theology

Open Access Article

1 - First Abbasid Caliphs, Philosophy and Theology
محبوب مهدویان

The advent of Abbasids resulted in fundamental changes ingovernment. The development of knowledge and thought acceleratedin a new background which was formed by Abbasids, and itsmanifestation was “translation movement”. Therefore, philosophy andtheology as t More

The advent of Abbasids resulted in fundamental changes ingovernment. The development of knowledge and thought acceleratedin a new background which was formed by Abbasids, and itsmanifestation was “translation movement”. Therefore, philosophy andtheology as the important indicators of thought experienced importantchanges due to the new situation.In this article, the attitude of first Abbasid Caliphs to philosophy andtheology; their motivations in challenging with them; their influenceon the development of these knowledges; the interaction oftheological sects and theologian with caliphate; and the process ofthese interactions in the development of philosophy and theology, areconsidered Manuscript profile

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2 - |araism and Islamic Theology
محمد کاظم رحمتی

As one of the oldest Jewish sects, |araism was founded in the middleof the 2nd century AD and later on, they were accepted as themainstream of Iranian Jewish society. A remarkable feature of the|araism is that they were influenced by Islamic theology as well as itsintel More

As one of the oldest Jewish sects, |araism was founded in the middleof the 2nd century AD and later on, they were accepted as themainstream of Iranian Jewish society. A remarkable feature of the|araism is that they were influenced by Islamic theology as well as itsintellectual transactions with Mu`tazilism. This article surveys theformative history of |araism and delineates how they came under theinfluence of Islamic theology. Manuscript profile

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3 - 〖Kh〗^w arazm outbreak school of I'tizal in 〖Kh〗^w arazmshahs era
ابراهیم باوفا

Theological school of I'tizal has one of the most majestic and widespread period in territory of arazm on arazmshahs era. That territory, regarding to geographical and economic situation and commercial exchange with eastern nations and governments, especially north Euro More

Theological school of I'tizal has one of the most majestic and widespread period in territory of arazm on arazmshahs era. That territory, regarding to geographical and economic situation and commercial exchange with eastern nations and governments, especially north European ones which were influenced by Greeks' thoughtful heritage, involved various ethnicities, religious and sects. This situation, considering the intellectual and cultural background, social security and political stability of arazm, was very effective and influential on I'tizal school in that territory, accepting and tending the people to it. It also helped to the expansion and development of culture and rational knowledge in that territory during arazmshahs period. Here is intended to study the social, cultural, intellectual and religious backgrounds of arazm; and to know arazmshahs cooperation in bringing about the conditions for developing the culture and rational knowledge in that territory. Manuscript profile

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4 - Poverty, Illiteracy cum Prosperity Theology: A Quantitative Study
Don Enahimion Okosun

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5 - Plotinusian Elements in Gazi-Saeed’s Negative Theology
ژیلا رستمی

The greatest problem and most semantic vagueness on talking of Godrefer to semantic analysis of human traits and their attribution to god.When these attributes apply in usual linguistic use and normalcircumstances they have clear and intelligible sense; though suchattri More

The greatest problem and most semantic vagueness on talking of Godrefer to semantic analysis of human traits and their attribution to god.When these attributes apply in usual linguistic use and normalcircumstances they have clear and intelligible sense; though suchattributes and predicates use for a transcendent, non corporeal, andinfinite being is problematic. A few theories exposed to solve (orovercome) this puzzle. Here, I only illustrate Plotinus and Gazi-Saeed’stheory and demonstrate how Gazi-Saeed’s theology is influenced byPlotinusian one. Both believed that, considering ordinary language use,we can only talk about god in negative way. It seems, however,insisting on speaking of god negatively without using other methods,restrains us from talking about god genuinely. Manuscript profile

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6 - Saadia Gaon and his Mutazilite Approach in Interpretation and Theology
دکتر سعید عدالت نژاد وحیده سعدی نعلبندی

Certain method of demonstrating theological and exegetical claims isone of the heritages of Mutazilite Muslim theologians. One of the maincharacteristics of this method is that there is a considerable attention toreason as the permission to use rhetorician figures like More

Certain method of demonstrating theological and exegetical claims isone of the heritages of Mutazilite Muslim theologians. One of the maincharacteristics of this method is that there is a considerable attention toreason as the permission to use rhetorician figures like metaphor andallegoric exegesis in describing theological doctrines as well as ininterpreting of the Quran. Assuming that using this method was notconfined to Muslim Mutazilite theologians and, before and after them,some of the Jewish Christian theologians have used this method, thepaper focusing on the divine attributes and relying on some instances ofthe interpretations of the Bible, will try to show that Saadia Gaon, aJewish theologian (d. 942), had a method similar to that of MuslimMutazilte theologians and, therefore, it might be called him "MutaziliteJew". Using a method like Mutazilite theologians, he interpretedintricate concepts in the Old Testament by concentrating on rhetoricalaspects of the text, and defended Jewish theology against the objectionsfrom his theological opponents, that is Christians. Manuscript profile

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7 - Atonement in Paul’s Theology: Criticism of the Religious Scholars
محمد علی ayazi Hamideh Amiryazdani

Atonement has been considered as one of the basic teachings of Paul, which is elaborated mostly in Galatians and Romans. This fundamental teaching gradually took an integrated shape and became an essential part of Anselm and Aquina’s thoughts. In the modern period More

Atonement has been considered as one of the basic teachings of Paul, which is elaborated mostly in Galatians and Romans. This fundamental teaching gradually took an integrated shape and became an essential part of Anselm and Aquina’s thoughts. In the modern period, changes in theological views and considering Paul as the interpreter and second founder of Christianity has made the contemporary thinkers to reconsider the issue. In fact, after the formation of historical criticism and demythologizing, atonement as a fundamental teaching was reconsidered by Christian thinkers. The present study tries to deal with the views of contemporary theologians with historical critical approach, such as Thomas Micheal, Philip Queen and Micheal Golder. Beside these theologians, the views of some contemporary Muslim thinkers such as cAllāmeh Tabāãabā’Ê and Rashid Reza, who have direct refrence to Christian texts, is also considered. Manuscript profile

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8 - A Comparison between Mahatma Gandhi’s Thoughts and Latin America’s Liberation Theology
sedighe javadian jafar fallahi Azim Hamzeian

10.30495/jrs.2022.19938

Mahatma Gandhi, spiritual, political and social Hindu leader of India in the first half of twenty century, conducted a political and social struggle by his spiritual and religious values. Theologians of Latin America’s liberation theology started their opposition More

Mahatma Gandhi, spiritual, political and social Hindu leader of India in the first half of twenty century, conducted a political and social struggle by his spiritual and religious values. Theologians of Latin America’s liberation theology started their opposition against the unjust political and economic structures of Latin America after 1960s. Despite their different religious traditions and cultural atmospheres, Gandhi and liberation theologians had comparable features in bases, methods and ends. They had critical relations to their religious traditions, believed in contextual viewpoints, tried for this-worldly changes, removing poverty and injustice and argued that praxis is more important than mere theory. Liberation theologians emphasized on Marxist thoughts and tried to change unjust political and economic structure, even by violent methods of struggle. So, ends are more important than means. But Gandhi, with his emphasis on spiritual and moral transformation, believed in inseparability of ends and means. He argued that violent methods would lead to more severe constraints than that of colonialism. In these thoughts Gandhi was influenced by Leo Tolstoy’s thoughts and Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount. He was in contrary with socialist struggling groups in India. Manuscript profile

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9 - Sacred Suffering and Social Evolution in Political Theology of Jurgen Moltmann
زهرا khoshk jan

This article tries to study the relation between the concept of suffering and socio-political action in the Jurgen Moltmann's political theology and tries to answer these questions: How suffering became sacred in Christian theology? And how this sacred suffering in the More

This article tries to study the relation between the concept of suffering and socio-political action in the Jurgen Moltmann's political theology and tries to answer these questions: How suffering became sacred in Christian theology? And how this sacred suffering in the political theology of Moltmann is portrayed as a positive and pragmatic action? For Jurgen Moltmann suffering plays a vital role in the development of socio-political context.  So he introduces the concept of "suffering for change" as a key concept in the "theology of hope". He tries to connect the Trinity event, as a hopeful suffering, and the necessity of social action for Christian community. For him, the theology of redemption is a social interpretation of the Trinity event and it demands the active participation of Church in the social issues and its support of redemptive movement.  Manuscript profile

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10 - Paul and the Law
Babak Khasekhan Habib Bashirpour

Despite the fact that Paul’s view on law does not constitute the core of his theology, the subject is nonetheless one of the most controversial and frequent issues of his theology. Many theologians hold that he denied the law, and in particular the mosaic law, and More

Despite the fact that Paul’s view on law does not constitute the core of his theology, the subject is nonetheless one of the most controversial and frequent issues of his theology. Many theologians hold that he denied the law, and in particular the mosaic law, and in other words, he didn’t regard it as an important factor in attaining salvation. Others consider Paul as distorting Jesus’ teachings. However, it should be considered that his views on law are indeed a natural result of his Christology and without having this point in mind, our understanding of his views is faulty and incomplete. From another point of view, as Underhill puts it, Paul is to be considered a mystic rather than a rationalistic theologian, and so he considered the concept of law from the point of view of a mystic, not a theologian. On the other hand, by redefining the Jewish religious concepts, and especially its law, he was trying to bring closer the Jews to gentiles. This paper is going to make the point that the negation of the law by Paul was relative not absolute, and in his view the degree of people’s observance of the law depends on ethnic, religious and personal factors. Manuscript profile

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11 - Dionysius’s Mysticism: Negation and Transcendence
معصومه کبیری طامه بهزاد سالکی

The works of Syrian writer, Dionysius the Areopagite or Athenianconvert (c. 500 C.E.), has exercised influence on the Latin west morethan any other Eastern mystical work. His writings are idiosyncratic,almost in incantatory style, and filled with neologisms. Many schola More

The works of Syrian writer, Dionysius the Areopagite or Athenianconvert (c. 500 C.E.), has exercised influence on the Latin west morethan any other Eastern mystical work. His writings are idiosyncratic,almost in incantatory style, and filled with neologisms. Many scholarsrecognize him as the father of Mystical Theology and believe that hesuccessfully combined the truth of Christian faith with the Neo-Platonic philosophy. Dionysius is a pioneer in expressing views aboutDivine nature, the superiority of Divine nature to negation andaffirmation, absolute transcendence and God’s Unity, God’smanifestation in his creatures, deification and union with God. Manuscript profile

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12 - The Place of Women in the Gnostic Christian Schools
maryamsadat siahpoosh Leila Hooshangi حجت الله Javani

Gnosticism as an important and effective school have been studied frequently. It is mainly due to its influences on several mystical and religious traditions. In this article we study the role of women in Gnostic traditions by considering the mutual relation between rel More

Gnosticism as an important and effective school have been studied frequently. It is mainly due to its influences on several mystical and religious traditions. In this article we study the role of women in Gnostic traditions by considering the mutual relation between religion and society. In the first two centuries A.D., based on the teachings of two Gnostic teachers, i.e. Simon Magus and Valentinus, a particular attitude was taken towards the role of women by the Christian theologists. Thus, the Gnostic worldview and theology spread to explain the position of the female element in the divinity. Moreover, the role of wisdom (often characterized by the name of Sophia), in the process of creation, was emphasized. In a reciprocal way, this theology, based on the female divine personality, affected the activities of women in religious society and the understanding of the scriptures. Manuscript profile

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13 - Negative Theology in the Works of Pseudo-Dionysius
مریم السادات نوابی محمد ایلخانی

One of the important subjects of the philosophy of religion is thereligious language. This subject was introduced in the early theologicaland mystical books, prior to the modern works of the philosophy ofreligion. Pseudo-Dionysius is one of the early thinkers who hassys More

One of the important subjects of the philosophy of religion is thereligious language. This subject was introduced in the early theologicaland mystical books, prior to the modern works of the philosophy ofreligion. Pseudo-Dionysius is one of the early thinkers who hassystematically surveyed the subject in his books. For talking about Godhe prefers the negative language to affirmative one. Pseudo-Dionysiusbelieves that the negative language is the language of intelligiblerealities thus when a person, in his spiritual journey, comes up to thestate of the intelligible realities he begins to pray God by negativelanguage. Therefore for Pseudo-Dionysius the negative theology isrelated to a special stage of knowledge. However he ascribes negativelanguage to intelligible manifestations of God, not to the God’sessence. He describes intelligible and hidden manifestations of God as"Super–existence" and for him it is not reasonable to talk about"Super–existence" in an earthy way. For this reason negative languageis the best way to talk about God. Manuscript profile

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14 - Feminine Embodiment of Divine Wisdom in Judaism and Buddhism
Maryamsadat Siahpoosh

Studying about the feminine aspect of God in various religions is one of the topics that has been discussed in feminist theology and it could promotes the status of women in the religious community. One of the important issues in this field is the feminine embodiment of More

Studying about the feminine aspect of God in various religions is one of the topics that has been discussed in feminist theology and it could promotes the status of women in the religious community. One of the important issues in this field is the feminine embodiment of divine wisdom. This female divine figure has a prominent place in the two religions, namely, Judaism and Buddhism. The embodied feminine wisdom has appeared in Judaism as Hakhma or Shekhina and in Buddhism as Prajnaparamita. Since these religions are known as the oldest and most popular religions in the world, it is very important to study about the embodied divine wisdom in its feminine form. Moreover, the impact of this issue on the religious community has been cleared. This research tries to discuss the evolution of this concept in these two religious traditions, its dimensions and social function. Manuscript profile

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15 - Negative Theology According to Maimonides
مریم Mahmoudi طاهره Hajebrahimi

Negative Theology is a type of theological thinking that attempts to describe God by negation, in contrast to Positive Theology that uses "positive" terminology to describe the Divine. Negative Theology, based on the idea of inaccessibility and More

Negative Theology is a type of theological thinking that attempts to describe God by negation, in contrast to Positive Theology that uses "positive" terminology to describe the Divine. Negative Theology, based on the idea of inaccessibility and transcendence of God, claims that He is imperceptible and ineffable. According to this viewpoint God is beyond all personal and anthropomorphic descriptions. Thus we cannot speak of Him except by negation. Maimonides is one of the greatest Jewish philosophers of medieval period. He is a famous representative of this kind of theology. For him there is no similarity between God and man, so there is no way to describe God, i.e. we can speak only in terms of what may not be said about Him.  Manuscript profile

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16 - An Introduction to Christian Social Theology in the Modern Age
Ismail Alikhani

This article deals with the social theology. It is the practical usages of the Christian faith for the promotion and establishment of the social role of the religion. Christian social theology was resulted from the problems of modernity and industrialization in the Chri More

This article deals with the social theology. It is the practical usages of the Christian faith for the promotion and establishment of the social role of the religion. Christian social theology was resulted from the problems of modernity and industrialization in the Christian communities such as grate poverty, unemployment, injustice, addiction, Racism, exploitation and so on. The second factor for social theology was development of the social sciences and socialism in the 19th century. Catholic social theology has begun and established by the encyclical of pop Leo XIII, "Rerum Novarum" and continued with some Papal and Vatican and council Documents, church statements, apostolic letters and bishop conference. Major subjects in these documents, statements and letters are social justice, dignity of labor, private possession, globalization and progress, war and peace, environment. There is also some unsuccessful effort to actualize these documents, such as democratic movements, bishop˗labor movements, Church Pontifical Councils and mission movements. Manuscript profile

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17 - Comparison between Political Theology of Johannes Baptist Metz and Carl Schmitt
Gh Elmi مجتبی Zarvani امین Afkham

The New political theology of Johannes Baptist Metz, the German Catholic Church priest, and theologian is one of the most important versions of Christian political theology against the position to the individualism, the privatization of religion, and the privatization o More

The New political theology of Johannes Baptist Metz, the German Catholic Church priest, and theologian is one of the most important versions of Christian political theology against the position to the individualism, the privatization of religion, and the privatization of religion, and the authoritarian view of government. Metz calls his political theology «New political theology» because of his criticism of Carl Schmitt's political theology, and in opposition to it. According to Metz, Schmidt believed in the inherent nature of violence in politics, presented anti-democratic and anti-Semitic political theology that justified the exclusion of others, and led into fascism. Therefore, in this article, we use a descriptive-analytical method to compare Metz and Schmidt's political theology; we will also examine Metz's innovations in Christian political theology and his critique of Schmidt. Metz's main innovation is that he speaks of «anamnestic reason» based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, as well as the views of the Frankfurt School. This rationality, which is based on critical recollections of the past, can serve as a new starting point for work in the realm of Christian theology and can play an effective role in decision-making and social-political actions. Manuscript profile

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18 - Feminist Analysis of Biblical Interpretation Using Schussler Fiorenza's Hermeneutic Model
nazanin kianifard mahdi lakzaei

10.30495/jrs.2022.20791

Although committed to Christian principles, Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza seeks to provide a different interpretation of the sacred texts by presenting her seven hermeneutic paradigms; the hermeneutics of Experience, Domination, Suspicion, Critical Evaluation, Creat More

Although committed to Christian principles, Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza seeks to provide a different interpretation of the sacred texts by presenting her seven hermeneutic paradigms; the hermeneutics of Experience, Domination, Suspicion, Critical Evaluation, Creative Imagination, Re-Membering and Reconstruction, and Transformative Action for Change. By employing the hermeneutics of Suspicion, she casts doubt on the androcentric reading of the sacred texts. Then she reveals the rhetorical features of the misogynistic texts and strives to restore the transformed writings to their original version. Furthermore, Fiorenza employs the hermeneutics of the Proclaimed to reveal the omitted, distorted, or altered facts. Then, using the hermeneutics of Remembering, she narrates all applicable past experiences, to infuse creativity. Throughout these seven hermeneutics, Fiorenza insists on the necessity of the transition from the concept of the archetype to the prototype, to dislodge the sacred text and its interpretations, permitting new readings. In addition, the gender dominance system (Kyriarchy), throughout the pyramid of power should be scrutinized  and simultaneously,  after deconstruction, it is necessary to consider rhetoric reconstruction to make women aware of the “false consciousness” embedded and internalized by the patriarchy in the androcentric text  and help them in their efforts to free themselves from it. Manuscript profile

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19 - Historical Jesus and Bultmann's Answer to It
mohamad sabaei Fatemeh Lajevardi Tahereh Hajebrahimi

In Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries some of the thinkers with adoption of a historical-critical attitude, research on the life and personality of Jesus Christ and drew a picture of him which was very different with the picture of Christian theology and Bible. In thes More

In Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries some of the thinkers with adoption of a historical-critical attitude, research on the life and personality of Jesus Christ and drew a picture of him which was very different with the picture of Christian theology and Bible. In these researches, Jesus Christ sometimes presented as simply human person with messianic claims and political ideals who mistakenly was wishing in coming of kingdom of God and finally failed in his demands, hung on gallows. In contrast, Rudolf Bultmann with present the dual of the Jesus of history and Christ of faith, claimed that appearance and stability of the Christian faith need not to the awareness of historical personality and life of Jesus. Purpose of this research is to survey Bultmann's answer to the historical-critical researches on the historical Jesus. For this, after presentation of the outline of these researches, refer to Bultmann's works and show that according to him it is the Christ of faith that is object of Christian faith and not the historical Jesus. Therefore, Christian faith does not damage from critics of the historical- critical researches on Jesus. Manuscript profile

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20 - Orthodox Approach towards the Unknowability of God
Mohammad Modabber chaharborj Elias Arefzadeh

The Orthodox Church, presenting itself as the extension of early Christianity’s Orthodoxy, has created a distinctive theology system based on early doctrines of God. Comprehending this Church and its theology without having a true perception of its special doctrin More

The Orthodox Church, presenting itself as the extension of early Christianity’s Orthodoxy, has created a distinctive theology system based on early doctrines of God. Comprehending this Church and its theology without having a true perception of its special doctrine of God is not feasible. This doctrine is mainly based on Orthodox Church’s special approach toward “unknowability of God”. This approach is the key term to a true perception of this Church which can be traced back to “Father” ’s distinguished role in Orthodox Trinity. Speaking in negative language is regarded as an integral part of this doctrine which is based on Transcendence and Unknowability of God. Therefore, Orthodox Church is characterized by Apophatic Theology. In the next step, to fill the gap between creatures and such a Transcendence and Unknowable Being, “Energy Concept” has been proposed by this church. Energy is the revealed or perceptible form of Transcendent God. Orthodox believers try to unite with Energy of God to obtain the Deification status which is considered as ultimate purpose of life. Sacraments and Icons are primary passages of Holy Energy. This study aims to investigate Orthodox approach regarding the “Unknowability of God” in three stages of Roots, Language and Consequence. Manuscript profile

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21 - The Place of Women in Liberating Theology
shahabodin vahidi mehrjardi

Liberating theology as a twentieth century theology is a defender of the gender equality in all cultural, religious, social matters, as well as realization of social justice especially in the Latin American countries. This article is an attempt to express the role, posi More

Liberating theology as a twentieth century theology is a defender of the gender equality in all cultural, religious, social matters, as well as realization of social justice especially in the Latin American countries. This article is an attempt to express the role, position and influence of women in different social, economic, cultural, political, and religious areas of this theology in order to achieve their goals. In this research, we firstly survey the origin of the liberation theology in Latin America. Then, we summarize the general characteristics of liberation theorem. Finally, we study the place of women in liberating theology. Manuscript profile

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22 - A Research on Radviani's Views and the Relationship Between Tarjoman Al-Balaghah and Mahaasen Al Kalaam
Reza Qasemi Amir Hossein Hemmati Asghar Reza Pourian

10.30495/clq.2021.687403

Literary nations are inevitably influenced by intellectual and cultural connections. One of the manifestations of influence in the field of Islamic culture is visible and remarkable in the field of rhetoric undoubtedly. Intertextual theory discusses the relationships an More

Literary nations are inevitably influenced by intellectual and cultural connections. One of the manifestations of influence in the field of Islamic culture is visible and remarkable in the field of rhetoric undoubtedly. Intertextual theory discusses the relationships and influence of texts; According to this theory, no text is self-reliant and is somehow related to its predecessors. The book "Tarjaman al-Balaghah" is one of the prominent works of Persian rhetoric, which has been proposed as the first rhetorical work and has remained till now according to the available evidence. This valuable work has a special place in Persian rhetoric and most rhetorical books have also been influenced by the mentioned book. Although the author is an expert and innovative in writing "Tarjman al-Balaghah", but it is a translation of the book "Mahasen al-Kalam" in terms of naming and most of the definitions. Radviani's research method in his book is more accurate than its original source and provides a list of arrays (devices) at the beginning of the book. The number of its devices is more than the number of them in "Mahasen al-Kalam". In translating the book, Radviani has tried to inspire the Persian language. Manuscript profile

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23 - Essence and Function of the Devil Is a Measure of Justice in the Novel "Master and Margarita" by Mikhail Bulgakov.
Seyede Maryam Sarmadi Hamid Bakhshandeh

10.30495/clq.2023.1968015.2471

Devil is a subject that engages the human mind, regardless of theological discourses and debates. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the issue in the two areas of orthodox theology and fiction. The novel, which is itself a pillar of literature, has been sele More

Devil is a subject that engages the human mind, regardless of theological discourses and debates. In this article, an attempt is made to examine the issue in the two areas of orthodox theology and fiction. The novel, which is itself a pillar of literature, has been selected as part of the interdisciplinary study in this article, which is the basis for the devil's theme. The events of Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita take place in the twentieth century. The focus of the article has been on the theme of Devil in nature, action, its relation to man and Christ. Devil is real in nature and is suspicious of man. It has various names with various functions, and although its power is not absolute, it seeks to be in harmony with God. But there were also differences in these two areas, including the fact that in the novel Devil is rebellious and does not seek equality with God, and in a way the nature and action of Devil follows a dual logic whose nature and behavior are spontaneously neutral, and this good duality And evil in the face of human positive or negative behavior is accurately highlighted in such a way that it can be said that in all positions, the (Woland) is the manifester of justice that measures the merits or demerits of human beings without excuse and excuse. And punishes against (Joshua) who forgives and embraces the sinner and the saint with his absolute love. Manuscript profile

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24 - A comparative study of Sanaee and John Donne’ mysticism
Ali Dehghan Maryam Amini

Sanaee an epoch-maker poet of Persian literature is the turning point of mystical Persian poetry. John Donne the English speaking American poet of Seventeenth-century is of a similar character and thought as Sanaee. Changing status and restless spirit, and tra More

Sanaee an epoch-maker poet of Persian literature is the turning point of mystical Persian poetry. John Donne the English speaking American poet of Seventeenth-century is of a similar character and thought as Sanaee. Changing status and restless spirit, and tragic dual personality, evolutionary genius in the field of mystical thought, innovation and prominence in lyricism and religious orientation in mysticism are the similar characteristics of these two great belletrists. Accordingly, the common mystical matters as theology, love, intuition, repentance, inexistence and death are read in this article from Sanaee and Donne’s viewpoint. Manuscript profile

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25 - Ammar Basri's Defenses of Christian Theology in Al-Borhan
Nader Karimian Sardashti

Ammar Basri Nestori, one of the Christian prominent theologians during the Abbasid period, lived in Baghdad and Basra in 800 to 850 AD and worked to propagate Nestorian Christianity. He has two important theological works: one is the book "Al-Borhan Ala Siyaghat Al-Tadb More

Ammar Basri Nestori, one of the Christian prominent theologians during the Abbasid period, lived in Baghdad and Basra in 800 to 850 AD and worked to propagate Nestorian Christianity. He has two important theological works: one is the book "Al-Borhan Ala Siyaghat Al-Tadbir Al-Elahi" and the other is the book "Al-Masael Val-Ajuba". In these two books, he describes Christian thought with philosophical thinking and religious thought. In essence, it provides defenses for the word of Christianity and responds to the criticisms of opponents (especially Islamic theologians), and in fact, it tries to defend Christian beliefs with rational and narrative arguments. "Al-Burhan" book is known as one of the oldest Christian defense books in this regard and is unique in this respect. In this theological work, he deals with twelve main topics, especially critical ones (such as the Trinity, the Incarnation, the Unification, the distortion of the Bible, the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, and the sacrifice). Manuscript profile

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26 - An Investigation and Critique of Theoretical Foundations of Forqan al-Haq in Contradiction with the Holy Quran
vahid vatankhah keyvan ehsani

10.30495/qsf.2022.679175

AbstractThe Holy Quran is the Book of Revelation and the Miracle of the Last Prophet, has always been under attack for his special plans.The quran has called on the opposition to bring something like that, if they doubt its divinity, "Farqan al-Haq" is a contemporary ex More

AbstractThe Holy Quran is the Book of Revelation and the Miracle of the Last Prophet, has always been under attack for his special plans.The quran has called on the opposition to bring something like that, if they doubt its divinity, "Farqan al-Haq" is a contemporary example of the claimant's response to this challenge Which has done in the greatest historical conflict with the Qur'an, by stealing and adapting the text, content and content of the verses, has made 77 sections to reject the teachings of the Qur'an.The present article analyzes and critiques the theoretical foundations of the project designers through an analytical-descriptive method. The authors of the study show that the creators of this book, in the light of Christian theology and compiling a series of skeptics and objections of Jews, Christians, and Orientalists, have constructed sections. And inducing the personalization of Islam, the destruction of the Prophet's personality, Contribution in the validity of the verses of the Qur'an and they have put the defense of Christianity at the heart of their controversy. Manuscript profile

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27 - A Methodology and Interpretation of Shiite Jurisprudence
majd vaziri

Abstract   Due to the special place of the methodology in understanding the standards and the correct ways of the scientific exploration from the relevant sources in each knowledge, and due to the position of the Quran in inferring the religious commandments as t More

Abstract   Due to the special place of the methodology in understanding the standards and the correct ways of the scientific exploration from the relevant sources in each knowledge, and due to the position of the Quran in inferring the religious commandments as the main source of legal interpretation as an interdisciplinary science, this paper studies and practices the division of various methodologies in extracting jurisprudence rulings from the ruling verses in Shiite school as well as it mentions the general characteristics of the jurisprudence interpretation in Shiite religion. In this regard, major and minor procedures, including reference to the principles of rational conversation, the legal interpretation of the Quran to Quran (consisting of seven sub-methods), the legal interpretation of the Quran to the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH) and Ahl al-Bayt (AS) (consisting of two sub-accounts, with nine sub-categories, and attachment), referring to the correlates of mental methodology, referring to a consensus, referring to the rules, jurisprudence, interpretation, logic and referring to the dignity of the verses and their interpretations are separated and classified Manuscript profile

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28 - Types of Knowledge and Concept of God from Rumi's Point of View
Ali Abolhassani

Maulana Jalaluddin Balkhi's view on the issue of the possibility and how to know God is important because of his diverse theological, philosophical and mystical heritage of his predecessors. Rumi believes that behind all the phenomena of this world, there is a complete, More

Maulana Jalaluddin Balkhi's view on the issue of the possibility and how to know God is important because of his diverse theological, philosophical and mystical heritage of his predecessors. Rumi believes that behind all the phenomena of this world, there is a complete, conscious, infinite existence with all the attributes and names of goodness. Rumi calls this existence God. God is the eternal source of existence and life. God is the Creator who created the whole universe from "nothingness" and only by His will. The center of Rumi's thought is God, "our active Isha" and the Almighty. Rumi is the monotheistic and monotheistic man. He disappears in the attributes and names of God. This man is always in jihad and fighting against himself to overcome internal conflicts and animal desires. Mystical conduct, romantic worship and self-improvement are his baggage. By divine love and affection, he has accepted all the dangers of the "journey to God" and is gradually approaching the realm of divine attraction. In this way, Rumi uses the long language of mysticism and art, the poetry industry and spiritual prose to express his views on God, the world and man and their relationship. In this research, an attempt has been made to study the subject of different types of knowledge and the concept of God from Rumi's mystical point of view by descriptive-analytical method and by using documentary and library sources. Is. Manuscript profile

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29 - Mystical and Theological Comparison of Rumi’s and Saadi's View on Determinism and Free Will
Masumeh Habibvand Mohammad Sadegh tafazoli Hojatolah Gh Moniri

10.2234/erfan.2023.706051

The present study entitled: "Mystical and theological comparison of Rumi’s and Saadi's view on Determinism and Free Will" has tried to analyze the issue in a descriptive- analytical approach in the prose and poetic works of Rumi and Saadi and present the meanings More

The present study entitled: "Mystical and theological comparison of Rumi’s and Saadi's view on Determinism and Free Will" has tried to analyze the issue in a descriptive- analytical approach in the prose and poetic works of Rumi and Saadi and present the meanings of these two categories in order to discover the characteristics of some verses and works of the poets to readers. Determinism and free will is one of the key and practical points of their poems, which also includes terms such as: destiny and fatalism, good and evil, determinism and delegation. Free will in Rumi's thought is somewhat beyond free will in Saadi’s belief. The determinism which Rumi speaks about is somewhat different from what Saadi expresses in his works. Rumi in Masnavi has considered with these two issues sometimes from the aspect of mysticism and sometimes from the theological aspect; but when he reaches the position of annihilation in God (Fanna Fi Allah) and in company with him, he no longer has any free will, but his existence is in absolute predestination. Saadi's attitude is more inclined to determinism and speaks less of free will. Determinism in his thought, according to Ash'ari theory, is the absolute sovereignty of fate that rules the whole world, and man moves within a predetermined destiny in this world. Finally, Rumi and Saadi, in raising free will, have engaged in carnal struggle and self-training, considering that man has authority over his carnal and spiritual affairs. Manuscript profile

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30 - Investigating the Relationship between God (Creator) and the Creature from Imam Ali’s Mystical Viewpoint
Rouhollah jafari

God has a certain relationship with creature which has been profoundly described in some of narrations regarding Imam Ali (AS). Based on the findings of this study, God the Almighty is the origin of the universe and can be found everywhere and the world can be considere More

God has a certain relationship with creature which has been profoundly described in some of narrations regarding Imam Ali (AS). Based on the findings of this study, God the Almighty is the origin of the universe and can be found everywhere and the world can be considered as a place for His signs and He surrounds everything. As a result, God the Almighty accompanies objects in manifestation i.e. God does not exist inside objects and simultaneously exists within the universe. It means that God is accompanying the creation and every object, so the living creature is a sign of His presence and existence. Ofcourse, the creatures’ value and position are not equal to that of God i.e. they are not at the same position with God the Almighty to accompany Him.Thus God is unique in His nature, but in His manifestation, He can be found alongwith the creatures. Manuscript profile

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31 - AAshari’s Philosophical Theology in Abol Ghasem Ghosharee's Speech
Jamal Ahmadi

Abol Ghasem Ghosharee (376-465 H.) is one of the greatest scholars and mystics of the fifth century A.H. He was superior to his peers in the field of knowledge and wisdom of his age. Abundant works remained by him shows that he was not only mastered mystic journey and p More

Abol Ghasem Ghosharee (376-465 H.) is one of the greatest scholars and mystics of the fifth century A.H. He was superior to his peers in the field of knowledge and wisdom of his age. Abundant works remained by him shows that he was not only mastered mystic journey and practical ethics, but also was superlatively capable in Prophet's tradition, commentary Islamic jurisprudence and theology. One of Ghosharee's concerns based on what has been reported by different references is theologian thoughts. It seems that Ghosharee's theologian beliefs in recalling his thoughts are more in agreement with Asharee's scholastic theology. This issue can obviously be observed in his works. In Ghosharee's Resale, Latayef-ol-Esharat, The Complaint Letters of Sunni Orthodoxy and Gasidat-o-Sofie the system of Ghosharee's philosophy has obviously stated. This paper done by library research method aims at illuminating Ghosharee's thoughts by means of using the mentioned works. The researcher has concluded that; although, there is a common viewpoint between Ghosharee's and Abol Hassan Asharee's thoughts, there narrator's characteristics and God's cognition way are different in some ways. Manuscript profile

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32 - Determinism and Freewill Concept in ‘Iyn al-Quzzāt’s Viewpoint (with an emphasis on Tamhīdāt, Nāmi-hā, Yazdān-shinākht and Lavāyih) Based on Theological and Mystical Approach
Valioallah Esmaeilpour

“Determinism and Freewill” along with subjects like: Imamat, good and evil, simile and transcendent and... , of the high frequency concepts in theology, philosophy and Islamic mysticism that were assigned comprehensive research. So, this problematic subject More

“Determinism and Freewill” along with subjects like: Imamat, good and evil, simile and transcendent and... , of the high frequency concepts in theology, philosophy and Islamic mysticism that were assigned comprehensive research. So, this problematic subject is one of the oldest and the most disputable topics that direct theologians, philosophers and great Islamic mystics’ attention to it over the ages. So, for significance and the extent of “determinism and freewill” and also unknown dimensions of it, the author thies to study ‘Iyn al-Quzzāt’s viewpoint - one of the great Islamic mystics of Khosravani’s school- about “determinism and freewill” from two dimensions: love and theological-philosophical, in mystical Farsi prose texts. This paper also tries to answer this question that in his viewpoint, if the man is in the core of determinism or in the domain of freewill? Outcome of this research show that ‘Iyn al-Quzzāt’s in love believes to absolute amorous- mystical determinism, and in mystical-philosophical viewpoint believes to all three subjects: determinism, freewill and “Amron Bein al-Amrain” (mediocrity, so- so).   Manuscript profile

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33 - A Study of Jami's Opinions on "Special Prophecy" in the Divan of Poetry with an Approach to the Basics of Islamic Theology
hashem bahraminia Dr.farzad abbasi Dr.mahdi nowrooz Dr.Mahboobeh zia

  Nooruddin Abdul Rahman Jami is one of the prominent figures in the field of Islamic sciences in Greater Khorasan. He has left various works in various fields of literature, mysticism, religion, etc., which shows the extent of his awareness. Among these works is t More

  Nooruddin Abdul Rahman Jami is one of the prominent figures in the field of Islamic sciences in Greater Khorasan. He has left various works in various fields of literature, mysticism, religion, etc., which shows the extent of his awareness. Among these works is the Divan of Poetry, which can be read and analyzed from various dimensions, especially the reflection of theological issues. In this paper, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and library resources, Jami's theological views on the category of "special prophecy" in this work are examined. The results of the research show that Jami did not have a special commitment to any theological school and often used the theoretical foundations of Shia (more) and Ash'ari and Mu'tazilite (less) theology in explaining his views. The closeness of Jami's views to the standards of Shia theology can be justified by his inclinations toward Shafei jurisprudence, which is the closest Sunni group to Shiism. His most important views on the subject of "special prophecy" are: the relationship between the resurrection of the Prophet and the guidance and happiness of human beings; the superiority of Muhammad over all creatures; Muhammad, the main purpose of creation; Being a divine grace, being a trustworthy person; miracles (the Qur'an and other miracles); being the seal of the prophets and being in the forefront of creation. Manuscript profile

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34 - The Study on the Effect of the Ash'arites and Mu'tazilites Theology in Hadigheh Sanai
maryam naser Tork Dr. Azizollah Tavakoli Kafi Abad Dr.Hadi Heidarynia Seyed Hossein Shahab Razavi

Undoubtedly, one of the greatest Persian classical poets who introduced mystical and intuitive themes into the Persian language is Sanai Ghaznavi. By referring to mystical concepts, he also included a large part of the theological and theological themes of his time in h More

Undoubtedly, one of the greatest Persian classical poets who introduced mystical and intuitive themes into the Persian language is Sanai Ghaznavi. By referring to mystical concepts, he also included a large part of the theological and theological themes of his time in his poetry. The Mu'tazilites and the Ash'arites were among the important theological sects under which Sanai was in his poetry. One of the important works of Sanai, which is the manifestation of various theological influences in his womb, is his Masnavi Hadiqah al-Haqiqah. Hadiqah is a work that is influenced both by the theological foundations of the Mu'tazilites and by the theological foundations of the Ash'arite narration. For example, in the matter of seeing, it is close to the views of the Mu'tazilites, and in the matter of the occurrence and step of the divine word to the Ash'arites. Although Sanai scholars have considered him mainly Ash'arite, it is impossible to doubt Sanai's belief in the love of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), monotheism and Imamate. Of course, it is quite natural that he is in favor of the Ash'arites in many matters. Because he lived in a time when the light of rationalism was fading in the Islamic world and the Ash'arites were the undisputed rulers of the theological world. Therefore, most of the present research focuses on the impact of theological topics such as faith and monotheism, the occurrence and step of the divine word, divine vision, Imamate, evil, good and ugliness of affairs, in the hadigah. Manuscript profile

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35 - Explaining the historical and theological Mu'tazilite school Basra and Baghdad
morteza mousavi parisa fiezi

Without  in  Islamic scientific community  Many denominations have come together to present and exchange ideas. One of the most important historical and theological schools with a significant role in the emergence of theological ideas, have had Mu'tazilit More

Without  in  Islamic scientific community  Many denominations have come together to present and exchange ideas. One of the most important historical and theological schools with a significant role in the emergence of theological ideas, have had Mu'tazilite. Mu'tazilite taken from Mu'tazilite word means away and resignation and  considered as one of the most famous Theological schools in science of the sects  that Wasil ibn Ata was founded  in Basra in the first half of the second century  . He benefited from  Hassan Basri s school  that he was known in fiqh, hadith, Sufism and religious issues. But then he left him because to Plan of the new theory about committing great sins. Among Mu'tazilite both Basra and Baghdad were due to the expansion of the Islamic sect   And Theologians of the two schools Much Served for promoting Islamic beliefs and defend that the The remains of the two sects, is proof of this. In explanation of vote Mu'tazilah Basra and Baghdad, they have been reviewed  From the perspective of theology and history, The quality of the formation of the historically, Historical periods Mu'tazilite, Division Mu'tazilite Historically, Mu'tazilite principles, theologians and differences between the two groups on issues such Imamate and Shiism, good and evil, determinism and free will, the interest of God, occurrence and former the Quran and its scripture,   Knowing God,  the God  thanks to the rule have been reviewed. Manuscript profile

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36 - Investigating the Jurisprudential, Legal, Theological, Political, and Unity of the Islamic Ummah Based on Jurisprudential Opinions
morteza pourmolaii Rahmat Farahzadi

From the Islamic point of view, the "ummah" as a "human being" is first of great importance and secondly, it has moderate effects on human beings, such as death and life, happiness, and cruelty. On the other hand, unity and empathy are desirable for Islam and it calls o More

From the Islamic point of view, the "ummah" as a "human being" is first of great importance and secondly, it has moderate effects on human beings, such as death and life, happiness, and cruelty. On the other hand, unity and empathy are desirable for Islam and it calls on Muslims to try to create it and avoid any division. In verses and hadiths, in addition to the rule of reason to praise the creation of unity and condemn division and separation, some jurisprudential rules can be used to prove this importance. The unity of the Islamic ummah is that all Muslims should act in a united, coordinated, and cohesive manner against their common enemies. According to the Qur’an, the necessity and importance of unity are one of the most fundamental social and religious issues of Muslims. The purpose of this article is to study the legal jurisprudential status of the unity of the Islamic ummah based on jurisprudential opinions. Manuscript profile

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37 - Reviewing of the Role of Repentance in Islamic Criminal Law from the Jurisprudential and Theological
Jafar Nasseri Mohammad Hossein Nazemi Ashani Alireza Salimi Seyed Alireza Hosseini

Repentance is one of the most important issues in Islam and has a high place in a number of Islamic sciences. It is one of the basic words in Islamic criminal law and is one of the legal excuses for exemption from punishment and is considered as a case of falling and is More

Repentance is one of the most important issues in Islam and has a high place in a number of Islamic sciences. It is one of the basic words in Islamic criminal law and is one of the legal excuses for exemption from punishment and is considered as a case of falling and is considered as a legal establishment. There are no other criminal schools today. In its importance, it is enough that one of the best ways to prevent the recurrence of crime and correct criminals. Repentance in theology is the only general Muscat of the eagle and the painful punishment of God, which has created a boundary between Islamic and secular law and is based on a number of infrastructural propositions as well as human imagination of God. From the point of view of the policy of decriminalization, jurists have considered it a legal issue, and theologians with an educational approach have considered repentance as a deterrent to crime and related to some divine attributes. This research has analyzed the jurisprudential, philosophical and theological analysis of repentance with a descriptive-analytical method and the tools of library studies and has been explained with the aim of examining the role of repentance in Islamic criminal law from a jurisprudential and theological point of view. Manuscript profile

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38 - How Iranian claimants use theology and philosophy to strengthen the authority of the Fatimid Imamate
zahra raoufi seyed alireza vasei Mahmood Seyyed

One of the most important activities of the central core of the invitation, including writing works in theology-theology-philosophy-jurisprudence with emphasis on the idea of the central Imamate as the principles of religion, analyzes and proves the legitimacy of the More

One of the most important activities of the central core of the invitation, including writing works in theology-theology-philosophy-jurisprudence with emphasis on the idea of the central Imamate as the principles of religion, analyzes and proves the legitimacy of the text of the Fatimid Imamate. At this stage, the Iranian da'is, as agents of the caliphate ideology, tried to compile theological-philosophical works to explain the construction of the Fatimid religious-political power through theoretical activity. Relying on Shiite teachings and familiar with philosophy and wisdom, and using verses and hadiths, Iranian da'is and thinkers played a significant role in propagating and preaching the charismatic sovereignty of the Fatimid Imam-Caliph. The efforts of the da'is in the Fatimid court were a combination of science and religion, and through them they sought to prove and scientifically explain the authority of the Fatimid Imamate over the opponents and rivals, so that da'is such as Kermani, Sajestani, Al-Muayyid Shirazi, Naser Khosrow, etc., according to the political situation. - The religious of their time wanted to strengthen the political-religious power of the Fatimid Caliphate against the opponents and rivals, as Abu Ya'qub Sajestani analyzed and interpreted the Fatimid Imamate through the method of rational and scientific analysis. Manuscript profile

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39 - The Logic of Proving Imamate and Possible Approaches in the Issue of Imamate
kazem ostadi

From the first centuries of Islam until now, many writings and books have been written about the issue of the succession of the Prophet (pbuh), the Imamate of the Ahl al-Bayt (as), as well as the controversies surrounding them, especially among the Shiites. It seems tha More

From the first centuries of Islam until now, many writings and books have been written about the issue of the succession of the Prophet (pbuh), the Imamate of the Ahl al-Bayt (as), as well as the controversies surrounding them, especially among the Shiites. It seems that many of the ambiguities and controversies surrounding the issue of Imamate between Sunnis and Shiites or other Islamic sects, apart from some of their different jurisprudential and theological foundations, are due to the lack of a correct scientific method, and the lack of clarity in the logic of the concepts and issues surrounding Imamate and its margins. Therefore, it is appropriate for researchers and thinkers to consider some of the necessary methodological considerations for Imamate issues. On the other hand, every scientific issue and consequently every religious issue, with the passage of time and the opening of new spheres of thought, needs new analysis and new reflections. These reflections on the issue of Imamate can also influence some prejudices as well as entering into disputes and their results in this issue. In this article, some of the methodological issues required in the issue of Imamate and the logic of proving Imamate, with an example mentioned at the end, have been considered and explained. Manuscript profile

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40 - Investigating the Truth of the Concept of Prophecy from the Perspective of Shiite Mysticism
Hoora sadat Qozat

One of the important topics in divine religions is the truth of the concept of "prophecy". The problem of prophecy is a problem that, due to its prominent position in religions, has occupied the mind of every thinker interested in theological topics. Jewish, Christian a More

One of the important topics in divine religions is the truth of the concept of "prophecy". The problem of prophecy is a problem that, due to its prominent position in religions, has occupied the mind of every thinker interested in theological topics. Jewish, Christian and Muslim thinkers have discussed and written works on this issue. Considering the concept of prophecy in Christian theology, Jewish theology and even Islamic theology, of course, with a theological approach, it seems that what is seen in this regard and around the issue of prophecy in all these statements and works has many gaps and shortcomings and it is not clear, and none has been as close to the truth of this concept as the school of Shiite mysticism. Therefore, the current research is aimed at explaining the truth of the problem of prophecy, to examine it from the deep perspective of Shiite mysticism. For this purpose, most of all the points of view of Imam Khomeini (as) have been taken into consideration. According to the author's belief, correct explanation and understanding of this concept from the point of view of Shiite mysticism, due to its comprehensiveness and inclusiveness, prevents fruitless conversations and leads people to the truth. Also, this mystical explanation of the problem of prophecy can be seen as the answer to many questions and issues raised in this field. Therefore, many topics and issues, such as those discussed and followed in the topic of "prophecy prediction test", in contrast to this lofty and pure view, in principle, do not show anything other than smallness and defeatism. Manuscript profile

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41 - Some of the philosophical terms in Naserkhosro's poetry
mahdi Mohaghegh

Balkh at the time of Naserkhosro was one of the centers of rational and philosophical thinking which some people like Abouzeyd Balkhi ( Hafez Khorasani), Kaabi Balkhi ,and Shahid Balkhi was  grown up there. Naserkhosro was living in this time and atmosphere in whic More

Balkh at the time of Naserkhosro was one of the centers of rational and philosophical thinking which some people like Abouzeyd Balkhi ( Hafez Khorasani), Kaabi Balkhi ,and Shahid Balkhi was  grown up there. Naserkhosro was living in this time and atmosphere in which philosophy and religion were against each other. In spite of familiarity with philosophy, he had a tendency towards a kind of theologythat was very near to the Esmaili's teachings. Conflict and struggle between religious people and philosophers made Naserkhosro depressed; therefore, he tried to combine religious and philosophical problems with each other and talked to each group with its own terminologies. With religious people he used verses of Quran and prophet's statements and with philosophers he used logical reasoning. In this article some philosophical terms in Naserkhosro's Divan have been investigated especially general philosophy which includes logic and theology Manuscript profile

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42 - Sociological Analysis of Religion and Peace of Mind in the Light of the William James School of Thought
abbas izadpanah marzeyeh dastmard

Psychology of religion, an interdisciplinary field between psychology and theology, is a new science that explains and describes religious experiences, attitudes, and behaviors from a psychological perspective. This knowledge began in the late nineteenth century and was More

Psychology of religion, an interdisciplinary field between psychology and theology, is a new science that explains and describes religious experiences, attitudes, and behaviors from a psychological perspective. This knowledge began in the late nineteenth century and was consolidated in three traditions: English, American, German and French. The hallmark of the American tradition, which is based on empiricism and the use of examples and objective cases and statistical descriptions, is the well-known functionalist philosopher and psychologist, William James, who empirically analyzes the psychological state of religion. Believing in the final evaluation of an idea or experience by examining the outcome and extent of benefits in life, he relies on two criteria: compatibility with the correct assumptions and principles, as well as intuition and introspection as the main and most reliable research tools. James seeks to examine religion in terms of human life, actions, and experiences, and for this purpose uses the term religious experience. William James also believes that emotions are the most constant and fundamental elements, and that religion is essentially a category of emotion. In his view, religious experience is an experience that the actor understands as religious. In this sense, religion is the feelings, actions, and experiences of individuals alone in the face of what they consider sacred. In this regard, in order to better understand James' views on religion, the present article seeks to examine the relationship between religion and peace of mind. Is in the William James School of Thought. Manuscript profile

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43 - The emergence of divine affairs in man from the point of view of Origen of Alexandria and Feyz Kashani
Nastaran Fahimi alireza ebrahim Zahra Hoseini hamid

Origenes of Alexandria and Feyz Kashani are two influential figures in Christian and Shiite theology, respectively, who have offered special views on the relationship between God and man. These two have a background in philosophical, theological and mystical studies and More

Origenes of Alexandria and Feyz Kashani are two influential figures in Christian and Shiite theology, respectively, who have offered special views on the relationship between God and man. These two have a background in philosophical, theological and mystical studies and have devoted themselves to the interpretation of the Bible and the Qur'an. This article, which is presented in a descriptive-comparative manner, examines the "emergence of divine things in man" from the perspective of the two. Origen and Grace believe that all human beings, especially Jesus Christ (the Son) and the Caliph of God, are God's creatures and that all divine attributes, except eternity and eternity, are transmitted to them. Also, other human beings can manifest many divine attributes through Christ or the Caliph of God. In this regard, loving Jesus or the Caliph of God is a means of transmitting divine attributes to man. Manuscript profile

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44 - "Cause and Effect" and "Means and Caused Things" in Sufism
Loqmān Mahmoodpoor

"Cause and effect" and "means and caused things" are theological and philosophical issues of Sufism. So far, the general understanding has been that Sufis have denied causation and consider God as real agent. The purpose of the present article is to examine these issues More

"Cause and effect" and "means and caused things" are theological and philosophical issues of Sufism. So far, the general understanding has been that Sufis have denied causation and consider God as real agent. The purpose of the present article is to examine these issues and to explain how Sufis believe in them. The issue of "cause and effect" has been studied in various Persian and Arabic texts, prose and verse, as well as in theological texts. The results show that, according to Sufism, "cause and effect" is something other than "means and caused things". The whole world and its phenomena are caused by an agent, "Divine Act"; God is necessarily existent by itself and beyond Him there is no real cause in the world. According to Sufis' terms, what is called "cause and effect" is "means and caused things" or " the world of wisdom". So, based on this view, they have not denied cause and effect. In the belief of Muslim Sufis, "means and caused things" act on the basis of Divine traditions; they believe that God can create "caused things" without "means" and call it "the world of power".  Manuscript profile

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45 - The Negative Theology of Waqfih in Al-Niffari’s Al-Kitāb al-Mawāqif
monireh taliehbakhsh Gholamhossein Gholamhosseinzadeh

The Negative Theology of “Waqfih” in Al-Niffari’s Al-Kitāb al-Mawāqif     Mystics' views on the critique of knowledge is a subject that has been less addressed so far. In essence, it seems that critique of knowledge by those who are mystic More

The Negative Theology of “Waqfih” in Al-Niffari’s Al-Kitāb al-Mawāqif     Mystics' views on the critique of knowledge is a subject that has been less addressed so far. In essence, it seems that critique of knowledge by those who are mystics, that is, are known to have knowledge, to be a contradiction. But this contradiction leads us to reflect on the true nature and structure of knowledge in the eyes of mystics. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Jabbar ibn al-Hasan Al-Niffari in his book, Al-Kitāb al-Mawāqif (The Book of Standings) talks about seventy-seven ‘mawqif’ (standings/stayings) in the process of the mystic's spiritual journey. They do not have a definite order, but they follow a pattern of structure and content. Another term is ‘waqfih’ that refers to a period of contemplation in which the mystic becomes aware of his position. The structure of al-Kitāb al-Mawāqif is based on the negative theology; all of the book is about negation of the position of ‘waqfih’, and in the most positions, the author ends his speech with negative words. The aim of present article is to consider the role of ‘waqfih’ and the elements of the negative theology in the thoughts of Al-Niffari. The research is done from three perspective: existential, epistemological and linguistic by using an analytical-comparative method. The results indicate that Al-Niffari in his book, before Ibn Arabi, have ontologically provided the basis for attention to the Divine essence and the concept of non-existence. According to Al-Niffari, the reality of knowledge is “wise ignorance” and astonishment, and his mute and contradictory language refers to his negative speech.   Manuscript profile

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46 - Semantic phenomenology in the systematic theology(case study)
Aela Toorani

One of modern philosophical schools is phenomenology which is based on the exclusive subject of the knowledge is phenomenon. At this article, the relation between phenomenology and semantics has been discussed investigating that does it possible to regard a semantic wor More

One of modern philosophical schools is phenomenology which is based on the exclusive subject of the knowledge is phenomenon. At this article, the relation between phenomenology and semantics has been discussed investigating that does it possible to regard a semantic world when the approach of this school to the world and its knowledge is considered? It will be clarified that by the hermeneutical phenomenology which is referring the phenomenology to the religious experience will not be able to justify a semantic world. However by the systematic theology in terms of accepting semantic has been considered as religious phenomenology and regarded as the other approach of phenomenology, the semantic will be approved. Manuscript profile

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47 - The development of Shia jurists' thoughts about political power
Hassan Abbaszadeh Hossein Ahmari Mohammad Reza Javaheri

In Islamic jurisprudence, there is a very important issue under the title of Islamic government, which is the distinguishing feature of the rules of Islamic law compared to other religions. In fact, in the teachings and opinions of Islamic jurists, the concept of politi More

In Islamic jurisprudence, there is a very important issue under the title of Islamic government, which is the distinguishing feature of the rules of Islamic law compared to other religions. In fact, in the teachings and opinions of Islamic jurists, the concept of political power has been recognized through the recognition of Islamic government. In the meantime, Shia jurists refrained from dealing with the issue of political power as one of the basic and main issues of Shia jurisprudence due to the specific socio-political conditions from the time of the beginning of Islam until the establishment of the first Shia governments. But after the formation of Shiite governments, the issue of political power became one of the most important issues in the field of political jurisprudence. The purpose of the current research, which was collected with descriptive-analytical method and library tools, is to analyze and evaluate the concept of political power in the thought of Shiite jurists. In the end, in light of the evolution of Shia thoughts, it is witnessed that in Shia political jurisprudence, given the openness of ijtihad from its outset to the present time, there have always been new mechanisms for ruling in the society, so that after the Infallible (pbuh), depending on historical conditions, other jurists and Islamic scholars have proposed various theories about political power. Manuscript profile

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48 - The concept of democracy and freedom in Islamic State from the prespective of Abdulkarim Soroush and Mesbah Yazdi
Seyed Mohsen Ahmadi Abbas Salehi Najafabadi qhasem Torabi

The attempt to integrate religion and democracy is one example of struggle between tradition and modernity.this debate over the issue of democracy and religious rule began with the rise of legitimate constitutional theory against the constitutional absolutist demand.as More

The attempt to integrate religion and democracy is one example of struggle between tradition and modernity.this debate over the issue of democracy and religious rule began with the rise of legitimate constitutional theory against the constitutional absolutist demand.as thinkers have always argued over issues such as the authenticity of the people vote,confusion between right and obligation,legitimacy and acceptance.so Mesbah Yazdi ,with a religious perspective,and Soroush with a hermeneutic view were arranged their votes.Mesbah Yazdi regards as gruesome achievement of the story of saghifeh introduces theory of divine providence as the centerpiece of Islamic rule,while Abdule karim Soroush advocates the existence of Muslim democracy and in principle,freedom and equality are known as the essantial of his theory of democracy.this essay noticed the relationship between religion and democracy from Soroush and Mesbab Yazdi views. Key words;Islamic state freedom,legitimacy,democracy. the story of saghifeh introduces theory of divine providence as the centerpiece of Islamic rule,while Abdule karim Soroush advocates the existence of Muslim democracy and in principle,freedom and equality are known as the essantial of his theory of democracy.this essay noticed the relationship between religion and democracy from Soroush and Mesbab Yazdi views. Key words;Islamic state freedom,legitimacy,democracy. Manuscript profile

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49 - accompaniment of religeon and science (practical theology) in solving family challenges
mansoreh Hossinie

Accompaniment of religion and science (practical theology) in solving family challengesThe aim of the present Thesis is to find solutions for the religious families when facing with the challenges that are created by the Modern World. The important feature of the Modern More

Accompaniment of religion and science (practical theology) in solving family challengesThe aim of the present Thesis is to find solutions for the religious families when facing with the challenges that are created by the Modern World. The important feature of the Modern Society is rationality and rationalism. Max Weber considers this rationality as instrumental rationality; a rationality that is distrustful of religious traditions and laws in socializing and believing in human self-sufficiency. What we want to know is the way by which a religious person can benefit from the progresses and developments in the modern World within the framework of religion beliefs. Catholics have taken the approach of “practical theology” for this purpose. Practical theology raises theories about human’s relationship with God and his free actions towards God, and discusses the means that God has given to human to achieve that goal; In the Islamic field, ethics and jurisprudence can be introduced with conditions in the area of the practical theology in Islam, and by applying this method, the religious people would be able to overcome the challenges they face in the modern World. There is a philosophical approach applied for these theologies, so there is no escape from rationalizing moral and jurisprudential rules. In this type of theology, we have to use sciences such as medicine, psychology, sociology and other sciences. The advantages of these theologies are included of correcting some fatwas (legal opinions on the Islamic Law), increasing the power of explanation and explaining the rules and ways of realizing religious ideals..Keywords: Practical Theology, Modern Challenges of Family, Jurisprudence, the perpose of religion، Experimental Sciences. Manuscript profile

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