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Recent Articles
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Open Access Article
1 - The Influence of Intertextuality in the Novel 'Suvashun' on Audience Engagement During Reading
Esmaeel BANIARDALAN Shahrokh Amirian DoostIssue 75 , Vol. 20 , Summer 2024Genetic intertextuality is a well-known form of intertextuality. From a genetic point of view, intertextual relationships in texts can be distinguished into two types: real (strong) and single-layer (weak). True intertextuality is only achieved when the connection betwe MoreGenetic intertextuality is a well-known form of intertextuality. From a genetic point of view, intertextual relationships in texts can be distinguished into two types: real (strong) and single-layer (weak). True intertextuality is only achieved when the connection between two texts transcends mere lexical and formal similarities, indicating a strong intertextual bond. Through genetic intertextuality, a thorough exploration of textual relationships at various levels—both formal and thematic—proves essential in identifying the type, nature, and intensity of intertextuality. Furthermore, Roland Barthes employs a genetic intertextual interpretation to enhance the reader's experience and interaction with the text. He posits that texts can be viewed as either "readings" where the audience plays a passive role or "writings" where the audience actively engages. Barthes contends that leveraging these two forms of intertextuality is pivotal in decoding the text effectively. This qualitative study employs a comparative analytical approach to analyze data. The findings underscore the significant impact of a strong intertextual relationship in transforming the novel, "Suvashun," into a narrative that captivates the reader's passive engagement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The Role of Sacred Objects in Healing: A Classification and Analysis with Focus on Key Mystical Prose Texts from the First Seven Centuries of Hijri
Afrooz KHodabandeloo s.mohsen hosseini s.ali ghasemzadehIssue 75 , Vol. 20 , Summer 2024Healing is considered one of the most significant virtues of Sufi masters, with some instances involving the use of sacred and blessed objects associated with them. This research delves into the role of such objects within some Persian mystical texts using a descriptive MoreHealing is considered one of the most significant virtues of Sufi masters, with some instances involving the use of sacred and blessed objects associated with them. This research delves into the role of such objects within some Persian mystical texts using a descriptive-analytical approach that takes into account mythological and religious contexts. Through the study, it is observed that healing objects fall into three main categories: first, writings, such as manuscripts, amulets, and charms; second, the garments and various coverings worn by Sufi masters, including cloaks, shirts, coats, hats, and sandals; and finally, consumables, like partially eaten food, saliva, and items like toothpicks. What binds these diverse objects together is their shared attribute of being sanctified, blessed, and imbued with healing properties, attributed to them through their connection with Sufi elders. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Exploring Similarities between the Iranian Mourning Ritual of Siavash and Greek Rituals of Dionysia and Adonia
Elham Khodavandgari S.Hashem HoseiniIssue 75 , Vol. 20 , Summer 2024Rituals have long served as reflections of a society's culture, beliefs, and attitudes. Within different societies globally, a significant aspect of mythology is dedicated to fertility rituals, often symbolizing the cyclical death and rebirth of nature portrayed through MoreRituals have long served as reflections of a society's culture, beliefs, and attitudes. Within different societies globally, a significant aspect of mythology is dedicated to fertility rituals, often symbolizing the cyclical death and rebirth of nature portrayed through the demise and subsequent revival of a god or goddess. A notable example is the mourning ritual of Siavash, a prominent figure in Iranian myth, known as Siavashan. This ritual celebrates his symbolic reincarnation in the form of a plant and his son Kei-Khosrow, embodying the concept of the god/hero's death and rebirth as part of the natural and temporal cycle. In Greek mythology, the Dionysia and Adonia festivals honor Dionysus and commemorate Adonis respectively, both fertility deities whose rituals focus on their deaths and resurrections. One aim of this article is to draw parallels between the Siavashan ritual and the Dionysia and Adonia ceremonies. Through an analytical-comparative approach, all three rituals are examined to reveal their shared characteristics. Despite differences in culture and geography, the research highlights the interconnectedness of world myths. The key commonalities among these rituals include the annual mourning ceremony and celebration of resurrection, often accompanied by customs like carrying icons, performing sacrifices, music, and singing mournful songs, typically led by women. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Analyzing the Myth of Ārash through Max Müller's Solar Mythology Theory
Fatemeh Shakibaei Mehyār Alavi Moghaddam Mahmoud FirouzimoghaddamIssue 75 , Vol. 20 , Summer 2024The current study examines the myth of Ārash-e Kamāngīr (Ārash the Archer) through the lens of Max Müller's solar mythology, employing an analytical-comparative approach. Max Müller, a pioneering figure in comparative mythology, explored various ethnic traditions across MoreThe current study examines the myth of Ārash-e Kamāngīr (Ārash the Archer) through the lens of Max Müller's solar mythology, employing an analytical-comparative approach. Max Müller, a pioneering figure in comparative mythology, explored various ethnic traditions across the realms of anthropology, philology, and theology, emphasizing the study of comparative mythology within the natural world. Müller regarded comparative mythology as central to the Indo-European peoples' thought processes. Building on his theory of the "disease of language," Müller posited that myths represent ancient forms of language that can be deciphered through comparative mythological analysis, such as in the case of Ārash. He viewed mythology as stemming from a linguistic ailment that distorts the original clarity of words. From Müller's standpoint, mythological deities and heroes serve as personifications of natural phenomena, with their names gradually acquiring reverence and mystique over time, evolving into gods/goddesses or legendary figures. The myth of Ārash aligns with this interpretation. According to Max Müller's solar mythology framework, themes of immortality, purification, swiftness, and frontier protection are prevalent in both Sun myths and the myth of Ārash. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Exploring the Types of 'Sahv' in the Mystical Worldview of Ruzbehan Baqli Shirazi
fatemeh toobaie Mohammad Yusuf NayyeriIssue 75 , Vol. 20 , Summer 2024The term "Sahv" (spiritual sobriety) is referenced in the teachings of Bayazid Bastami and Junayd of Baghdad. Ruzbehan Baqli Shirazi, akin to many Sufi masters and elders, has explored this concept along his spiritual journey (suluk), delving into its nuances and pres MoreThe term "Sahv" (spiritual sobriety) is referenced in the teachings of Bayazid Bastami and Junayd of Baghdad. Ruzbehan Baqli Shirazi, akin to many Sufi masters and elders, has explored this concept along his spiritual journey (suluk), delving into its nuances and presenting a fresh perspective on Sahv. This study elucidates the precise meaning of Sahv within the mystical framework of Ruzbahan, categorizing its types, exploring their origins, and delineating their implications within his his intellectual system. Notably, a unique form of Sahv is introduced, exclusive to Ruzbehan Baqli and hitherto unmentioned in Sufi discourse, termed "Ruzbehanian sahv". This form occurs in the spiritual realm of "ain jam" (essence of unity), where one retains sobriety amidst a state of intoxication, exhibiting awareness of this paradoxical state and exercising control over it. Ruzbehan attributes the emergence of this distinct sobriety to the experience of "pure unification" and the spiritual stage of "ain jama", highlighting its divergent outcomes such as unity with the eternal Beloved, expression of ecstatic utterances (shatahāt), and comprehension of Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr - the enigmatic language exchanged between God and prophets/saints. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Analyzing Binary Oppositions in Hassan Alwan’s Novel Mouton Sageer Through the Eyes of Iranian Mystics
رضا ناظمیان mansooreh doagooIssue 75 , Vol. 20 , Summer 2024Binary oppositions have long captivated mystics and are a focal point for structuralists, who often build the foundation of texts around them. By emphasizing these dichotomies, they aim to unveil a unified system and gain deeper insights into the text. In "Mouton Sageer MoreBinary oppositions have long captivated mystics and are a focal point for structuralists, who often build the foundation of texts around them. By emphasizing these dichotomies, they aim to unveil a unified system and gain deeper insights into the text. In "Mouton Sageer" (A Small Death), binary oppositions play a central role, and this study examines their significance in the story of Hassan Alwan through a descriptive-analytical approach. Drawing from Ibn Arabi's mystical themes, the research delves into the perspectives of Iranian mystics to elucidate the author's underlying framework. The title "A Small Death" symbolizes an earthly love that undergoes a transformation, elevating a mortal being to a celestial realm and fostering a connection to true love. Alvan's work strives to expound upon an intellectual system rooted in binary oppositions, illustrating a mystical concept of "unity in plurality" where love serves as the unifying principle. The ultimate goal is to bring harmony to the current world, transcending conflict, as Alvan posits love as the key element that binds individuals together. Manuscript profile
Most Viewed Articles
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Open Access Article
1 - The Influence of Intertextuality in the Novel 'Suvashun' on Audience Engagement During Reading
Esmaeel BANIARDALAN Shahrokh Amirian DoostIssue 75 , Vol. 20 , Summer 2024Genetic intertextuality is a well-known form of intertextuality. From a genetic point of view, intertextual relationships in texts can be distinguished into two types: real (strong) and single-layer (weak). True intertextuality is only achieved when the connection betwe MoreGenetic intertextuality is a well-known form of intertextuality. From a genetic point of view, intertextual relationships in texts can be distinguished into two types: real (strong) and single-layer (weak). True intertextuality is only achieved when the connection between two texts transcends mere lexical and formal similarities, indicating a strong intertextual bond. Through genetic intertextuality, a thorough exploration of textual relationships at various levels—both formal and thematic—proves essential in identifying the type, nature, and intensity of intertextuality. Furthermore, Roland Barthes employs a genetic intertextual interpretation to enhance the reader's experience and interaction with the text. He posits that texts can be viewed as either "readings" where the audience plays a passive role or "writings" where the audience actively engages. Barthes contends that leveraging these two forms of intertextuality is pivotal in decoding the text effectively. This qualitative study employs a comparative analytical approach to analyze data. The findings underscore the significant impact of a strong intertextual relationship in transforming the novel, "Suvashun," into a narrative that captivates the reader's passive engagement. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The Transformation of a Myth: Rostam-e Dastān
محمود رضایی دشت ارژنهIssue 17 , Vol. 5 , Winter 2009 According to Shāhnāmeh of Ferdowsī, Rostam-e Dastān is the champion of champions and mythical hero of ancient Persia, constituting some of the most popular parts of the Shāhnāmeh. He is the son of Zāl (the son of Sām and the grandson of Narimān). Also, h More According to Shāhnāmeh of Ferdowsī, Rostam-e Dastān is the champion of champions and mythical hero of ancient Persia, constituting some of the most popular parts of the Shāhnāmeh. He is the son of Zāl (the son of Sām and the grandson of Narimān). Also, his legend indicates that Rostam's mother is a decedent of Zahhāk, the son of Mardās. But in the older version of this myth, Dastān is a title for Rostam, Narimān a title for Garshāsb, Mardās a title for Zahhāk, and Sām is the name of the extended family of Garshāsb. The present paper tries to show that the myth of Rostam has been transformed in Shāhnāmeh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - “Anthropos Teleios” From Ibn Arabi’s Point of View
Morteza ShajariIssue 2 , Vol. 2 , Spring 2017 ‘Anthropos Teleios’ (Perfect Man) is a key concept in Islamic mysticism. The ‘Perfect Mon’ is the place of theophany and Divine unveiling. Creation depands on the ‘Perfect Man’ and ends with him. He is the center of ‘cir More ‘Anthropos Teleios’ (Perfect Man) is a key concept in Islamic mysticism. The ‘Perfect Mon’ is the place of theophany and Divine unveiling. Creation depands on the ‘Perfect Man’ and ends with him. He is the center of ‘circle of existence’ and cosmos. In this article, the concept of ‘Anthropos teleios’ (Perfect Man), from Ibn Arabi’s point of view, as well as his predecessors’ ideas, will be discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Two Theories about the Story of Siyāvash; Based on the Views of Tajik, Russian and Iranian Scholars of Shahnāmeh
nasrin bazgirIssue 39 , Vol. 11 , Autumn 2015Looking at the story of Siyāvash with some myths that are ethically and structurally unfit to this story turns a blind eye on the reality of the story that has a firm connection with the character of Rostam. If we notice to views of European fair minded scholars about t MoreLooking at the story of Siyāvash with some myths that are ethically and structurally unfit to this story turns a blind eye on the reality of the story that has a firm connection with the character of Rostam. If we notice to views of European fair minded scholars about the antiquity of Avestā as well as some Iranian scholars who study the subject phenomenologically, then we will know the Iranian themes in the story and how it differs from myths of fertility. First time, Afrasiab appointed Siyāvash as ruler of a fertile region called Kangdezh. Siyāvash made a guard wall around it with the help of Farre Kiyani (the gift of Divine grace); according to Bundahishn, it had 15 gates and the distance of each gate from the other was 15 days trekking time. For the second time, Afrasiab wanted Siyāvash to make another region near his capital; then Siyāvash made another city called Sharestane Siyāvashgerd. The present article wants to show that new archaeological researches are needed in Dushanbe and Bukhārā for these reasons: Narshakhi (ca. 899–959) points that the tomb of Siyāvash is located in the gate of Bukhārā; and there is a refurbished gate in Dushanbe and probably another gates in the city; and finally Siyāvashgerd is situated in limits of a wall. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Gordiya of Shāhnāmeh and Athena of Iliad: An Exploratory Comparison
Aghdas Fātehi Fatemeh HajirahimiIssue 74 , Vol. 20 , Spring 2024The primary Indo-European goddesses, including Athena, have adopted certain traits from the societal culture of ancient women tribes, such as the Scythians. Over time, due to various reasons or factors, these characteristics have been integrated into the characters of t MoreThe primary Indo-European goddesses, including Athena, have adopted certain traits from the societal culture of ancient women tribes, such as the Scythians. Over time, due to various reasons or factors, these characteristics have been integrated into the characters of the epics of Indo-European nations. By examining the persona of Athena and comparing it with Gordiya, an epic woman from Iran, it becomes evident that Gordiya has inherited some of Athena's attributes under the influence of mythological transformation and cultural interactions between Iran and Greece. The objective of the present study is to analyze the similarities and differences between Gordiya, a historical figure in the Shāhnāmeh, and Athena, the Greek mythological deity, through a descriptive-comparative approach. These two female icons share qualities such as beauty, nobility, wisdom, activity, combat skills, and proficiency in weapon usage. The main distinction between them lies in the fact that Athena possesses divine attributes, which Gordiya lacks. The research findings reveal that key aspects of Athena's personality can be discerned in Gordiya's character. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The Voyage of Spirit in The Red Book and Ma’arif: A Comparative Study
Bitā Tahān Mohammad Rezā Roozbeh Seyyed Mohsen Hosseini Moakhar Ali NooriIssue 59 , Vol. 16 , Autumn 2020The Red Book is an unusual work by Carl Gustav Jung, whose descendants have recently authorized its publication. In this book, he expresses his spiritual developments, pursues his inner images in a symbolic language and tries to find his forgotten soul. Also, Bahā ud-Dī MoreThe Red Book is an unusual work by Carl Gustav Jung, whose descendants have recently authorized its publication. In this book, he expresses his spiritual developments, pursues his inner images in a symbolic language and tries to find his forgotten soul. Also, Bahā ud-Dīn Walad, the father of Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, in his book, Ma’arif (the Gnosis), expresses his mystical intuitions frankly. The present article attempts to consider the voyage of spirit in these two works by using descriptive – analytical method. Therefore, the themes of "the spirit of the depths" and "the spirit of this time" discussed in The Red Book are compared to concepts of wisdom and soul discussed in Ma’arif; and at the end, the results of this voyage are mentioned. The purpose is to express the similarities and differences between the views of a mystic and a psychologist. The results show that Jung speaks of "the spirit of the depths" that is his guide and saves him from the "the spirit of this time", but Bahā ud-Dīn Walad does not say anything about the types of spirits and his only guide is God. According to Jung, at the end of the voyage, "if the hero in you is slain, then the sun of the depths rises in you". In Ma’arif, Bahā ud-Dīn Walad kills the carnal soul and his soul is enlightened to Divine lights. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Taboo-Breaking in the Story of Sheikh Sanān; An Analysis Based on Jung's Theory
Mohammad Ahi Elyas GhaderiIssue 66 , Vol. 18 , Spring 2023Taboo (meaning prohibited and forbidden) refers to things that have limits and follow certain rules and should not be broken under any circumstances, and if they are broken, the person and her/his relatives will suffer negative and harmful consequences. The present stud MoreTaboo (meaning prohibited and forbidden) refers to things that have limits and follow certain rules and should not be broken under any circumstances, and if they are broken, the person and her/his relatives will suffer negative and harmful consequences. The present study, by using analytic-descriptive method and library sources, examines the examples of taboo-breaking in the story of Sheikh Sanān from the mystical book of Attār of Nishapur, Mantiq-ut-Tayr. In the article, the taboos are divided into two categories: Islamic and Christian taboos, and each of them has been analyzed according to the relevant religion. The main question is, given the character of Sheikh Sanān, why are taboos broken? The answer of the question is given based on the psychology of Jung and according to the principles of Islam and Christianity. Carl Gustav Jung believes that the incompatible and negative features are the result of the function of the shadow archetype. Therefore, the reason for breaking the taboos by the protagonists - Sheikh Sanān and the Christian girl - is the result of the action of the shadow archetype. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The First Habitat and Fall of Man in Bible and Myths of Middle East: An Analytical and Comparative Study
hasan heidari ali bahariIssue 38 , Vol. 11 , Summer 2015From way back, man has believed that he has a higher origin, higher than the material world. According to most myths and religions and as a constituent element of old and modern anthropology, the ancestor of man used to reside in paradise, but as a result of sin, they f MoreFrom way back, man has believed that he has a higher origin, higher than the material world. According to most myths and religions and as a constituent element of old and modern anthropology, the ancestor of man used to reside in paradise, but as a result of sin, they fell in the earth. The present article attempts to consider the story of Creation, descriptions of habitat of Adam and Eve (Aden), the reason of their fall according to Bible, and to compare them with the old mythical beliefs of Middle East, especially the myths of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran. Also, the psychological and mythical views of Campbell, Freud, Jung, Tillich and John Gray are noticed. This comparative study shows that the symbols of snake, tree, woman, sin, fall from the paradise and preventing man from having divine attributes, especially science, power, and eternal life, have a similar function in the myths of Bible and Mesopotamia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The Layered Semiotics of "Alast" in Masnavi Manavi
Masoud Ruhani Ahmad Ghanipour Malekshāh Nasrin ShahbaziIssue 74 , Vol. 20 , Spring 2024Semiotics aims to uncover the conventions that give rise to meaning and assigns each word as a sign based on the concepts of the signifier and the signified, as well as signification. This research examines the word "Alast" ("Am I not your Lord?" Quran:7/172) in Masnavi MoreSemiotics aims to uncover the conventions that give rise to meaning and assigns each word as a sign based on the concepts of the signifier and the signified, as well as signification. This research examines the word "Alast" ("Am I not your Lord?" Quran:7/172) in Masnavi Manavi using an analytical-descriptive method and relies on layered semiotics. As an abstract sign, the word carries various meanings. Jalāl-al Din Rumi, like other Quranic words, has undergone semantic evolution and has created innovative interpretations within its context. Whenever he refers to the word, he establishes specific semantic links with a particular concept. This article investigates these specific semantic connections. The research results indicate that Rumi has employed this word in semantic fields with a unique artistic function. By mastering the mystical, philosophical, historical, and psychological content, and most importantly, the Quran and Hadiths, Rumi has effectively expressed profound content through this word. His intention was not merely to use the word as rhetoric. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Reexamining Significant Myths in Maad Jabouri 's Poetry
Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi Ali Akbar ReisiIssue 74 , Vol. 20 , Spring 2024The employment of myth and traditional heritage is a significant aspect of modern Arabic poetry. Contemporary poets utilize myth to convey their intended ideas indirectly and by deviating from conventional language norms, enabling them to express their contemporary ex MoreThe employment of myth and traditional heritage is a significant aspect of modern Arabic poetry. Contemporary poets utilize myth to convey their intended ideas indirectly and by deviating from conventional language norms, enabling them to express their contemporary experiences. Maad Jabouri, a contemporary Iraqi poet, has also been influenced by mythological heritage to enhance his poetry and articulate his thoughts, representing the aspirations and concerns of the people of Iraq and the Arab world. The poet recognizes the delicate atmosphere of the era and endeavors to inform the Muslim nations so they can address these concerns. The authors of the present study, employing an analytical-descriptive method with the intention of expressing the poet's concerns in the political and social realms, aim to identify the most crucial semantic implications of myth in Maad Jabouri's poetry. The study's findings suggest that Jabouri, inspired by the mythological legacy, has employed diverse non-conventional myths to create meaning and accentuate the text. These myths illustrate the poet's desires, passions, and concerns in various ways. In Jabouri's poetry, all mythological characters embody political and social concerns and lament a shared suffering. Additionally, they yearn for Iraq's independence and political freedom, as well as the establishment of social justice within the country. Manuscript profile
