ارزیابی فضاهای بی‌دفاع شهری با استفاده از مدل Safety audit (مطالعه موردی: محله هرندی تهران )
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه ایحسین فرهادی خواه 1 , کرامت اله زیاری 2 , محسن کلانتری 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 - استاد گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
3 - دانشیار، گروه جغرافیا، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران
کلید واژه: فضاهای بی دفاع, Safety Audit, محله هرندی,
چکیده مقاله :
وجود امنیت و احساس امنیت در شهرها یکی از مهم‌ترین نیازهای شهروندان می باشد که کاهش یا فقدان آن‌ها، به‌شدت بر کیفیت زندگی شهروندان و میزان استفاده آن‌ها از فضاهای شهری بخصوص فضاهای عمومی شهری تأثیر منفی می‌گذارد. در این میان وجود فضاهای بی‌دفاع در یک محله از مهم‌ترین عواملی می باشد که باعث کاهش و یا سلب امنیت و احساس امنیت شهروندان می شود. این مقوله در بافت های فرسوده و قدیمی شهری با توجه به شرایط فیزیکی و اجتماعی آن‌ها نمود بیشتری دارد. در همین راستا، هدف از این پژوهش بررسی فضاهای بی دفاع شهری در محله هرندی تهران می‌باشد. این تحقیق از نظر هدف جزء تحقیقات کاربردی و از نظر روش شناسی، توصیفی – تحلیلی می‌باشد و برای گردآوردی اطلاعات از روش اسنادی ومیدانی استفاده شده است. در بخش میدانی به دو صورت مشاهده مستقیم و پرسش نامه ای در قالب مدل ارزیابی ایمنی به بررسی موضوع پرداخته شد. جهت تحلیل داده ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS استفاده شده است. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای پرسش نامه های طراحی‌شده896/0 (بالاتر از 7/0) می باشد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داده که وضعیتایمنی فضاها در سطح محله نامناسب می باشد (238/0mean=) .همچنین نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که در بین شاخص های موردبررسی شاخص حضور مردم در فضا (خلوتی بیش‌ازاندازه یا ازدحام) بیشترین تأثیر را در بی‌دفاع کردن فضاهای محله دارد (237/0=B). درنهایت جهت بهبود وضعیت ایمن سازی فضاهای بی دفاع در سطح محله راهکارهایی ارائه گردید.
security and sense of it in cities is one of the most important needs of the citizens that the reduction or lack of them affect heavily on the quality of life of citizens and their use of urban spaces, particularly urban public spaces is negatively affected. Meanwhile, existence of defenseless spaces in a neighborhood is among the main factors that reduce security for citizens. This issue in worn and old urban areas, according to their physical and social condition, is more obvious. The aim of this study is investigating urban defenseless spaces in Harandi neighborhood. This study is among applied one and research method is descriptive and analytical and data collecting is done by documents - field. In field section, direct observation and a questionnaire in chart of model safety assessment examine the issue. For data analysis SPSS software is used. Cronbach Alpha for the questionnaire is designed 0/896 (more than 0/7). The results show that safety space through the neighborhood is inadequate (mean =0/238). The results also indicates that among the studied indicators, the presence of people in space (private space or too much congestion) has the greatest impact on defenseless neighborhood spaces (B=0/237). Finally, to improve making safety of spaces defenseless in neighborhood level solutions are presented.
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Andrew, C. (2006). Women in Cities: Are These New Spaces for the Women's Movement in Canada? Draft Version of a Presentation at the RC Workshop/Roundtable, Women's Movement Worldwide: Flourishing or in Abeyance? As part of the IPSA Congress, Fukuoka, July
Ashrafi, Y., Pourahmad, A., Rahnemaie, M. T., & Rafieian, M. (2015). Conceptualization and typology of contemporary urban public space, 2 (4), 435-464. (In Persian)
Azhdar, S. (2011). An Attitude to Analysis of Urban Spaces. Tehran: Setayesh publishing, (1 Ed) (In Persian)
City of Everett: Community Safety Audit and Photovoice Project, (2012). Calendar and Annual Report: http://masslib dspace.longsight.com / bitstream /handle/2452/205592/ocm03603629-2012.pdf?sequence= 5&isAllowed =y
Daryabari, J., Bayat, A., Ismailzaei, N., & Tajik, M. (2016). Urban Defenseless Spaces. Threatening Factor to the Urban Sustainable Development, MARTINIA, 5 (2) 323-332
Ebadinejad, A., & Bahoosh, M. (2012) Investigation of Environmental Factors Effecting on the Prevention of Home theft. Journal of Social Regulation, 4 (3), 105-126. (In Persian)
Ebadinejad, A., & Bahoosh, M. (2013). Investigating the Effective Factors on the Prevention of Home theft, Journal of Social Order Research, 4 (3), 105 - 125. (In Persian)
Gholich, A., & Amari, M. (2013). Introduction on the Urban Defenseless Spaces, Tehran, Nisa Publisher (In Persian)
Jaafari, M. A., (2015). Survey and analysis of urban defenseless areas in Kabul District 3, (M.A thesis). Univrsity of Tehran, College of Geography. (In Persian)
Madanpour, A. (2006). Urban Space designing. Translator: Farhad Mortazai, Tehran: Urban Processing and Planning. (In Persian)
Mckenzie, D., & Council, F. C. (2000) IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS AND EFFECTIVE PRACTICES. Paper presented at the Conference Reducing Criminality: convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Western Australian Police Service and Safer WA and held in Perth 31 July and 1 August 2000.
Mohammedi Hamidi, S., Kalantari, M., & vaysian, M. (2015). Analysis of Lighting Situation and Safety of Urban Spaces Using CPTED Strategies and Safety Audit Assessment Model (Case Study: Mellat Park of Zanjan). Geography and urban planning research,3 (3), 325 -341. (In Persian)
Mohseni Tabrizi, A. R., Gharamani, S., & Yahak, S. (2012). Indefensible urban spaces and violence (Study on indefensible urban spaces of Tehran city). Journal of Applied Sociology,22 (4), 51-70. (In Persian)
Municipality of Edmonton. (2000). Safety Audit Guide for Crime Prevention. Edmonton.
Nayebi, H., Swdigh Sarvestani, R., & Ghahramani, S. (2012). The role of defenseless urban spaces in violent behavior. Journal of Order Knowledge,13 (1), 199-231. (In Persian)
Parvin. S., & Darvishi, A. A. (2015). The Subculture of Poverty and Social Pathologies in Urban Neighborhoods (A Case Study of Darvazeh Ghar). Social Development & Welfar planning journal,6 (23) 51-89. (In Persian)
Podratchi, M. (1993). Defenseless spaces (M.A thesis), Univrsity of Tehran, College of Arts and Architecture, Tehran (In Persian)
Rahmat, M. R. (2011). Crime prevention through architecture and urbanity, second edition, Tehran, Mizan. (In Persian)
Razavian, M. T., & Aghaei, P. (2014). Investigating and evaluating the sense of social security in the neighborhood Case study: (comparative study of Jamaran and Fatimi neighborhoods. Geography and Urban Planning Zagros Landscape,6 (20), 43-57. (In Persian)
Sadeghi. N., Zabihi, H., & Larimian. T. (2015). Predicting criminal potentials through analyzing the quality of urban space-Case study: 14 regions of Esfahan, Urban Regional studies and Research,6(24), 65-86. (In Persian)
Salehi, E. (2009). Environmental characteristics of safe urban spaces. Publications of Center of Research and Study of Urban Planning and Architecture. (In Persian)
Taghvaee, A. A., Rafieian, M., & Rezvan, A., (2010). Analysis of the Relationship among the Components of Land Use with the Declining of Urban Crime and Insecurity (Case Study: Region 17th. of the City of Tehran). Human Geography Research Quaterly, 43 (77), 19-38. (In Persian)
Wallace, I. J. (2001). Safety systems, translator: Homayon Lahojanian, Iran Science and Technology, Tehran: Publishing House. (In Persian)
Yousefi, A., & Johari, L. (2015). Defenseless spaces in the city and a sense of fear; phenomenology of experience passing the underpass bridges in Mashhad, Journal of Geography and Environmental hazards, 3 (11), 129 - 143. (In Persian)
www.programs.lisc.org/csi/images/strategies_&_solutions/asset_upload_file98_15303.pdf
www.cmap.illinois.gov/documents/10180/113513/CPTED-Audit-Checklist.pdf/8adf9ae4-1649-41ed-88ca-39c3dff3d2fb
www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=8c3a6b5a80412410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=bf48f40f9aae0410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RC.
www.edmonton.ca/residential_neighbourhoods/PDF/SCACSafetyAuditGuide.pdf
www.saskatoon.ca/sites/default/files/documents/community services / planning-development/ neighbourhood planning /neighbourhood - safety/ Safety_ Audit_ Booklet.pdf
www.harandi.mytehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=66995
_||_Akkareran, Z. (2007). Public Spaces of Post – industrial cities and their changing Roles (1). METU JFA (24:1)
Andrew, C. (2006). Women in Cities: Are These New Spaces for the Women's Movement in Canada? Draft Version of a Presentation at the RC Workshop/Roundtable, Women's Movement Worldwide: Flourishing or in Abeyance? As part of the IPSA Congress, Fukuoka, July
Ashrafi, Y., Pourahmad, A., Rahnemaie, M. T., & Rafieian, M. (2015). Conceptualization and typology of contemporary urban public space, 2 (4), 435-464. (In Persian)
Azhdar, S. (2011). An Attitude to Analysis of Urban Spaces. Tehran: Setayesh publishing, (1 Ed) (In Persian)
City of Everett: Community Safety Audit and Photovoice Project, (2012). Calendar and Annual Report: http://masslib dspace.longsight.com / bitstream /handle/2452/205592/ocm03603629-2012.pdf?sequence= 5&isAllowed =y
Daryabari, J., Bayat, A., Ismailzaei, N., & Tajik, M. (2016). Urban Defenseless Spaces. Threatening Factor to the Urban Sustainable Development, MARTINIA, 5 (2) 323-332
Ebadinejad, A., & Bahoosh, M. (2012) Investigation of Environmental Factors Effecting on the Prevention of Home theft. Journal of Social Regulation, 4 (3), 105-126. (In Persian)
Ebadinejad, A., & Bahoosh, M. (2013). Investigating the Effective Factors on the Prevention of Home theft, Journal of Social Order Research, 4 (3), 105 - 125. (In Persian)
Gholich, A., & Amari, M. (2013). Introduction on the Urban Defenseless Spaces, Tehran, Nisa Publisher (In Persian)
Jaafari, M. A., (2015). Survey and analysis of urban defenseless areas in Kabul District 3, (M.A thesis). Univrsity of Tehran, College of Geography. (In Persian)
Madanpour, A. (2006). Urban Space designing. Translator: Farhad Mortazai, Tehran: Urban Processing and Planning. (In Persian)
Mckenzie, D., & Council, F. C. (2000) IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS AND EFFECTIVE PRACTICES. Paper presented at the Conference Reducing Criminality: convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology, Western Australian Police Service and Safer WA and held in Perth 31 July and 1 August 2000.
Mohammedi Hamidi, S., Kalantari, M., & vaysian, M. (2015). Analysis of Lighting Situation and Safety of Urban Spaces Using CPTED Strategies and Safety Audit Assessment Model (Case Study: Mellat Park of Zanjan). Geography and urban planning research,3 (3), 325 -341. (In Persian)
Mohseni Tabrizi, A. R., Gharamani, S., & Yahak, S. (2012). Indefensible urban spaces and violence (Study on indefensible urban spaces of Tehran city). Journal of Applied Sociology,22 (4), 51-70. (In Persian)
Municipality of Edmonton. (2000). Safety Audit Guide for Crime Prevention. Edmonton.
Nayebi, H., Swdigh Sarvestani, R., & Ghahramani, S. (2012). The role of defenseless urban spaces in violent behavior. Journal of Order Knowledge,13 (1), 199-231. (In Persian)
Parvin. S., & Darvishi, A. A. (2015). The Subculture of Poverty and Social Pathologies in Urban Neighborhoods (A Case Study of Darvazeh Ghar). Social Development & Welfar planning journal,6 (23) 51-89. (In Persian)
Podratchi, M. (1993). Defenseless spaces (M.A thesis), Univrsity of Tehran, College of Arts and Architecture, Tehran (In Persian)
Rahmat, M. R. (2011). Crime prevention through architecture and urbanity, second edition, Tehran, Mizan. (In Persian)
Razavian, M. T., & Aghaei, P. (2014). Investigating and evaluating the sense of social security in the neighborhood Case study: (comparative study of Jamaran and Fatimi neighborhoods. Geography and Urban Planning Zagros Landscape,6 (20), 43-57. (In Persian)
Sadeghi. N., Zabihi, H., & Larimian. T. (2015). Predicting criminal potentials through analyzing the quality of urban space-Case study: 14 regions of Esfahan, Urban Regional studies and Research,6(24), 65-86. (In Persian)
Salehi, E. (2009). Environmental characteristics of safe urban spaces. Publications of Center of Research and Study of Urban Planning and Architecture. (In Persian)
Taghvaee, A. A., Rafieian, M., & Rezvan, A., (2010). Analysis of the Relationship among the Components of Land Use with the Declining of Urban Crime and Insecurity (Case Study: Region 17th. of the City of Tehran). Human Geography Research Quaterly, 43 (77), 19-38. (In Persian)
Wallace, I. J. (2001). Safety systems, translator: Homayon Lahojanian, Iran Science and Technology, Tehran: Publishing House. (In Persian)
Yousefi, A., & Johari, L. (2015). Defenseless spaces in the city and a sense of fear; phenomenology of experience passing the underpass bridges in Mashhad, Journal of Geography and Environmental hazards, 3 (11), 129 - 143. (In Persian)
www.programs.lisc.org/csi/images/strategies_&_solutions/asset_upload_file98_15303.pdf
www.cmap.illinois.gov/documents/10180/113513/CPTED-Audit-Checklist.pdf/8adf9ae4-1649-41ed-88ca-39c3dff3d2fb
www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=8c3a6b5a80412410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=bf48f40f9aae0410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RC.
www.edmonton.ca/residential_neighbourhoods/PDF/SCACSafetyAuditGuide.pdf
www.saskatoon.ca/sites/default/files/documents/community services / planning-development/ neighbourhood planning /neighbourhood - safety/ Safety_ Audit_ Booklet.pdf
www.harandi.mytehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=66995