"Cause and Effect" and "Means and Caused Things" in Sufism

Subject Areas : Mytho

Loqmān Mahmoodpoor ¹ ( The Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran Branch )

Received: 2018-02-19 Accepted : 2018-02-19 Published : 2018-01-21

Keywords: Islamic Theology, Sufis, &quot, Cause and effect&quot, , &quot, Means and Caused Things&quot, , Asharites and Mutazila,

Abstract :

"Cause and effect" and "means and caused things" are theological and philosophical issues of Sufism. So far, the general understanding has been that Sufis have denied causation and consider God as real agent. The purpose of the present article is to examine these issues and to explain how Sufis believe in them. The issue of "cause and effect" has been studied in various Persian and Arabic texts, prose and verse, as well as in theological texts. The results show that, according to Sufism, "cause and effect" is something other than "means and caused things". The whole world and its phenomena are caused by an agent, "Divine Act"; God is necessarily existent by itself and beyond Him there is no real cause in the world. According to Sufis' terms, what is called "cause and effect" is "means and caused things" or " the world of wisdom". So, based on this view, they have not denied cause and effect. In the belief of Muslim Sufis, "means and caused things" act on the basis of Divine traditions; they believe that God can create "caused things" without "means" and call it "the world of power". 

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 Sama’ānī, Šahāb al-dīn Ahmad ebn-e Abī Mozaffar. (2005/1384SH). Rowh al-arvāh fī šarh-e asmā’ al-malek al-fatāh. With the Edition and Explanation by Najīb Māyel Heravī. 2^nd ed.  Tehrān: Elmī va Farhangī.

Sanā’ī Qaznavī, Majdūd ebn-e Ādam. (2001/1380SH). Dīvān. With the Effort of Mohammad Modarres Razavī. Tehrān: Sanā’ī.

Sarrāj, Abū Nasr Abdollah ebn-e Alī. (2001/1421 AH) .al-Luma’. Ed. by Kāmel Mostafā al-Hīndāwī. First ed. Beirut: Dār-al kotob al-elmīyyat.

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