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Open Access Article
1 - Investigating the causality direction between saffron cash and futures markets focusing on periods of boom and recession
Javad Ghiyasi Mohammadtaher AhmadiShadmehriInvestigating the causality between the futures and spot markets of a commodity is always an important question for market traders and policy makers. By launching financial derivatives including futures and options for saffron in Iranian commodity exchange since 1397, t MoreInvestigating the causality between the futures and spot markets of a commodity is always an important question for market traders and policy makers. By launching financial derivatives including futures and options for saffron in Iranian commodity exchange since 1397, this question has also been raised in the Iranian saffron market. The main purpose of this paper is to determine the causality between the spot and futures markets of saffron. The required data were obtained daily from the Iranian commodity exchange as well as the Saffron World database during June 2018 to November 2019 and analyze based on Granger causality test and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models. The results show that, in general, there are no explicit causal direction, but by distinguishing between ascending and descending periods, it is clear that in the descending periods, absolutely, causality has been from futures market to spot market and in ascending periods, For some, causality has been from spot market to the futures. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - peview of potential point for saffron cultivation in kermanshah provice the authors
shahriar khaledi sareh faramarzhfard masoud mahdavi. saffron , which is one of the most valuable plant , needs a peculiar condition to grow up. Nevertheless, over 90 percent of the cultivation of this plant is in Iran based on the local method. By the survey of the effect of the meteorological parameters on the function More. saffron , which is one of the most valuable plant , needs a peculiar condition to grow up. Nevertheless, over 90 percent of the cultivation of this plant is in Iran based on the local method. By the survey of the effect of the meteorological parameters on the function of saffron and appoint the auspicious region to its cultivation. Based on these factors it can be helpful in the development of agricultural and economical condition of the cultivation , so the current paper tries to evaluate the most important meteorological parameters which have the main effect on the growth saffron for the last 27 years from the five synoptic statians by the comparison the solarr and AD years then recollected these data , and analyzed them by using gis .arc info and ABC softwares . at the end ,by the compilation of these data the final map , which is shown that 65 percent of the studied region are suitable to cultivate saffron in it was achieved . These area consist of the west and center part of the province and the southeast is the week place to cultivation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Investigating the role of educational and social factors affecting the development of saffron business clusters in South Khorasan province
rayhaneh riyahi Sayed Mehdi Mirdamadi Seyed Jamal Hosseini Maryam Omidi najafabadiThe present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of educational-promotional and social factors affecting the development of saffron business clusters in South Khorasan province. The statistical population of the research consists of managers, as MoreThe present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of educational-promotional and social factors affecting the development of saffron business clusters in South Khorasan province. The statistical population of the research consists of managers, assistants and marketers of saffron processing centers and saffron sales centers of saffron business clusters in South Khorasan, whose number is 987 people. The sample population was equal to 278 people, and the necessary information was collected using a questionnaire. SPSS and AMOS software and structural equation analysis were used for data analysis. The inferential findings of the research showed the complete compliance of the measured factors with the existing theoretical models and the complete consistency between the theoretical constructs and the experimental constructs of the research. Accordingly, the educational role of promotion in the theoretical model was confirmed in ten dimensions and the social role of promotion in five dimensions in the final models. In the educational sector, the most important items affecting the development of saffron business clusters are "holding specialized seminars and familiarizing investors with the capacity of saffron", "establishing internal and external exhibitions to display saffron products" and "using virtual networks to advertise saffron products." " and in the social sector, the most important factors affecting the development of saffron business clusters are "creating culture about the place of saffron in the household food basket" and "investment risk for saffron product". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Survey of shelf life effect on Iranian saffron with nano packaging SNP 103.3 for microbial properties and Nano particle release
حامد اهری امیرعلی انوار انعام شکری منصور بیات فرزاد طلاکش محمد صادقی هدی رحمان نیاIran's saffron is known as red gold on international markets and one important factor in thiscompetition is the role of desirable coverage packaging in reducing the load of microbial loadsand increasing the allocated shelf life. This study is based on examination of 10, MoreIran's saffron is known as red gold on international markets and one important factor in thiscompetition is the role of desirable coverage packaging in reducing the load of microbial loadsand increasing the allocated shelf life. This study is based on examination of 10, 5 gram, packsof saffron available in Tehran's well known chain stores that underwent microbial testing basedon 2198 standard of Iranian standard society for the element of covers without Nano coatings astestifiers for the comparison purpose. Finally one of the 3 applied coatings the, cover with 4000ppm percents was able to reduce the microbial load up to 98 percent. The results gained fromsecond phase of the study were based on the non- release of Nano particles into the packagedfinal product which went under Nitrino test which showed 0 percent amount of release. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Evaluation of physicochemical and antioxidant properties of pasta enriched with saffron waste
B. Davoudi H. Hosseni Ghaboos A. Fadavi R. Niazmand R. RezaiyanIntroduction: The super-beneficial food contains compounds with biological activity that promote health. Pasta is a suitable carrier for adding nutrients from various agricultural wastes. Nowadays, the use of synthetic antioxidants is limited due to the risks they have MoreIntroduction: The super-beneficial food contains compounds with biological activity that promote health. Pasta is a suitable carrier for adding nutrients from various agricultural wastes. Nowadays, the use of synthetic antioxidants is limited due to the risks they have for health, therefore, the effort to find natural antioxidants of plant origin has increased.Materials and Methods: Based on the formulation, the effect of adding 0 to 0.5 percent of saffron residues, including petals, yellow stamens, and white roots, on the physicochemical, antioxidant, texture, and sensory properties by comparing averages using Duncan's test was performed at a confidence level of 95% using SPSS version 19 software and the analysis of the data obtained from the treatments of di-optimal mixed design was carried out using Design Expert software. The standard was checked in the form of di-optimal mixed design.Results: During the analysis of the results after optimization, from the total of 0.5% of the remaining saffron, the values of 0.072% of the petal share, 0.028% of the white root share and 0.4% of the flag share were suggested by the software.Conclusion: The addition of saffron residue had no significant effect on the amount of moisture, water-soluble solids, weight and pH after cooking, while a significant effect was observed on the amount of total phenol, antioxidant, and anthocyanin, as well as the pasta texture. Enriched had less strength than the control sample and no significant difference was observed in sensory properties. Therefore, the addition of saffron residues while maintaining the physicochemical and sensory properties is important in the production of beneficial pasta. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Optimisation and Evaluation of Saffron Extraction Conditions in the Binary and Ternary Solvent Systems
B. Ghorani R. Kadkhodaee B. Emadzadeh A. R. SadeghianIntroduction: Saffron with the botanical name of Crocus sativus L., is the most expensive spice in the world. Introduction of a suitable method for the extraction of these bioactive compounds, as well as the technological and economical issues are important points to be MoreIntroduction: Saffron with the botanical name of Crocus sativus L., is the most expensive spice in the world. Introduction of a suitable method for the extraction of these bioactive compounds, as well as the technological and economical issues are important points to be considered. The aim of this study is to develop the most economical method to extract the bioactive compounds of saffron. Materials and Methods: In the present study the extraction conditions of crocin, safranal and picrocrocin in the binary solvent system (water: ethanol and water: acetone) as well as ternary solvent system (water: acetone : ethanol) were investigated in terms of different ratios of solvents and different ratios of solvent to saffron. Results: The best extraction conditions were found with the binary solvent system of ethanol: water; 3:2 with a solvent ratio of 12 ml per gram of saffron and also applying the ternary solvent system of water: acetone: ethanol (40:45:15) per gram of saffron at 25° C for 16 hours to extract the optimal saffron bioactive compounds. The amount of crocin, safranal and picrocrocin in the aqueous extract of saffron were measured 229.05, 35.17 and 75.53 respectively for the binary solvent system of ethanol: water and 272.96, 40.03 and 13.6 respectively for the ternary solvent system of water: acetone: ethanol (40:45:15). Conclusion: Based on the need for the desired color and flavor in various food processing, and considering the economical aspects, each of the proposed extraction method might be used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Saffron Nanoemulsions: an emphasis on the two recent patents for ultrasonic Nanoemulsion of saffron
H. Ahari Sima Moradi A. A. Anvar Sara AllahyaribeikNanoemulsions are a colloidal dispersion of oil/water or water/oil phases stabilized by emulsifiers. The physicochemical properties of nanoemulsions have made them suitable candidates for the delivery of bioactive compounds. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are proper carrier MoreNanoemulsions are a colloidal dispersion of oil/water or water/oil phases stabilized by emulsifiers. The physicochemical properties of nanoemulsions have made them suitable candidates for the delivery of bioactive compounds. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are proper carriers for hydrophobic and water-in-oil or water-in-oil-in-water nanoemulsions are good carriers for hydrophilic compounds. Saffron is an expensive bulbous stemless herb whose different bioactive ingredients including crocins, crocetin, safranal, picrocrocin, and essential oils have valuable nutritional, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and antimicrobial properties. The use of nanoemulsion technology is a promising approach for saffron processing. The emulsion liquid membrane is one of the effective techniques for extracting saffron bioactive. On the other hand, encapsulating saffron extract in nanoemulsion droplets can increase the stability, bioavailability, and controlled release of bioactive ingredients of saffron. Due to its inherent antimicrobial activity, saffron can be used in the form of nanoemulsion coatings to increase the quality and shelf life of food products. In this study, the existing studies on saffron nanoemulsions processing were reviewed. The application of nanoemulsion techniques for saffron extraction, saffron bioactive nanoencapsulation, as well as the probable preservative properties of saffron essential oils for food packaging have been discussed. This article also reveals information on two recent patents on the subject of saffron nanoemulsion by ultrasonic method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Identification of the area under cultivation of Saffron using Landsat-8 temporal satellite images (Case study: Torbat Heydarieh)
Majid Rahimzadegan Mostafa PourgholamThe aim of this research is the identification of Saffron fields with Landsat-8 Satellite images in Torbat Heydarieh. In this regard, two approaches were utilized. The first approach was dealing with implementation of neural network, support vector machine, Mahalanobis MoreThe aim of this research is the identification of Saffron fields with Landsat-8 Satellite images in Torbat Heydarieh. In this regard, two approaches were utilized. The first approach was dealing with implementation of neural network, support vector machine, Mahalanobis distance, the minimum distance, maximum likelihood and parallelepiped classification methods to achieve land cover map. The second approach was to use normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) in the greenness peak time range of saffron. To prepare field data, coordinate and land cover class of 2587 points (1463 as training sample and others as tested) in a region with at least 30 m same land cover on January 25th, 2015 and May 9th, 2015 were recorded using a GPS receiver. Furthermore, statistics presented by ministry of Agriculture Jihad in the 2014-2015 crop year was used for evaluation. Two measures, including Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were used for evaluation of the results. Support vector machine classification with overall accuracy of 95% and a Kappa coefficient of 90%, was the best method of the first approach. It shows a difference of about 18% in saffron area comparing with Jihad statistics. On the other hand, NDVI as the best method of second approach shows an area of 7118 hectares which comparing with Jihad statistics (7550 hectares), shows the error of 5.7%. Hence, the results indicate the performance of temporal vegetation indices in identification of saffron fields according to its phenology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The Effects of Resistance Training With the Consumption of Saffron Extract on Spatial Memory and Tau Accumulation in the Hippocampal Tissue of Male Alzheimer's Induced Rats
Fazel Bazyar Alireza Elmieh Tahereh Paravane Aval -
Open Access Article
10 - Study the Effect of Irrigation Cycle and Size of Mother Corms on Flower Yield and Daughter Corms in Saffron
Hadi Ahmadi Masood Amini Farshid Vazin Ahad MadaniIn order to study the effect of irrigation cycle and size of mother corms on flower yield and daughter corms in saffron, an experiment was conducted in Ghaen region in 2016 crop year using a split plot design. The main factor was irrigation cycles (2, 3 and 4 weeks) and MoreIn order to study the effect of irrigation cycle and size of mother corms on flower yield and daughter corms in saffron, an experiment was conducted in Ghaen region in 2016 crop year using a split plot design. The main factor was irrigation cycles (2, 3 and 4 weeks) and the secondary factor was the size of corm (less than 4 g, 4 to 8 g, 8 to 12 and 12 to 16 g). The interaction effect of irrigation cycle and pistachio size on flower-related traits was insignificant and on female pistachio-related traits was significant. In mother corms less than 4 g and 4 to 8 g, irrigation cycle had no effect on the dry weight of daughter corms produced per square meter. Irrigation of mother corms 8 to 12 g and 12 to 18 g every two weeks, respectively, produced 3689 g and 4230 g of female corm per square meter, which increased by 7.5 and 9, respectively, compared to the four-week irrigation cycle. / 4% of this adjective. In mother corms less than 4 g, the two-week irrigation cycle increased the number of female corms per square by 7.5% compared to the four-week irrigation period and decreased the diameter of female corms by 9.5%, but in other sizes of mother corms There was no difference between irrigation cycles in terms of number of female corms per square meter and diameter of female corms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Investigating the antibacterial effect of polar, semi-polar and non-polar fractions of Sarhargol plant extract (Echinacea purpura) on some bacteria causing infection in laboratory conditions
behboud jafariازجمله مشکلات شایع در دنیای پزشکی مسئله مقاومت باکتریها در برابر آنتیبیوتیکها بوده است و با توجه به وجود ترکیبات بیولوژیکی فعال در گیاه سرخارگل این گیاه دارای قابلیت ضد باکتریایی قابلملاحظهای می باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر آنتیباکتریال فراکسیونهای قطبی، نیم Moreازجمله مشکلات شایع در دنیای پزشکی مسئله مقاومت باکتریها در برابر آنتیبیوتیکها بوده است و با توجه به وجود ترکیبات بیولوژیکی فعال در گیاه سرخارگل این گیاه دارای قابلیت ضد باکتریایی قابلملاحظهای می باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر آنتیباکتریال فراکسیونهای قطبی، نیمه قطبی و غیرقطبی عصاره گیاه سرخارگل بر روی برخی از میکروب های عامل عفونت در شرایط آزمایشگاهی می باشد. در این مطالعه ابتدا عصاره های متانولی ، کلروفرمی و هگزانی گیاه سرخارگل تهیه شد و تاثیر غلظت های مختلفی از عصاره ها مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تمامی آزمایش ها با روش های انتشار چاهک و میکروتیتر پلیت بر روی سویه های استاندارد باکتری های استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس، اشریشیاکلی، سودوموناس آئروژینوزا و استرپتوکوکوس موتانس انجام گرفت. یافته ها نشان داد که اثر بازدارندگی عصاره های مختلف گیاه سر خارگل بر روی باکتر های گرم مثبت بیشتر از باکتری های گرم منفی است. همچنین اثر مهاری عصاره ی متانولی نسبت به عصاره های کلروفرمی و هگزانی بیشتر می باشد که در بین باکتر های مورد آزمایش استرپتوکوکوس موتانس و سودوموناس آئروژینوزا به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین حساسیت را داشتند. نتایج حاصله بیانگر آن است که عصاره گیاه سرخارگل دارای اثر ضد باکتریایی است. لذا این عصاره میتواند گزینه مناسبی بر حسب مطالعات آینده تحت شرایط آزمایشگاهی جهت تهیه ی داروهای ضد باکتریایی باشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Effect of Corm Density on Yield and Qualitative Traits of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under Different Urea and Biological Fertilizers in Shahr-e-Rey Region
Alireza pazoki Mohammad Kariminejad Kariminejad Alireza Foladi TarghiTo study the effect of corm density on yield and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under different biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with 3 replications was done in 2014 at Sh MoreTo study the effect of corm density on yield and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under different biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with 3 replications was done in 2014 at Shahr-e-Rey region (Ghomi Abad). The experimental factors were: corm density in 3 levels (60, 120 and 180 corm per square meter) and biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers in 4 levels (without fertilizer application, 150 kg.ha-1 of Urea, 5 L.ha-1 of Nitroxin and 75 kg.ha-1 of Urea +5 L.ha-1 of Nitroxin). The results indicated that the corm density affects number of daughter corm, fresh daughter corm weight, corm diameter, dry stigma and style weight, dry and fresh flower weight significantly. Mean comparisons also indicated that by increasing corm density from 6o to 180, saffron dry yield of saffron improved by 2.7 fold. However, increasing corm density reduced corm diameter, fresh corm daughter weight and their numbers per square meter. It can be concluded that nitroxin as an organic fertilizer, increases vegetative traits and saffron dry yield (stigma + style weight) to 2.08 kg.ha-1 and highly improves in qualitative traits like Safranal, Picrocrocin, and Crocin. It can be also said that combined use of nitroxin and urea would be an alternative method to reduce application of urea. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Antimicrobial Effect of aqueous extract of saffron petals on some of food-borne bacterial pathogen
لیلا Azami علیرضا Babapour میثم GarechahiEver-increasing public debates over the adverse effects that may result from exposure to the chemical preservatives have enhanced the interests for the consuming of preservative-free foods or at least the product containing natural preservatives. In this laboratory expe MoreEver-increasing public debates over the adverse effects that may result from exposure to the chemical preservatives have enhanced the interests for the consuming of preservative-free foods or at least the product containing natural preservatives. In this laboratory experiment, the antimicrobial effect of aqueous extracts of Saffron petals against Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated using the disk diffusion method. Moreover, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract was assessed by agar dilution and broth microdilution method. According to the results, S. typhimurium was found asthe most sensitive, while, S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7asthe most resistant species. MICs of the extract by microdilution method were estimated at 40 mg/ml for all of the 4 bacterial species. The results also revealed that the extract of Saffron petals could be used as a natural preservative against the aforementioned bacteria. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Effect of ethanolic extract of Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) stigma on serum levels of functional liver markers and hepatic tissue injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
محمد Rahbani داریوش Mohajeri علی Rezaie عادل Rezaei MoghadamIn this study, protective effects of saffron against biochemical and histopathological changes of liver were assessed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each, including Group 1, healthy contr MoreIn this study, protective effects of saffron against biochemical and histopathological changes of liver were assessed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each, including Group 1, healthy control; Group 2 healthy rats treated with saffron extract; Group 3, diabetics and Group 4, diabetics treated with saffron extract. For induction of diabetes, single dose of streptozotocin (75 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. From the beginning of experiment, the extract was injected daily at a dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. by intraperitoneal route for 8 weeks. Control groups received normal saline in similar manner. At the end of experiment, serum biomarkers of liver tissue injury and histological changes of hepatic tissues were evaluated. In diabetic rats, serum levels of functional liver markers were found to be significantly increased as compared to control group (p<0.05), while this markers in diabetic rats treated with saffron extract significantly decreased as compared to diabetic rats. Histopathological findings were in consistent with biochemical results. The results obtained showed that ethanolic extract of saffron has hepatoprotective activity against diabetic hepatopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A Comparison of the Effect of Saffron and Crocin Extract on Sex Hormones in Male Rats with Alzheimer's Disease
Tahereh Jaydari fard Ali Asghar PilehvarianAbstract Introduction: Previous studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease can lead to dysfunction of sex hormones; however, consumption of antioxidant foods can prevent it. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of saffron extract and crocin on sex hormones i MoreAbstract Introduction: Previous studies have shown that Alzheimer's disease can lead to dysfunction of sex hormones; however, consumption of antioxidant foods can prevent it. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of saffron extract and crocin on sex hormones in male rats with Alzheimer's disease. Materials and methods: This experimental study included 32 rats with Alzheimer's disease in four groups of 1) control 2) sham, 3) saffron and 4) crocin. Each group consisted of eight series. The third and fourth Groups received 25 mg/kg of saffron and crocin peritoneally daily for eight weeks. Serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone were measured by ELISA. To analyze the data, the groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests at a significance level of p < /em> < 0.05. Findings: Saffron had a significant effect on increasing FSH (P=0.001), LH (P=0.002) and testosterone (P=0.001). Like saffron, crocin had a significant effect on increasing testosterone (P=0.001), however, saffron’s effect was greater on increasing testosterone than that of crocin (P=0.001). Conclusion: Although crocin can improve serum testosterone levels in rats with Alzheimer's disease, saffron seems to have better effects on increasing sex hormones in Alzheimer's rats than crocin. Keywords: Saffron, Crocin, Alzheimer's, Sex Hormones Extended abstract Introduction Increased life expectancy is associated with specific problems and diseases of old age. One of the major problems of this period is the prevalence of dementia. One of the most common dementias is Alzheimer's. Symptoms of Alzheimer disease include memory loss, judgment, reasoning, changes in mood and behavior, cognitive decline, memory impairment, sleep disorders, and personality and mood changes (2). In relation to Alzheimer's disorders, it has been shown that testosterone levels in people with advanced Alzheimer disease are significantly reduced as a sign of the progression of the disease (3). It has been reported that proper nutrition can improve Alzheimer's disorders to some extent, so the use of herbs can be effective in this regard. Saffron with the scientific name of Crocus sativus belongs to the lily family. Low-dose saffron is recommended for the treatment of pertussis, asthma, colds, menstrual pain, irregular menopause, infertility, inflammation, depression, headache, sore throat and nausea (7). Considering the improving effects of saffron and its active ingredients, the present study aimed to investigate and compare the effect of saffron extract and crocin on the sex hormones of male rats with Alzheimer disease. Materialsand methods In this experimental study, 32 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were purchased and kept in the laboratory for one week to be adapted to the new environment. Then, on the eighth day, the rats were injected intra- peritoneally with 8 mg/kg of trimethylettin chloride (TMT) (14) .After four days, its complete effect on the hippocampus was confirmed. Alzheimer patients were randomly divided into four groups of 1) control 2) sham, 3) saffron and 4) crocin. There were eight series in each group. Rats in groups 3 and 4 received 25 mg/kg of saffron and crocin peritoneally daily for eight weeks. To prepare crocin, 0.1 g of crocin by the name of Sigma Aldrich and Cat-No: 17024-4G was dissolved in 100 cc of normal saline and injected intra- peritoneally into rats at a dose of 25 mg/kg (8) Also, to prepare saffron extract, 9.2 g of saffron was poured into 1000 cc of distilled water and the mixture was incubated for 16 hours at 50 ° C. Then the solution was passed through a strainer and stored at 4 ° C. During the injection it was injected at a dose of 25 mg / kg peritoneally (9). At the end of the study, 48 hours after the last injection of saffron and crocin, rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine. Blood samples were taken directly from the left ventricle of rats to measure the research variables. Serum levels of FSH and LH as well as serum testosterone levels were measured using a hormone test kit (Radim Italy) and a German IBL hormone test kit by ELISA respectively. The Shapiro-wilk test was used to identify a normal distribution. Also, One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post- hoc test were performed (P≤0.05) for statistical analysis. Findings The results of one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in the serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone among the four groups of the study (P=0.001). The results of Tukey’s post- hoc test showed that there was no significant difference in the serum levels of FSH (P=0.87), LH (P=0.94) and testosterone (P=0.99) between the control and sham groups ,though, serum FSH in saffron group was significantly higher than that of control and crocin groups (P=0.001);in addition, serum LH levels in saffron group were significantly higher than control group (P=0.002); moreover, serum testosterone levels in the saffron (P=0.001) and crocin (P=0.002) groups were significantly higher than the control group. Also, the saffron group was significantly higher than the crocin group (P=0.001). Discussion The results of the present study showed that saffron had a significant effect on increasing FSH, LH and testosterone in rats with Alzheimer disease. The results of Modarresi et al.'s study showed that daily consumption of 25 and 50 mg per kg of body weight does not have a significant effect on increasing testosterone, FSH and LH hormones (6). However, consumption of 100 mg per kg of body weight leads to a significant increase in rats. Therefore, it seems that the dose of saffron consumption as well as the basal levels of sex hormones can be effective in saffron consumption. It has been reported that saffron ingredients such as crocin and crocetin can inhibit total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, malondialdehyde and increase the thickness of the aortic end layer as well as nitric oxide levels (13). The results of the present study also showed that crocin had a significant effect on increasing testosterone in rats with Alzheimer disease. Crocins, which are glycosides composed of carotenoids called crocins and sugars, are responsible for the color of saffron (18). Researchers believe that saffron and its ingredients can induce their metabolic and anti-necrotic regulatory effects by increasing antioxidants. Also in the present study, saffron had a greater effect on increasing testosterone in Alzheimer rats than crocin. Therefore, it seems that saffron can have more favorable effects on improving testosterone than crocin in Alzheimer disease. Conclusion Although crocin can improve serum testosterone levels in rats with Alzheimer disease, saffron seems to have better effects on increasing sex hormones than crocin in Alzheimer rats. Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Marvdasht Branch of Islamic Azad University. Funding Isfahan Branch of Payame Noor University. Authors' contributions Design and conceptualization: Tahereh Jaydari fard, Ali Asghar Pilehvarian; Methodology and data analysis: Tahereh Jaydari fard; Supervision and final writing: Ali Asghar Pilehvarian. Conflicts of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The Effect of Pilates Training along with Saffron Consumption on Body Composition of Female
Setareh Sharafi Ghobad Hassanpour Mehdi NouraAbstract Introduction: Nutrition and exercise are two factors affecting weight control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of selected Pilates trainings with saffron consumption on body composition of female. Materials and Methods: In thi MoreAbstract Introduction: Nutrition and exercise are two factors affecting weight control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of selected Pilates trainings with saffron consumption on body composition of female. Materials and Methods: In this quasi- experimental study, 32 non-athlete female volunteers were divided into four groups of eight based on body weight, including 1) training, 2) saffron, 3) training + saffron and 4) placebo. Groups 1 and 3 performed Pilates trainings for 3 sessions per week . Each session lasted 60 minutes. Groups 2 and 3 consumed capsules containing 30 mg of saffron daily, and groups 4 received capsules containing placebo for 8 weeks. In the pre- test and 72 hours after the last training session and saffron consumption, the body composition of the subjects was measured using the BOCA X1 body composition device made in South Korea. To analyze the data, Shapiro- Wilk test, one-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s post- hoc test were used (P≤0.05). Findings: Pilates training, saffron consumption and Pilates training with saffron consumption had a significant effect on reducing the percentage of fat mass, increasing the percentage of total body fluid and the percentage of lean body mass (P=0.001). Also Pilates training with saffron consumption compared to consumption of saffron had a favorable effect on reducing the percentage of body fat mass (P=0.01) and increasing the percentage of total body fluid (P=0.009). Discussion: Although Pilates training and saffron consumption alone improve body composition, it seems that Pilates training combined with saffron consumption has more favorable effects than saffron. Keywords: Pilates Training, Saffron, Body Composition Extended abstract Introduction The development of machine facilities, on one hand, has led to a better life and more leisure, and on the other hand, has reduced physical activity. This has led people to take an inactive life and has created a noticeable lack of movement in human life (1). Pilates is an exercise system founded in 1930 by Joseph Pilates. Today, what has made this unknown sport a complementary sport to the public and even home is the excellent performance of this sport and its application to all people of all ages and genders from a professional athlete to a housewife and its special condition like pregnancy (8). In addition to physical activity, one of the factors that can affect body composition is controlling and managing food intake. Some medical plants are more popular in today's society due to their weight loss effects. Saffron has been used as a well-known drug to treat many diseases throughout history and in different nationalities (3). Numerous therapeutic properties have been mentioned for saffron and its active ingredients, including anti-depressant, anti-anxiety and hypnotic effects, anti-seizure, muscle relaxant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti- Alzheimer's, and anti-tumor and antitussives. Today, the use of natural and traditional supplements to perform sports skills better by improving body composition and increasing strength has become very popular. Considering the popularity and prevalence of Pilates in Iran in the last decade and the high tendency of people in this sport, especially in Iranian women, and the lack of studies on the interactive effects of Pilates training and crocin consumption on body composition, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Pilates along with saffron consumption on body composition of female. Material and methods In this quasi-experimental study, 32 non-athlete women with mean age of 33±3.28 years were selected as the statistical sample. Inclusion criteria included no smoking, no cardiovascular disease and no weight loss drugs. At the beginning of the research, the informed consent form was completed by all subjects. Then, after measuring the demographic characteristics, the subjects were divided into four groups of eight based on body weight including 1) training, 2) saffron, 3) training + saffron and 4) placebo. During eight weeks, groups 2 and 3 consumed capsules containing 30 mg of saffron extract daily and group 4 consumed capsules containing placebo (13). Also groups 1 and 3 performed Pilates trainings for 3 sessions per week and 60 minutes each session (14). Each Pilates session consisted of 10 minutes of light warm- up, 15 minutes of stretching, 25 minutes of specialized exercises, and 10 minutes of cooling down. Before starting the research in the pre- test and 72 hours after the last training session and consumption of saffron, the body composition of the subjects was measured using the BOCA X1 body composition made in South Korea (2). Shapiro- Wilk, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post- hoc tests were used to analyze the data (P≤0.05). Findings The results showed that the percentage of the body fat mass in training, saffron and training + saffron groups compared to the control group in the post- test had a significant decrease than that of the pre-test (P=0.001). Also, the percentage of body fat mass in the training group + saffron in comparison with the saffron group in the post- test had a significant decrease than that of the pre- test (P=0.01). Percentage of total body fluid in the training + saffron group compared to the saffron group in the post- test had a significant increase compared to the pre- test (P=0.009). The percentage of lean body mass in the training, saffron and training + saffron groups compared to the control group in the post- test had a significant increase than the pre- test (P=0.001). The results also showed that the percentage of body fat mass in the training, saffron and training + saffron groups in the post- test was significantly reduced compared to the pre- test (P=0.001); Percentage of total body fluid in the training + saffron group in the post- test increased significantly compared to the pre- test (P=0.001). Also, the percentage of lean body mass in the training, saffron and training + saffron groups in the post- test significantly increased compared to the pre- test (P=0.001). Discussion The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of Pilates training significantly reduced the percentage of body fat mass and increased the percentage of lean body mass. Consistent with the present study, eight weeks of Pilates training resulted in a reduction in body fat percentage, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and abdominal fat (15). Regarding the use of exercises to control weight and body composition in women, it should be stated that due to the increasing prevalence of overweight in women and its consequences in adulthood, the use of an appropriate exercise to control weight and body composition is necessary. In fact, exercise can control weight and body composition by increasing calorie consumption. Also, the results of the present study showed that eight weeks of saffron consumption led to a significant reduction in the percentage of body fat mass and an increase in the percentage of lean body mass. To confirm the beneficial effects of saffron consumption, Hooshmand Moghadam and Gaini (2018) reported that daily consumption of 150 mg saffron led to a decrease in body fat percentage (12). It has been pointed out that the effects of saffron are due to the active ingredients of saffron, especially flavonoids (crocetin and crocin) as well as polyphenolic compounds, so that these substances can increase the antioxidant defense system (12). Regarding the interactive effects, the findings of the present study showed that Pilates training along with saffron consumption led to a significant decrease in the percentage of body fat mass and also a significant increase in the percentage of total body fluid and lean body mass. In addition, training along with saffron had a greater effect on reducing the percentage of body fat mass and increasing the percentage of total body fluid. Regarding these findings, it can be concluded that performing Pilates training along with saffron consumption has more favorable effects on body composition than saffron consumption alone. Conclusion Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that although Pilates training and saffron consumption alone lead to improved body composition, Pilates training combined with saffron consumption seems to have more favorable effects than saffron. Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines All subjects full fill the informed consent. Funding No funding. Authors' contributions Design and conceptualization: Setareh Sharafi, Ghobad Hassanpour; Methodology and data analysis: Setareh Sharafi; Supervision and final writing: Ghobad Hassanpour. Conflicts of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. 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Open Access Article
17 - Identification and Management of the Main Challenges in Saffron Industry in Iran
Samuel Yousefi Jamileh Hayati Sargiz Yousefi -
Open Access Article
18 - A study on the antibacterial effects of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on some food borne pathogens
Hossein Motamedi سید منصور سیدنژاد اسماعیل داراب پورControl of food borne diseases is a major concern and due undesirable side effects of chemical preservatives, there is more tendencies to natural preservatives such as spices for this purpose. Saffron is the most expensive spice that is is used as coloring and flavoring MoreControl of food borne diseases is a major concern and due undesirable side effects of chemical preservatives, there is more tendencies to natural preservatives such as spices for this purpose. Saffron is the most expensive spice that is is used as coloring and flavoring agent in foods. The aim of the present study was investigate antibacterial effects of hydro alcoholic extracts of saffron against pathogenic bacteria especially food poisoning species. For this purpose, one gram of finely powdered saffron was mixed with 10 ml of 2:8 (v/v) water- alcohol (ethanol or methanol) solution and mixed gently. Following incubation at room temperature, the suspension was centrifuged and the extract of saffron was harvested and dried. Sterile blank discs were saturated with extracts and their effects were evaluated in standard disc diffusion assay against six gram positive and six gram negative bacterial species. Simultaneously, the effect of standard antibiotics was evaluated against tested bacteria. The results revealed that Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Brucella melitensis were the most susceptible species to ethanolic and methanolic extracts of saffron while Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella Typhi were resistant. The antibacterial effects of extracts were noticeable with regard to the standard antibiotics. All of the susceptible species in this study are important food borne pathogens and it is possible to use saffron as a natural preservative in food industry in order to control food borne pathogens. Manuscript profile -
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19 - رویکردها و اثرات درمانی زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) و زرشک (Berberis vulgaris) در درمان و پیشگیری از بیماری ها: مروری
محمد سعیدیBackground & Aim: Natural compounds as drugs have fewer and more cost-effective side effects that can be utilized as pharmacological and therapeutic approaches. Traditional medicine can be an efficacious resource in the development of research to treat diseases.Expe MoreBackground & Aim: Natural compounds as drugs have fewer and more cost-effective side effects that can be utilized as pharmacological and therapeutic approaches. Traditional medicine can be an efficacious resource in the development of research to treat diseases.Experimental: In this review article, keywords including Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), and their medicinal attributes were searched in prominent databases (such as Scopus, and Web of Science, etc.) and professional websites to collect the medicinal properties of Saffron, and Barberry.Results: Saffron is one of the most important natural compounds that has a wide range of utilizations in traditional medicine and has effects such as anti-cancer, anti-depressant, antispasmodic, nerve sedative, appetizer and also barberry is another natural substance that has considerable influences such as anti-arrhythmia, sedative, reducing blood pressure (BP) and anti-cancer. Saffron and its bioactive components have been revealed to have anti-neurodegenerative influences.Recommended applications/industries: In the present review article, we have made an endeavor to explore approach and therapeutic effects of Saffron and Barberry in the treatment of diseases in clinical trials and animal model studies. Research in clinical trials promising findings that support the role of barberry and saffron in ameliorating disease and safety, although more research is needed to prove their role in treating the disease. Manuscript profile -
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20 - عوامل موثر بر تصمیم به کشت و توسعه کشت زعفران در شهرستان مرند
کلثوم عزیزی میزاب Azadeh Falsafian در حال حاضر در بیشتر نقاط کشور، آب به عنوان محدود کننده­ترین عامل تولید اولویت کشت را در مناطق مختلف تعیین می­کند. یکی از محصولاتی که در شرایط کم آبی جزء گزینه های مطلوب کشت به شمار می­آید، زعفران می­باشد که دارای نیاز آبی کم More در حال حاضر در بیشتر نقاط کشور، آب به عنوان محدود کننده­ترین عامل تولید اولویت کشت را در مناطق مختلف تعیین می­کند. یکی از محصولاتی که در شرایط کم آبی جزء گزینه های مطلوب کشت به شمار می­آید، زعفران می­باشد که دارای نیاز آبی کم و در عین حال بازده اقتصادی بالا می­باشد. با شناسایی عوامل موثر بر تصمیم به کشت و توسعه کشت زعفران، می­توان سیاست­های مناسب جهت افزایش کشت محصول را اعمال نمود. شهرستان مرند در استان آذربایجان شرقی یکی از مناطقی است که در آن کشاورزان در سال­های اخیر شروع به کشت زعفران نموده­اند، بطوریکه در حال حاضر با اختصاص 68 هکتار از اراضی زراعی، این شهرستان تبدیل به قطب تولید زعفران در شمال غرب کشور شده است. در این تحقیق عوامل اقتصادی، فردی- اجتماعی و زراعی موثر بر پذیرش کشت زعفران و توسعه آن در شهرستان مرند بررسی شده است. برای این منظور تعداد 140 بهره­بردار از دو گروه کشاورزان زعفران­کار و غیرزعفران­کار به عنوان نمونه انتخاب و از روش دو مرحله ای هکمن جهت شناسایی و تفکیک عوامل موثر بر تصمیم به کشت و توسعه کشت محصول زعفران در منطقه مورد نظر استفاده شده است. نتایج برآورد مرحله اول هکمن نشان داد که متغیرهای سن، آشنایی با کشت زعفران، گذراندن دوره آموزشی کشت زعفران، تعداد دوره های ترویجی، وضعیت بازاریابی و سود آوری زعفران همگی اثر مثبت بر روی احتمال تصمیم به کشت زعفران دارند. در بین این متغیرها، متغیر وضعیت بازاریابی با کشش محاسبه شده معادل 06/4 و متغیر تعداد دوره­های ترویجی با کشش 739/0 به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین کشش را دارا بودند. همچنین نتایج تخمین الگوی خطی مرحله دوم موید آن است که سطح تحصیلات کشاورز، کل سطح زیر کشت زراعی و باغی کشاورز و ویژگی­های زمین زراعی اثر مثبت و متغیر دسترسی به منابع آبی اثر منفی بر سطح زیرکشت زعفران دارند. Manuscript profile -
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21 - برداشت کارآمد زعفران با استفاده از برنامه ریزی عدد صحیح
سیامک خیبری امیر بکاییان سید علی ناجی نصرآبادی یزداز بین محصولات مختلف کشاورزی، زعفران نقش عمده­ای در تولید ناخالص داخلی و رشد درآمد سرانه ایران دارد. با توجه به کمبود نیروی کار و مدت زمان محدود در دسترس برای برداشت، مناطق زیر کشت زعفران در ایران در سال­های آینده کاهش خواهد یافت. بنابراین، برنامه­ریزی مناسب Moreاز بین محصولات مختلف کشاورزی، زعفران نقش عمده­ای در تولید ناخالص داخلی و رشد درآمد سرانه ایران دارد. با توجه به کمبود نیروی کار و مدت زمان محدود در دسترس برای برداشت، مناطق زیر کشت زعفران در ایران در سال­های آینده کاهش خواهد یافت. بنابراین، برنامه­ریزی مناسب برای استفاده بهینه از نیروی کار یکی از مهم ترین روش­ها برای کشت کارا و بهینه زعفران است. در همین راستا، برای حل مشکل مذکور در این مقاله یک مدل برنامه نویسی عدد صحیح ارائه شده است. در مدل پیشنهادی، با هدف حداقل کردن مجموع هزینه­های نیروی کار و با توجه به محدودیت­هایی شامل ساعات کار نیروی انسانی در هر شیفت، سرعت کار، تعداد زمین­هایی که در یک روز باید مورد برداشت قرار گیرند و ارتباط بین ساعات کاری هر کارگر و هزینه آن، میزان بهینه متغیرهای تصمیم از جمله تعداد شیفت کاری و میزان ساعات کاری در هر شیفت تعیین شدند. برای ارزیابی مدل پیشنهادی، اطلاعات در مورد زمین­هایی در مناطق مختلف شهر قاین، واقع در استان خراسان جنوبی ایران جمع آوری شد. با مقایسه خروجی مدل پیشنهادی با وضعیت واقعی، توانایی مدل تأیید قرار گرفت. براساس نتایج ارائه شده در این مطالعه، استفاده از مدل پیشنهادی افزایش حجم زعفران برداشت شده با استفاده از حداقل تعداد نیروی کار را در برداشت. در نهایت، نتایج مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گرفت و پیشنهاداتی برای تحقیقات آینده ارائه شد. Manuscript profile -
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22 - پیشبینی صادرات زعفران ایران با مقایسه الگوریتم های یادگیری ماشین
علیرضا امیرتیموری منصور صوفی مهدی همایونفر مهدی فداییواردات و صادرات در همه کشورها نقش مهمی در رشد اقتصادی ایفا میکنند. بنابراین، انتخاب محصولات مناسب، باعث افزایش رقابتپذیری کشور در تجارت جهانی میشود. زعفران یکی از مهمترین و متمایزترین محصولات غیرنفتی ایران برای صادرات است. هدف این مطالعه، پیشبینی صادرات زعفران از ط Moreواردات و صادرات در همه کشورها نقش مهمی در رشد اقتصادی ایفا میکنند. بنابراین، انتخاب محصولات مناسب، باعث افزایش رقابتپذیری کشور در تجارت جهانی میشود. زعفران یکی از مهمترین و متمایزترین محصولات غیرنفتی ایران برای صادرات است. هدف این مطالعه، پیشبینی صادرات زعفران از طریق سه الگوریتم دادهکاوی و انتخاب الگوریتم مناسب در پیشبینی است. دوره نمونه مدلهای پیشبینی شامل دادههای صادرات زعفران ایران از سال ۲۰۱۲ تا ۲۰۱۹ است که از انجمن زعفران ایران جمعآوری شدهاند. پس از انجام مراحل آمادهسازی داده، پیشبینی صادرات زعفران با استفاده از سه الگوریتم دادهکاوی شامل شبکه عصبی مصنوعی، یادگیری عمیق و درخت تقویت گرادیانی انجام شد. برای انتخاب یک مدل پیشبینی بهتر، اعتبار مدل نقش مهمی ایفا میکند. صحت پیشبینی سه مدل طراحی شده به کمک خطای مطلق ( 036/0 = شبکهی عصبی مصنوعی، 031/0 = یادگیری عمیق شبکه، 047/0 = درخت تقویت گرادیانی)، معیار R2 (045/0 = شبکهی عصبی مصنوعی، 044/0 = یادگیری عمیق شبکه، 073/0 = درخت تقویت گرادیانی) و همبستگی (95/0 = شبکهی عصبی مصنوعی، 98/0 = یادگیری عمیق شبکه، 97/0 = درخت تقویت گرادیانی) اندازهگیری شدند. براساس یافتهها، تمامی این سه مدل طراحی شده دقیق هستند و خطای پیشبینی آنها بسیار کم و نزدیک به هم است. اما با تفاوت ناچیز، شبکه یادگیری عمیق کمترین خطا را دارد. نتایج میتوانند برای برنامهریزی دقیقتر صادرات زعفران مفید باشند. Manuscript profile -
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23 - بررسی وجود تبعیض قیمت در بازار زعفران صادراتی ایران
الهه محمودی مجید محمودییکی از مهم­ترین اثرات نوسانات نرخ ارز اثر آن بر قیمت صادراتی محصولات مختلف است. بر اساس تئوری­های جدید تجارت، ساختار بازار نقش مهمی در مرتبط کردن کاهش بهای نرخ ارز و کاهش قیمت­ها دارد. در ایران نرخ ارز در دهه­ی اخیر افزایش یافته است . بنابراین این مطالعه Moreیکی از مهم­ترین اثرات نوسانات نرخ ارز اثر آن بر قیمت صادراتی محصولات مختلف است. بر اساس تئوری­های جدید تجارت، ساختار بازار نقش مهمی در مرتبط کردن کاهش بهای نرخ ارز و کاهش قیمت­ها دارد. در ایران نرخ ارز در دهه­ی اخیر افزایش یافته است . بنابراین این مطالعه در تلاش است تا اثر تغییرات نرخ ارز را روی قیمت صادراتی زغفران ایران (که مهم­ترین محصولات صادراتی غیر نفتی ایران بعد از پسته است) را در طی دوره 2001-2012 در بین 12 کشور وارد کننده بررسی نماید. بر اساس نتایج، اثر مقطع برای تمام مقاصد صادراتی به جز ایالات متحده آمریکا معنی دار است. هم­چنین ضریب نرخ ارز برای تمام کشورهای نمونه معنی­دار است. بنابراین براساس ادبیات مربوطه روشن است که فرضیه وجود بازار رقابتی برای بازار زعفران صادراتی رد شده و این شاهدی بر اعمال تبعیض قیمت توسط صادرکنندگان است . بنابراین پیشنهاد می­شود که دولت برای حمایت از این محصول استراتژیک با سیاست­های مناسب تلاش نماید. Manuscript profile -
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24 - An investigation on the effects of Methanol extract of saffron on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice
Shamila Eslambolchi Mohammad-Hossein Sanati Kamahldin HaghbinExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of central nervous system and commonly used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Multiple sclerosis is a disabling neurodegenerative disease in human being. Inflammatio MoreExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of central nervous system and commonly used as an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Multiple sclerosis is a disabling neurodegenerative disease in human being. Inflammation is a key event in both EAE and MS, which leads to demyelination and subsequent disability. It is shown that Crocus sativus L. stigma (saffron) extracts have anti-inflammatory activity in rats and mice. There are modern pharmacological evidences for anti-tumour, chemopreventive and genoprotective effects as well as radical scavenger properties of saffron extracts or its constituents. We observed that both therapeutic doses of dexamethasone and methanol extracts of saffron stigma at 100 mg/kg and more prevented EAE from progression significantly in pMOG-immunized female C57BL/6 mice. Aqueous maceration extract of Crocus sativus L. did not prevent EAE progression. These results suggest that saffron may attenuate symptoms of EAE by its anti-inflammatory activity. Experimental data analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Study of agronomical and economical aspects of saffron and chamomile intercropping in Isfahan region
M. Naderi Darbaghshahi A. Pazoki A. Banitaba A. Jalali ZandThis study was done in order to investigatethe agronomical and economical aspects of saffron and chamomile intercropping was conducted in farm research of Khorasgan Islamic Azad University in 2008-2009. In this study intercropping of three kind chamomile (Matricaria cha MoreThis study was done in order to investigatethe agronomical and economical aspects of saffron and chamomile intercropping was conducted in farm research of Khorasgan Islamic Azad University in 2008-2009. In this study intercropping of three kind chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla, Tanacetum parthenium, Anthemis nobilis) in two sowing date in a saffron farm with his three-year-old were investigated. Experimental design was Randomized Complete Blocks with split factorial layout in four replications. Treatments were considered as net saffron and net chamomile in main plots and factorial of three kind chamomile and two sowing date (late November after flower saffron harvest and early-march) as sub- plots. The results showed that have been possible chamomile cultivation inter rows saffron without any negative competition between plants, in a way that the yield of saffron in treatment net saffron and treatment mix of saffron and chamomile did not have meaningful difference. The best treatment of saffron and chamomile mix (saffron and autumnal German chamomile) possibility of producing simultaneously amount 1.83 kg/ha saffron flower and 1354 kg/ha of flower dry chamomile with a relative value total (RVT) 3.41 and a land equal ratio (ELR) there, that this amount of chamomile production with the amount of the production of German chamomile in treatment of net chamomile cultivation didn't have meaningful difference. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Kinetic Study of Free Radicals Scavenging by Saffron Petal Extracts
T. Ardalan P. Ardalan M. M. Heravi -
Open Access Article
27 - The Effect of Aerobic Exercise and Oral Consumption of Iranian Saffron Flower on Nesfatin-1 and Omentin-1 in Obese Women with Type 2 Diabetes
Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini Ali Akbar Nezhad Fatemeh Shabkhiz Rahman SooriThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and oral consumption of Iranian saffron flower on Nesfatin-1 and Omentin-1 in obese women with type 2 diabetes. Forty-four people from the research community were randomly selected and divided into MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and oral consumption of Iranian saffron flower on Nesfatin-1 and Omentin-1 in obese women with type 2 diabetes. Forty-four people from the research community were randomly selected and divided into four groups (11 people in each group) 1. supplement + exercise, 2. exercise + placebo, 3. placebo and 4. supplement. The training protocol in the first session included 20 minutes of activity with an intensity of 40 to 45% of the maximum heart rate, increased by 5 minutes every week for 9 weeks and 5% of the intensity of activity every two weeks. Due to the lack of regular physical activity and low physical fitness of these people, aerobic exercise started with a heart rate of 40-45% of the maximum heart rate and the intensity and duration of exercise increased gradually and continuously every week. The placebo and saffron supplement groups were asked not to exercise during this period. The amount of 200 mg of powdered saffron flower in capsules of the same color and shape with placebo capsules containing 200 mg of wheat flour was prepared. The results within the group indicated a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 in all groups except the placebo group (P≤0.05). Besides, the comparison of the results between groups in the variables of omentin-1 and nesfatin-1 showed a significant difference between all groups receiving the intervention in the post-test phase with the placebo group (P=0.0001). Although exercise has benefits in improving diabetics, but according to the results of the present study, supplementation with saffron extract can lead to a further increase in omentin-1 and nesfatin-1. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Effect of different fertilizer source and corm density on yield, vegetative organ and photosynthetic pigments of saffron plant (crocus sativus L.)
Seyyed Ahmad Mohammadi Arash Borzou Nabi ALAH NematiUnderstanding of the factors importing quantity and quality of saffron plant to obtain desirable performance is important. Among these factors is use of different fertilized and corm densities. To study the effect of corm density and urea fertilizer as well as bio ferti MoreUnderstanding of the factors importing quantity and quality of saffron plant to obtain desirable performance is important. Among these factors is use of different fertilized and corm densities. To study the effect of corm density and urea fertilizer as well as bio fertilizer nitroxin on the performance, vegetative organ, and photosynthetic pigments of saffron plant, a research was conducted in randomized complete blocks design in a field located in Davoodabad, Gharchak. Treatments included three levels of corm densities (60, 120, 180corm per m2) and four levels of fertilizers: control, urea fertilizer (150kg.ha) nitroxin bio fertilizer (5 L.ha) as well as urea nitroxin (75 kg.ha) and nitroxin (2.5 L.h). The results showed that all treatment had significant effects on all traits at 1% cultivation of high density of saffron corms (180m2) had cumulative positive effect on all traits but leaf length. It should be noted that the interactive effect of fertilizers and corm density on most of traits was significant. The maximum number of flowers per corm planting density of 180 per square meter and fertilizer use Nitroxin with the 64.97 and the least number of flowers per corm density of 60 per square meter and not using fertilizer with an average of 3.30 goals per square meter, respectively. The highest and lowest of 2.93 and 0.74 respectively kilograms of yield per hectare were achieved in treatments D3F3 and D1F1. Manuscript profile
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