Antibiotic resistance in patients with diabetic foot ulcers
Subject Areas : microbiologyKeywords: Diabetes, diabetic foot ulcers, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial therapy,
Abstract :
Diabetes mellitus is a growing problem in today's modern societies. It is difficult to estimate the total number of people suffering from the disease. Approximately 20% of diabetic patients develop wound infections during their life Which in the absence of effective treatment can disrupt the quality of life of these people. On the other hand, treatment of this complication is very costly. DFIs diabetic foot infections are one of the most important public health issues and the identification of microorganisms that cause microbial infections An antibiotic is good for finding an appropriate treatment. Meanwhile, many reports have shown that antibiotic resistance is rising dramatically. Therefore, early diagnosis of lesions and the rapid onset of antimicrobial treatment are essential for controlling infection and preventing complications and improving the quality of life. An antibiotic susceptibility test is needed to manage infection, which can help in choosing the best treatment options.
References:
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3. Shanmugam P, Jeya M, Linda Susan S. The Bacteriology of Diabetic Foot Ulcers, with a Special Reference to Multidrug Resistant Strains 2013;7(3):441-445.
4. bahramian S. Prevalence of osteomyelitis and bacteriological causes in diabetic foot ulcer patients referring to Imam Hossein Shahroud Hospital 2017.
5. Shaw J.E, Sicree P.Z. and P.Z Zimmet, Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030, Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010;87(1):4-14.
6. Rasouli H, Ghorbanalinezhad A. Isolation and Identification of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Based on hla, lukED, sei, and hlg Virulence Genes in Patients with Diabetic Foot Infection in Mazandaran Province. Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology Iran J Med Microbiol 2017;11(6)191-202.
7. Lipsky B, Peters E, Senneville E, Berendt A, Embil J, Lavery L, et al. Expert opinion on the management of infections in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012;28(S1):163-178.
8. Sarkar P, Balantyne S, Management of Diabetic leg Ulcer. Postgrad Med J, Novembar 2000;76(901)674-82.
9. Fahey T, Sadaty A, Jones W, Et AL. Diabetic Impairs the Late Inflammatory response to Wound healing. J Surg Res 1991;50(4)308-313.
10. S Pinzur M , Diabetic Foot . E Medicine Last updated 2004;25(8):545-9.
11. Mandell G, Bennet J, Dolin R . Cellulitis and soft tissue infection. Principles and Practice of infectious diseases. Sixth edition, Pennsylvania, Churchill living stone 2005;2(86)1046-47.
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13. Nazer M, Darvishi M. Study on the prescription and use of antibiotics and its role in microbial resistance and its effects on resistance economy. Quarterly Journal of Research Lorestan University of Medical Sciences 2017;19(3).
14. Nazer E, A Akhavanesepahi, B Yakhchaly, Nazer MR. Degradation of toluene by highly efficient indigenous isolate. Advances in Environmental Biology 2014; 8(6):1830-1833.
15. Nazer MR, Obeidavi Z, Garmsiri M,. Darvishi M, Taherian P, Nouruzi S. The. Prevalece Rate of HIV co-Infection in HBV and HCV Positive Patients in Lorestan. Provience. Iioab j 2016 ;7(8): 221-225.
16. Mokhayeri H, Nazer MR, Nabavi M. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C in Clinical Staffs (Doctor and Nurse) of the Hospitals in Khorramabad City, Western Iran .International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 2016;11(5):68-72.
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19. Livermore DM. Antibiotic resistance in staphylococci. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;16(1):S3-10.
20. de Carvalho MJ, Pimenta FC, Hayashida M, Gir E, da Silva AM, Barbosa CP, Canini SR, Santiago S. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant and methicillin susceptible S. aureus in the saliva of health professionals. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009;64(4):295-302.
21. Oliveira DC, Lencastre H. Multiplex PCR strategy for rapid identification of structural types and variants of the mec element in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:2155-2161.
22. Goetghebeur M, Landry PA, Han D, Vicente C. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a public health issue with economic consequences. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbial 2007;18(1):27-34.
23. Chandrakanth RK, Raju S, Patil SA. Aminoglycoside- resistance mechanisms in multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Curr Microbiol 2008;56(6):558-562.
24. Perez-Vazquez M, Vindel A, Marcos C, Oteo J, Cuevas O, Trincado P, Bautista V, Grundmann H, Campos J. Spread of invasive Spanish Staphylococcus aureus spa-type t067 associated with a high prevalence of the aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene ant (4')-Ia and the efflux pump genes msrA/msrB. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;63(1):21-31.
25. Richard JL1, Sotto A, Jourdan N, Combescure C, Vannereau D, Rodier M, Lavigne JP. Risk factors and healing impact of multidrug-resistant bacteria in diabetic foot ulcers 2008;34(4):363-369.
26. Al Benwan K, Al Mulla A, Rotimi VO. A study of the microbiology of diabetic foot infections in a teaching hospital in Kuwait. J Infect Public Health 2012;5:1–8.
27. Alfatemi SMH, Motamedifar M, Hadi N, Saraie HSE. Analysis of virulence genes among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014;7(6).
28. Abdel-hamed A-HA, Abdel-Rhman SH, El-Sokkary MA. Studies on leukocidins toxins and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various clinical sources. Afr J Microbiol Res 2016;10(17):591-599.
29. kanani M, khadiri T, khazaei S, madani S H, malekianzadeh E. Study of Psuedomomas aeroginosa resistance to Ceftizidim and Imipenem in Kermanshah Imam reza hospital during 2006-2011. yafte 2014; 15(4):52-60.
30. Sanchez-Romero I,Cercenado E, Cuevas O, Garcia-Martinez J, Bouza E. Evolution of the antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in spain: second nationalstudy (2003). Rev Esp Quimioterap 2007;20(2):222-229.
31. Mauldin PD, Salgado CD, Hansen IS, Durup DT, Bosso JA. Attributable hospital cost and length of stay associated with health careassociated infections caused by antibioticresistant Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:109-11.
32. Zare L, Shenagari M, Khan Mirzaei M, Mojtahed A. Isolation of lytic phages against pathogenic E.coli isolated from diabtic ulcers Iran J Med Microbiol 2017;11(2):34-41.
33. Dufour N, Debarbieux L, Fromentin M, Ricard JD. Treatment of highly virulent extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli pneumonia with bacteriophages. Crit Care Med 2015;43(6):190–8.
34. Abedon ST, Kuhl SJ, Blasdel BG, Kutter EM. Phage treatment of human infections. Bacteriophage 2011;1(2):66-85.
35. Boykoe EJ, Lipsky BA. In: Diabetes in America. Harris MI, editor. Washington DC: National Institutes of Health. Infection and diabetes mellitus 1995;485–496.
36. Haghighatpanah M, Mozaffari Nejad AS, Mojtahedi A, Amirmozafari N, Zeighami H. Detection of extendedspectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-borne blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among clinical strains of Escherichia coli isolated from patients in the northof Iran. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 7:110-3.
37. Sulakvelidze A, The challenges of bacteriophage therapy Eur Ind Pharm 2010;10:14-18.
38. Sshahrad bejestani H, Motabar A. Assessment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer’s Predisposing Factors and its Outcomes in Patients with Diabetic Foot Syndrome Hospitalized in Hazrat Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital in Tehran During 1996-2001. Journal of Iran University of Medical Sciences 2004;11(9):77-84.
39. SM Sekhar, N Vyas,1 MK Unnikrishnan, GS Rodrigues,2 and C Mukhopadhyay. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Pilot Study 2014;4(5):742–745.
40. Shanker EM, Mohan V, Premalatha G, Srinivasan RS, Usha AR. Bacterial etiology of diabetic foot infection in south India. Eur J Int Med 2005;16:567-70.
1. Aghili R, Malek M, Baradaran H., Peyvandi AA, Ebrahim Valojerdi A, Khamseh ME., General Practitioners' Knowledge and Clinical Practice in Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes in Iran; The Impact of Continuous Medical Education Programs. Arch Iran Med 2015;18(9):582-5.
2. Alavi SM, Sadami A, Khosravi A, Dasht Bozorg A, Abbasi E, Latifi M. Bacteriology of foot ulcer in diabetic patients hospitalized in Ahvaz Razi hospital; Quarterly Journal of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, affiliated with the Association of Infectious Diseases Specialist 2006;12(36):67-70.
3. Shanmugam P, Jeya M, Linda Susan S. The Bacteriology of Diabetic Foot Ulcers, with a Special Reference to Multidrug Resistant Strains 2013;7(3):441-445.
4. bahramian S. Prevalence of osteomyelitis and bacteriological causes in diabetic foot ulcer patients referring to Imam Hossein Shahroud Hospital 2017.
5. Shaw J.E, Sicree P.Z. and P.Z Zimmet, Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030, Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010;87(1):4-14.
6. Rasouli H, Ghorbanalinezhad A. Isolation and Identification of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Based on hla, lukED, sei, and hlg Virulence Genes in Patients with Diabetic Foot Infection in Mazandaran Province. Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology Iran J Med Microbiol 2017;11(6)191-202.
7. Lipsky B, Peters E, Senneville E, Berendt A, Embil J, Lavery L, et al. Expert opinion on the management of infections in the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012;28(S1):163-178.
8. Sarkar P, Balantyne S, Management of Diabetic leg Ulcer. Postgrad Med J, Novembar 2000;76(901)674-82.
9. Fahey T, Sadaty A, Jones W, Et AL. Diabetic Impairs the Late Inflammatory response to Wound healing. J Surg Res 1991;50(4)308-313.
10. S Pinzur M , Diabetic Foot . E Medicine Last updated 2004;25(8):545-9.
11. Mandell G, Bennet J, Dolin R . Cellulitis and soft tissue infection. Principles and Practice of infectious diseases. Sixth edition, Pennsylvania, Churchill living stone 2005;2(86)1046-47.
12. Sengupta S, Chattopadhyay MK, Grossart HP. The multifaceted roles of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in nature. Front Microbiol 2013;4:47.
13. Nazer M, Darvishi M. Study on the prescription and use of antibiotics and its role in microbial resistance and its effects on resistance economy. Quarterly Journal of Research Lorestan University of Medical Sciences 2017;19(3).
14. Nazer E, A Akhavanesepahi, B Yakhchaly, Nazer MR. Degradation of toluene by highly efficient indigenous isolate. Advances in Environmental Biology 2014; 8(6):1830-1833.
15. Nazer MR, Obeidavi Z, Garmsiri M,. Darvishi M, Taherian P, Nouruzi S. The. Prevalece Rate of HIV co-Infection in HBV and HCV Positive Patients in Lorestan. Provience. Iioab j 2016 ;7(8): 221-225.
16. Mokhayeri H, Nazer MR, Nabavi M. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C in Clinical Staffs (Doctor and Nurse) of the Hospitals in Khorramabad City, Western Iran .International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 2016;11(5):68-72.
17. Avarinjad M, Pouladfar Gh, Bolandparvaz Sh, Satiary Z, Abbasi P and Mardaneh J. Isolation and Antibiotic Susceotbility from Diabetic Foot Infections in Namazee Hospital Southera IRAN. Journal of Pathogens 2015.
18. Ahmadi Z, Tajbakhsh E, Momtaz H. Detection of the antibiotic resistance patern in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples obtaines from patients hospitalised in iman reza hospital, kermanshah. Ournal of microbial world 2014;6(4):209-311.
19. Livermore DM. Antibiotic resistance in staphylococci. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;16(1):S3-10.
20. de Carvalho MJ, Pimenta FC, Hayashida M, Gir E, da Silva AM, Barbosa CP, Canini SR, Santiago S. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant and methicillin susceptible S. aureus in the saliva of health professionals. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009;64(4):295-302.
21. Oliveira DC, Lencastre H. Multiplex PCR strategy for rapid identification of structural types and variants of the mec element in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:2155-2161.
22. Goetghebeur M, Landry PA, Han D, Vicente C. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a public health issue with economic consequences. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbial 2007;18(1):27-34.
23. Chandrakanth RK, Raju S, Patil SA. Aminoglycoside- resistance mechanisms in multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Curr Microbiol 2008;56(6):558-562.
24. Perez-Vazquez M, Vindel A, Marcos C, Oteo J, Cuevas O, Trincado P, Bautista V, Grundmann H, Campos J. Spread of invasive Spanish Staphylococcus aureus spa-type t067 associated with a high prevalence of the aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene ant (4')-Ia and the efflux pump genes msrA/msrB. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;63(1):21-31.
25. Richard JL1, Sotto A, Jourdan N, Combescure C, Vannereau D, Rodier M, Lavigne JP. Risk factors and healing impact of multidrug-resistant bacteria in diabetic foot ulcers 2008;34(4):363-369.
26. Al Benwan K, Al Mulla A, Rotimi VO. A study of the microbiology of diabetic foot infections in a teaching hospital in Kuwait. J Infect Public Health 2012;5:1–8.
27. Alfatemi SMH, Motamedifar M, Hadi N, Saraie HSE. Analysis of virulence genes among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014;7(6).
28. Abdel-hamed A-HA, Abdel-Rhman SH, El-Sokkary MA. Studies on leukocidins toxins and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various clinical sources. Afr J Microbiol Res 2016;10(17):591-599.
29. kanani M, khadiri T, khazaei S, madani S H, malekianzadeh E. Study of Psuedomomas aeroginosa resistance to Ceftizidim and Imipenem in Kermanshah Imam reza hospital during 2006-2011. yafte 2014; 15(4):52-60.
30. Sanchez-Romero I,Cercenado E, Cuevas O, Garcia-Martinez J, Bouza E. Evolution of the antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in spain: second nationalstudy (2003). Rev Esp Quimioterap 2007;20(2):222-229.
31. Mauldin PD, Salgado CD, Hansen IS, Durup DT, Bosso JA. Attributable hospital cost and length of stay associated with health careassociated infections caused by antibioticresistant Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54:109-11.
32. Zare L, Shenagari M, Khan Mirzaei M, Mojtahed A. Isolation of lytic phages against pathogenic E.coli isolated from diabtic ulcers Iran J Med Microbiol 2017;11(2):34-41.
33. Dufour N, Debarbieux L, Fromentin M, Ricard JD. Treatment of highly virulent extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli pneumonia with bacteriophages. Crit Care Med 2015;43(6):190–8.
34. Abedon ST, Kuhl SJ, Blasdel BG, Kutter EM. Phage treatment of human infections. Bacteriophage 2011;1(2):66-85.
35. Boykoe EJ, Lipsky BA. In: Diabetes in America. Harris MI, editor. Washington DC: National Institutes of Health. Infection and diabetes mellitus 1995;485–496.
36. Haghighatpanah M, Mozaffari Nejad AS, Mojtahedi A, Amirmozafari N, Zeighami H. Detection of extendedspectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-borne blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among clinical strains of Escherichia coli isolated from patients in the northof Iran. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2016; 7:110-3.
37. Sulakvelidze A, The challenges of bacteriophage therapy Eur Ind Pharm 2010;10:14-18.
38. Sshahrad bejestani H, Motabar A. Assessment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer’s Predisposing Factors and its Outcomes in Patients with Diabetic Foot Syndrome Hospitalized in Hazrat Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital in Tehran During 1996-2001. Journal of Iran University of Medical Sciences 2004;11(9):77-84.
39. SM Sekhar, N Vyas,1 MK Unnikrishnan, GS Rodrigues,2 and C Mukhopadhyay. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Pilot Study 2014;4(5):742–745.
40. Shanker EM, Mohan V, Premalatha G, Srinivasan RS, Usha AR. Bacterial etiology of diabetic foot infection in south India. Eur J Int Med 2005;16:567-70.
