Recombinant probiotics are increasingly acting as carriers for the expression and targeted delivery of recombinant or natural molecules to mucosal surfaces in nutrition and health. Probiotics-mediated delivery systems eliminate the need to purify molecules to a large extent and make it possible to deliver molecules to the mucosa. The concept of biological medicine is the oral administration of living recombinant microorganisms for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. Lactococcus lactis is a gram-positive bacterium from the group of lactic acid bacteria. Lactococcus lactis has been used for centuries in food fermentation, especially cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut and the like. Therefore, it is generally recognized as a safe situation by the Food and Drug Organization. In this review article, review articles related to lactococcus and its wide application in oral vaccine production from 1998 to 2020 were collected. Accordingly, the following databases were searched. Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The keywords used in this study included "immunity, Lactococcus lactis and vaccine". Lactococcus lactis is generally recognized as safe and can be widely used in the food industry. Live recombinant Lactococcus lactis, as a biological drug, is administered orally as a live vaccine that expresses viral and bacterial antigens. Manuscript profile

Today, consumption of seafood has a special place among consumers. Consumption of seafood can lead to the transmission of bacterial pathogens of primary or secondary origin, among the most important of these bacteria are Vibrio species that are naturally found in aquatic environments and in the bodies of aquatic organisms. Every year, many cases of food poisoning caused by Vibrio species are reported in consumed fish. The purpose of this research is to investigate the level of Vibrio contamination of raw fish sold in Shahrekord city. In this research, 50 fish samples were prepared from 30 fish and aquatic supply stores in Shahrekord city and then analyzed at the Nutrition and Organic Products Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord branch. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio mimicus and Vibrio alginolyticus can be mentioned among the most important species investigated. Then, based on the presence or absence of grown spores, 40% of the meat of the studied samples (20 pieces) were infected with Vibrio. The high abundance of Vibrio species in the samples confirms the lack of hygiene in the fish and its products preparation and distribution centers. It seems that the processing stations and the method of transporting and distributing fish do not have proper hygiene. Manuscript profile

Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella bacteria and is one of the most common food-borne diseases that is accompanied by diarrhea, mild fever, nausea, abdominal pain and even death. This study was conducted in order to isolate and identify common Salmonella serotypes in chicken and quail meat. For this purpose, 100 meat samples, including 50 chicken meat and 50 quail meat samples, were collected from distribution centers in Khuzestan province and after cultivation and isolation of salmonella and genome extraction, they were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction method. The results showed that 5 out of 100 samples were infected with Salmonella enteritidis. According to the results, it is very important to apply periodic microbial monitoring and tests and more measures from the officials of the provincial veterinary department in order to reduce the amount of microbial contamination. Manuscript profile

Urinary tract infections is one of the most common infectious diseases and E. coli is one of urinary tract infection the most important factor. The purpose of this investigation is prevalence of sul genes in E.coli isolated from urinary tract infectious in Shahrekord to form cross-sectional in 2013. Samples was prepared as sterile and in terms of urine tests, cultures and was studied. Investigation antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by disk diffusion method. As well as, for tracing Sul gene PCR reaction was performed in the presence of specific primers and the results was analyzed. In this study of 130 E. coli isolates studied 67 isolates (53/51%) resistance to co-trimoxazol was observed. The frequency of genes sul1, sul2 and sul3 was respectively 20/89%, 55/22% and 4/47%. In statistical analysis with chi-square test between to resistance sulfonamides and sul genes significant correlation was observed. The results showed that E. coli isolates are high resistant to sulfonamides that may be the indiscriminate use of these antibiotics. Manuscript profile

Antimicrobial resistance is a common problem throughout the world. Acquire integrons is one One of the main causes multi- resistance in gram-negative microorganisms. The purpose of this study, Investigate the frequency of genes sul and investigate the relationship between genes sul and Class I integrons in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates resistant to sulfonamides isolated from clinical cases in Shahrekord. In this study, antibiotic resistance 90 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical cases of Shahrekord,disk diffusion method was performed. In order to investigate resistance to sulfonamides of the antibiotic cotrimoxazole was used. Then using specific primers was performed tracing genes sul1, sul2 and sul3 and intI. After PCR reaction of 33 isolates resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole sul1 gene in 15 isolates (45/45%), sul2 gene in 20 isolates (60/60%), gene Sul3 in 2 isolates (6/06%) and the gene intI 27 isolates was found. The statistical analysis between genes sul1and IntI significant relationship was observed. The results of this study show that is a strong correlation between carry integrons and increased resistance to a number of different classes of antibiotics. Manuscript profile

Today, consumption of seafood has a special place among consumers. Consumption of seafood can lead to the transmission of bacterial pathogens of primary or secondary origin, among the most important of these bacteria are Vibrio species that are naturally found in aquatic environments and in the bodies of aquatic organisms. Every year, many cases of food poisoning caused by Vibrio species are reported in consumed fish. The purpose of this research is to investigate the level of Vibrio contamination of raw fish sold in Shahrekord city. In this research, 50 fish samples were prepared from 30 fish and aquatic supply stores in Shahrekord city and then analyzed at the Nutrition and Organic Products Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord branch. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio mimicus and Vibrio alginolyticus can be mentioned among the most important species investigated. Then, based on the presence or absence of grown spores, 40% of the meat of the studied samples (20 pieces) were infected with Vibrio. The high abundance of Vibrio species in the samples confirms the lack of hygiene in the fish and its products preparation and distribution centers. It seems that the processing stations and the method of transporting and distributing fish do not have proper hygiene. Manuscript profile

The increase in cancer mortality as a result of excessive use of chemical drugs has made it one of the deadliest diseases worldwide. For this reason, most of the research today is focused on natural medicinal products. As a result, the aim of this article is to review the anticancer properties of cyanobacteria in the pharmaceutical and medical industry. To write this article, both the experiences and articles of the authors of the article and the latest articles available in the Web of Science, Pub Med, Google Scholar, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases have been used. Natural products are an important source of new medicinal compounds that not only have medicinal value, but are also used as building models for creating synthetic analogs. In the meantime, secondary marine metabolites extracted from cyanobacteria as a desirable source of potential new medicinal active compounds have structural diversity and diverse biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial and anti-tumor properties. This review article examines the potential of compounds and metabolites of cyanobacteria as anticancer drugs and examines their chemical structure and mechanisms of actionof action. Manuscript profile

Fast and cold foods increase the microbiological risk of consumers due to the lack of cooking time and the contact of restaurant workers' hands during preparation. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of foodborne diseases. The purpose of this study is to determine the abundance of Staphylococcus aureus in semi-prepared foods and fast foods and to identify them by PCR method. In this research, 100 food samples (meat products, falafel, pizza, chicken) were randomly collected from the food preparation and serving centers in Borujen, Shahrekord and Farsan cities in a period of one month to investigate the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Tested. In total, staphylococcus contamination was observed in samples of meat products (64.1%), falafel (21.2%), pizza (20%), chicken (30.8%). The average number of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in positive samples was reported (39%). Based on the results of the present research, it can be said that since the results of the production steps and preparation of fast food and semi-prepared foods are manual, there is a possibility of food contamination through human labor. Although the percentage of sample contamination is high, the number of bacteria in the sample is low and does not pose a potential risk to the health of the consumer. Therefore, personal and environmental health education is of great importance in order to reduce the amount of Staphylococcus aureus in people who are involved in food preparation and production. Manuscript profile

The increasing development of antibiotic resistance of bacteria has provided the basis for replacing antimicrobial agents with plant origin and with less side effects. This research is a type of laboratory study that was conducted with the aim of determining the antibacterial effect of Myristica fragrans on Streptococcus isolates beta lactamase producing antibiotics. The methanol extract of the plant was prepared by maceration method. The extract was filtered with Whatman No.1 paper and concentrated by rotary evaporator system. Different concentrations of 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 of the extract were prepared in DMSO: Methanol (1:1v/v) solvent. Identification of beta-lactamase producing isolates was done by phenotypic method with cefotaxime antibiotic discs and cefotaxime / clavulanic acid combined disc. Antibacterial activity against 40 isolates of beta-lactamase-producing isolates was investigated by agar wells diffusion method. After incubation for 24 hours at 37°C, the sensitivity of bacteria was determined by measuring the diameter of the growth inhibition zone. Based on the results, out of 40 Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, 50% of isolates were beta-lactamase producers, respectively. All isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes showed sensitivity to Myristica fragrans extract, and the average of minimum growth inhibition concentration to beta-lactamase-producing Streptococcus pyogenes was 10 mg/ml. Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, it seems that Myristica fragrans extract can be used against beta-lactam-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes strains in controlling infections, and in this regard, isolation and identification of the effective substances of the plant extract it is suggested. Manuscript profile

Diabetes mellitus is a growing problem in today's modern societies. It is difficult to estimate the total number of people suffering from the disease. Approximately 20% of diabetic patients develop wound infections during their life Which in the absence of effective treatment can disrupt the quality of life of these people. On the other hand, treatment of this complication is very costly. DFIs diabetic foot infections are one of the most important public health issues and the identification of microorganisms that cause microbial infections An antibiotic is good for finding an appropriate treatment. Meanwhile, many reports have shown that antibiotic resistance is rising dramatically. Therefore, early diagnosis of lesions and the rapid onset of antimicrobial treatment are essential for controlling infection and preventing complications and improving the quality of life. An antibiotic susceptibility test is needed to manage infection, which can help in choosing the best treatment options. Manuscript profile

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a type of pathogenic bacteria that causes listeriosis infection. This facultative anaerobic bacterium is able to survive in the presence and absence of oxygen and is the cause of a wide range of diseases in humans and animals. Consumption of contaminated dairy products, meat and vegetables is the most important source of contamination. There are limited studies of the antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes species. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the frequency and level of resistance in the evaluated samples. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 150 different samples were randomly collected from different regions of Isfahan province. The samples included 60 samples of meat, 40 samples of dairy products (including milk, cheese, etc.) and 50 samples of vegetables (including leek, watercress, radish and basil). The serotyping of the isolated strains was done using the commercial O and H antisera of Listeria monocytogenes and according to the manufacturer's instructions, using slide agglutination method and antibiotic resistance evaluation. Standard PCR method was used to detect ermA, ermB, strA, tetS, tetA and ermC genes in the strains. Based on the serological reaction, somatic antigens O and flagella H of Listeria monocytogenes with the corresponding antisera, most Listeria species (70%) belong to serotype 1.2a and the rest from serotype 1.2b (19%) and 4b (11 %) They were. The results of the microbial investigation showed that the highest drug resistance was related to streptomycin (89%) and the lowest drug resistance in the evaluated isolates was related to ampicillin (14%) and chloramphenicol (13%). The most evaluated genes were related to strA gene and ermA gene, with frequencies of 79.8% and 65.4%, respectively. The prevalence of other Listeria monocytogenes genes evaluated in this study included tetA (17%), tetS (2.5%), ermB (10.7%) and ermC (2.1%). Manuscript profile

Brucella spp are small, immobile, gram-negative bacteria that are lacking capsules and formed like cocobacillus. Brucellosis is a zoonosis infection between humans and animals that can lead to miscarriages, fertility disorders, genital infections, reduction in milk production, urethritis, and epididymitis in the original host, resulting in many medical disorders in patients and unnecessary treatment expenses. Moreover, farmers would end up facing significant economic losses. Despite advances in blood culture techniques and serological tests to detect specific antibiotics, there are still significant difficulties in the diagnosis of brucellosis; therefore, a new laboratory test is needed for a better examination. One of the most recent quantitative methods that have already caught the attention of many researchers is the detection of bacteria by Real Time PCR method. The aim of this study is to identify bacteria of the genus Brucella, both in milk and cheese samples, by the method of Real Time PCR. 25 samples of cow's milk and twenty-five samples of cheese were collected from different parts of Shahrekord city. DNA extraction was performed using the DNA extraction kit (Cinnagen company) for the molecular diagnosis. Then, by the use of Real Time PCR reaction (Corbett Rotor-Gene Model, manufactured in Australia), samples were studied. In this study, fifty samples were examined, and only two samples (4%) were diagnosed with Brucella abortus, meanwhile, there were no reports on infections by Brucella in the cheese samples. Conclusion: This study shows that molecular techniques such as Real Time PCR can be used as a complementary method for the detection of Brucella, alongside all the other common methods. Manuscript profile

Introduction: Preventing the spread of drug resistance is one of the most important issues in society. Escherichia coli is one of the most common bacterial agents isolated from the urinary tract and nosocomial infections. Treatment of infections due to it is difficult due to the acquisition of resistance genes. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance in clinical uropathogenic strains isolated from diabetic patients. Materials and methods: A total of 51 E. coli isolates from urinary tract infection in diabetic patients obtained from clinical, were used in this study. Isolates were confirmed by chemical tests and molecular techniques based on tracking of the 16srRNA gene. Antimicrobial resistance assessment of isolates was done using molecular methods base on (qnrA, tet A, tet B, aac (3)IIa, sul1) and disk diffusion. Results: Most resistance r to ampicillin (66.66%) and the lowest resistance to Nitrofurantoin (1.96%) were reported. The frequency of tet A, tet B, qnr A, sul 1 and aac (3) IIa genes reported 68.62%, 64.7%, 29.41%, 39.21%, and 29.41% respectively. The statistical analysis shows a significant relationship between resistance to the antibiotic tetracycline and the gene tet A, tet B statistically. Conclusion: Early detection of resistant strains to select the most appropriate treatment options is essential to prevent the spread of resistance. It is suggested, as treatment for urinary tract infections is important, so to prevent drug resistance and treatment failure, it should be done according to the resistance pattern in the region. Manuscript profile

Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella bacteria and is one of the most common food-borne diseases that is accompanied by diarrhea, mild fever, nausea, abdominal pain and even death. This study was conducted in order to isolate and identify common Salmonella serotypes in chicken and quail meat. For this purpose, 100 meat samples, including 50 chicken meat and 50 quail meat samples, were collected from distribution centers in Khuzestan province and after cultivation and isolation of salmonella and genome extraction, they were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction method. The results showed that 5 out of 100 samples were infected with Salmonella enteritidis. According to the results, it is very important to apply periodic microbial monitoring and tests and more measures from the officials of the provincial veterinary department in order to reduce the amount of microbial contamination. Manuscript profile

Vibriosis is one of the important common diseases between farmed fish and humans in the aquaculture industry. This bacterium belongs to the Vibrionaceae family and includes curved, motile, facultatively anaerobic chemoorganotroph, catalase and oxidase positive bacilli. The purpose of this research is to investigate the possible presence of Vibrio bacteria in farmed salmon, carp and shrimp. For this purpose, 60 pieces of salmon, carp and shrimp were caught from the breeding farms of Khuzestan province and transported to the laboratory of the food research center of Azad University, Shahrekord branch, next to the ice. Then, the liver and ventricular area were cultured on thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose agar (TCBS), the environments were kept in a greenhouse for 48 to 72 hours at 25°C, and then based on the presence or absence of grown colonies , ..... percentage of the studied fish meat (... pieces) were infected with vibrio, which was very noteworthy. According to the previous investigations and the results of this study, the monitoring and control of the production chain and the timely diagnosis of this organism during this chain can play a significant role in reducing the contamination of marine products, including fish. This will ultimately reduce the incidence of this disease in the community Manuscript profile