پهنه‌بندی و تحلیل فضایی مناطق شهری به لحاظ ناهنجاری‌های اجتماعی و شناسایی کانون‌های جرم‌خیز شهری (مطالعه موردی: کلانشهر تبریز)
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ایسیامک محمدی امناب 1 , کریم حسین زاده دلیر 2 , پرویز نوروزی ثانی 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد مرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرند، ایران
2 - استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد مرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرند، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد مرند، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مرند، ایران
کلید واژه: پهنه‌بندی, شهر تبریز, ناهنجاری اجتماعی, کانون های جرم خیز, شاخص نزدیکترین همسایه,
چکیده مقاله :
این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی و ارائه‌ی تصویری از کانون‌های جرم‌خیز و ناهنجاری‌های اجتماعی در سطح مناطق شهر تبریز ارائه گردیده است. در این پژوهش ترکیبی از روش‌های توصیفی، تحلیلی و تطبیقی به کار گرفته شده است و به منظور تحلیل الگوهای فضایی جرائم در سطح مناطق شهر تبریز با استفاده از نر‌م‌افزارهای اختصاصی تحلیل فضایی بزهکاری در محیط سامانه‌های اطلاعات جغرافیایی، روش های آماری تحلیل واریانس و آزومون توکی، آزمون خوشه‌بندی (شاخص نزدیکترین همسایه) و روش درون‌یابی به کار گرفته شده است. یافته‌های تحقیق حاکی از آن است که مهم‌ترین کانون‌هاجرم‌خیزشهری تبریزدرمناطق 10 و 4 و 6 واقع شده است که جزء محدوده هایپرازدحام و متراکم شهر که دارای ساختار کالبدی نامناسب با امکان کنترل کم‌تر می‌باشد، شکل گرفته است. با توجه به مقایسه میانگین‌ها و ترتیب آن ها، مناطق 2 و 9 به ترتیب کمترین نمره را به لحاظ ناهنجاری اجتماعی دریافت کرده‌اند. جهت نشان دادن الگوی توزیع متغیرهای مورد مطالعه از مدل نزدیکترین همسایه استفاده شد که در تمامی متغیرها با توجه به مدل، الگوی توزیع کاملاً پراکنده است. در ادامه جهت پهنه‌بندی متغیرهای مورد مطالعه در سطح مناطق شهر تبریز با توجه به نتایج مطالعه میدانی از مدل درون‌یابی استفاده شد که پهنه‌بندی متغیر شرارت در شهر تبریز، در سطح مناطق 10 و 4 و 6 بیشترین تراکم را دارند و مناطق 2 و 1 و 8 کمترین تراکم این متغیر را دارند.
This study aims to identify and present an image of crime-prone centers and social anomalies at areas of Tabriz city. In this research, a combination of descriptive, analytical and comparative methods have been used. Professional Software of Crime Spatial Analysis in GIS environment, Variance and Covariance Statistical Methods and Toki Test, Clustering Test (the nearest neighbor index) and Interpolation Method were used for crime spatial pattern analyses in Tabriz city areas. Findings of the study indicated that the most important urban crime-prone centers of Tabriz city are in the regions 6, 4 and 10 which are of the most populated districts of the city with improper physical structure and lower controllability. According to the comparison of the means and their order, regions 2 and 3 obtained the least scores of social anomalies, respectively. To show the study variables distribution pattern, we used the nearest neighbor pattern, which is completely spread in all variables, considering distribution pattern model. Next, according to the findings of the field study we used interpolation model for zonation of the study variables in Tabriz city regions. Zonation of the variable of wickedness in Tabriz city had the most and the least densities in the regions 6, 4 and 10 and also, the regions 2, 1, and 8, correspondingly.
Anselin, L., Cohen, J., Cook, D., Gorr, W., & Tita, G. (2000). Spatial analyses of crime. Criminal justice, 4 (2), 213-262.
Bertau, E. (2012). Income on the location and crime relationship. Kargah Quarterly, 2 (19), 94-125. (In Persian)
Binanlu, Y., & Mansourian, M. (2006). Relationship of population density with the amount and type of mass. Social welfare quarterly, 6 (22), 29-56. (In Persian)
Eck, J., Chinese, S., Jamzaji, C., Leitner, M., & Wilson, R. E. (2009). Mapping for Delinquency Analysis: Identifying Mass Crime Centers. Translation: Mohsen Kalantari & Maryam Kalantari, First print, Publisher: Azar Kalk, Zanjan. (In Persian)
Erdogan, Saffet, M., Ali Dereli, & Mustafa Yalcin. (2011). Spatial Analysis of Five Crime Statistics in Turkey. FIG Working Week 2011 Bridging the Gap between Cultures Marrakech, Morocco.
Felson, M., & Clarke, R. V. (1998). Opportunity makes the thief: Pratical theory for crime prevention (Police Research Paper, 98). London: Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Retrieved from http:// www. popcenter. Org /library / reading/PDF.
Gregory, D., Johnston, R., Pratt, G., Watts, M., Whatmore, S., & Gregory, D. (2009). the Dictionary of Human Geography. John Wiley & Sons.
Hillier, B., & Sahbaz, O. (2010). High Resolution Analysis of Crime Patterns in Urban Street Networks. An initial statistical sketch from an ongoing study of a London borough. University College London, UK.
Kalantari, M., Ghezelbash, S., & Yaghmaie, B. (2011). Geographical Investigation of Crime Hot Spots in Zanjan City(Case Study: Drug-Related Crimes). Human Geography Research Quarterly,(74), 41-59. (In Persian)
Kalantari, M., Zadvali, Sh., & Gholamhoseini, R. (2014). Ranking of urban areas based on factors affecting the increase of crime (Case study: District 6 of Tehran). Quarterly Urban Planning Studies, 2 (6), 79-101. (In Persian)
Keynia, M. (1994). Fondements de Criminology. Vol. 2, Tehran: Publication University of Tehran. (In Persian)
Mahmudi, F., Vahid Dastjerdi, F., & Barani, M. (2015). Impact of proximity of residence on the location of crime. Case study: Theft of crime in Tehran. Journal of Social Psychology, 5 (2), 67-87. (In Persian)
McCollister, K. E., French, M. T., & Fang, H. (2010). The cost of crime to society: New crime-specific estimates for policy and program evaluation. Drug nd Alcohol Dependence, 108 (1), 98-109.
Meshkini, A., Mahdnejad, H., Parhiz, F., & Tafakori, A. (2016). Evaluation of the Mutual Relationship between Land use Distribution and Frequency of Criminality in 12th District of Tehran. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development journal, 8 (15), 357-367.(In Persian)
Meshkini, A., Ziari, K., Kalantari, M., & Parhiz, F. (2015). Spatial-Physical Analysis of Social Abnormalities in Informal Settlement Areas (Case Study: Islamabad Informal Settlement Area in Zanjan). Human Geography Research Quarterly,45 (2), 1-16. (In Persian)
Nazariyan, A., Ziyari, Y.A., Khazaei, N. (2013). Study environmental criminology theories in relation to the prevention of crime in urban environments. Human Science Research. 5 (21), 47-68. (In Persian)
Nazm Far, H., Eshghi chehr, A., & Alavi, S. (2015). Leveling the provinces of the country in terms of crime. Proceedings of the National Conference: A New Vision Toward: Urban Planning, Safety and Crime Prevention in Urban Spaces. 16 & 17 Dec 2015 - Tabriz. (In Persian)
Parhiz, F. (2010). Analysis of spacephysical and social ills in the informal settlement areas (Case Study: Islamabad in the Zanjan city). Master Thesis, Supervisor Kalantari, M., Ziyari, K., Zanjan University.
Pishgahifard, Z., Kalantari, M., Parhiz, F., & Haghpanah, E. (2012). Geographical Analysis of Hotspots of the Drug-Related Crimes in the City of Kermanshah. Urban Regional Studies and Research, 3 (11), 75-96. (In Persian)
Quaddus, M. A., & Siddique, M. A. B. (2001). Modelling sustainable development planning: a multicriteria decision conferencing approach. Environment International, 27 (2), 89-95.
Rostami Tabrizi, L. R., & Madanipour, A. (2006). Crime and the city: Domestic burglary and the built environment in Tehran. Habitat International, 30 (4), 932-944.
Sargin, S., & Temurçin, K. (2010). Spatial dispersion and Analysis of Urban Crimes of Security Committed against Property in Turkey. 4th International Congress of the Islamic World Geographers (ICIWG2010). Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran.
Shali, M. (2012). Identification and typology of informal housing zones in Tabriz metropolitan area. The first regional conference on architecture and urbanism, Organizer: Saqez University of Applied Sciences. (In Persian)
Shamai, A., Movahed, A., & Veisi, R. (2014). Patial analysis and investigation of drug-related crimes in the metropolitan city of Tehran (Case study: district 2 of Tehran municipality). Iranian Journal of Social Problem, 5 (2), 243-272. (In Persian)
Sheikhavandi, D. (1974). Social Pathology. Tehran: Publishing of Jar. (In Persian)
Soltani, M. (1995). Impact of population on social anomalies. Geographical researches Quarterly journal, (29), 117-126. (In Persian)
Statistical Yearbook. (1390). East Azarbaijan Province. Tehran: Iran Statistics Center. (In Persian)
Taghvaee, A., Rafieian, M., & Rezvan, A. (2011). Analysis of the Relationship among the Components of Land Use with the Declining of Urban Crime and Insecurity (Case Study: Region 17th. of the City of Tehran). Human Geography Research Quarterly, 49 (77), 19-38. (In Persian)
Taylor, B., & RalPK. (1998). Crime and Pcale: National institue of Justise (NIJ). At: http://WWW. Nij. com.
Wang, D., Ding, W., Lo, H., Morabito, M., Chen, P., Salazar, J., & Stepinski, T. (2013). Understanding the spatial distribution of crime based geospatial discriminative patterns. Computers. Environment and Urban Systems, 39, 93-106.
Zhong, H., Yin, J., Wu, J., Yao, S., Wang, Z., Lv, Z., & Yu, B. (2011). Spatial Analysis for Crime Pattern of Metropolis in Transition Using Police Records and GIS: a Case Study of Shanghai. China. International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications, 5 (2), 93-105.
_||_Anselin, L., Cohen, J., Cook, D., Gorr, W., & Tita, G. (2000). Spatial analyses of crime. Criminal justice, 4 (2), 213-262.
Bertau, E. (2012). Income on the location and crime relationship. Kargah Quarterly, 2 (19), 94-125. (In Persian)
Binanlu, Y., & Mansourian, M. (2006). Relationship of population density with the amount and type of mass. Social welfare quarterly, 6 (22), 29-56. (In Persian)
Eck, J., Chinese, S., Jamzaji, C., Leitner, M., & Wilson, R. E. (2009). Mapping for Delinquency Analysis: Identifying Mass Crime Centers. Translation: Mohsen Kalantari & Maryam Kalantari, First print, Publisher: Azar Kalk, Zanjan. (In Persian)
Erdogan, Saffet, M., Ali Dereli, & Mustafa Yalcin. (2011). Spatial Analysis of Five Crime Statistics in Turkey. FIG Working Week 2011 Bridging the Gap between Cultures Marrakech, Morocco.
Felson, M., & Clarke, R. V. (1998). Opportunity makes the thief: Pratical theory for crime prevention (Police Research Paper, 98). London: Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. Retrieved from http:// www. popcenter. Org /library / reading/PDF.
Gregory, D., Johnston, R., Pratt, G., Watts, M., Whatmore, S., & Gregory, D. (2009). the Dictionary of Human Geography. John Wiley & Sons.
Hillier, B., & Sahbaz, O. (2010). High Resolution Analysis of Crime Patterns in Urban Street Networks. An initial statistical sketch from an ongoing study of a London borough. University College London, UK.
Kalantari, M., Ghezelbash, S., & Yaghmaie, B. (2011). Geographical Investigation of Crime Hot Spots in Zanjan City(Case Study: Drug-Related Crimes). Human Geography Research Quarterly,(74), 41-59. (In Persian)
Kalantari, M., Zadvali, Sh., & Gholamhoseini, R. (2014). Ranking of urban areas based on factors affecting the increase of crime (Case study: District 6 of Tehran). Quarterly Urban Planning Studies, 2 (6), 79-101. (In Persian)
Keynia, M. (1994). Fondements de Criminology. Vol. 2, Tehran: Publication University of Tehran. (In Persian)
Mahmudi, F., Vahid Dastjerdi, F., & Barani, M. (2015). Impact of proximity of residence on the location of crime. Case study: Theft of crime in Tehran. Journal of Social Psychology, 5 (2), 67-87. (In Persian)
McCollister, K. E., French, M. T., & Fang, H. (2010). The cost of crime to society: New crime-specific estimates for policy and program evaluation. Drug nd Alcohol Dependence, 108 (1), 98-109.
Meshkini, A., Mahdnejad, H., Parhiz, F., & Tafakori, A. (2016). Evaluation of the Mutual Relationship between Land use Distribution and Frequency of Criminality in 12th District of Tehran. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development journal, 8 (15), 357-367.(In Persian)
Meshkini, A., Ziari, K., Kalantari, M., & Parhiz, F. (2015). Spatial-Physical Analysis of Social Abnormalities in Informal Settlement Areas (Case Study: Islamabad Informal Settlement Area in Zanjan). Human Geography Research Quarterly,45 (2), 1-16. (In Persian)
Nazariyan, A., Ziyari, Y.A., Khazaei, N. (2013). Study environmental criminology theories in relation to the prevention of crime in urban environments. Human Science Research. 5 (21), 47-68. (In Persian)
Nazm Far, H., Eshghi chehr, A., & Alavi, S. (2015). Leveling the provinces of the country in terms of crime. Proceedings of the National Conference: A New Vision Toward: Urban Planning, Safety and Crime Prevention in Urban Spaces. 16 & 17 Dec 2015 - Tabriz. (In Persian)
Parhiz, F. (2010). Analysis of spacephysical and social ills in the informal settlement areas (Case Study: Islamabad in the Zanjan city). Master Thesis, Supervisor Kalantari, M., Ziyari, K., Zanjan University.
Pishgahifard, Z., Kalantari, M., Parhiz, F., & Haghpanah, E. (2012). Geographical Analysis of Hotspots of the Drug-Related Crimes in the City of Kermanshah. Urban Regional Studies and Research, 3 (11), 75-96. (In Persian)
Quaddus, M. A., & Siddique, M. A. B. (2001). Modelling sustainable development planning: a multicriteria decision conferencing approach. Environment International, 27 (2), 89-95.
Rostami Tabrizi, L. R., & Madanipour, A. (2006). Crime and the city: Domestic burglary and the built environment in Tehran. Habitat International, 30 (4), 932-944.
Sargin, S., & Temurçin, K. (2010). Spatial dispersion and Analysis of Urban Crimes of Security Committed against Property in Turkey. 4th International Congress of the Islamic World Geographers (ICIWG2010). Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran.
Shali, M. (2012). Identification and typology of informal housing zones in Tabriz metropolitan area. The first regional conference on architecture and urbanism, Organizer: Saqez University of Applied Sciences. (In Persian)
Shamai, A., Movahed, A., & Veisi, R. (2014). Patial analysis and investigation of drug-related crimes in the metropolitan city of Tehran (Case study: district 2 of Tehran municipality). Iranian Journal of Social Problem, 5 (2), 243-272. (In Persian)
Sheikhavandi, D. (1974). Social Pathology. Tehran: Publishing of Jar. (In Persian)
Soltani, M. (1995). Impact of population on social anomalies. Geographical researches Quarterly journal, (29), 117-126. (In Persian)
Statistical Yearbook. (1390). East Azarbaijan Province. Tehran: Iran Statistics Center. (In Persian)
Taghvaee, A., Rafieian, M., & Rezvan, A. (2011). Analysis of the Relationship among the Components of Land Use with the Declining of Urban Crime and Insecurity (Case Study: Region 17th. of the City of Tehran). Human Geography Research Quarterly, 49 (77), 19-38. (In Persian)
Taylor, B., & RalPK. (1998). Crime and Pcale: National institue of Justise (NIJ). At: http://WWW. Nij. com.
Wang, D., Ding, W., Lo, H., Morabito, M., Chen, P., Salazar, J., & Stepinski, T. (2013). Understanding the spatial distribution of crime based geospatial discriminative patterns. Computers. Environment and Urban Systems, 39, 93-106.
Zhong, H., Yin, J., Wu, J., Yao, S., Wang, Z., Lv, Z., & Yu, B. (2011). Spatial Analysis for Crime Pattern of Metropolis in Transition Using Police Records and GIS: a Case Study of Shanghai. China. International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications, 5 (2), 93-105.