محمدحسین موسوی ارجمند Articles List

Open Access Article

1 - Effect of cover kinds of pomegranate fruits for the damage reduction of pomegranate fruit moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lep., Pyralidae) in Saveh region
B. Rafiei H. Farazmand Sh. Goldasteh T. Sheikhali

Pomegranate fruit moth (PFM), Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lep., Pyralidae), is one of the most important pests of pomegranate in Iran. The larvae of E. ceratoniae cause damage to pomegranate fruits. Several different methods including collecting and burning of infected frui More

Pomegranate fruit moth (PFM), Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lep., Pyralidae), is one of the most important pests of pomegranate in Iran. The larvae of E. ceratoniae cause damage to pomegranate fruits. Several different methods including collecting and burning of infected fruits and biological control have been examined to control this pest, but these were not effective. One way that may prevent fruits infection is obstruction from laying eggs by the moth inside the fruit crown. In the present study, the effect of three types of fruit covers, including complete covering made by fabric net, crown covering with a plastic cap and crown covering with a cap made by fabric net on fruit infection rate were tested. The result showed that the mean infection rates were 9.50 and 2% for control and crown covering with a cap made by fabric net, respectively, so crown covering can reduce fruit damage by 78%. Comparison of flower and fruit drop, fruit cracking, cover stability and PFM infection indices between treatments indicated that using a cop made by fabric net on crown, in early May to early July, can be recommended for PFM control.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Determination of residual concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides in surface and groundwater sources supplying drinking water of Tehran city
سهراب Imani E. Dezfouli Shila Goldasteh reza vafaie K. Larijani

Pollution of water resources by increased use of pesticides is one of the environmental problems. The aim of present research is the determination of residual Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos in surface and groundwater resources of Tehran city (2018). 12 samples were taken fro More

Pollution of water resources by increased use of pesticides is one of the environmental problems. The aim of present research is the determination of residual Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos in surface and groundwater resources of Tehran city (2018). 12 samples were taken from 6 water source stations in 3 geographical regions on Tehran city. we designed new experiments to evaluate the rate of decomposition of pesticides in water, consider the two states of stagnant and current water, each sample was impregnated with 3 Liters of water with 50 mg/L, the active ingredient of the formulation of each of the pesticides studied, then the extraction method was performed at intervals of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days. The liquid-liquid extraction method was used and residual pesticides measurement was accomplished by GC/ NPD. In the stagnant water samples of all the stations, the results of the mean concentration of 3 replicates show a decreasing trend of the residual concentration of the pesticides in over time, but in the 25th day of extraction, the residual amount of pesticides did not reach zero, but in the current water samples, the results showed that the residual concentration of the pesticides was not measurable from the 15th to the 25th day of extraction. The simulation of the current state of the water using the aquarium pump is likely to increased oxidation of pesticides has increased their rate of degradation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The Use of Kaolin to control Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Dip:Tephritidae) in pomegranate orchards
A. Khezri E. Soleiman Nejadian Sh. Goldasteh H. Pezhman H. Farazmand

The Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)is a quarantine pest which was reported in Fars province, Iran in 2007. During the years 2010-2011 in a pomegranate orchard in Shiraz, kaolin effect was evaluated in five treatments consisted of kaolin (Spydan® WP 95%),  sprayi More

The Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)is a quarantine pest which was reported in Fars province, Iran in 2007. During the years 2010-2011 in a pomegranate orchard in Shiraz, kaolin effect was evaluated in five treatments consisted of kaolin (Spydan® WP 95%),  spraying with concentrations of 3% and 5% and at every 2 and 4 weeks intervals of treatment with control group in three replications to reduce damage caused by C. capitata. There was no significant difference between the various concentrations of kaolin but fewer fruits were infected during period of kaolin sprayed every two weeks. Investigation of the effect of kaolin on the host plant showed that kaolin5% had no effect on the total amount of leaf chlorophyl and temperature of the central part of pomegranate trees but average of fruit diameter coated with kaolin5% was larger than other fruits. Thus, according to the results, pomegranate trees sprayed with kaolin, at every 2 weeks, can be used successfully to control the Mediterranean fruit fly’s damage. Also kaolin5% had positive effect on size of pomegranate fruits. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Synthesis of chitosan/silica/fipronil nanoparticles and its effect on termite Microcerotermes gabrielis W. for sustained release
V. Derakhsh Ahmadi Z. Rafiei-karahroudi Shila Goldasteh Elham Sanatgar B. Heidary Alizadeh

Today, Water base nanopesticides with small size can help to over comes the low solubility of pesticides to control pest in agriculture. In this paper, an oil-core silica/ polymer/ fipronil shell nanoparticles was prepared for insecticidal activity of fipronil in vitro More

Today, Water base nanopesticides with small size can help to over comes the low solubility of pesticides to control pest in agriculture. In this paper, an oil-core silica/ polymer/ fipronil shell nanoparticles was prepared for insecticidal activity of fipronil in vitro was tested against termite (Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri (Isoptera: Termitidae)), which, the result of the biological activity showed the effectiveness of fipronil nanparticles during 72 h at 15 ppm and make tunneable activity of fipronil insecticide. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - A Preliminary Study on Fauna of Flower Fly Fauna (Syrphidae) in Koohdasht County (Lorestan province)
sh. rasapor Shila Goldasteh reza vafaie Soleiman Nejadian Ebrahimi

Insects of flower flies, Syrphidae are the best known predators that feed on wide variey of pests, especially aphids.  The fauna of this family was studied in fileds, orchards, pastures and forests of Kuhdasht County during 2009-2010. The specimens were collected u More

Insects of flower flies, Syrphidae are the best known predators that feed on wide variey of pests, especially aphids.  The fauna of this family was studied in fileds, orchards, pastures and forests of Kuhdasht County during 2009-2010. The specimens were collected using sweep net and Malaise trap during growing season. The dominant species of flower flies were determined based on number of insects collected during study. The results showed that a total of 21 species belonging to two subfamily and 12 genera were collected and identified. In this research Melanostoma melineum and Eupeodes corolla were determined as dominant species of the Syrphid family in Kuhdasht district. All identified species were reported the first time in Kuhdasgt County. All of samples were kept in the insect collection of the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resoures of the Islamic Azad University of Arak. The list of identified species are as follows: Subfamily Syrphinae                                                                   Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776); Ischiodon aegyptius (Wiedemann, 1830); I. scutellaris (Fabricius, 1805); Eupeodes corolla (Fabricius, 1794); E. nuba (Wiedemann, 1830); Scaeva albomaculata (Macquart, 1842); S. dignota (Rondani, 1857); Sphaerophoria rueppelli (Wiedemann, 1830); S. scripta (L., 1758); S. turkmenica Bankowska., 1964; Melanostoma melinum (L., 1758); Chrysotoxum parmense Rondani, 1845; Paragus bicolor (Fabricius, 1794); P. compeditus Wiedemann,1830.            Subfamily Milesiinae Eristalinus taeniops (Wiedemann, 1818); E. aeneus Scopoli, 1763); E. megacephalus (Rossi, 1794); Eristalis arbustorum (L., 1758); E. tenax (L., 1758); Eumerus tuberculatus Rondani, 1857; Syritta pipiens L., 1758).   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Species diversity of Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in Yazd province
L. Dehghan Dehnavi A. A. Talebi Sh. Goldasteh R. Vafaie

The family Megachilidae with more than 4000 wordwide described species is the thirth family of polliniting bees. In this research, in order to investigating the species diversity of Megachilidae, SDR software was used in different regions. The number of species in three More

The family Megachilidae with more than 4000 wordwide described species is the thirth family of polliniting bees. In this research, in order to investigating the species diversity of Megachilidae, SDR software was used in different regions. The number of species in three counties Yazd, Mehriz and Taft, abundance percentage of each species than total species that collected is determined. The indices of  abundance, diversity, evenness, richness species and also habitat similarity index for 48 species that collected in the three counties was calculated during 2012 and 2013. Megachile rubripes with relative abundance 48% in Yazd county in 2012, Anthidium florentinumwith relative abundance 22.5% in 2013, Megachile pilicrus with relative abundance 26.3% in Mehriz county in 2012, A. florentinum with abundance 19.3% in 2013, Lithurgus chrysurus with relative abundance 23.8%% in Taft county in 2012, Osmia  caerulescens  with relative abundance 29% in 2013 have the most abundance between species. According to alfa species diversity indices, determined that Mehriz and Taft counties have hiegher species diversity in 2013. According to satatistic comparation of evenness indices of species of Yazd, Mehriz counties and also Taft county has similarity evenness in 2012, 2013, but species abundance evenness was more in Mehriz and Taft counties than Yazd county. Species evenness was similar in Mehriz and Taft counties in 2012, 2013. Rarefaction method showed that Taft county has hiegher richness species in 2012. β diversity index showed that Mehriz and Taft counties have the most similarity in 2012, 2013. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - A survey on abundance and species diversity of Braconid wasps in forest of Mazandaran province
nasrin kian Shila Goldasteh S. Farahani

The species diversity of parasitoid wasps of Braconidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) were studied in Mazandaran province (Salardareh, Shavilasht, Haft khal, Alikola) in 2016. The specimens were collected bi-weekly intervals in 2016 using Malaise traps. A total of 161 specimen More

The species diversity of parasitoid wasps of Braconidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) were studied in Mazandaran province (Salardareh, Shavilasht, Haft khal, Alikola) in 2016. The specimens were collected bi-weekly intervals in 2016 using Malaise traps. A total of 161 specimens were identified representing 33 species. The species diversity of the family Braconidae was studied using SDR software. Abundance, Diversity and Evenness indexes were evaluated for 33 species in four different sites. Homolobus truncator (Say, 1829) with %16.77 and Disophrys initiator (Fonscolombe, 1846) with %15.53 had the highest abundance among the species and presents in all sites. The α diversity index indicated that Alikola are more diverse. Based on statistical comparison, Evenness index indicated that Salardareh and Shavilasht were more evenness. The aim of this study was to evaluate abundance and diversity of braconid wasps in four sites in forest of Mazandaran province, north of Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Introducing and identification of the species of Sphecidae (Hym) in Khomein (Iran)
F. Hadi E. Ebrahimi S. Modaress-Najaf abadi Sh. Goldasteh

During 2010-2011, studies were carried out in 17 areas of Khomein, Iran (Markazi province), using insect nets, malaise traps, yellow pan traps, and window traps to collect and identify the fauna of sphecid wasp. Twenty four species belonging to seven genera and four sub More

During 2010-2011, studies were carried out in 17 areas of Khomein, Iran (Markazi province), using insect nets, malaise traps, yellow pan traps, and window traps to collect and identify the fauna of sphecid wasp. Twenty four species belonging to seven genera and four subfamilies were collected and identified. Identifications were confirmed by Dr. Schmid-Egger from Berlin, Germany. The species are as follows. All species are recorded for the first time for Markazi province the tow astrisked species are recorded for the first time from Iran. Sphex flavipennis Fabricius, 1793 Sphex melas* Gussakovskij, 1930 Sphex pruinosus Germar, 1817 Sphex sp1. Sphex sp2. Sphex sp3. Prionyx nudatus (Kohl), 1885 Prionyx songaricus (Eversmann), 1849 Prionyx stschurowskii (Radoszkowski), 1877 Chlorion magnificum* F .Morawitz, 1887 Chlorion splendidum Fabricius, 1804 Sceliphron arabs (Lepeletier), 1845 Sceliphron destillatorium(Illiger), 1807 Sceliphron funestum Kohl, 1918  (Fabricius), 1781 Sceliphron madraspatanum Sceliphron rectum Kohl, 1918 Chalybion femoratum Fabricius, 1781 Ammophila heydenii Dahlbom,1845 Ammophila sabulosa (Linnaeus), 1758 Ammophila sp. Podalonia hirsuta (Scopoli), 1763 Podalinia hirsuta mervensis Radoszkowski, 1887 (Le Guillou), 1841 Podalonia tydei Podalonia sp. This is the first report if all species for Markazi province, among them tow species with asterisks are new records to Iranian insect fauna. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Study of the subfamilies Cryptinae and Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Mazandaran province, with record of five species new to Iran
Sh. Goldasteh h. Hoshyar R. Vafaei shoshtari A. Khoram abadi E. Sanatgar R. Jussila

The fauna the subfamilies Ichneumoninae and Cryptinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was studied in Mazandaran province, north of Iran during 2016. Sampling was done using 8 Malaise traps which were installed in three altitude layers. Totally, 126 and 64 specimens were co More

The fauna the subfamilies Ichneumoninae and Cryptinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was studied in Mazandaran province, north of Iran during 2016. Sampling was done using 8 Malaise traps which were installed in three altitude layers. Totally, 126 and 64 specimens were collected from the subfamilies Cryptinae and Ichneumoninae, respectively representing 25 species into 20 genera. Of them four genera and five species are recorded for the first time from Iran as following: Acrolyta Förster, 1869, Ceratophygadeuon Viereck, 1924, Eudelus Förster, 1869 and Mevesia Holmgren, 1890, Ceratophygadeuon varicornis (Thomson, 1884), Chirotica maculipennis (Gravenhorst, 1829), Eudelus gumperdensis (Schmiedeknecht, 1893), Mevesia arguta (Wesmael, 1845) and Virgichneumon albilineatus (Gravenhorst, 1829). Also a checklist of subfamilies Ichneumoninae and Cryptinae in Iran is provided. With new data of current research, the number of identified species of the subfamily Cryptinae of Iran and of the Hyrcanian forests biome increased to 128 and 39 species and for Ichneumoninae increased to 191 and 115, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Contribution to the knowledge of Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in the Yazd province, Iran
L. Dehghan Dehnavi A. A. Talebi Sh. Goldasteh R. Vafaei Shooshtari A. Nadimi

A survey was conducted to identify the part megachilid bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Megachilidae) in the Yazd province located in central of Iran during 2011–2013. The specimens were collected using sweeping net from different habitats. In total, 4436 Megachilid sp More

A survey was conducted to identify the part megachilid bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Megachilidae) in the Yazd province located in central of Iran during 2011–2013. The specimens were collected using sweeping net from different habitats. In total, 4436 Megachilid specimens were collected from 13 genera, 18 subgenera and 55 species. Seven species including Osmia (Helicosmia) peregrina, Megachile (Eutricharaea) semicircularis, Megachile (Entricharea) basilaris, Megachile (Pseudomegachile) cinnamomea, Megachile (Pseudomegachile) seraxensis, Megachile (Pseudomegachile) sanguinipes,and Icteranthidium ovasi are new records for Iran. Host plant association and geographical distributions of the known species from Yazd province are given. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Estimating an appropriate sample unit for sampling programs of alfalfa aphids in alfalfa fields
]. Sabouri A. Mohseni Amin Sh. Goldasteh N. Alipanahi

Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. is the most widely used forage plant. In the recent decade, alfalfa aphids have become an important economic pests in some regions of Iran, including Borujerd the northern parts of Lorestan province. In this research, the appropriate sam More

Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. is the most widely used forage plant. In the recent decade, alfalfa aphids have become an important economic pests in some regions of Iran, including Borujerd the northern parts of Lorestan province. In this research, the appropriate sample units of alfalfa aphid populations were investigated in 2016. Comparison of six sample units, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of alfalfa stems revealed that there were significant difference among RV and RNP of aphid populations. Results showed that, the appropriate sample unit to estimate Acyrthosiphon pisum, Acyrthosiphon kondoi and Therioaphis maculate populations in alfalfa fields were 4, 4 and 3 stems, respectively. Based on the findings of this research, sample unit of 4 stems is recommended in the sampling for all alfalfa aphids populations in the field. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Study on the population dynamics and spatial distribution of the cucurbit Fly; Dacus ciliatus Loew (Dip., Tephritidae)
M. Barzkar Sh. Goldasteh R. Eslamizadeh B. Usefi

The Cucurbits fly Dacus ciliates (Dip.,Tephritidae) is one of the most important pest on cucurbit crops in different parts of the Khuzestan province, Iran. Population dynamics of the pest was studied on three varieties (Spring cucumber, Armenian cucumber and Fall cucurb More

The Cucurbits fly Dacus ciliates (Dip.,Tephritidae) is one of the most important pest on cucurbit crops in different parts of the Khuzestan province, Iran. Population dynamics of the pest was studied on three varieties (Spring cucumber, Armenian cucumber and Fall cucurbit) in Safi Abad agricultural and natural resource research and education center of Dezful, in spring and fall, in 2009. The number of adults caught in yellow sticky traps, the eggs and larvae of different ages were counted weekly in infected fruits. The results showed that there were three population peaks of immature stages in all varieties. The highest number of adults in Spring cucumber caught was 6.65 per trap in middle of Jun and in Armenian cucumber was 4.35 in the late of Jun and in Fall cucurbit was 9.5 adult per trap in the Oct. The Iwao, s Index and Taylor, power law were applied to evaluate spatial distribution of the egg and Immature stages. Results showed that Taylor, s power law gave a better fitness result for egg and Immature stages. The results of this research could be apply in integrated pest management of cucurbit fly. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Comparison of the life table and reproduction parameters of the Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lep., Pyralidae) on three cultivars of date in laboratory conditions
H. Pourbehi A. A. Talebi A. A. zamani Sh. Goldasteh N. Farrar

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lep., Pyralidae) is one of the serious pests of stored date in Iran and many parts of the world. In this research life table and reproduction parameters of P. interpunctella on three cultivars of date were studied. The More

The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lep., Pyralidae) is one of the serious pests of stored date in Iran and many parts of the world. In this research life table and reproduction parameters of P. interpunctella on three cultivars of date were studied. The experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions at temperature of 27±2 ºC, 45±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16L:8D hours. The results indicated that, the life expectancy in egg period were 44/45, 52/29 and 47/89 days on Zahedi, Shahabi and Kabkab cultivars, respectively. The gross fecundity rate on Zahedi, Shahabi and Kabkab cultivars were estimated 172.1±17.5, 160.2±15.2 and 121.0±18.3 egg per female, respectively. There was no significant difference among gross fecundity rate on different cultivars of date. The net fertility rate on Zahedi cultivar with 96/8±10/4 was more than the other cultivars. The lowest value of this parameter on  Kabkab cultivar 43/84±7/26 was estimated that there was significant difference with Zahedi and Shahabi cultivars, but no significant difference was observed between Zahedi and Shahabi cultivars. The mean egg per day and mean fertile eggs per day of moths developed on Zahedi cultivar were estimated 25/09±2/61 and 22/38±2/30, respectively that was shown the maximum value among examined cultivers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Population fluctuations of the citrus cottony scales, Pulvinaria aurantii (Hem., Coccidae) on the sour oranges
Sh. Faghihzadeh Gorji Shila Goldasteh A. Zamani

The sour oranges is a horticultural crop in Iran and planted as ornamental trees all over the world (except polar regions) such as the north of Iran. The citrus cottony scales Pulvinaria aurantii Ckll. feeds on the foliage and stems of citrus trees and cause tree diebac More

The sour oranges is a horticultural crop in Iran and planted as ornamental trees all over the world (except polar regions) such as the north of Iran. The citrus cottony scales Pulvinaria aurantii Ckll. feeds on the foliage and stems of citrus trees and cause tree dieback in heavy infestation. In order to estimate the seasonal population fluctuations in Babol (Mazandaran province, Iran), sampling were done at the height of 1.5 to 2.5 meter of citrus trees  and samples were collected from four  geographical directions and three points including initial, medial and apical 40 cm of the branches. Further information such as daily temperature, relative humidity, and the amount of rainfalls simultaneously were recorded in each sampling date. The maximum number of population was observed in the January of 2014. We found that this species completes four generations per year. Based on the results of this study the best time for managements of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation of P. aurantii Ckll. in Babol is May, September, and to spot spraying in November and December, respectively. Pruning can be usefull too. In this study, natural enemies’ minority were observed which may be related to the insecticide treatments, absence of intermediate host and also the environmental pollution. Our results could lead to improve integrated pest management for P. aurantii Ckll.populations in the north of Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on population changes and growth parameters of carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval (Acari: Tetranychidae) on different rose cultivars
R. Namdari R. Vafaie Shoushtari Sh. Goldasteh J. Shakarami

Carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval, is an important pest of ornamental plants such as roses in the world. In this research, population changes and the growth parameters of T. cinnabarinus reared on three rose cultivars (Magic Red, Polar Star, Dolce More

Carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval, is an important pest of ornamental plants such as roses in the world. In this research, population changes and the growth parameters of T. cinnabarinus reared on three rose cultivars (Magic Red, Polar Star, Dolce vita) at different amount of nitrogen fertilization (0, 50 and 100 Kg ha-1) were evaluated at 27±2°C, 70±5% RH and 16: 8 h (L: D) photoperiod. The highest and lowest abundance of mites were observed at levels of 100 and 0 (control) Kg ha-1 nitrogen. In all levels of nitrogen, the density of pest were the highest (79.25) on the Magic Red and lowest on the Dolce Vita variety. Also results showed that on all varieties, the 100 Kg ha-1 nitrogen provided the highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate of (R0). By increasing the rate of fertilizer, the doubling time of population (DT) decreased and the mite completed its generation in the shortest time (T). This study revealed that the use of high levels of nitrogen can considerably increase population and reproductive rate of carmine spider mite in rose greenhouse. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Investigating The Effect Of Silicon And Its Formulations on Biological Parameters And Density Of Tetranychus Urticae On Five Bean Varieties
H. Rezaei Shila Goldasteh Elham Sanatgar A. Nickpey

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silicon and its formulations on biological parameters and Tetranychus urticae sphincter density on five bean cultivars. The research is a laboratory study that was carried out in a factorial design (first factor Bea More

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silicon and its formulations on biological parameters and Tetranychus urticae sphincter density on five bean cultivars. The research is a laboratory study that was carried out in a factorial design (first factor Bean cultivar and second type of silicone consumed). The tested bean cultivars consist of five varieties of red bean, black bean, white, black and white beans. For the experiment, for each bean variety, 20 pots are considered (totally 100 pots). The silicon compounds used in the experiments include silicone fluid fertilizer, liquid potassium silicate, powder calcium silicate. From each of 20 pots of a bean cultivar, 5 pots were considered as controls, and 5 pots of liquid potassium silicate, 5 pots of powdered calcium silicate and finally on the last 5 pots of liquid fertilizer based on silicon. . Then 10 leaves of each pot are placed in a petri dish and placed on the leaves of 50 equally male and female mats, and the petri dishes are incubated at 25 ± 5 ° C and The relative humidity was 60 ± 10%. Then, in 18 days, the number of adult mites on the back and back of each leaf of each petri and the number of eggs on the back and back of them were counted with anatomical microscope, and the biological parameters and survival percentage of each stage of growth The available varieties of each bean variety were studied under a special silicone composition until the death of the last mite. SPSS-23 software was used for data analysis and Excel charts were used to draw tables charts. The results indicate that the most effective use of silicon and formulations in bean breeding, including siliciculous liquid fertilizer, liquid potassium silicate, powdered calcium silicate, has been shown to decrease the survival or survival ratio and life expectancy and decrease Turning eggs into larvae, and turning larvae into nymphs, and turning nymphs into mites. Manuscript profile

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