participation in the narrative, so that the narrator in their poems has the freedom of action and the power to move to any place and time, but often, instead of direct intervention, they summarize and analyze the events after their occurrence. Since Todorov's critical theory in examining the point of view has a significant impact on literary criticism, the present research has applied this significant impact in the poetry examples of two modernist Iranian and Arab poets in order to understand the narrator's basic views on challenging issues in the real and imaginative worlds of the two poets. This descriptive-analytical article intends to examine the point of view patterns of two poets from Todorov's viwpoint, according to the American school of literature. The results indicate the dynamics of the three main techniques that Todorov has considered in the classification of the point of view, including the "back view" technique, which is distinguished by the narrator's preoccupation with the deep expression of the subject in the " Gouida " poem, and on the contrary, the narrator in the Barahani poem is evasive of it. The technique of "simultaneous vision" in Barahani's poem is distinguished by the peaceful coexistence of the narrator with the character or his participation in his life's affairs, and in Gouida's poem, it is used in the context of the narrator's conflict with the character and questioning him about his actions and thoughts. In the "view from outside" technique of Barahani's poem, the narrator deliberately hides the truth, and in Gouida's poem, it shows her inability to discover the truth. Manuscript profile

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18 - A Study of Narrative Time in the Novel Frānkenštāin fī Baghdād (Frankenstein in Baghdad) based on the model of Gerard Genet
Foad Abdollahzadeh Isa Zare Dorninani Abdolbaset Arab Yosouf Abadi Mohammad Yaghobi

Time has the most obvious function to improve the structure of the story among the constituent elements of the story. Gerard Genet, as one of the theorists in this field, provided a clear theoretical framework for evaluating and analyzing the element of time in the stor More

Time has the most obvious function to improve the structure of the story among the constituent elements of the story. Gerard Genet, as one of the theorists in this field, provided a clear theoretical framework for evaluating and analyzing the element of time in the story. Genet believes that in analyzing narrative time and comparing it with calendar time, three important categories such as order, continuity and frequency should be analyzed in order to extract and evaluate the most important narrative techniques used in each work of fiction. Ahmad Saadawi's novel Frānken&scaron;tāin fī Baghdād (Frankenstein in Baghdad) is a suitable novel for analysis based on the Genet model due to its great emphasis on time. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt is made to investigate the element of time in the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" based on the descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of discovering the salient aspects of time turbulence in post-modern novels. The results show that the widespread use of retrospectives, negative accelerations and positive accelerations, has caused irregularity and discontinuity in the narrative time of "Frankenstein in Baghdad". This sometimes confuses the reader in the story, which of course is one of the features of postmodern stories, and Ahmad Saadawi has been able to make good use of this techniques. Manuscript profile

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19 - The Polyphonic Narration in the novel 'dafāter al-Warrāq' (Notebooks of the Bookseller) by Jalal Barjas in the light of the theory of 'Mikhail Bakhtin'
Majid Salehbek Maedeh Zohriarab

 The polyphonic novel is a novel in which we find the disappearance of the narrator in favor of the characters who undertake the process of narration and discourse by themselves and freely express themselves, their thoughts, and their own experiences, and this is w More

 The polyphonic novel is a novel in which we find the disappearance of the narrator in favor of the characters who undertake the process of narration and discourse by themselves and freely express themselves, their thoughts, and their own experiences, and this is what the critics named the polyphonic narration. We encounter the polyphonic narration in the novels of modern and postmodern literature as a departure from the traditional novel and its characterization by polyphony at different levels.  Polyphony and poly-lingual are the most important concepts that Mickhail Bakhtin, the Russian theorist, was looking for.  There is no doubt that the polyphonic narrative text is a new type of literary text and has a paramount importance in forming different languages and voices with different cultural and social affiliations and in changing a novel to a play in which the fictional characters interact. Accordingly, this research aims to study the polyphonic narration in the novel 'dafāter al-warrāq' (Notebooks of the Bookseller) by Jalal Barjas, the Jordanian novelist, in the light of Mikhail Bakhtin's theory. While the novel has polyphony feature, the research tries to depict its polyphonic basis through adaptation of polyphony in the text of the novel. Since the topic deserves to explore deeply and focus on its different aspects, this research tries to deals deeper with the polyphony feature of this novel. The approach of the research is that the text of the fictional text of Jalal Barjas includes multiplicity in personalities, consciousness patterns, ideologies, and others things that are among the components of the polyphonic narrative. Manuscript profile

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20 - “The Diaries of Prosecutor’s Representative in the Village” in the Light of Criticism
Hasan Shavandi Seyed Yaser Hosaini

“The Diaries of Prosecutor’s Representative in the Village” is, no doubt, one of the most prominent works ever written by Tawfiq Hakim, the contemporary Arab novelist .The proof to this claim can be the fact that the novel has been translated into many More

“The Diaries of Prosecutor’s Representative in the Village” is, no doubt, one of the most prominent works ever written by Tawfiq Hakim, the contemporary Arab novelist .The proof to this claim can be the fact that the novel has been translated into many other languages, and used as the basic plot for different movies. In this novel, Tawfiq Hakim, illustrates aspects of Egyptian life with a focus on rural areas. This article aims at reviewing story elements of this novel’s story such as setting, time, character, dialogue, and plot. The story occurs at a place called “al-vajh al-ghabali” during twelve days of October although the writer tries not to restrict the story line to a specific time span. The author tries to depict characters through their reactions toward the events, which begin with a gunshot.  Manuscript profile

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21 - Narrative and Language in San-Allah-Ebrahim's Altalasos
Ali Ganjian Zahra Pak Nahad

Novel is deemed as one of the highly elevated literary genres with a unique rank in Arabic Literature which deals with realities of the present time depicting the real essence of life as portrayed in Ebrahim's novel Altalasos .Ibrahim portrays the social milieu of Egypt More

Novel is deemed as one of the highly elevated literary genres with a unique rank in Arabic Literature which deals with realities of the present time depicting the real essence of life as portrayed in Ebrahim's novel Altalasos .Ibrahim portrays the social milieu of Egypt in 1948 in his novel, challenging some contemporary issues of his day. Narration and language are among the most significant artistic devices which act as the unifying elements in any great work. This paper deals with the narrative aspect of the novel. Relying on a child's narrative point of view and his connection with the environment and external characters the author pays attention to details with a unique investigation of language. Manuscript profile

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22 - The Review and Analysis of Narrative Structure of "Khosrow and Shirin " and "Leyli and Majnun "Based on Their Main Characters' Function
Abdol Hossein Farzad Amir Hosssein Mahouzi Fereshte Naseri

In the vast world of narrative literature , the lyrical poems of  Nezami Ganjavi with their unique narrative aspects ,structures and origins are the type of Persian literature classic works that can be considered and criticized  in accordance with principles o More

In the vast world of narrative literature , the lyrical poems of  Nezami Ganjavi with their unique narrative aspects ,structures and origins are the type of Persian literature classic works that can be considered and criticized  in accordance with principles of structuralism . In this research, "Khosrow and Shirin " and "Leyli and Majnun" romances have been analyzed structurally as samples of the most pleasing ones. So, at first  some points about narration and its elements and units are mentioned. Next, by explaining characters ,or, in another word  motifs and their functions ,  the narrative elements of considered  romances have been compared  according to structural narration point of view which is the base of Russian theorist Vladimir Propp ' s work in morphological analysis of fairy tales. In order to fulfill this, categories like plot ,character, narration timing ,order and pedagogy, continuity ,narrator ,have been considered to conclude how these elements with their own    syntactic combination    change the story from raw form (fabula) to narrative form and with  this method of expressing , what the effect of  lyrical content of story on the narrative elements is.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - The Study of NarrativeTechniques in AhlemMosteghanemi’s Novel Zekrat al-Jasad (Memory in Flesh) :A Formalist Reading
saeid savari reza nazemian

This article is an attempt to study the element of the time of the novel Zakera al-Jassadwritten by AhlemMosteghanemi based on the time of narrative and the time of narration, relying on linguistic functions. This research seeks to explain how the time sequence of the e More

This article is an attempt to study the element of the time of the novel Zakera al-Jassadwritten by AhlemMosteghanemi based on the time of narrative and the time of narration, relying on linguistic functions. This research seeks to explain how the time sequence of the events of the novel changes in the direction of the circular line, as well as its relevance to the discourse representing contemporary history of Algeria and the parallelism of the discourse of narrative techniques with the sequence of events of the novel. The research concludes that despite the lack of order in the time sequence of events there is a correlation between narrative techniques and time arrangements of events; how the element of timehas regarded the discourse of the author of the novel. It has included current themes of the contemporary historyof Algeriawhich depictthe contemporary historyof Algeria, because AhlemMosteghanemi has clearly described the ideologies of contemporary history in Algeria. Thus the author of the novel, relying on thetechniques of stream of consciousness and linguistic functionshas changed time sequence of events in the direction of the circular line in order to transfer the feeling of the arrangement of the time sequence of events to reader. The author wants the reader to feel the time sequence of events and interpret them in the course of secret discourse within the element of time. The author also wants the reader to set the sequence of the events timeline within himself.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Narrative Form of Story Telling in Palestine's literature of Resistance (Case Study of the Novel Babossaheh)
Kobra Roshanfekr Naeemeh Parandavaji Khalil Parvini Faramarz Mirzaee

Narrative  form of the story studies the relation between the narrator and characters, and it is an important tool for transferring of speeches and thoughts of characters to the reader, from this way the readers get into the atmosphere of the story. Narrative &nbsp More

Narrative  form of the story studies the relation between the narrator and characters, and it is an important tool for transferring of speeches and thoughts of characters to the reader, from this way the readers get into the atmosphere of the story. Narrative  forms are divided in to five; direct, indirect, free direct, free indirect and narrative report of speeches and thoughts, based on the domination degree of the narrator and the characters. The present article deals with descriptive and analytical style and by presenting a complete statistics population of characters' speeches, studies different ways of speech representation of "Babossahe" a novel by Sahar Khalifeh.  Findings of the study demonstrated that the narrator used all forms of speech representation styles for showing Palestine social condition and problems of the women of country at the first years of uprising, but direct speech, narrative style of speech and free direct speech have the most frequencies. The narrator by using direct speech and free direct speech allows the characters to relate with the reader and familiarize them with the narrators political, economical, cultural and social mental distresses. Using these techniques helps the narrator to show different sides of life and problems of Palestine women. Manuscript profile

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