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Open Access Article
1 - An Overview of the Doctrine of Frustration and Force Majeure
Omid Shabani Asghar Haji mohammadiThe Doctrine of Frustration is a Theory which has been presented in English legal system. It expresses that the performance becomes impossible because of an event which occurs after the contract was made. The doctrine is similar to another Theory which is presented in F MoreThe Doctrine of Frustration is a Theory which has been presented in English legal system. It expresses that the performance becomes impossible because of an event which occurs after the contract was made. The doctrine is similar to another Theory which is presented in French law called "Force Majeure". In this article the author has endeavoured to elaborate their meanings, conditions and effects in order to recognize the differences between these two theories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Determination of the significance of beta-hydroxy butyrate, non esterified fatty acids and some other serum biochemical parameters as predictors of left displacement of abomasum in cattle
نوید Basiri SH Safi ایرج Norouzian عباس Rahimi ForoushaniLeft displacement of abomasum (LDA) is one of the major metabolic diseases in dairy cattlewhich cause a large economic loss in dairy industry. Thus, predicting the occurrence of LDA,especially in early weeks post parturition is very important. In the present study, 14 b MoreLeft displacement of abomasum (LDA) is one of the major metabolic diseases in dairy cattlewhich cause a large economic loss in dairy industry. Thus, predicting the occurrence of LDA,especially in early weeks post parturition is very important. In the present study, 14 biochemicalparameters of cows with LDA before and after parturition were compared to those of healthycows (control group) using logistic regression statistical model. Changes in six parameters,including beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), aspartateaminotransferase (AST), calcium, sodium and potassium were significant (p<0.05) between thegroups and were included in the prediction model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The role of erythropoietin alginate/chitosan hydrogel on spinal cord injury in rats: A Stereological study
مهدی Gholami حسن Gilanpour جواد SadeghinezhadSpinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling neurological condition. In this study, first, the total volume of the thoracic spinal cord of healthy rats was calculated using stereology. In the next step, the volume of the thoracic spinal cord in the T9 area, the volume of the MoreSpinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling neurological condition. In this study, first, the total volume of the thoracic spinal cord of healthy rats was calculated using stereology. In the next step, the volume of the thoracic spinal cord in the T9 area, the volume of the gray matter, white matter, vacuole, scar, and the locomotor function of animals after SCI were calculated. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein that protects cells in various tissues, including the spinal cord, by activating multiple signaling pathways. This study aimed to investigate the role of chitosan alginate hydrogel containing EPO on SCI. We observed that injured rats receiving EPO had improved functional recovery as assessed by the BBB Locomotor Rating in compared sham and negative control groups. Stereological estimates of the thoracic region show that the total volume of gray and white matter in the thoracic region of the rat averaged 126.2886 and 295.1914 mm3, respectively. The mean obtained from the dorsal horn in the thoracic part of the rat was 52.35028 mm3, and the abdominal horn was 60.79638 mm3, or in other words, the mean total volume of the thoracic spinal cord in the rat was 514.06 mm3. In the groups treated with a hydrogel, the amount of vacuole and scar in the spinal cord tissue was significantly reduced compared to the negative control group. Hydrogels containing EPO (1000 IU/kg) can significantly improve the tissue repair of the spinal cord at the injury site. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Evaluation of Some Functional Properties of Extracted Pectin from Pomegranate Peel by Microwave Method
B. Akbari-Adergani P. Zivari Shayesteh R. PourahmadIntroduction: Pectin is a complex mixture of polysaccharides in the cell wall of plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of pectin extraction from pomegranate peel using microwaves and to investigate some of its functional properties. Materials and MoreIntroduction: Pectin is a complex mixture of polysaccharides in the cell wall of plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of pectin extraction from pomegranate peel using microwaves and to investigate some of its functional properties. Materials and Methods: Some functional properties of pectin extracted from pomegranate peel including degree of esterification, galacturonic acid content, emulsifying properties, emulsion stability, water and oil storage capacity, antioxidant capacity and infrared spectrum behavior were investigated after optimization of extraction procedure. Extraction of pectin from pomegranate peel as an abundant and available source were performed for the first time by microwave at 120 °C in a certain ratio of solid to liquid under different pH conditions (1.5, 2.25 and 0.3), irradiating times (60, 120 and 180 seconds) and at three energy levels (300, 500 and 700 watts). Results: Pectin extraction efficiency under optimal conditions (power 700 watts, time 120 seconds and pH of 1.5) was 20.42%. The degree of esterification of pectin was 33.24%, galacturonic acid content was 75.35% and its emulsifying activity was 56.4% and the emulsion obtained at 4 °C was more stable than the resulting emulsion at 24 °C. The storage capacity of water and oil per gram of extracted pectin was 3.86 and 2.13 gr, respectively. Conclusion: The application of pectin extracted from pomegranate peel by microwave method has a good efficiency and due to its good functional properties can pave the way for its use in some food formulations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Determination of Pectin in Sunflower and Its Application in Food Industry
Behrooz Jannat Mohammad Reza Oveisi Nafiseh Sadeghi Masoomeh Behzad Abdolazim Behfar Mannan Hajimahmoodi Seyyed Mohammad Reza ShohadaiIntroduction: Pectin is a complex polysaccharide consisting mainly of esterified D-galacturonic acid residues in an alpha-(1-4) chain. The acid groups along the chain are largely esterifed with methoxy groups in the natural product. It has broad applications in both foo MoreIntroduction: Pectin is a complex polysaccharide consisting mainly of esterified D-galacturonic acid residues in an alpha-(1-4) chain. The acid groups along the chain are largely esterifed with methoxy groups in the natural product. It has broad applications in both food and pharmaceutical industries where it acts as gelling and thickening agent. The present study was designed to determine the galacturonic acid content and degree of pectin esterification. Materials and Methods: In the current study Record cultivar of sunflower grown in Varamin region of Iran was selected for pectin extraction. The residue was dried in a drying chamber and stored at 4°C before use. The pectin was extracted by using 0.75% sodium hexameta phosphate at the pH of 3, 4 and 5 with the temperature of 75, 85 and 95°C for 20 and 40 minutes and the optimum conditions for the extraction of pectin, galacturonic acid content and the degree of esterification was studied. Results: The highest yield was obtained at the pH of 5 and temperature of 95°C for 20 min. Galacturonic acid content or degree of purity related to the pectin was from 66.5% to 86%. Degree of esterification of extracted pectin was from 21% to 33% that clearly indicates the low methoxyl nature of the pectin. However, there were significant differences (p<0.05) between mentioned extraction condition factors, that is an important criterion for the quality of the pectin and the degree of esterification. Conclusion: It seems that the pectin extracted from sunflowers head show a high potential for commercial food applications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Pectin from Aloe Vera Leaf
L. NateghiIntroduction: Aloe vera gel has many applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Aloe vera leaf contains valuable materials such as pectin which its extraction can be beneficial from economic and environmental aspects. Materials and Methods: The overall MoreIntroduction: Aloe vera gel has many applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Aloe vera leaf contains valuable materials such as pectin which its extraction can be beneficial from economic and environmental aspects. Materials and Methods: The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three variable temperatures (35, 65 and 95), time (40, 120 and 200) and pH (1, 2 and 3) on the yield, the galacturonic acid content and esterification degree of aloe vera leaf pectin. In order to study the physicochemical properties of the pectin, emulsion stability tests and FT-IR were applied. Results: According to the results, high pectin extraction yield from aloe vera leaf was 6.9% which was obtained at temperature of 95℃, time of 120 min and pH of 1. The highest galacturonic acid content of the extracted pectin of aloe vera leaf was 78.48%, at temperature of 65ºC, time of 200 min and pH of 1, The highest esterification degree of extracted pectin of aloe vera leaf was 53.410%, which was observed at temperature of 35ºC, time of 120 min and pH of 3. The highest emulsion stability of aloe vera leaf pectin was at 4 °C on the first day of production. FT-IR results also showed that the strong absorption in the area 3200-3500 cm-1 in the extracted pectin samples was related to intra-and extracellular vibration of the hydrogen bond in the galacturonic acid polymer. The pectin extracted from aloe vera leaf with molecular weight of 127 kDa after 30 days storage at 4 and 23 °C had 75% and 63% emulsification stability respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that pectin extracted from leaf lesions of aloe vera could be introduced as a marketable pectin source. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The Effect of Chemical Intersterification of Palm Stearin and Canola on Physicochemical Characteristics of Produced Product
M. Ashofteh M. Ghavami M. GharachorlooIntroduction: The adverse effects of trans fatty acids on health during hydrogenation demands trans free products. Trans interesterification might be considered a process to solve this problem. The aim of this study is to interesterify palm stearin and canola to provide MoreIntroduction: The adverse effects of trans fatty acids on health during hydrogenation demands trans free products. Trans interesterification might be considered a process to solve this problem. The aim of this study is to interesterify palm stearin and canola to provide a hardened media and then investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the product. Materials and Methods: Binary blends of palm stearin/canola oil (in ratios of 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 w/w) were interesterified using sodium methoxide as an alkaline catalyst. The changes in fatty acid composition, the 2-position arrangements of fatty acids, free fatty acids content, peroxide value, soap content, induction period at 120 °C (IP120), slip melting point (SMP) and solid fat content (SFC) of fat blends, before and after interesterification, were investigated. Results: Studies on fatty acid composition before and after interesterification showed that the process did not affect the chemical structure of fatty acid and the concentration of trans. All blends were trans-free and contained high essential fatty acids contents. Studies concerned with the 2-position arrangements of fatty acids, have shown that the expected random equilibrium has been achieved after 60 min of processing. Interesterification has modified the melting properties of fat blends by decreasing SMP and SFC.Conclusion: Interesterification has modified the melting properties of fat blends by decreasing SMP and SFC. Interesterified blends of palm stearin/canola oil at the ratio of 10:90 for liquid margarine, 20:80 and 30:70 for soft tub margarine, 30:70 and 40:60 for Iranian vanaspati and 50:50 for ice-cream formulation showed desirable characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Measuring the properties of the biodiesel produced from palm kernel oil and its combination with the commercial diesel fuel
Rauf Foroutan Hossein Esmaeili Malihe Kosari FardBackground and Objective: Use of biodiesel instead of fossil fuel has received extensive attention. This fuel is produced from residuals of local restaurants and natural resources. In recent years, biodiesel production has received extensive attention worldwide due to i MoreBackground and Objective: Use of biodiesel instead of fossil fuel has received extensive attention. This fuel is produced from residuals of local restaurants and natural resources. In recent years, biodiesel production has received extensive attention worldwide due to increase of global populations and demand for fuel to supply energy and, on the other hand, because of increase of environmental pollution and global warming, rise of world oil prices and limited resources of fossil fuels. Method: In this study, biodiesel is produced from extracted palm oil in the presence of alkaline catalyst like potassium methoxide by trans-esterification process. The produced biodiesel was mixed with the commercial fossil fuels existing in Iran to produce fuels with ratios of 10, 50 and 100 of biodiesel.The properties of the produced fuels such as pour point, cloud point, flash point, viscosity and density were studied according to the ASTM D 6751 and ASTM D7467 standards. Findings: According to the results,the values fordensity, viscosity, cinematic, cloud point, pour point and flash point for biodiesel were 176 C, 15 C, 13 C, 4.7 mm2/s and 879 kg/m2, respectively, showing that density, viscosity and flash point fall within the standard limits. However, the values obtained for cloud point and pour point revealed that the biodiesel fuel cannot be used in cold regions. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, the best ratio of adding the biodiesel produced from palm oil to diesel for reducing the fossil fuel consumption and air pollution was 10% biodisel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Evaluation of energy efficiency in production process of biodiesel to conventional, ultrasonic and microwave methods
golmohammad khoobbakht Mahmoud KarimiBackground and Objective: Energy balance is a suitable tool for assessing the effects of production on environment with considering the amount of fossil fuels used and the amount of energy output. In the present study, input-output energy ratio and energy efficiency of MoreBackground and Objective: Energy balance is a suitable tool for assessing the effects of production on environment with considering the amount of fossil fuels used and the amount of energy output. In the present study, input-output energy ratio and energy efficiency of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in three ways: conventional, using ultrasound irradiation and using microwave was investigated.Material and Methodology: In this study the energy inputs such as waste cooking oil, methanol, catalyst, electricity and energy for biodiesel production and output of energy, including biodiesel, glycerin, excess alcohol, water, soap, monoglycerides and diglyceride to estimate energy efficiency were calculated.Findings: The consumed energy for the methods of conventional, using ultrasound irradiation and using microwave were found 33.73, 35.75 and 34.39 MJ/L, respectively. The energy efficiency of biodiesel production in conventional, using ultrasound irradiation and using microwave were calculated 0.87, 0.80 and 0.77 respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Among the mentioned methods of biodiesel production in the present study, using ultrasound irradiation in the process of biodiesel production was found as the best method in terms of input-output energy ratio and energy efficiency. The using ultrasound irradiation with the renewability index of 75% was also found as the most renewable process among the studied methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Analyzing and comparing combustion factors and diesel engine performance indicators with alternative biodiesel fuel
Hossein Ghadamian Ghadamian Farideh Atabi shahin GhaheriAbstract Vegetable Oils can be combined with alcohol (typically Methanol) to produce chemical combinations so-called Ester. They are also called biodiesel if used as fuel. This fuel is biologically decomposable. In addition, as this kind of fuel is used as component, m MoreAbstract Vegetable Oils can be combined with alcohol (typically Methanol) to produce chemical combinations so-called Ester. They are also called biodiesel if used as fuel. This fuel is biologically decomposable. In addition, as this kind of fuel is used as component, minor changes in engine is required. Computations on effective combustion factors show that Net Heating Value is 18577 Btu/1b for a combination of 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel (B20), and it is 19159 Btu/1b for diesel fuel. The amounts of Adiabatic Flame Temperature of fuel are also calculated as 3899 ˚F for B20 and 3879 ˚F for diesel fuel. As a result of analyzing effective diesel engine performance indicators for a model of diesel engine, the amount of heat efficiency of biodiesel and diesel fuel, are the same as 41%. It is also calculated that Indicated Power of the engine model is 78.2 kW for diesel fuel and 75.7 kW for bio diesel. Diesel engine Volumetric Efficiency, as the third effective parameter of engine performance, was also introduced, and the amount of results for B20 fuel and diesel fuel were 83% and 80% respectively. The results show minor differences in the amounts of combustion and engine performance factors for both mentioned fuels. Hence, according to environmental requirements and decreasing trend of fossil resources, the renewable bio diesel fuel is spotlighted as one of the essential alternatives for diesel fuel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
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Ghasem Ali Omrani Farideh Atabi Mehraban Sadeghi Bahman Banaee Ghahfarokhi -
Open Access Article
12 - Biodiesel Production Process from Waste Vegetable Oil and Optimization of its Physical Properties
Mahdy Turkish Boldaji Bahman Najafi Amir hossein Zamzamiyan Reza EbrahimzadehBiodiesel is Alkyl Ester of fatty Acids that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel compared with diesel fbel contains less sulftir and aromatic compounds, and includes 10% oxygen in its molecular construction which results decreasing in exhaust emi MoreBiodiesel is Alkyl Ester of fatty Acids that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel compared with diesel fbel contains less sulftir and aromatic compounds, and includes 10% oxygen in its molecular construction which results decreasing in exhaust emission pollutants of diesel engine. In this research biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil by means ofTrans Esterification method in the presence ofNaOH catalyzes (0.5 % oil weight) and 6:1 of methanoi to oil ratio. For improving some physical properties of biodiesel, such as cloud point and pour point crystallization of ester with n-hexane solvent was used. Some blends with different levels of biodiesel and diesel fuel were obtained from each kind of blend fuel. Physical properties identified and compared to diesel fuel #2. Conclusions show: increasing of biodiesel percent in blend resulted increasing of density and viscosity. High percent of biodiesel in blends, has negative effect on cloud point and pour point, and so compared with diesel fuel, causes increasing these two properties. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Optimization of biodiesel production from rapeseed using pulsed electric field method
Mohammad Ali Salehi Narges AhmadiBackground and Objective: Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable resources such as edible and non-edible oil-bearing seeds. Unlike conventional biodiesel processes, to simplify production process and reduce production costs, transesterification can be performed on t MoreBackground and Objective: Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable resources such as edible and non-edible oil-bearing seeds. Unlike conventional biodiesel processes, to simplify production process and reduce production costs, transesterification can be performed on the oil-bearing seeds directly and without prior extraction. Method: In this study, application of pulsed electric field and its effects on the efficiency of mass production of ester crushed canola seed by reactive extraction with the optimum ratio of methanol to oil and concentration of catalyst were discussed. Esther mass efficiencies were compared in the processes with and without electric field. Findings: According to the results, the optimal methanol to oil ratio of 1:475 and a catalyst concentration of 0.1 mol NaOH/kg methanol were obtained. Using the pulsed electric field pre-preparation method, the biodiesel mass efficiency in reactive extraction at a moderate temperature increased and reached over 76% only in 1 minute. Also, studies have shown that the using a field of 7kV/cm increases mass efficiency by 9–58.5% and increases the conversion rates compared to the control sample in moderate temperature and particles sizes of 1200-300 micron by about 1%. Study of the effective parameters showed an increase in the frequency and number of pulses, temperature and particle size, leading to increase of the efficiency of biodiesel production. Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicate that the electric field pulse could be desirable as a way to generate and optimize the efficiency of the extraction process used under low temperature conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Biodiesel Production Using Biotechnology Methods and Microbial Oil
Marjan Enshaeieh Azadeh Abdoli Mahboobeh Madani Background and Objective: Excessive consumption of fossil fuels and excessive production of CO2, in addition to problems related to the golabal warming cause air pollution. This has attracted more attention to biodiesel production. Among the benefits of biodiese More Background and Objective: Excessive consumption of fossil fuels and excessive production of CO2, in addition to problems related to the golabal warming cause air pollution. This has attracted more attention to biodiesel production. Among the benefits of biodiesel production is that when it burns no net CO2 is emitted. Therefore, finding a biological way to produce biodiesel has not only economical value but also it is valuable in terms of environmental aspects and impact on human health. The goal of this study was application of oleaginous yeast for biodiesel production and optimization of production process. Method: In this study, the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina with high capacity of lipid production was used for microbial oil production. After analyzing the produced oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), its potential for biodiesel production was evaluated. Also optimization of medium condition for increasing lipid production was done. The optimized condition was used in a semi laboratory (pilot-scale) fermentor I order to evaluate lipid production. Findings: The evaluated fungal strain had the highest lipid production of 10.9g/L. This strain had biodiesel yield of 71% and the highest fatty acid was oleic acid with amount of 38%. Conclusion: The lipid composition in this fungus has a high similarity with plants oil and can compete with plants lipid for biodiesel production and is valuable from economical point of view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - بررسی انواع گاستریک مزمن در سگ های ولگرد به روش هیستوپاتولوژی
احسان خاکسار شهرام جمشیدی رضا صداقت نقا تمیمی -
Open Access Article
16 - Extraction and Identification Composition of seed oil Matericaria urea L. Using Gas Chromatography/Mass spectrometry
زهرا آقاجانی مهرنوش اکبریChamomile is one of the most important drugs known to man and one of the most widely used as medicinal plants in Europe, the Middle East, North America, Australia and African.It is cultivated mainly in order to use its blue essential oils. Due to its increasing use in P MoreChamomile is one of the most important drugs known to man and one of the most widely used as medicinal plants in Europe, the Middle East, North America, Australia and African.It is cultivated mainly in order to use its blue essential oils. Due to its increasing use in Pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, perfumery and flavoring food preparation is very important.In this study, the seed oil of Matricaria urea L. were purchased from the company of Pakan Bazr Isfahan, ground and then were extracted by soxhlet apparatus. The obtained sample oil was concentrated by rotary device and then, the fatty acids of obtained oil were changed into ester by esterification method. Then the sample diluted and analyzed by GC / MS qualitatively and quantitatively. Of the 66 isolated compounds 22 compounds containing 91.7% of oil were identified. The main components were 8, 11-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (53%) and n-Decane (15.8%). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - A survey on fungi colonization prevalence in patients with chronic peptic ulcer diseases
Narges Davood Abadi Mojgan Saghazadeh Majid RiazipourIntroduction: Prolonged antiacid and antibiotic usage in peptic ulcer diseases mayPredispose fungi colonization in stomach., detect and eradication of it may prevent delayed treatment. In order to isolate and diagnosis of fungi infestions in patients with gastroduodenit MoreIntroduction: Prolonged antiacid and antibiotic usage in peptic ulcer diseases mayPredispose fungi colonization in stomach., detect and eradication of it may prevent delayed treatment. In order to isolate and diagnosis of fungi infestions in patients with gastroduodenitis and gastric ulcer This study has been planned..Methods :This is a prospective crossectional study. We studied140 biopsy specimens of patients with chronic peptic ulcer diseases (morthan12 month) referred to Qum province hospitals, during 8 month. The biopsies selected for 1: direct examination with KOH10%.2: culture of specimens3: tissue staining with H&EResults: 7.1% cases of yeasts were isolated in this investigation. Isolated yeastshave been identified as follows: 10 cases of C.albicance7.1% of The patients were male and the rest were female.Conclusion: All the patients that had a positive history of long lasting antacid taking for gastric ulcer or gastritis. Candidacies must be investigated. duodenitis and gastric ulcer, who are refractory to classic therapies and also in patients Who have the chronic disease, fungi infestations must be roll out. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Design of a Planar Multiband Antenna Using Metamaterials
Sepideh Rezaee Yashar ZehforooshIn this paper, a four-band microstrip antenna using metamaterial structure is presented. The antenna proposed in this article, has an asymmetric structure and it is made up of two identical radiation elements and ground plane at the back. In this design, each radiation MoreIn this paper, a four-band microstrip antenna using metamaterial structure is presented. The antenna proposed in this article, has an asymmetric structure and it is made up of two identical radiation elements and ground plane at the back. In this design, each radiation element consists of a reciprocating capacitor, which is attached to a slotted triangular acetate at the end. The proposed antenna has a miniature dimension of 10×15 mm2. Also the proposed antenna has four resonances in frequencies of 3.19 GHz (1.25%), 6.22 GHz (10.74%), 7.18 GHz (5.19%) and 9.12 GHz (4.52%). Pattern and gain of the antenna are acceptable at resonant frequencies and the good consistency between the test result and the simulation confirm the accuracy of the antenna design. The proposed antenna is made and tested in the antenna laboratory. The results of the measurements are presented in the paper. Good consistency between test and simulation results confirms the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed multirole microstrip antenna design. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Assessment of 5G mobile networks in stream service
Ali Movloodian Hossein Momenzadeh Haghighi In early 2012, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) under the United Nations program for the development of international mobile telecommunications (IMT) for Horizon 2020 and beyond (IMT-2020) began. As a result of a race is officially the world for th More In early 2012, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) under the United Nations program for the development of international mobile telecommunications (IMT) for Horizon 2020 and beyond (IMT-2020) began. As a result of a race is officially the world for the fifth-generation (5G) Mobile Network began. In the next three years, this next-generation system image began to take shape. A draft proposal by the ITU-R on IMT-2020, three applications of mobile broadband as the key to increased defines 5G, heavy machine communications, ultra-reliable and low latency communications. A similar reporting requirements of the scenarios also help with administrative measures such as spectrum efficiency, latency, connection density, traffic capacity refers area. Internet Protocol-based network represents the convergence between information technology, telecommunications and publishing. It refers to digital TV services and other services transmitted video and voice over broadband networks, one of the biggest issues IPTV and other services Providers stream, providing adequate quality of experience QoE to their clients. In this study, we tried to measure the QoS parameters in LTE networks and network performance 5G to compare them and to examine the data stream. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The defence related enzymatic content of suger beet against Beet severe curly top virus and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CAH0
Efat ALEMZADEH Keramat IZADPANAH Moussa ZAREI Ali Akbar BEHJATNIAVarious environmental stresses including biotic and abiotic stresses lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulation of reactive oxygen species often have been detected in plant pathogen- interactions. Plants with a combination of enzymatic and non MoreVarious environmental stresses including biotic and abiotic stresses lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accumulation of reactive oxygen species often have been detected in plant pathogen- interactions. Plants with a combination of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems usually ROS levels in cells kept in moderation. The aim of the present work is to study the effect of BSCTV infection and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CAH0 on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in sugar beet plants by using a UV / Vis 2100 spectrophotometer. The results of the study showed when severe symptoms of the infection developed on the leaves and the virus content reached its maximum, a significant increase in the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase and a significant decrease in the developed on the leaves and the virus content reached its maximum, a significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzyme, Catalse, was found. Also in virus's tension associated with bacteria, enzyme activity was reduced in all items. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Challenges, Achievements and Prospects of Research on Broomrape (Orobanche spp.) in Iran and in the World
Seyed Hossein Torabi Mohammad Hasan HadizadehIn order to investigate the status of Iran's research on broomrape in comparison with the global research, information relating to the 1398 weed reports, published in Farsi during the last 40 years, and 1477 English articles (2004-2011) related to the world’s weed MoreIn order to investigate the status of Iran's research on broomrape in comparison with the global research, information relating to the 1398 weed reports, published in Farsi during the last 40 years, and 1477 English articles (2004-2011) related to the world’s weed research, was analyzed in a database. The proportion of parasitic plants, broomrape and dodder (Cuscuta spp.) articles, among with the total weed articles in Iran, were, six, four and two percent respectively and Striga sp was observed in only one article. World studies in the broomrape were about four percent of the total while the share of the broomrape was about 50% of total parasitic plant’s research. Results also revealed that 75% of the Iranian broomrape studies are sponsored by research centers who are affiliated to the Ministry of Jehad-Agriculture. The check cleared that the broomrape research share to total weed research in Iran and the world is declining, probably due to the increasing diversity of scientific disciplines in the field of weed science. However, globally the broomrape research growth is more than any other parasitic plant, where it should be for the specific properties of the parasite, its worldwide extension and its damaging potential compared with other parasitic plants. Studies in Iran gradually have been focused on identification, management and biological issues respectively while in the world, issues like biology and physiology studies of the parasites have been replaced by genomic studies, Strigolactones, induced host resistance, host-parasite interaction and studies of integrated management packages. Broomrape is one of the most important parasitic plants in Iran and the world, and its long history of research showed the fact that it still has not led to a comprehensive management solution. Despite the relatively long history of research on broomrape in Iran, these investigations are still young and not offer enough information about the weed species of broomrape in Iran. Evaluation of new management methods, in light of world's recent advances in molecular and genetic modification of crops, consistent with the framework conditions of the country, could be a wise strategy for future studies is this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Biodiesel Preparation by Transesterification Persian lilac Oil Seeds and Investigating the Effects of Utilizing it in a Diesel Engine on Exhaust Pollutants
Hossein Jam Ahmad Ghazanfari Moghaddam Mohsen ShamsiBiodiesl is a renewable fuel that can be used alone or combined with diesel fuel in diesel engines. In this research biodiesel was synthesized using Persian lilac oil seeds. Biodiesel was purified by washing it with water and some of its physical properties was measured MoreBiodiesl is a renewable fuel that can be used alone or combined with diesel fuel in diesel engines. In this research biodiesel was synthesized using Persian lilac oil seeds. Biodiesel was purified by washing it with water and some of its physical properties was measured. Then it was mixed at 10, 20 and 30% proportion with regular diesel fuel and was tested in a four-cylinder diesel engine. The exhaust pollutants including CO, CO2, unburned carbohydrates (HC), NOx and the temperature of the exhaust gases were determined at three engine loadings of 200, 250, and 300 N.m and at six engine speeds ranging from 1300 to 1800 rpm. The measured pollutants were compared with those obtained from a regular diesel fuel. The results indicate that with increase in the percentage of biodiesel the emission of CO and HC and the temperature of the exhaust gases decreased but the CO2 and NOx emissions increased. By increasing the speed of the engine the emission of CO, CO2, HC and the temperature of the exhaust gases increased but the amount of NOx deceased. Increase in the engine loading caused a decrease in NOx emission but other measured pollutant and the temperature of the exhaust gases increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Optimization of the base frequency of cylindrical stiffened composite shells with internal fluid
Jafar Eskandari Jam Mohamad Ali NikjooThe free vibration of cylindrical composite shell with internal liquid is studied in this paper. The shell composed of several layers and stiffeners which are rings and stringers. The first order shear theory was used for shell and stiffeners. Stiffeners were used in eq MoreThe free vibration of cylindrical composite shell with internal liquid is studied in this paper. The shell composed of several layers and stiffeners which are rings and stringers. The first order shear theory was used for shell and stiffeners. Stiffeners were used in equations as discrete elements. The Raily-Ritz method was used for solving the problem. This method is based on minimum potential energy principle. The potential and kinetic energy of shell and each stiffeners and kinetic energy of liquid are subsituted in the functional of energy. The section shape of each stiffener is rectangle. The liquid is ideal and sloshing was neglected. For caching the best and the biggest natural base frequencies, shell and stiffeners were optimized by genetic algorithm. With use of genetic algorithm the best fiber angles of each layer of composite were obtained to reach the maximum base frequency, also best ratio of height to width was obtained and in last the number of rings and stringers and theirs height to width ratio were obtained to reach the optimized stiffened shell with highest base frequency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Effects of food restriction on serum concentration of glucose, triacylglycerol, beta-hydroxy butyrate, non-esterified fatty acids and urea in pregnant ewes
علی Rezapour مهدی Taghinezhad GH.R AssadnasabFood restriction is a potential unwanted risk for a developing fetus in pregnant ewe. The objective of this study was to study the effects of food restriction on serum concentration of glucose, triacylglycerol, non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea i MoreFood restriction is a potential unwanted risk for a developing fetus in pregnant ewe. The objective of this study was to study the effects of food restriction on serum concentration of glucose, triacylglycerol, non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea in the last 8 weeks of pregnancy in Ghezel sheep (Azerbaijan native). We used Split-plot in time design and the overall sample was 14 Ghezel ewes. After a primary preparation period and using flashing diet, oesterus cycle was synchronized in an out of breeding season with sheep CIDR. Pregnancy induction was carried out through natural mating. Primary sampling (P0) was done 4 weeks after mating and then the ewes were divided and assigned to two groups: Control (T2) and food restriction group (T1). In different stages of pregnancy (P1 – P3) sampling was performed and the above mentioned parameters were measured. We used 16.5-27.5% food restriction. Our results surprisingly showed that food restriction had no statistically significant effect on serum glucose and triacylglycerol concentration, but it had a statistically significant effect on serum beta-hydroxy butyrate, non-esterified fatty acids and urea concentration (p<0.05). Food restriction resulted in mild to moderate ketosis in some individual animals. We conclude that food-restricted pregnant ewes following initial flashing diet at the beginning of pregnancy could maintain their glucose homeostasis and end her pregnancy period by using fat reserves and gluconeogenesis. Only one ewe aborted during food restriction in the end stage of pregnancy and others tolerated the situation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - forehead condition of the polar front in relation to the cold season on Iran
dareush sepadeh - Bromand Salahi Bohlool Alijani Batool ZinaliAbstract In this research, the seasonal behavior of polar jet streem has been identified based on the cold season (autumn and winter) on Iran. General analysis of jet streem process based on what is mentioned in the methods section was done in order to find the behavior MoreAbstract In this research, the seasonal behavior of polar jet streem has been identified based on the cold season (autumn and winter) on Iran. General analysis of jet streem process based on what is mentioned in the methods section was done in order to find the behavior patterns of jet streem in GRADS software environment . The results of the analysis indicate the existence of two main medium nuclei, one above Europe and a wider nucleus over North Africa and Saudi Arabia. The prevalence of nuclei in Europe has been higher than in North Africa. In autumn, the incidence of North African nuclei was about 30% lower than in Europe, and in winter the frequency of both nuclei was similar. The core of the polar jet streem in the two seasons, is located approximately 35 degrees north latitude. According to the information obtained from the average speed maps in autumn and winter, it seems that the speed change has been more than before. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Analysis and Identification of Essential Oil Constituents in the Vegetative and Reproductive Organs of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. in Natural Habitat of Fars Province
Ali Bahrami Alireza Yavari Alireza RahebThis study is the first to investigate the chemical composition of three organs (flower, leaf and stem) essential oils of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss., which grows wild and belongs to Lamiaceae family, in Fras procince. In the present experiment, 30 plants in full flowerin MoreThis study is the first to investigate the chemical composition of three organs (flower, leaf and stem) essential oils of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss., which grows wild and belongs to Lamiaceae family, in Fras procince. In the present experiment, 30 plants in full flowering stage were randomly prepared from Jahrom region of Fars province and divided into three groups of 10 and then flowers, leaves and stems of each group were isolated for testing. Essential oil was extracted from each organ with three replications and in each repetition 200 g of plant material was done by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus and they were analyzed by a combination of GC-FID and GC-MS techniques, to check for chemical variability. The yield of essential oil (w/w%) was the highest in flowers (0.48%) > then in leaves (0.28%) > and finally in stems (0.06%). The total number of compounds identified and quantified were twenty-five in flowers, eighteen in leaves and twenty-one in stems, representing 93.1%, 93.4% and 92.2% of the total oil, respectively. Results of essential oil compound analysis illustrated that flower expressed a high content of linalool. Meanwhile, bicyclogermacrene + (E)-caryophyllene and germacrene D + bicyclogermacrene were the major compounds in leaf and stem organs, respectively. Also, results showed that sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the common and the highest amount in the three studied organs, which were the highest in leaves (69.1%) > then stems (68.0%) > and at last in flowers (34.5%). The highest level of oxygenated monoterpens was found at the flower part, represented by 27.3% of linalool. In conclusion, the plant organs of S. macrosiphon affected its essential oil quality and its concentration. Flowers were the most beneficial organ of this species for essential oil and linalool compound productions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Determining the relationship between physical activity levels and some psychological factors with lipid peroxidation and antioxidant index in middle-aged women
tahereh abbasiAbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of physical activity and some psychological factors on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant index in middle-aged women. The research method of the present study is correlational. The statist MoreAbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of physical activity and some psychological factors on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant index in middle-aged women. The research method of the present study is correlational. The statistical sample of this study included 30 middle-aged female employees of Gorgan Islamic Azad University who were systematically selected randomly. A researcher-made questionnaire to determine the level of physical activity and the standard Lavibund (1995) stress, anxiety and depression questionnaire were used to collect research data. Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the data. The findings of the present study indicated that there is a significant relationship between the level of physical activity with lipid peroxidation and the total antioxidant index of middle-aged women. There is also a significant relationship between some psychological factors (stress, anxiety and depression) with lipid peroxidation in middle-aged women. While it was observed that there is no significant relationship with the total antioxidant index of middle-aged women. Findings indicate that the level of oxidative enzymes has a significant relationship with physical activity and psychological factors (stress, anxiety and depression), so it is important to pay attention to physical activity and modulate the level of psychological factors for health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Financial Income of the Digital Game Developers and Providers creators from the Perspective of the Islamic Jurisprudence
Mehdi EkhlasiNowadays, virtual space has become the basis for the emergence of a new generation of computer games called "digitalNowadays, virtual space has become the basis for the emergence of a new generation of computer games called "digital games", which are very popular among MoreNowadays, virtual space has become the basis for the emergence of a new generation of computer games called "digitalNowadays, virtual space has become the basis for the emergence of a new generation of computer games called "digital games", which are very popular among the young generation owing to their being attractive and web-based. Purchase and selling of these games are accompanied with some ambiguities due to the mode of their execution and the nature of the characters inside the game in such a way that some have considered it illegitimate. Therefore, what is worthy of research is the examination and application of the Islamic rules on the financial income of the developers and providers of such digital games. For this purpose, the present article analyzes the financial incomes from digital games in the light of various perspectives such as game sales, streaming, being a tester and betting. The results of the present article, obtained by descriptive-analytical method, show that the purchase and sale of digital games, if free from obstacles and issues such as disbelief strengthening, sacrilege, and gambling usage, are permissible. Therefore, financial circulations resulting from the streaming as well as cooperation in their development and providing will also be allowed and that only the incomes from winnings and losings as well as pawning are illegal Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - A Triangular Patch Antenna with a Trapezoidal Fractal with Two Sublayers with Complementary Layers
Mohammadreza Sepehri Mohammad Amin HonarvarIn this paper, the improvement of the radiation pattern and the properties of multi-band trapezoidal fractal antenna with self-complementary layers have been investigated. The antenna is excited by a microstrip feed-line with two sub-layers to increase bandwidth and imp MoreIn this paper, the improvement of the radiation pattern and the properties of multi-band trapezoidal fractal antenna with self-complementary layers have been investigated. The antenna is excited by a microstrip feed-line with two sub-layers to increase bandwidth and improve the radiation pattern. The dual-layered complementary arrangement has had positive effects on the resonance frequencies and improved the properties of the radiation patterns. This antenna offers a good efficiency, suitable bandwidth, and radiated pattern in a designed resonance frequency. Six bands (S11<-15 dB), with center frequencies of f1=0.9 GHz, f2=1.57 GHz, f3=1.85 GHz, f4=2.15 GHz, f5=2.5 GHz and f6=3.5 GHz are obtained within the band of (0.5-4) GHz. This antenna offers good efficiency which changes from 70% to 95%. The measurement results clearly confirm the simulation results Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Improvement and Optimization of Homogeneous Composite in Array Antennas using Convolution Neural Network
Gohar Varamini Behnam Dorostkar YaghoutiAntenna structure and performance, bandwidth, gain and guidance are the most important performance indicators. For this purpose, RL homogeneous transmission line is very important due to low loss, phase changes, frequency bandwidth, zero and negative order resonance, mi MoreAntenna structure and performance, bandwidth, gain and guidance are the most important performance indicators. For this purpose, RL homogeneous transmission line is very important due to low loss, phase changes, frequency bandwidth, zero and negative order resonance, miniaturization and easy construction, and is very suitable in the design of broadband and array antennas. The right-left hand structure in the antennas due to the difference in the phase of the right part in the repetition of arrays and the thickness of the layer has phase delay and finally deviation of the radiation pattern. On the other hand, the blockage of the transmission line on the left causes bandwidth restriction and increasing the number of casualties in the system. In this paper, with the help of deep learning (DL), composite defects are solved and optimized arrayed antenna. The proposed antenna transmission line design in the range of 2-7 GHz, optimum resonance frequency of 4.5 GHz and convolution, dual resonance and spiral inductor neural algorithm are loaded onto the patch in four arrays. The use of convolutional neural network (CNN) in the left transmission line compensates for the right phase delay and finally enables optimal phase changes, correction of radiation pattern and continuous scanning of phase arrays. Also, by creating gaps in the microstrip patch, bandwidth limit is removed and the system losses are reduced. Secondary dimensions compared to the primary dimension are reduced to about 60% in size and miniature according to the smart modified model. The results of this improved composite showed an increase in bandwidth of 20.3 and the efficiency of the radiation pattern by more than 96%. On the other hand, small dimensions, appropriate frequency bandwidth and simple network design have been provided. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Design of an Active Integrated Antenna with Compact Image Rejection Mixer and Spurious Passbands Suppression of Antenna
Ali Reza Hazeri Ali Reza KashaniniaAn active integrated antenna (AIA) with compact image rejection mixer (IRM) is proposed and designed. The proposed IRM is composed of 2-element microstrip rectangular patch antenna, three compact branch-line hybrid coupler (BLC), two balanced mixers, a Wilkinson power d MoreAn active integrated antenna (AIA) with compact image rejection mixer (IRM) is proposed and designed. The proposed IRM is composed of 2-element microstrip rectangular patch antenna, three compact branch-line hybrid coupler (BLC), two balanced mixers, a Wilkinson power divider, and a lumped element hybrid coupler. The proposed IRM translates radio frequency (RF) (2.4 or 2.5 GHz) to two intermediate frequency (IF) and provides isolation to two possible IF. The IF and local oscillator (LO) power are chosen 50 MHz and 5 dBm, respectively. The proposed IRM is able to achieve image suppression with an isolation of approximately 20 dB. The conversion loss is lower 10 dB. The VSWR at two output ports are 1 and the VSWR at the RF port is greater than 1.8.The balanced mixer is composed of a compact BLC, two schottky diodes, two short-end stubs, and an open-end stub. By replacing the quartet-wavelength conventional transmission lines with equivalent t-type transmission line, the compact BLC is designed, which they can suppress upper order harmonics and spurious passbands of the antenna. Miniaturize, low cost, simple circuitry, and high performance, are the main advantages to simulation this AIA with IRM. The AIA with IRM is simulated by ADS software. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Design and Simulation of a Novel Broadband Circularly Polarized Microstrip Slot Antenna
Elaheh Shirazi Mohammad Amin HonarvarIn this paper, a novel broadband printed circularly polarized microstrip slot antenna fed by a co planar wave guide (CPW) is designed, analyzed and simulated. The structure of the proposed antenna is made of a modified stair-shaped patch in conjunction with a square gro MoreIn this paper, a novel broadband printed circularly polarized microstrip slot antenna fed by a co planar wave guide (CPW) is designed, analyzed and simulated. The structure of the proposed antenna is made of a modified stair-shaped patch in conjunction with a square ground plane with a stair-shaped slot inside it. By using a modified stair-shaped patch and square ground plane, additional resonances are excited and, hence, much wider impedance bandwidth can be produced, especially at the higher band. Moreover, by using this structure, especially by adding two rectangular strip to the ground plane, very broadband axial-ratio bandwidth is obtained. the proposed antenna has dimensions of 45×45×0.8 mm3, which is compatible with the requirements imposed by portable wireless systems. Simulation results exhibits a 81.7% (2.78-6.62 GHz) -10 dB impedance bandwidth and a 57.6% (3.5-6.33 GHz) 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidth. the antenna performance confirms its viability for commercial portable wireless systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The effectiveness of teaching philosophy through comic strip media on the quality of mindfulness of fifth grade elementary students
fatemeh poursajadi Soroush SozangarThe aim of the authors research is to present an educational plan usingFacebook and comic strip media to improve the quality level of children's mental awareness.Method: The present research is of applied type and its statistical populationwas all fifth grade students o MoreThe aim of the authors research is to present an educational plan usingFacebook and comic strip media to improve the quality level of children's mental awareness.Method: The present research is of applied type and its statistical populationwas all fifth grade students of Dezful city, among whom 60 people were selected by two-stage cluster sampling method and replaced in two groups of 30 people, experimental and control. The tools used in this research wereresearcher-made comic strip and Grieco (2010) Mindfulness Questionnaire inChildren and Adolescents (CAMM), which was completed in two phases: pre-test and post-test. In order to implement the independent variable, in 8 sessions and during 4 weeks, 8 stories from classical Persian texts were selected for the experimental group and the same topics were performed for the control groupthrough the lecture method.The findings showed that the educational program had a significant impact on the growth of students' mindfulness, so that the effect size on mindfulness was 62.32% (P<0.05.(Conclusion: Fabak's approach using the comic strip media as a visual andattractive media for teaching content can lead to strengthening the level of children's mindfulness in real situations and deepening the learning experiences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide contamination in sterilized milk samples distributed in Isfahan market
مریم میرلوحی محمد باقر ملجئی آذین پور خلیلیIntroduction: Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as disinfectant for sterilization of food contact materials. In dairy industry, contamination of milk with H2O2 residue is likely due to its leakage from the disinfected surfaces resulting in development of oxidative spoi MoreIntroduction: Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as disinfectant for sterilization of food contact materials. In dairy industry, contamination of milk with H2O2 residue is likely due to its leakage from the disinfected surfaces resulting in development of oxidative spoilage of milk. Since no report has been documented on the prevalence of such contamination in food stuff in Iran, this study aimed to measure the prevalence of H2O2 in sterilized milk samples, collected from Isfahan market in 2013. Methods: A total of 20 tetra-pack sterilized milk samples from 7 different brand were randomly collected from the market. All the samples were 250ml in volume. In order to measure the H2O2 concentration a colometric method was adapted based on catalase reaction and measurement of light absorption at 400nm. Results: H2O2 residue was detected in all tested samples ranging from 0.14-1.62 ppm. Fifteen samples (75%) contained H2O2 levels greater than its regulated level by international organization (0.5 ppm). Accordingly, the results of one-sample t-test showed that the average amount of detected H2O2 concentration in the tested sample is higher than the standard value. Conclusion: Regarding the H2O2 contamination of the tested milk samples revealed in this study and due to lack of any regulation limit for H2O2 in sterilized milk in Iran, presentation and documentation of standards introducing reliable method for detection and monitoring of H2O2 in the sterilized milk along with its limits is highly recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Effect of Metabolic Stress on Ovarian Activity and Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cattle: A Review
م. فرمان س. ناندی و. گریش کومار س.ک. تریپاسی پ.س.پ. گوپتا -
Open Access Article
36 - The effects of Nigella sativa oil on kidney nephron structure NMRI mice treated with high dose of silver nanoparticles
SMA shariatzadeh Afsaneh NematiToday, with the increasing use of silver nanoparticles in consumer products and medical products, including serious concerns have been expressed about the potential risks of nano-silver particles, the goal of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Nigella MoreToday, with the increasing use of silver nanoparticles in consumer products and medical products, including serious concerns have been expressed about the potential risks of nano-silver particles, the goal of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) as a potent antioxidant on changes histological kidney tissue and blood biochemical parameters in rats treated with high dose of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), respectively. 24 adult male rats (NMRI) with an average weight of 25 to 30 g were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 6 rats including the control group, AgNPs (mg / kg / day500), NSO (ml / kg / day 5) and AgNPs + NSO split and both were treated orally for 35 days. At the end of the treatment period, mice, anatomy, left kidney removed, fix, molding, cutting and tissue processing was carried out using -Zan Han Hayden were stained. Renal tissue was evaluated parameters stereologically. Serum samples were analyzed. ANOVA and Tukey test to evaluate the study data. The differences in the extent (05/0 P <) were considered significant.In this study, a significant increase in mean total volume of renal corpuscle, glomeruli, Taft, Bowman's capsule membrane and a significant reduction in the volume of the entire space of Bowman's capsule AgNPs group compared to the control group. MalvndyLdyyd rate and serum urea AgNPs compared to the control group showed a significant increase (05 / 0P <) the parameters listed in Group AgNPs + NSO in the control group was normal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Evaluation of the protective effect of Nigella sativa oil on ovarian follicles in mice treated with silver nanoparticles
SMA shariatzadeh Mozhgan Khagavi JafarabadAim: the effect of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) as an efficient antioxidant on ovarian follicles following treatment with Silver Nanoparticles (SNP) in adult mice. Material and methods: Twenty-four adult NMRI mice, weighing 27-30g were used in the present experiment. The an MoreAim: the effect of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) as an efficient antioxidant on ovarian follicles following treatment with Silver Nanoparticles (SNP) in adult mice. Material and methods: Twenty-four adult NMRI mice, weighing 27-30g were used in the present experiment. The animals were kept under optimum conditions of temperature (At 21± 2 ° C and ambient lighting conditions 12 hours of darkness and 12 hours of light) humidity and maintained on standard pellet diet with adequate water. They were divided into four groups of (six mice per group): control; Silver Nanoparticles (300 mg/kg/day, orally), Nigella sativa oil (5 ml/kg/day, orally) and finally Silver Nanoparticles plus Nigella sativa oil. After 30 days, the mice were sacrificed and the ovary tissues were separated. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test, and the means were significantly different at P<0.05. Results: The results of this study showed that, the mean total volume of ovary and the number of primordial, primary, secondary and graph follicles significantly decreased in the Silver Nanoparticles group compared with the control group (p<0.05). Nigella sativa oil significantly increased the above parameters in the SNP +NSO group compared to silver nanoparticles group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the number of follicles and total volume of ovary significantly increased in the Nigella sativa oil treated mice compared to the control ones (p<0.05) (Table 1). Conclusion: So it is not far-fetched that this oil has improved the factors in our study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Stereological study of changes of testicular tissue in Egyptian Fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) throughout the year
Farangis Ghassemi Esmat Abas FardDue to importance of bats in ecosystem and the limited information about reproduction of this useful organism, the spermatogenesis of the Egyptian Fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) was studied stereologically in three seasons, spring to autumn, as the first record. For MoreDue to importance of bats in ecosystem and the limited information about reproduction of this useful organism, the spermatogenesis of the Egyptian Fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) was studied stereologically in three seasons, spring to autumn, as the first record. For this purpose, 7 male bats were captured by mistnet in Sangtārashan Cave (Fars- Jahrom ), and transferred to the laboratory at the end of every season. After anesthetization and dissection of bats, their testicles were removed and fixed after measuring. The sections (5μm) were prepared from fixed samples and stained. The volume of studied parameters was determined by using Cavallier method, and seminiferous diameters and testicular cells number were measured with stereo Lite software. Obtained data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis, and compared by Friedman test. According to obtained results, the testicles were in the scrotum out of the body with significant difference of weight and volume in the left and right testis, and the maximum weight (0.7650± 0.19g) and volume (862± 0.41 mm3) were in spring. The germ cells and many sperm were observed in the lumens in all seasons. The diameter of seminiferous tubule were different (P<0.05) between spring (235/90±1.06 µm) and autumn (227.82±1.29 µm) were observed. Maximum mean number of spermatocyt (294.6×106), sertoli (11.59×106) and lydig (39.30×106) were estimated in spring and the lowest of them in autumn, but the maximum number of spermatid (284.2 ×106) were in autumn. According to these results, the peak of sexual activity of this bat species is in spring and summer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Evaluation of sperm morphology by stereology method in patients with different varicocele grades
Narges ShoohaniZad Shabnam Movassaghi haniyeh Bayat shabnam AbdiIntroduction: Varicocele is one of the most common causes of male infertility in which testicular function and sperm production process are impaired. In this study, sperm parameters and sperm morphology were compared between patients with different varicocele grades.Met MoreIntroduction: Varicocele is one of the most common causes of male infertility in which testicular function and sperm production process are impaired. In this study, sperm parameters and sperm morphology were compared between patients with different varicocele grades.Methods: This study was performed on 55 patients with grade 1, 2 and 3 varicocele as well as 32 fertile individuals (candidates for embryo donation or sex determination) as a control group. After collecting semen from patients, sperm parameters (number, motility and morphology of sperm) and sperm viability in different semen samples were examined. Also, sperm morphology (head, neck and tail length) was evaluated in different groups by stereology technique. Results: Sperm parameters including sperm count, motility and morphology were significantly lower in varicocele patients in comparison to control group and also sperm motility, survival, sperm count in the third degree varicocele group were significantly lower than other groups. There was no significant difference in sperm head volume and midline length between grade 1, 2 and 3 varicocele groups, but tail length in grade 3 varicocele group was significantly shorter than the other groups.Discussion and Conclusion: Varicocele, in all its degrees, is associated with a decrease in morphology and sperm count. Also, our study shows that the degree of varicocele affects sperm motility, morphology and viability, and sperm tail length. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Synthesis and modification of ZSM-22 zeolite surface by Fe, Zr and Sr metals and studying their catalytic properties in biodiesel production reaction
maryam haghighi Mehranoosh FereidooniIn this study, zeolite ZSM-22 was synthesized via hydrothermal method. The obtained precipitate and ammonium nitrate solution were mixed together under reflux condition and the hydrogen was loaded into its structure. Zeolite synthesis conditions such as pH, synthesis ti MoreIn this study, zeolite ZSM-22 was synthesized via hydrothermal method. The obtained precipitate and ammonium nitrate solution were mixed together under reflux condition and the hydrogen was loaded into its structure. Zeolite synthesis conditions such as pH, synthesis time, and Si/Al ratio were also optimized during synthesis. Subsequently, to enhance the catalytic efficiency of the zeolites, Fe, Zr, and Sr were loaded onto the H-ZSM-22 structure during synthesis. Also, the activity of the synthesized catalysts and their effect on the process of esterification of oleic acid was investigated. To increase the efficiency of the esterification process, parameters such as temperature, reaction time, catalyst weight, molar ratio of oil to alcohol, and pH were optimized using potassium hydroxide salt. The results show that the yield of oleic acid at optimum conditions such as 0.3 g catalyst, temperature 70 ℃, 1:10 mmol molar ratio of oil to alcohol, 48 h duration and absence of potassium hydroxide, and using of the 22-Zr-H-ZSM catalyst is 48% that is more than of the other synthesized catalysts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Synthesis of tin (II) oxide nanoparticles using oregano plant extract and its application in fatty alcohols esterification
sara mohseni tavana kosar amirsadeqi Roya Kiani-Anbouhi Elaheh Bohloulbandi mohamad hadi ghasemiThe aim of this research is to use oregano plant extract as an economical and safe green alternative for the synthesis of tin (II) oxide nanoparticles and its application in the esterification of fatty alcohols. Thus, for the synthesis of tin (II) oxide nanoparticles, o MoreThe aim of this research is to use oregano plant extract as an economical and safe green alternative for the synthesis of tin (II) oxide nanoparticles and its application in the esterification of fatty alcohols. Thus, for the synthesis of tin (II) oxide nanoparticles, oregano plant extract and tin (II) chloride were used. The obtained tin (II) oxide nanoparticles were used as nanocatalysts in the esterification of fatty alcohols. Using equivalent amounts of acetic anhydride: lauryl alcohol (1:1) in solvent-free conditions, at 80°C for 60 minutes, lauryl acetate ester was synthesized (Ra=83%). By using cetyl alcohol and increasing temperature to 90°C for 120 minutes, cetyl acetate ester was synthesized (Ra=81%). Lauryl acetate and cetyl acetate are in the formulation of many insect sex pheromones and can be used as attractants in traps for monitoring and trapping agricultural pests. The results of this research showed that anhydrous tin (II) oxide synthesized by the green method was suitable for catalyzing the esterification reaction of fatty alcohols. High efficiency, no use of expensive and toxic amine solvents, simplicity of the catalyst synthesis and recycling, simplicity of the esterification method using the catalyst, and reuse of the catalyst in consecutive reactions (3 consecutive reactions with 88, 85 and 81% efficiency, using acetic anhydride: lauryl alcohol 1.5:1) is one of the advantages of the method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - بورسولفوریک اسید به عنوان کاتالیزوراسیدی جامد در تهیه استرها
کبری سرخه علیرضا کیاست -
Open Access Article
43 - تهیه و شناسایی چند کاتالیست اسیدی جامد و کاربرد کاتالیتیکی آنها
شبنم ششمانی مرضیه عرب فشاپویه بیتا عابدی راد سمیه نوری قورتولمش مسعود میرزایی حسین آقابزرگ -
Open Access Article
44 - Synthesis and evaluation of biological lubricant based on Sesame oil by using trans-esterification method
Fariba Rangriz Saeid Khodadoust Mohsen Emami Fatemeh ZeraatpishehDue to the harmful environmental effects caused by the petroleum based lubricants, their replacement with environmental friendly oils has been considered. The aim of this study is to prepare a biological lubricant from Sesame oil during chemical modification using the t MoreDue to the harmful environmental effects caused by the petroleum based lubricants, their replacement with environmental friendly oils has been considered. The aim of this study is to prepare a biological lubricant from Sesame oil during chemical modification using the trans-esterification reaction and addition of appropriate antioxidant materials. By creating a group of esters on trans position, a product with good lubrication, high viscosity index, high flash point, low pour point, and environmental friendly properties including high degradability and low toxicity were obtained. In the first step, by using an (or of) acetylchloride catalyst, the triglyceride molecules of the Sesame oil were methanolized in a reaction of methanol at 100 °C in a reflux system. In the next step, the obtained methyl ester in presence of lipase enzyme (as catalyst) by reaction of trimethylolpropane (TMP) was taken at 50 °C for 24 hours. Then, different parameters (molar ratio of alcohol to oil, temperature, and enzyme concentration) were evaluated and the best conditions for esterification of Sesame methyl ester with TMP were obtained. Also, some of the physicochemical properties of the lubricants were investigated by using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and viscometry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - A study on dust event over Kermanshah station and its relation to jet stream, March 27, 2003
N. Seyedzadeh Agdam P. S. Katirai A. Ranjbar Saadat AbadiThis study was on dust in Kermanshah synoptic station in March 27, 2003. Mean daily 500hpa geopotential height, mean sea level and 250hpa wind field maps analysis showed a middle atmospheric trough over Black Sea and the north of the Mediterranean Sea which is consisten MoreThis study was on dust in Kermanshah synoptic station in March 27, 2003. Mean daily 500hpa geopotential height, mean sea level and 250hpa wind field maps analysis showed a middle atmospheric trough over Black Sea and the north of the Mediterranean Sea which is consistent with a middle atmospheric low pressure over Iraq, east of Turkey and north of Saudi Arabia. In addition, the divergence of subtropical jet stream in 200hpa level and polar front jet stream in 250hpa level is the most important reason for convergence and induced upward motions over deserts in Iraq, Syria and Jordan, between 35-50 ° longitudes and 30-35 ° latitudes. The intensity of dust was related to the vertical angle between the center of the surface low pressure and 500hpa level low geopotential height. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - The association between IL-27 gene polymorphism (-964 A/G) and clinical outcome due to infection with Helicobacter pylori
Elham Moazamian Manuchehr Rasouli Sadaf AsaeiBackground & Objectives: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common pathogen bacteria in human being. Almost half of the population of the world are infected with this bacteria, and it has been known an important factor in gastrointestinal diseases such as; chron MoreBackground & Objectives: Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common pathogen bacteria in human being. Almost half of the population of the world are infected with this bacteria, and it has been known an important factor in gastrointestinal diseases such as; chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. Interleukin-27 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed by a novel subset of CD4+ Th cells, and it causes the occurrence and strengthening the inflammatory response. This study was aimed to analysis of association between IL-27 polymorphisms and clinical outcomes due to infection with H. pylori. Materials & Methods: A case-control study has been performed on 434 people 149 patient cases (100 gastritis and 49 ulcerative gastritis), 58 gastritis cases but H. pylori negative and 227 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted and genotypes of IL-27 (-964 A/G) polymorphism were assessed through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Finally the results were compared between these patient and control groups. Results: The frequency of A allele was higher in gastric patients (78.5%) in comparison with the control group (75.6%). However, these differences were not significant. In addition, the distributions of genotypes were not significantly different between the study groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that IL-27 (rs964 A/G) polymorphism gene is not directly involved as a genetic risk factor in the predisposition to H. pylori. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Designing, cloning and expression of ctxB– tcpA-c-cpe gene in E.coli as a cholera vaccine candidate
Negar Souod Mohammad Kargar Mohammad Hossein Hoseiny Mojtaba jafariniaBackground & Objectives: TcpA protein and B subunit of cholera toxin are the most important virulence factors of Vibrio cholorea. In the current survey, we applied the C-terminal of clostridium perferingenes toxi MoreBackground & Objectives: TcpA protein and B subunit of cholera toxin are the most important virulence factors of Vibrio cholorea. In the current survey, we applied the C-terminal of clostridium perferingenes toxin as a delivery system to bind the CtxB-TcpA fusion as an antigen, cloning it in a prokaryote vector, evaluated the level of expression.Materials & Methods: In experimental survey, the ability of a constructs based on CtxB-TcpA-C-CPE with complete protein sequences of each protein was studied. After amplification of tcpA, ctxB, and c-cpe genes using PCR, they were cloned in expression plasmids. For fusion protein, all of the three protein sequences were constructed with linker. After expression, the proteins were purified and then confirmed using immunoblot methods. Results: This fusion protein consists of 484 amino acids. PCR amplification for the c-cpe, tcpA and ctxB genes amplified 381, 375 and 675 bp; respectively. The result of enzymatic restrictions and sequencing indicated the exact homology of the synthesized proteins and the others submitted in NCBI. According to the SDS-PAGE results, the TcpA, CtxB, and C-CPE proteins were 15, 25 and 25 kD respectively.Conclusion: According to physicochemical results, this fusion protein may be suitable candidate as a vaccine, however; further experimental trials are needed to approve this conclusion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - تحلیل تأثیر حدوث فراستریشن (استحاله) در قراردادهای بین المللی نفتی در حقوق انگلیس و ایران با نگاهی به فقه امامیه
افشین قفقازی سیدنصرا... ابراهیمی مجتبی زاهدیان سیدمحسن حسینی پویا -
Open Access Article
49 - J-Street, A New Emerged Lobby in the U.S.A
Ahmad Bakhshayeshi Ardestani Mohammad Shahedi Abstract: The law in the United States does not restrict the establishment of political parties and the rate of civilians joining these parties, ranks highest in the world. In this country, lobbies are legally given an influential role in the process of decisio More Abstract: The law in the United States does not restrict the establishment of political parties and the rate of civilians joining these parties, ranks highest in the world. In this country, lobbies are legally given an influential role in the process of decision making. Jewish community has taken advantage from this opportunity and has expanded its influence and power in the political structure. Jewish lobbies monitor and filter domestic and foreign politics of the Congress, White House, think tanks and other political institutes. After 2008 election, a new Jewish lobby, J-Street which had similar viewswith president Obama separated from AIPAC. Obama, who took office with the “Change” slogan, believes that solving the Israeli-Palestinian issue is the key to establish peace in the Middle East. And if it was accomplished successfully, America would be able to overcome some of its problems such as financial crisis, public support, and its heavy costing presence in Iraq and Afghanistan. J-Street lobby shares Mr. Obama’s opinion in this regard and promotes the negotiations for a two-state solution in the Palestinian territories. This article studies foundation of J-Street, its views and actions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - The Effect of Grape Seed Extract on Lipid Peroxidation Duo to Ischemia/Hypoperfusion in Male Rat Striatum
مریم رفیعی راد علیرضا سرکاکی سید ابراهیم حسینی یعقوب فربود سیدمحمدتقی منصوری فرشته معتمدیIntroduction: Cerebralischemialeads toneuronaldeath invulnerablesectionsof brain thatisdue tofreeradical productionandoxidative damage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 28 days oral administration of grape seed extract (GSE) (100 mg/pkg(on brain oxidative stre MoreIntroduction: Cerebralischemialeads toneuronaldeath invulnerablesectionsof brain thatisdue tofreeradical productionandoxidative damage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 28 days oral administration of grape seed extract (GSE) (100 mg/pkg(on brain oxidative stress indices after permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2VO) or ischemia/hypo perfusion in male adult rats. Materials and methods: a number of 30 rats were divided into test and control groups. To make animal model of permanent cerebral hypo perfusion/ischemia, carotid arteries were ligatured upper and lower and cut bilaterally.RatbraintissuetoseparateStriatumandmeasurement ofmalondialdehydewereextracted. Results: results showed that chronic two-vessel occlusion (2VO) hypo perfusion-ischemia increases brain oxidants such as lipid per oxidation (LPO) (pandlt;0.001. (Post ischemic GSE treatment significantlyreducedLPO in striatum) pandlt;0.001(. Conclusion: GSE administration could remove or scavenge oxidants from brain tissue and improve its functionandpossiblybe used asa wayto treatthisdisease. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - The Effect of Scrophularia striata Hydroalcoholic Extract in the Prevention of Gastric Ulcers Induced by Indomethacin in Rats
Sh. Ferdowsi Z. Hooshmandi E. ShahmoradiA peptic ulcer is a common disease. One of the goals of therapy is using drugs with fewer side effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Scrophularia strata (Scrophularia) extract in the prevention of gastric ulcers induced by indomethacin in rats. Overall, MoreA peptic ulcer is a common disease. One of the goals of therapy is using drugs with fewer side effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Scrophularia strata (Scrophularia) extract in the prevention of gastric ulcers induced by indomethacin in rats. Overall, 64 male Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups. Experimental groups including 1- control group that received normal saline 0.9% and at the last day received 48 mg indomethacin. 2- Ascorbic acid 50 mg/kg -indomethacin treatment; 3- Omeprazole 10 mg/kg-indomethacin treatment; 4- Ranitidine 50 mg/kg-indomethacin treatment; 5- S. strata 10 mg/kg –indomethacin treatment; 6- S. strata 50 mg/kg -indomethacin treatment; 7- S. strata 100 mg/kg-indomethacin treatment; 8- S. strata 150 mg/kg-indomethacin treatment. After macroscopic examination, stomach tissue was studied to examine the enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity levels in S. strata 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg treatment was significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.001). The superoxide dismutase activity in S. strata 100 and 150 mg/kg treatment was significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.001). Stomach tissue damage significantly decreased in the group receiving 100 and 150 mg/kg S. strata and group receiving ranitidine and indomethacin compared to control (P<0.001). S. strata extract increased catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase and dose-dependently prevented the stomach tissue damage (by increasing the level of endogenic antioxidant). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - کاهش ارتعاشات پوستههای استوانهای FGM هوشمند با استفاده از لایههای مگنتواستریکتیو
منصور درویزه رضا انصاری ابوالفضل درویزه رضا رجبیه فرددر این مقاله تحلیل رفتار ارتعاشی پوستههای استوانهای FGM هوشمند مجهز به لایههای سنسور و عملگر مگنتواستریکتیو مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. به منظور کاهش ارتعاش، از یک کنترل تناسبی فیدبک منفی سرعت در تعامل با لایههای حسگر و عملگر استفاده شده است. برای لحاظ کردن اثرات ت Moreدر این مقاله تحلیل رفتار ارتعاشی پوستههای استوانهای FGM هوشمند مجهز به لایههای سنسور و عملگر مگنتواستریکتیو مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. به منظور کاهش ارتعاش، از یک کنترل تناسبی فیدبک منفی سرعت در تعامل با لایههای حسگر و عملگر استفاده شده است. برای لحاظ کردن اثرات تغییر شکل برشی و عرضی و اینرسی دورانی، فرمولبندی مسئله براساس تئوری تغییر شکل برشی مرتبه اول موسوم به FSDT انجام شده است. پوستههای FGM مورد مطالعه ترکیبی از فلز و سرامیک در نظر گرفته شده است که خواص ساختاری آنها وابسته به دما و مدرج در جهت ضخامت پوسته استوانهای مطابق با کسر حجمی قانون توانی میباشد. لایههای مگنتواستریکتیو نیز از جنس ترفنول دی در نظر گرفته شدهاند. از روش انتگرال زمانی نیومارک و آنالیز مودال برای حل معادلات دیفرانسیل مربوطه به ترتیب در حوزه زمان و فرکانس استفاده شده است. اثرات مشخصههای کاهش ارتعاشات لایههای مگنتواستریکتیو در دو حوزه زمان و فرکانس، تأثیر موقعیت مکانی قرارگیری این لایهها، ضخامت آنها و پارامترهای کنترل مورد تحقیق قرار گرفتهاند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - Investigation of the rate and diversity of Eimeria protozoa contamination in rabbits of north western Iran
سیما Nasri زینب Niknami S.A Ziaei مهرادا Roghani محمد Kamali neJhad In this study which was conducted from ordibehesht 1389 to mehr 1390, a total of 265 wild rabbits were investigated from which 117(44.2%) were contaminated with eimeria protozoa.in this study,the contamination of wild rabbits,mature and immature,abundance of Coc More In this study which was conducted from ordibehesht 1389 to mehr 1390, a total of 265 wild rabbits were investigated from which 117(44.2%) were contaminated with eimeria protozoa.in this study,the contamination of wild rabbits,mature and immature,abundance of Coccidiosis,geographically disturbed and common species,sexual distribution rate in the host,and the rate of excreted oocytes and its relation with onset of contamination,its effect on age and number of eimeria species responsible for onset of the disease,and etc. were evaluated.the contamination percentage of positive samples of each province compared to total samples of the province were observed to be 80.2% for Adabil,87.2% for Western Azarbayjan, and 76.2 for Eastern Azarbayjan.results showed that among the investigated immature rabbits,91 were contaminated with Eimeria.mean of oocytes excreted in mature rabbits was 35.53 per gram of feces.but this amount was 30.18 per gram of feces for immature rabbits.contamination in immature rabbits was more than mature rabbits and this relation was significant(p=0.0490 and p=0.0348). Manuscript profile
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