واکاوی نقش عوامل مکانی- فضایی در مهاجرت فصلی نیروی کار روستایی به شهر، مطالعه موردی : شهرستان سروآباد
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ای
فرزاد ویسی
1
(استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران)
محمد سلمانی
2
(استادیار دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران)
محمدرضا رضوانی
3
(استاد دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران)
مهدی پورطاهری
4
(دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران)
کلید واژه: اقتصاد روستایی, مهاجرت فصلی, عوامل مکانی- فضایی, مهاجرت روستایی- شهری, سروآباد,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف پژوهش حاضر واکاوی نقش عوامل مکانی- فضایی در مهاجرت فصلی نیروی کار روستایی به شهر می باشد. بدین منظور از عوامل مکانی- فضایی، سه موئلفه میانگین زمین خانوار روستایی، فاصله روستا از شهر و ارتفاع روستاها استفاده شده و میزان مهاجرت های فصلی از روستاها بر اساس این سه موءلفه محاسبه گردیده است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش سرپرستان خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان سروآباد تشکیل می دهد. از 65 روستای شهرستان 13 روستا (20 درصد) به صورت تصادفی برای نمونه گیری انتخاب و از جمعیت 11700 خانواری روستاهای شهرستان، براساس فرمول منطقی کوکران 323 سرپرست خانوار انتخاب شدند. سپس با استفاده از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون رابطه میزان مهاجرت با عوامل مکانی- فضایی در نظر گرفته شده یعنی فاصله، ارتفاع و میانگین زمین، بررسی شده است. یافته های توصیفی تحقیق نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد مهاجران فصلی تا 4 ماه در مهاجرت می مانند(54 درصد)، بیشترین آمار مربوط به میانگین تعداد مهاجران فصلی از هر خانوار، مربوط به خانوار های دارای تک مهاجر است(50درصد). فصل انجام مهاجرت برای بیشتر مهاجران فصل بهار می باشد(60 درصد) و فصل برگشت نیز فصل بهار(60درصد) پاییز(39.3) می باشد. شغل مهاجران فصلی برای 57 درصد جامعه نمونه، کارگر ساختمانی است. بر اساس آزمون پیرسون، دو عامل میانگین زمین و فاصله از شهر، با مهاجرت فصلی، دارای همبستگی زیادی بوده و عامل ارتفاع فاقد رابطه است. بر این اساس می توان نتیجه گرفت عوامل مکانی- فضایی در به وجود آمدن مهاجرت فصلی نیروی کار روستایی در شهرستان سروآباد نقش دارند.
This study aims is to explore the role of spatial factors in the rural labor seasonal migration to the cities. For this purpose, of spatial factors, the three components of Earth's average of rural household, distance from city and rural height choose and the seasonal migration from rural areas has been calculated on the basis of these three parameters. The study population will comprise the heads of rural households of Sarvabad County. Of 65 Village in county, 13 villages (20%) randomly selected as sample and of 11700 rural households, 323 heads of households were selected based on logical formula Cochran. In each of the 13 villages 24 questionnaires randomly distribute and completed. Finally, with using the Pearson correlation between immigration and spatial factors, distance, the household average of land and village heights has been investigated. Descriptive findings showed that the largest number of immigrants stay to 4 months in the seasonal migration (54%), seasonal migration for 48 per cent up to 10 years .More immigrants are spring migrants season (60%) and the return spring season (60%), autumn season is (39.3). Seasonal migrants jobs for 57% of the sample, is a construction worker. According to Pearson, two parameter of the land average of household and distance from the city with measure of seasonal migration has been highly correlated and altitude of villages is no correlated. Accordingly, we can conclude spatial factors in the development of seasonal migration of rural labor force are involved in the Sarvabad County.
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Adamo, S. (2003). social sustainability and social resilians rural communities in dry lands: the case of jachal(Argentina) in the 19 th centuries association. Dallas.Texas.
Akbarpoor, M., Motiy, L., S.H., Rezvani, M. R. & Noorbakhsh, S. M. (2013). Explain the Survival Strategies of the Rural Settlements Population, the Case Study: Hashtrood County, Journal of rural research,5, (4), 893-910. (In Persian)
Anderson, Jack R. )2003(. risk in rural development, challenges for managers and policy makers. Rural development department, world bank.
Azkia, M. (2003). Rural development with emphasis on rural society of Iran. Ney Publishing, Tehran. (In Persian)
Baghaiy, M., Baghaiy, M. &, Noroozi, O. (2005). Rural migration challenge for developing countries. Jihad, 273. (In Persian)
Barrow.c.j. (2006). environment management for sustainable development. Routldge. london.
Chandrasekhar, S., Mousumi D., & Ajay, Sh. (2014). Short-term Migration and Consumption Expenditure of Households in Rural India. Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, March 2014.
Chizari, M., Baghaiy, M., & Norouzi, O. (2006). Rural migration challenge for developing countries. socio-economic, Scientific Journal, Jihad, Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 273, Tehran. (In Persian)
De Brauw, A. (2007). Seasonal migration and agriculture in Vietnam. ESA working paper No .07-04 agriculture development conomics devision, The food and agriculture organization of The unoted nation ,www.fao.org/es/esa.
De Brauw, A., & Tomoko, H. (2007). Seasonal Migration and Improving Living Standards in Vietnam. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, 89 (2), 430-447.
De Haas, H. (2008). Migration and development: A theoretical perspective. international migration institute, paper NO.9, UK.
Deshingkar & Start. (2003). seasonal migration for livelihoods in India: coping, accumulation and exclusion. Overseas development institute, working paper 220.
Deshingkar, P., & Farrington, J. (2009). Circular migration and multi locational livelihood strategies in rural India. Oxford university press, New Delhi.
Develyn, R., & Newland, K. (2007). Circular migration and development: trends, policy routs and ways forward.MPI, program on migrants migration and development.
Fawcett, T., & James, Al. (1982). Reason for moving and migration behavior world development. 10 (4), 98-129.
Gharebaghi, M., (1996). Explores some of the economic factors affecting the labor migration in Iran. the Ministry of Finance and Economic issues, Tehran. (In Persian)
Gill, Gerard.j. (2003). seasonal labour migration in rural Nepal: a preliminary overview. overseas development institute working paper, London.
Governor of Kurdistan. (2013). Statistical Yearbook 1393, Kurdistan province. (In Persian)
Hebefeld, Y., & et al. (1999). Seasonal migration of rural India. population research and policy review.
http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2014-009.pdf.
Jawan, J. (2006). Population geography. Mashhad University, (3rd Eds), Mashhad. (In Persian)
Jomepour, M. (2007). The relationship between the levels of development of villages and rural migration and expansion of Tehran quarterly. Journal of rural and develapment, 10 (3), 27-58. (In Persian)
Korra, V. (2010). Natural and characteristics of seasonal labor migration: A case study in Maha bubnagay district of Andhra Pradesh. www.cds.edu. working paper 433.
Kumar, Y., & Ajay, A. (2014) linking separate worlds, understanding the process of rural- urban seasonal migration in India. Urban India, 34 (1), 9-33.
Lynch, K. (2007). Relations between urban and rural areas in developing countries. translated by Rezvani, M. R., & Sheikhi D. Payam Publishing, Tehran. (In Persian)
Mendola, M. (2006). rural out- migration and economic development at origin. Sussex centers for migration research, working paper no 40.
Moshfegh, M., & Yarahmadi, A. (2007). labor migration, employment in the informal labor market and the vulnerability. The Association of Iranian population, (3) the second year, Tehran, 155-172. (In Persian)
pacione, M. (2005). Urban geography. Routledge, London.
Papali, Y., M. H., & Ebrahimi, M. A. (2002), Theories of Rural Development, Tehran: Samt. (In Persian)
Rezaee, H., & Mohammad Yeganeh, B. (2013). Analysis of the drought and its effects on agriculture and rural migrations (the Case Study: Abarkouh county during the course of 1996-2005), Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 4,153-177. (In Persian)
Rogaly, B., & Coppard, D., Safique, A., Rana, K., Sengupta, A., & Biswas, J. (2002). seasonal migration and welfare/illfare in eastern India: a A Social Analysis, The Journal of Development Studies, 38 (5), 89-114.
Rogaly, B., & Coppard, D. (2003). They used to go to eat, now they go to earn: the changing meanings of seasonal Bengal, India. Journal of agrarian chang, 3 (3), 395-433.
Rogaly, Ben. (2003). who goes? Who stay back? Seasonal migration and stay put among rural manual workers in eastern India. Journal on international development, J. int.15, 623-632
Rogaly, B., & Biswas, h., Coppard, D., Rafique, A., Rana, K., & Sengupta, A. (2001). seasonal migration, social change and migrants and righets lesson from west Bengal. economic weekly, 36 949), 4547-4559.
Salmani, M., Rezvani, M. R., Pourtaheri, M. & Veisi, F. (2010). Effects the seasonal migration of labor in livelihood rural households (the Case Study: Sarvabad city-Kurdistan). HumanGeography Research (Geographical Research), 43, (77), 111-127. (In Persian)
Skeledon, R. (2004). Rural-urban migration and its impact on rural poverty reduction. the translation of Hamid, R., V, NOCR site (in Persian)
Skeldon, R. (2012). going around in circle: circular migration, poverty alleviation And Social analysis. Journal of development studies, 38 (5), 89-114.
Skeldon, R. (2012). Going Round in Circles: Circular Migration, Poverty alleviation and Marginality. international migration, 50 (3), 43-60.
Statistical Center of Iran. (2008). the detailed results of 2006. Statistics, Tehran. (In Persian)
Taherkhani, M., & Ruknaldineftekhari, A.R. (2004). Analyzes of the interaction between urban and rural and role of that in development villages in Qazvin province, modares Journal,8 (4), 65-81. (In Persian)
Tahir khani, M., (2002). Analysis of factors affecting the migration of rural / urban. modares Quarterly, Issue Paper 519, Department of Geographical Sciences and Remote Sensing, Tarbiat Modarres University, www.sid.ir. 67-93. (In Persian)
Todaro, M. (1988). Internal migration in developing countries. translation and Parvin chief Mustafa Everlasting person, the International Labor Office of Labor and Social Security Institute, Tehran. (In Persian)
Zanjani, H. (2001). Migration. Tehran: Samt. (In Persian)
Zare, B. (2007). The Economic and Social Demography. side. (3rd Eds), Tehran. (In Persian)
Zare, F. O. (2011). The Role of Employment in Reducing Rural Migration (the Case Study: Mashayekh Section, Mamasani County, M. A Thesis, Department of Geographical Sciences and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modarres University. (In Persian)
Zati, M., & Boostani, S. (2013). An analysis of the factors affecting rural areas to urban migration, Case mamasani county. quarterly Geographic Space,13 (48), 2013, 93-111 .(In Persian)
zohry, A. (2002). unskilled temporary labor migration from upper Egypt to cairo. CEDEJ conference.www.EGYPOP.ORG/azohry/thesis/.
_||_Abdur, R., & Rogally, B. (2003). Internal seasonal migration, livelihood and voulnerability in india: case study. migration pro-poor policy choices asia conference at Dhaka Bangladesh, 22-24 jun 2003 www.livelihoods.org.
Adamo, S. (2003). social sustainability and social resilians rural communities in dry lands: the case of jachal(Argentina) in the 19 th centuries association. Dallas.Texas.
Akbarpoor, M., Motiy, L., S.H., Rezvani, M. R. & Noorbakhsh, S. M. (2013). Explain the Survival Strategies of the Rural Settlements Population, the Case Study: Hashtrood County, Journal of rural research,5, (4), 893-910. (In Persian)
Anderson, Jack R. )2003(. risk in rural development, challenges for managers and policy makers. Rural development department, world bank.
Azkia, M. (2003). Rural development with emphasis on rural society of Iran. Ney Publishing, Tehran. (In Persian)
Baghaiy, M., Baghaiy, M. &, Noroozi, O. (2005). Rural migration challenge for developing countries. Jihad, 273. (In Persian)
Barrow.c.j. (2006). environment management for sustainable development. Routldge. london.
Chandrasekhar, S., Mousumi D., & Ajay, Sh. (2014). Short-term Migration and Consumption Expenditure of Households in Rural India. Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, March 2014.
Chizari, M., Baghaiy, M., & Norouzi, O. (2006). Rural migration challenge for developing countries. socio-economic, Scientific Journal, Jihad, Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 273, Tehran. (In Persian)
De Brauw, A. (2007). Seasonal migration and agriculture in Vietnam. ESA working paper No .07-04 agriculture development conomics devision, The food and agriculture organization of The unoted nation ,www.fao.org/es/esa.
De Brauw, A., & Tomoko, H. (2007). Seasonal Migration and Improving Living Standards in Vietnam. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, 89 (2), 430-447.
De Haas, H. (2008). Migration and development: A theoretical perspective. international migration institute, paper NO.9, UK.
Deshingkar & Start. (2003). seasonal migration for livelihoods in India: coping, accumulation and exclusion. Overseas development institute, working paper 220.
Deshingkar, P., & Farrington, J. (2009). Circular migration and multi locational livelihood strategies in rural India. Oxford university press, New Delhi.
Develyn, R., & Newland, K. (2007). Circular migration and development: trends, policy routs and ways forward.MPI, program on migrants migration and development.
Fawcett, T., & James, Al. (1982). Reason for moving and migration behavior world development. 10 (4), 98-129.
Gharebaghi, M., (1996). Explores some of the economic factors affecting the labor migration in Iran. the Ministry of Finance and Economic issues, Tehran. (In Persian)
Gill, Gerard.j. (2003). seasonal labour migration in rural Nepal: a preliminary overview. overseas development institute working paper, London.
Governor of Kurdistan. (2013). Statistical Yearbook 1393, Kurdistan province. (In Persian)
Hebefeld, Y., & et al. (1999). Seasonal migration of rural India. population research and policy review.
http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/WP-2014-009.pdf.
Jawan, J. (2006). Population geography. Mashhad University, (3rd Eds), Mashhad. (In Persian)
Jomepour, M. (2007). The relationship between the levels of development of villages and rural migration and expansion of Tehran quarterly. Journal of rural and develapment, 10 (3), 27-58. (In Persian)
Korra, V. (2010). Natural and characteristics of seasonal labor migration: A case study in Maha bubnagay district of Andhra Pradesh. www.cds.edu. working paper 433.
Kumar, Y., & Ajay, A. (2014) linking separate worlds, understanding the process of rural- urban seasonal migration in India. Urban India, 34 (1), 9-33.
Lynch, K. (2007). Relations between urban and rural areas in developing countries. translated by Rezvani, M. R., & Sheikhi D. Payam Publishing, Tehran. (In Persian)
Mendola, M. (2006). rural out- migration and economic development at origin. Sussex centers for migration research, working paper no 40.
Moshfegh, M., & Yarahmadi, A. (2007). labor migration, employment in the informal labor market and the vulnerability. The Association of Iranian population, (3) the second year, Tehran, 155-172. (In Persian)
pacione, M. (2005). Urban geography. Routledge, London.
Papali, Y., M. H., & Ebrahimi, M. A. (2002), Theories of Rural Development, Tehran: Samt. (In Persian)
Rezaee, H., & Mohammad Yeganeh, B. (2013). Analysis of the drought and its effects on agriculture and rural migrations (the Case Study: Abarkouh county during the course of 1996-2005), Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 4,153-177. (In Persian)
Rogaly, B., & Coppard, D., Safique, A., Rana, K., Sengupta, A., & Biswas, J. (2002). seasonal migration and welfare/illfare in eastern India: a A Social Analysis, The Journal of Development Studies, 38 (5), 89-114.
Rogaly, B., & Coppard, D. (2003). They used to go to eat, now they go to earn: the changing meanings of seasonal Bengal, India. Journal of agrarian chang, 3 (3), 395-433.
Rogaly, Ben. (2003). who goes? Who stay back? Seasonal migration and stay put among rural manual workers in eastern India. Journal on international development, J. int.15, 623-632
Rogaly, B., & Biswas, h., Coppard, D., Rafique, A., Rana, K., & Sengupta, A. (2001). seasonal migration, social change and migrants and righets lesson from west Bengal. economic weekly, 36 949), 4547-4559.
Salmani, M., Rezvani, M. R., Pourtaheri, M. & Veisi, F. (2010). Effects the seasonal migration of labor in livelihood rural households (the Case Study: Sarvabad city-Kurdistan). HumanGeography Research (Geographical Research), 43, (77), 111-127. (In Persian)
Skeledon, R. (2004). Rural-urban migration and its impact on rural poverty reduction. the translation of Hamid, R., V, NOCR site (in Persian)
Skeldon, R. (2012). going around in circle: circular migration, poverty alleviation And Social analysis. Journal of development studies, 38 (5), 89-114.
Skeldon, R. (2012). Going Round in Circles: Circular Migration, Poverty alleviation and Marginality. international migration, 50 (3), 43-60.
Statistical Center of Iran. (2008). the detailed results of 2006. Statistics, Tehran. (In Persian)
Taherkhani, M., & Ruknaldineftekhari, A.R. (2004). Analyzes of the interaction between urban and rural and role of that in development villages in Qazvin province, modares Journal,8 (4), 65-81. (In Persian)
Tahir khani, M., (2002). Analysis of factors affecting the migration of rural / urban. modares Quarterly, Issue Paper 519, Department of Geographical Sciences and Remote Sensing, Tarbiat Modarres University, www.sid.ir. 67-93. (In Persian)
Todaro, M. (1988). Internal migration in developing countries. translation and Parvin chief Mustafa Everlasting person, the International Labor Office of Labor and Social Security Institute, Tehran. (In Persian)
Zanjani, H. (2001). Migration. Tehran: Samt. (In Persian)
Zare, B. (2007). The Economic and Social Demography. side. (3rd Eds), Tehran. (In Persian)
Zare, F. O. (2011). The Role of Employment in Reducing Rural Migration (the Case Study: Mashayekh Section, Mamasani County, M. A Thesis, Department of Geographical Sciences and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modarres University. (In Persian)
Zati, M., & Boostani, S. (2013). An analysis of the factors affecting rural areas to urban migration, Case mamasani county. quarterly Geographic Space,13 (48), 2013, 93-111 .(In Persian)
zohry, A. (2002). unskilled temporary labor migration from upper Egypt to cairo. CEDEJ conference.www.EGYPOP.ORG/azohry/thesis/.