واکاوی تسهیل کننده‌های مشارکت روستاییان در توسعه سکونتگاه‌های روستایی (مطالعه موردی: دهستان‌های چورزق و درام شهرستان طارم)
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای
ناصر شفیعی ثابت
1
(استادیار گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، تهران، ایران)
مسعود انبارلو
2
(دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران)
علی یوسفی طالقانی
3
(دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران)
کلید واژه: توسعه روستایی, شهرستان طارم, تسهیل‌کننده‌های مشارکت, توانمندسازی,
چکیده مقاله :
بر اساس دیدگاه صاحب نظران توسعه بی‌توجهی به توانمندسازی و مشارکت روستاییان چالش‌های فراوانی در فراگرد توسعه روستایی ایجاد می‌کند. با این وجود، به دلایل مختلفی در بسیاری از کشورها، جایگاه مشارکت روستاییان مورد توجه قرار نمی‌گیرد. مطالعه حاضر بر آن است که جایگاه تسهیل‌کننده‌های توانمندسازی و مشارکت روستاییان را در فرآیند توسعه مشخص سازد. بدین‌ترتیب، پژوهش‌حاضر به شیوه توصیفی - تحلیلی از طریق291خانوارنمونه تصادفی در 18 روستای ناحیه طارم انجام شد. برای سنجش سطح توسعه روستاها، تعداد 111شاخص در قالب 4 معیار محیطی، اجتماعی،اقتصادی،کالبدی به مثابه مؤلفه اثرپذیر سنجیده شد. در ارتباط با مؤلفه اثرگذار تسهیل‌کننده‌های مشارکت روستاییان نیز تعداد 76 شاخص در چهارچوب 6 معیارآموزش و اطلاع‌رسانی،دانش و اطلاعات،اجتماعی و فرهنگی،اقتصادی،کالبدی، سیاست‌گذاری‌ها و تصمیم‌گیری بر اساس وی‍ژگی ناحیه مورد مطالعه سنجیده شد. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که هر 6 شاخص تسهیل کننده‌های مشارکت روستاییان در بهبود شاخص‌های توسعه روستایی مؤثر است. اما، هنوز به نحو شایسته‌ای باعث ارتقاء شاخص‌های سطح توسعه آن‌ها نشده است. بنابراین، توجه به ارتقاء سطح توانمندی روستاییان برای مشارکت گسترده‌تر آن‌ها از طریق ارتقاء تسهیل‌کننده های توانمندسازی روستاییان همچون آموزش و آگاهی بخشی، دانش و مهارت و دخالت دادن آنان در فرآیند تصمیم‌گیری‌ها و شراکت در فعالیت اجتماعی و اقتصادی به مثابه بهبود دهنده‌های ارتقاء سطح توسعه روستایی پیشنهاد می‌شود.
According to development experts, disregarding the empowerment and participation of villagers will create many challenges in the process of rural development. However, in many countries villagers’ participation has been neglected for various reasons. This study aimed to determine the role of facilitators to villagers’ participation in the process of development. In this descriptive- analytical study, 291 households from 18 rural settlements in Tarom area were selected by random sampling method. Indicators used to measure the level of development consisted of 111 indicators in four criteria including environmental, social, economic, and physical as dependent components. In addition, 76 indicators in six criteria including educating and informing, knowledge and information, socio-cultural, economic, physical, policymaking and decision-making, based on the characteristics of the study area, were measured as independent components. The findings showed that all six indicators of villagers’ empowerment and participation had a positive effect, but not properly, on the improvement of rural development. So, it is suggested to improve the villagers’ empowerment in order to their broader participation by improving the facilitators to villagers’ empowerment and participation such as educating and informing, knowledge and skills, and their involvement in decision-making and participation in social and economic activities.
Adam, F., & Borut, R., (2003). Social Capital: Recent Debates and Research Trends. Social science Information, 42, 155-183.
Amundsen, S., & Øyvind L. M., (2015). Linking Empowering Leadership to Job Satisfaction, Work Effort, and Creativity: The Role of Self-Leadership and Psychological Empowerment. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies August 1, 22 (3), 304-323.
Bagdi, G. L., & Kurothe, R. S. (2014). People’s participation in watershed management programmes: Evaluation study of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra in India. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 2, 57-66.
Bouzarjomehri, K.H., KHosrobeygi, R., & Taghiloo, A.A. )2012(. The Role of Public Participation in sustainable agriculture rural areas (Case Study: High Ijrud rural district villages, Ijrud city, Zanjan Province. Quarterly Rural research, 3 (3), 163-191. (In Persian)
Chambers, R. )2008(. Rural Development priority to the poor, Translation Mustafa Azkia, First Edition, Tehran: Tehran University Publications. (In Persian)
Ericson, Jenny A. (2006). a participatory approach to conservation in the cala kmul Biosphere Reserve Campeche. Mexico, Landscape urban planning, 74 (3), 242-266. www. Elsevier. com/locate/landurbplan.
Fernandez, S., & Moldogaziev, T. (2015). Employee Empowerment and Job Satisfaction in the U.S. Federal Bureaucracy: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective, the American Review of Public Administration July 1, 45 (4), 375-401.
Gülümser, A. A, Tüzin Baycan, L., Nijkamp, P., & Jacques, P. (2012). The role of local and newcomer entrepreneurs in rural development: A comparative meta-analytic study. Research Memorandum, 1, 1-54, Available At: http://dspace.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstrea [access date: [6/2013].
Hafeznia, M.R. )2009(. An introduction to the research method in Humanities. Second edition, Tehran: samt Publications. (In Persian)
Kalantari, kh. (2006). Processing and analysis of data in Socio-economic research Using the software spss. Tehran: second edition, Sharif publication. (In Persian)
Khosravipour, B., & Foroushani, N. )2011(. Women’s participation and sustainable rural development. Journal of Labor and Society, 132 & 133, 56-68. (In Persian)
Kothari, CR. (2009). Research Methodology, Method and Techniques (Second Revised Edition). New Age International publishers. New Delhi, pp. 1-401.
Le, Ho., & Phi, Kh. (2011). The Role of Social Capital to Access Rural Credit: A case study at Dinh Cu and Van Quat Dong village in coastal of Thua Thien Hue province- Vietnam, Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural sciences, Master Thesis, 56 (2), 1-84. http://stud.epsilon.slu.se/2543/1/Khanh_Ho_110502.
Mahmud, S., Nirali, M., Shah, & Stan Becker. (2011). Measurement of Womens empowerment in rural Bangladesh. World Development, 40 (3), 610-619.
Mansori, A. (2002). Tourism and Sustainable Development. Geography Teaching, 18 (63), 36-41. (In Persian)
Mitra, S., & Amit K. (2012). Assessing Empowerment through Generation of Social Capital. Journal of Business and Social Research, 2 (6), 72- 84.
Najafi kani, A.A., Mirza Ali, M. (2012). Review and assess the level of public participation and its role in rural development (Case study: Rural Soltanali city of Gonbad). Landscape Geogaraphy in Human Study, 7 (20), 118 - 137. (In Persian)
Primmer, E., & Simo, K. (2006). Goals for public participation implied by sustainable development, and the preparatory process of the Finnish National Forest Programme. Forest Policy and Economics, 8 (8), 838-853.
Rezvani, M.R. )2011(. Rural development planning in Iran. Fifth Edition, Tehran: Goomes Publications. (In Persian)
Rukn al-Din Eftekhari, A.R., Mahmoudi, S., Ghaffari, G.R., & Pourtaheri, M. (2015). Explained Model Space Social capital In Sustainable Rural Development Item: villages in Khorasan Razavi. Quarterly Journal of Economics Space and Rural Development, 4 (1), 87-107. (In Persian)
Rukn al-Din Eftekhari, A.R., Pourtaheri, M., Sadeqlo, T., & Sojasi Gheidari, H.A. (2010). Analysis of Impacts on participatory management of flood in rural areas (Case study of flood-hit villages Basin of Gorganrod in Golestan Province). Quarterly Rural research, 1 (2), 1-26. (In Persian)
Rossberger, R. J., & Diana E. K. (2015). Participative and team-oriented leadership styles, countries' education level, and national innovation: The mediating role of economic factors and national cultural practices. Cross-Cultural Research, 49 (1), 20-56.
Salehi, M. (2012). Public participation and its role in the project and development programs for sustainable rural development. Rural district Chendar, (Chendar District, city Savojbolagh). Master's Thesis, shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. (In Persian)
Saraiei, H. (1390). Introduction to sampling in research. Six editions, Samat publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
Shafiei Sabet, N., & Heratifard, S. (2015). The Impact of Cooperation of Tour Operators in Sustainability and Development of Local Settlements (Case study: Tehran and Alborz Regions). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 4 (13), 93-119. (In Persian)
Sharma, P. N., & Bradley, L. K. (2015). Leveraging leaders: A literature review and future lines of inquiry for empowering leadership research. Group Organization Management, 40 (2), 193-237.
Snelgrove, John W., Hynek P., & Mai S. (2009). A Multi-Level Analysis of Social Capital and Self–rated Health: Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey. Social Science and Medicine, 68 (11), 1993-2001.
Taleb, M. (1995). A project for rural management. Quarterly Geographical Research, 39, 3-23. (In Persian)
Tzanakis, M. (2013). Social capital in Bourdieu’s, Coleman’s and Putnam’s theory: empirical evidence and emergent measurement issues. The Journal of Doctoral Research In education. 13 (2), 2-23.
Van Ingen, E. (2008). Social Participation Revisited: Disentangling and Explaining Period. Life-Cycle and Cohort Effects, Acta Sociologica, 51 (2), 103-121.
Wang, X., Zhenrong, Yu., Steve Cinderdy, & John F., (2008). Enhancing participation: Experiences of participatory geographic information systems in Shanxi province, China, Applied Geography, 28 (2), 96-109.
Waas, T., Hugé, J., Block, T., Wright, T., Benitez-Capistros, F., & Verbruggen, A. (2014). Sustainability assessment and indicators: Tools in a decision-making strategy for sustainable development. Sustainability, 6 (9), 5512-5534
Zhao, Jing., Kathleen A., James, G., Anderson, Sejin Ha., & Richard W. (2013). Trust, empathy, social identity, and contribution of knowledge within patient online communities. Behavior & Information Technology, 32 (10), 1041-1048.
_||_Adam, F., & Borut, R., (2003). Social Capital: Recent Debates and Research Trends. Social science Information, 42, 155-183.
Amundsen, S., & Øyvind L. M., (2015). Linking Empowering Leadership to Job Satisfaction, Work Effort, and Creativity: The Role of Self-Leadership and Psychological Empowerment. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies August 1, 22 (3), 304-323.
Bagdi, G. L., & Kurothe, R. S. (2014). People’s participation in watershed management programmes: Evaluation study of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra in India. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 2, 57-66.
Bouzarjomehri, K.H., KHosrobeygi, R., & Taghiloo, A.A. )2012(. The Role of Public Participation in sustainable agriculture rural areas (Case Study: High Ijrud rural district villages, Ijrud city, Zanjan Province. Quarterly Rural research, 3 (3), 163-191. (In Persian)
Chambers, R. )2008(. Rural Development priority to the poor, Translation Mustafa Azkia, First Edition, Tehran: Tehran University Publications. (In Persian)
Ericson, Jenny A. (2006). a participatory approach to conservation in the cala kmul Biosphere Reserve Campeche. Mexico, Landscape urban planning, 74 (3), 242-266. www. Elsevier. com/locate/landurbplan.
Fernandez, S., & Moldogaziev, T. (2015). Employee Empowerment and Job Satisfaction in the U.S. Federal Bureaucracy: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective, the American Review of Public Administration July 1, 45 (4), 375-401.
Gülümser, A. A, Tüzin Baycan, L., Nijkamp, P., & Jacques, P. (2012). The role of local and newcomer entrepreneurs in rural development: A comparative meta-analytic study. Research Memorandum, 1, 1-54, Available At: http://dspace.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstrea [access date: [6/2013].
Hafeznia, M.R. )2009(. An introduction to the research method in Humanities. Second edition, Tehran: samt Publications. (In Persian)
Kalantari, kh. (2006). Processing and analysis of data in Socio-economic research Using the software spss. Tehran: second edition, Sharif publication. (In Persian)
Khosravipour, B., & Foroushani, N. )2011(. Women’s participation and sustainable rural development. Journal of Labor and Society, 132 & 133, 56-68. (In Persian)
Kothari, CR. (2009). Research Methodology, Method and Techniques (Second Revised Edition). New Age International publishers. New Delhi, pp. 1-401.
Le, Ho., & Phi, Kh. (2011). The Role of Social Capital to Access Rural Credit: A case study at Dinh Cu and Van Quat Dong village in coastal of Thua Thien Hue province- Vietnam, Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural sciences, Master Thesis, 56 (2), 1-84. http://stud.epsilon.slu.se/2543/1/Khanh_Ho_110502.
Mahmud, S., Nirali, M., Shah, & Stan Becker. (2011). Measurement of Womens empowerment in rural Bangladesh. World Development, 40 (3), 610-619.
Mansori, A. (2002). Tourism and Sustainable Development. Geography Teaching, 18 (63), 36-41. (In Persian)
Mitra, S., & Amit K. (2012). Assessing Empowerment through Generation of Social Capital. Journal of Business and Social Research, 2 (6), 72- 84.
Najafi kani, A.A., Mirza Ali, M. (2012). Review and assess the level of public participation and its role in rural development (Case study: Rural Soltanali city of Gonbad). Landscape Geogaraphy in Human Study, 7 (20), 118 - 137. (In Persian)
Primmer, E., & Simo, K. (2006). Goals for public participation implied by sustainable development, and the preparatory process of the Finnish National Forest Programme. Forest Policy and Economics, 8 (8), 838-853.
Rezvani, M.R. )2011(. Rural development planning in Iran. Fifth Edition, Tehran: Goomes Publications. (In Persian)
Rukn al-Din Eftekhari, A.R., Mahmoudi, S., Ghaffari, G.R., & Pourtaheri, M. (2015). Explained Model Space Social capital In Sustainable Rural Development Item: villages in Khorasan Razavi. Quarterly Journal of Economics Space and Rural Development, 4 (1), 87-107. (In Persian)
Rukn al-Din Eftekhari, A.R., Pourtaheri, M., Sadeqlo, T., & Sojasi Gheidari, H.A. (2010). Analysis of Impacts on participatory management of flood in rural areas (Case study of flood-hit villages Basin of Gorganrod in Golestan Province). Quarterly Rural research, 1 (2), 1-26. (In Persian)
Rossberger, R. J., & Diana E. K. (2015). Participative and team-oriented leadership styles, countries' education level, and national innovation: The mediating role of economic factors and national cultural practices. Cross-Cultural Research, 49 (1), 20-56.
Salehi, M. (2012). Public participation and its role in the project and development programs for sustainable rural development. Rural district Chendar, (Chendar District, city Savojbolagh). Master's Thesis, shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. (In Persian)
Saraiei, H. (1390). Introduction to sampling in research. Six editions, Samat publication, Tehran. (In Persian)
Shafiei Sabet, N., & Heratifard, S. (2015). The Impact of Cooperation of Tour Operators in Sustainability and Development of Local Settlements (Case study: Tehran and Alborz Regions). Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 4 (13), 93-119. (In Persian)
Sharma, P. N., & Bradley, L. K. (2015). Leveraging leaders: A literature review and future lines of inquiry for empowering leadership research. Group Organization Management, 40 (2), 193-237.
Snelgrove, John W., Hynek P., & Mai S. (2009). A Multi-Level Analysis of Social Capital and Self–rated Health: Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey. Social Science and Medicine, 68 (11), 1993-2001.
Taleb, M. (1995). A project for rural management. Quarterly Geographical Research, 39, 3-23. (In Persian)
Tzanakis, M. (2013). Social capital in Bourdieu’s, Coleman’s and Putnam’s theory: empirical evidence and emergent measurement issues. The Journal of Doctoral Research In education. 13 (2), 2-23.
Van Ingen, E. (2008). Social Participation Revisited: Disentangling and Explaining Period. Life-Cycle and Cohort Effects, Acta Sociologica, 51 (2), 103-121.
Wang, X., Zhenrong, Yu., Steve Cinderdy, & John F., (2008). Enhancing participation: Experiences of participatory geographic information systems in Shanxi province, China, Applied Geography, 28 (2), 96-109.
Waas, T., Hugé, J., Block, T., Wright, T., Benitez-Capistros, F., & Verbruggen, A. (2014). Sustainability assessment and indicators: Tools in a decision-making strategy for sustainable development. Sustainability, 6 (9), 5512-5534
Zhao, Jing., Kathleen A., James, G., Anderson, Sejin Ha., & Richard W. (2013). Trust, empathy, social identity, and contribution of knowledge within patient online communities. Behavior & Information Technology, 32 (10), 1041-1048.