Human & Environment: 4 (3)

Open Access Article

1 - Assessing the Components of Social Sustainability in the Historical Bazaar of Tabriz based on the Perspectives of the Merchants
Reza Shoari MirSaeid moosavi Mohammadreza PakdelFard Assadollah Shafizadeh

Background and Objective: Today, despite the extensive changes in urban communities, the Bazzar has been able to maintain its social role. Considering the importance of the Bazzar as a center for social activities, the main purpose of this study is to measure the degree More

Background and Objective: Today, despite the extensive changes in urban communities, the Bazzar has been able to maintain its social role. Considering the importance of the Bazzar as a center for social activities, the main purpose of this study is to measure the degree of social stability in the historical Bazzar of Tabriz based on the views of active traders.Material and Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical. Data analysis was performed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman tests. Findings: showed that all components of social sustainability are interdependent. A change in any of the components will lead to a change in the other components. Among these, the highest correlation between the component of sense of belonging and social interactions with the value of 0.902 is the correlation between the two components of social interaction and social security with the value of 0.896 and the component of sense of belonging and satisfaction with the value of 0.893 are in the next order. The lowest correlation between the identity-social monitoring component is 0.574. In comparison between the lowest correlation, the correlation between the dual variables of identity-social security and identity-sense of belonging, identity-social interactions are 0.640, 0.645 and 0.652, respectively. Accordingly, the identity component has the least degree of dependence on other components of social stability. Discussion and Conclusion: It was found that the role and importance of the Bazzar as a platform for social activities has not changed over time and is still stable in the minds of active traders in the Bazzar. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The Role of Biochar in the Remediation of Salt-Affected Soils
Younes Shukuhifar Reza Hassanpour Bahman Khoshru Hossein Besharati

Background and Objective: Salts accumulation in soil is a major threat to agricultural production and ecosystem sustainability. The cost imposed on agricultural productivity due to salinity and sodicity is very high and is expected to increase in the future with the exp More

Background and Objective: Salts accumulation in soil is a major threat to agricultural production and ecosystem sustainability. The cost imposed on agricultural productivity due to salinity and sodicity is very high and is expected to increase in the future with the expansion of salt-affected areas. In the last decade, a great focus has been made on the application of biochar in farming systems with the primary aim of organic carbon sequestration in soil and subsequently reducing greenhouse gases emission to air and also reclaim soils, and increasing soil fertility. But these studies often were in non-saline soils and it is needed to study the biochar effect in salt-affected soils. Material and Methodology: Due to the lack of research on the role of biochar in salt-affected soils, this paper first provides an overview of the extent and problems of these soils. Then, the researches on the effect of biochar on soil properties, carbon sequestration, and remeduatuib if sakt-affected soils were reviewed and study and research gaps in this field were investigated. Findings: The application of biochar in the soil causes the sequestration of carbon in the soil and reduces the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In the salt-affected soils, biochar, as an organic soil amendment, improves the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, thereby mitigating the effects of salt on soil and plants. Discussion and Conclusion: Carbon sequestration and improvement of soil quality are the two reported general benefits of biochar application in soil. The results of researches in this field are different depending on the source and method of biochar preparation, soil properties, and experiment conditions. Therefore, various studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of biochar effect on the properties of salt-affected soils and their remediation. It is not possible to provide a practical solution by doing some research, but developing scientific findings in this field can guide future policies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Cadmium and Lead Bioavailability Affected by Pseudomonas in Different Textured Soils
Atiyeh Gharedaghi Shirejini ali khanmirzaei Shekoofeh Rezaei

Background and Objective: The behavior of heavy metals in the soil as one of the environmental challenges has attracted the attention of many researchers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on remobilization of cadmium (Cd) More

Background and Objective: The behavior of heavy metals in the soil as one of the environmental challenges has attracted the attention of many researchers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on remobilization of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in two calcareous soils. Material and Methodology: Phosphorus, cadmium and lead in the forms of KH2PO4, Cd(NO3)2 and Pb(NO3)2 simultaneously were introduced to the soils to promote the formation of phosphate minerals of added metals in two selected soils. Ater two months the soils were inoculated with two Pseudomonas species and incubated for 3 months. Sequential extraction scheme were applied to determine the chemical forms of Cd and Pb 5, 25, 60 and 90 days after incubation. Findings: The results showed that application of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria changed chemical forms of Cd and Pb. Inoculation with Pseudomonas decreased the soluble and exchangeable cadmium while increased organic matter-bound Cd concentration. Inoculation by Pseudomonas increased carbonate-bound Pb and decreased Fe-Mn oxide and organic matter bound Pb. In the other hand, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas) decreased mobility and bio-availability of cadmium and immobilization of lead. Discussion and Conclusion: In fact, the behavior of heavy metals in the presence of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria was different and depends on the type of metal and soil properties. In present study, bacteria cause immobilization of cadmium and remobilization of lead. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Identifying and prioritizing appropriate strategies to organize the fabric of the central part of Qhazvin city with a sustainable urban regeneration approach using SWOT-AHP techniques
Manuchehr Habibi Nafise Marsoosi Ismail Aliakbari

Background and Objective: In this research, the worn-out areas of the central part of Qhazvin city have been identified in terms of the intensity of wear and tear, prioritization and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of these areas. Material and Meth More

Background and Objective: In this research, the worn-out areas of the central part of Qhazvin city have been identified in terms of the intensity of wear and tear, prioritization and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of these areas. Material and Methodology: To achieve this goal, the documents, statistics and information available in scientific sources, as well as interviews with heads of households living in dilapidated contexts, experts, managers and experts related to architectural and social issues and using the fuzzy hierarchy technique of AHP model and SWOT model It has been used. In the first stage, the worn-out areas of the central part of Qhazvin city have been prioritized in terms of the severity of wear and tear. In the next step, using the SWOT model with a sample size of 417 people for a confidence level of 95% and a probability of error of 5%, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the worn-out areas of the central part of Qhazvin city have been identified. Findings: lack of service-welfare spaces in the studied area with importance factor (0.033) as the most important weakness, easy access to the main streets, market and city center with importance factor (0.024) as the highest strength, lack of plan E. Madoon is in the direction of central justice in the area of Qhazvin city with a significance coefficient (0.054). Discussion and Conclusion: The most important threat is the existence of incentive schemes (such as granting loans, increasing density, etc.) by the relevant organizations in order to increase investment and renovation with a coefficient of importance (0.032) and the best opportunity to organize the context of the sector. The center of Qhazvin city was recognized with a sustainable urban regeneration approach.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Punitive measures of the Iranian legal system in the matter of waste (Comparative study with French law)
sayed hadi mosavi Ebrahim Taghizade Ali Chahcandinejad

Today, waste management is one of the most essential axes of sustainable development. The growing trend of waste production has doubled the need to pay attention to this issue. The present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources More

Today, waste management is one of the most essential axes of sustainable development. The growing trend of waste production has doubled the need to pay attention to this issue. The present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources, including books and related research.                  In our country, Article 50 of the Constitution and the Law on Waste Management, as well as other scattered laws, including the Islamic Penal Code, have established appropriate legal capacities in waste management. Among the envisaged mechanisms is the guarantee of criminal executions for perpetrators of actions outside the framework and legal rules in the field of waste. Unlike some countries that have used both the tools of imprisonment and fines to control this issue, the punitive policy of the Iranian legal system is based on the fine of the offender and does not mention imprisonment as a deterrent mechanism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Assesment of dispersion of heavy metals (As, Pb, Zn and Cd) in Varamin city water supply network and their spatial distribution pattern by GIS
Delaram Moosavi khatibi Shahram Baikpour alireza Gharagozlu mahdi ramezani

Background and Objective: Drinking water pollution has become one of the most important issues in everyday human life. This study covered a 1580 square kilometers area. In this research, the quality of Varamin drinking water was studied in terms of heavy metal contamina More

Background and Objective: Drinking water pollution has become one of the most important issues in everyday human life. This study covered a 1580 square kilometers area. In this research, the quality of Varamin drinking water was studied in terms of heavy metal contaminants including lead, zinc, arsenic, and cadmium. Material and Methodology: In this study, 30 samples of Varamin drinking water were collected and analyzed using ICP-OES EOP after preparation in the laboratory. The map of heavy metal distribution was prepared using Arc GIS to determine the degree of heavy metal pollution and distribution in the region’s drinking water. Two indices of Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) based on concentration and heavy metals in the region proportionate to the maximum allowed concentration for drinking were used to determine the degree of regional drinking water pollution. Findings: The results of the study on heavy metal contaminants including lead, zinc, cadmium, copper, arsenic, chromium, and iron using two methods of pollution index evaluation showed that the heavy elements were less than 10 according to Heavy Metal Evaluation method and the pollution degree was low. The results of Heavy Metal Pollution method showed that these elements were at pollution threshold value in most stations under study. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the zoning in this region by inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation in ArcGIS, it was concluded that the highest degree of heavy elements was in northwestern and western part of the city and the lowest degree was in northeastern part of the city. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Location of greenhouses for optimization in agriculture with sustainable development approach (Case study: Asadabad plain)
Abouzar Ramezani Moslem Darvishi Davod Nejat

Backgeround and Objective: Greenhouse refers to a limited space that has the ability to control the appropriate environmental conditions for the growth of plants in different areas during different seasons of the year. Rapid economic and cultural growth, population grow More

Backgeround and Objective: Greenhouse refers to a limited space that has the ability to control the appropriate environmental conditions for the growth of plants in different areas during different seasons of the year. Rapid economic and cultural growth, population growth, soil and water constraints, the community's need for food, the existence of large consumer markets and the interest in producing off-season crops in recent years have led to the development of greenhouse crops. But choosing the wrong place to build a greenhouse leads to a waste of capital and the failure of these goals. The purpose of this study is to find the optimal location of the greenhouse in Asadabad plain with a sustainable development approach. Material and Methodology: Due to the existence of numerous and effective parameters –for the performance of greenhouses, the technique of multi-criteria analysis has been used to find a suitable location. Also, due to the uncertainty in the behavior of natural parameters, fuzzy logic has been used to model the effect of the parameters. Findings: The results show that of the total area of Asadabad plain, 10% are in a very good condition, 39% are in a good condition (suitable with restrictions) and 51% are in a bad condition in terms of greenhouse construction. Discussion and Conclusion: Relying on spatial analysis can reduce the investment risk for greenhouses and lead to environmental sustainability. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Modeling of municipal waste landfill in QGIS environment (Case study of Zahedan city)
khadijhe safari Seyed Ali Jozi Sahar rezaian

Background and Objective: Waste management, which is one of the most important tasks of metropolitan urban management around the world, is also one of the most complex and costly problems of urban management. Precise principles of locating different activities in the ci More

Background and Objective: Waste management, which is one of the most important tasks of metropolitan urban management around the world, is also one of the most complex and costly problems of urban management. Precise principles of locating different activities in the city Due to the nature of urban problems are very much solved. Lack of proper management and not choosing the right location for landfilling municipal waste creates problems for the environment. Material and Methodology: In this paper, method 3 is presented with the aim of modeling municipal landfills in QGIS environment in Zahedan city. First, the effective criteria in selecting the burial site according to the conditions of the region and with the opinion of experts (Delphi questionnaire) were examined and 18 sub-criteria were determined in two groups, ecological criteria and socio-economic criteria. All steps, except for determining the weight and examining the internal relationships of the criteria, were coded in the QGIS open source software and the location system of the municipal waste landfill was developed in the open source context. Findings: QGIS 3.16 software was used to build a landfill for Zahedan landfill. It is possible to use open source software to develop numerical numerical models in the process of assessing the suitability of land for landfill use. In general, the use of geographic information systems, the possibility of spatial analysis, analysis and storage, definition Different functions have provided appropriate visual representation in order to locate with different criteria, descriptive information of spatial and non-spatial data. Discussion and Conclusion: The results obtained in QGIS software are completely consistent with the results obtained from the implementation of the process in ARC GIS software. QGIS software is a suitable method with the aim of faster and smarter selection of landfill location criteria in Zahedan city. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Modeling the emission and spread of air pollutants in Beyhaqi passenger terminal of Tehran under different scenarios
maryam karimi farzam Babaie Hooman Bahmanpour ali mohammadi Mohammad Reza Tapesh

Background and Objective: The purpose of this research is to measure air pollutants (especially PM10) in Beyhaqi Terminal of Tehran and to model the release of this pollutant under various conditions. Material and Methodology: In order to measure the pollutant of suspe More

Background and Objective: The purpose of this research is to measure air pollutants (especially PM10) in Beyhaqi Terminal of Tehran and to model the release of this pollutant under various conditions. Material and Methodology: In order to measure the pollutant of suspended particles with a diameter of 10 microns (PM10), a portable device model Grimm 108/109 was used. In the selected points, sampling was done once a month during the year, three days a month and 3 times a day, and the sampling was done at different times of the day, i.e. morning, noon and evening, according to the increase and decrease of vehicle traffic. And for the purpose of modeling, Austal view, version 7 software was used. Findings: The results showed that the concentration measured in the autumn and winter seasons was higher than the first six months of the year. Since in the standard of the World Health Organization, the daily limit for this pollutant is 50 micrograms per cubic meter, it can be seen that in the first scenario, in some areas (distances less than 300 meters from the source), the concentration of the pollutant exceeded the standard. The rest of the ranges are within the standard range. In the second scenario and based on the emission reduction factor of 70%, it was determined that all areas are within the standard range. Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, reducing the stopping time of cars, not turning on lights and using exhaust absorbent filters will help to reduce the emission of suspended particles. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - An overview of the applications of chitin and chitosan in different industries
معصومه کردی nasser farokhi

Background and Objective: Chitin is found in the external skeleton of insects, the shell of crustaceans and the fungal cell wall. Chitin with the formula B-1, 4 N- acetyl glucosamine, it was first identified in 1884. Countries such as India, Japan, Poland and Australia More

Background and Objective: Chitin is found in the external skeleton of insects, the shell of crustaceans and the fungal cell wall. Chitin with the formula B-1, 4 N- acetyl glucosamine, it was first identified in 1884. Countries such as India, Japan, Poland and Australia are among the main producers of this biopolymer. Material and Methodology: In this research, the structure and importance of chitin and one of its valuable derivatives, chitosan, have been studied. Chitin is a hard substance with a crystalline structure and white color. The main source of industrial chitin production in the world is shell waste from shrimp and crab processing industries. Chitosan is a derivative of chitin obtained by deacetylation of chitin. In fact, chitosan is a composite polymer of glucose amine and N-acetylglucose amine, which are connected by 1 and 4 glycosidic bonds. Due to the presence of amino groups in the structure of chitosan, this substance has better solubility in acidic environments. Findings: Due to the unique properties of chitin and chitosan, its use in various industries such as water engineering, paper industry, textile industry, food processing, agriculture, laboratory (chromatography), solid state batteries, chitosan gel for LED, it has been reported in medical and biological fields including tissue engineering, wound healing/wound dressing, ophthalmology. Discussion and Conclusion: In general, chitin and chitosan are used in all mentioned fields. The use of these healthy and environmentally friendly compounds, especially in the field of medicine and other industries, is very economical and profitable. Manuscript profile

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