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Open Access Article
1 - Vulnerability of rural households in Fars province to food insecurity Due to drought
Nosaha Nahid Farhad Lashgarara Lashgarara Seyed Jamal Farajolah Hosseini seyed Mehdi MirdamadiClimate change and drought have greatly affected the vulnerability of rural households. This study aimed to Analyzing the vulnerability of rural households in Fars province of Iran for food insecurity under drought and also analyzing their adaptive responses to drought MoreClimate change and drought have greatly affected the vulnerability of rural households. This study aimed to Analyzing the vulnerability of rural households in Fars province of Iran for food insecurity under drought and also analyzing their adaptive responses to drought in terms of attitude and action. It was a survey research and data was collected from a sample of population based on the stratified random sampling. The sample population was 270 respondents from Fars Province by using Shaffer formula. The data was analyzed by using SPSS and AMOS software. Based on the results, the vulnerability of rural households in Fars province to drought is above average, which sensitivity factor has the highest effect on vulnerability of rural households. Also, the results of the study showed that the most effective adaptation strategies to reduce of drought Consequences are significantly dependent on government support. However, less vulnerable households have more strategic options for coping with the consequences of drought. Cluster analysis indicated that based on the two groups of respondents with the low and high vulnerability that According to it, the studied rural households were compared in terms of some characteristics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Factors Affecting Food Security of Rural Farming Households in Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province of Iran
S. Y. Zera' at Kish Zh. KamaeiIntroduction: Household food security refers to the available and adequate food supplies for the households to make sure that the members are provided with the minimum requirements of food. According to the definition set by the United Nation in 1986, food availability, MoreIntroduction: Household food security refers to the available and adequate food supplies for the households to make sure that the members are provided with the minimum requirements of food. According to the definition set by the United Nation in 1986, food availability, food access, and feeding sustainability are the three principle elements. Materials and Methods: The present study has been undertaken regarding the importance of household food security as a contributing factor concerned with the adequate growth and evolution for all the household members, therefore members can provide their society with prosperity, productivity and average food security state. This research investigates the factors affecting food security of the rural farming households in Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province of Iran. Random sampling method was used to build a sample of 223 respondents including 223 householders from rural areas. Required data was extracted from household, expenditure and income report released by the Statistical Center of Iran. Results: The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, food security indices, food security shortage/surplus gap and probit model. The obtained results via the so-called calorie consumption method indicated that, 46% of rural households enjoy food security. These households were found to exceed recommended calorie consumption by 43%. In fact the rural households without food security were found to under take the recommended calorie consumption by 69%. Conclusion: The householder income, the ratio of food expenditure to household expenditure and farm size positively contributed to the household food security, while householder gender, household size and householder education are negatively associated to the household food security. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Effect of Vernacular Materials and Traditional Construction Methods on Energy Consumption Reduction of Rural Houses in Plain Regions of Gilan
Sara Zohari Mansooreh Tahbaz Iraj EtessamBackground and Objective: Gilan province has a rich and precious vernacular architecture, which takes place in perfect harmony with nature and local climate. The aim of this study is recognition of solutions of vernacular architecture and applying them in new architectu MoreBackground and Objective: Gilan province has a rich and precious vernacular architecture, which takes place in perfect harmony with nature and local climate. The aim of this study is recognition of solutions of vernacular architecture and applying them in new architecture to reduce energy consumption and thus reduce the adverse effects of built environment on the natural habitat.Method: In orderto study the amount of energy consumption in vernacular rural houses of plain areas of Gilan using local and new material and methods, three types of vernacular houses in plain areas of Gilan(East, West and Central) are chosen, and their energy consumption using traditional and new materials are analyzed with simulation method.Findings: Based on simulation results, the amount of energy consumption during a year in Rafiee, Amini and Mohtashamtalab house with local materials is 1176/842, 185/03, 164/02 kw/h less than the amount of energy consumption with new materials.Discussion and Conclusion: Simulation results show that the amount of energy consumption in rural houses with local materials is significantly less than energy consumption using new materials. It shows that performance of Shakili foundation, Zegaly wall and Klushy roof in terms of the amount of heat exchange with the environment is more favorable than new materials and techniques. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Explain the Effects of Corona Pandemic on Viability (Case study: Rural Areas of Zahedan City)
Ahmad Hajarian Soheila DalvandiBackground and Aim: Coronavirus is one of the most contagious and infectious diseases of the 21st century, which has spread from China to the rest of the world since late December 2019 and has had many effects on the social, economic and environmental structures of vari MoreBackground and Aim: Coronavirus is one of the most contagious and infectious diseases of the 21st century, which has spread from China to the rest of the world since late December 2019 and has had many effects on the social, economic and environmental structures of various regions, including rural areas. Rural areas, especially in developing countries, are less prepared to deal with the direct and indirect impact of this crisis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of corona virus on the livelihood of rural households in Zahedan.Methods: This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method of descriptive-analytical work, which is done in two ways: library study and field survey. The statistical population of the study consists of rural households in Zahedan city. Due to the dispersion of villages and their large number, 20 villages were randomly selected as the sample village.Results: According to the 2016 census, these villages have a total of 4456 households equal to It had a population of 18,365, of which 354 were selected using the Cochran's formula. Multivariate regression analysis and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the findings. The results showed that the livability indices of rural households with an average of 2.763 were lower than the desired situation. The study of the effects of coronavirus epidemic on indicators and variables of viability of rural households showed that the coronavirus epidemic had the greatest effect with a beta coefficient of -0.398 on economic viability and the least effect with a beta coefficient of -0.147 on the variable It has environmental viability.Discussion and Conclusion: Corona virus has affected the viability of rural areas Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Multi-Objective Optimization to Increase Daylight Efficiency in Rural Buildings using Passive Systems (Case Study: Vernacular Houses in Kang Village)
Hooman Dehvari Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani -
Open Access Article
6 - Presenting Proposed Rural Housing Schemes According to Developed Patterns of Vernacular Houses in Guilan Region
Sahar Bashirzadeh Jamalledin Soheili Farshad MafakherNowadays, building houses with vernacular style method does not seem to be used anymore in rural area. However, some still remain by slight changes in their architecture. The purpose of this study is to review and document developing vernacular patterns of houses in the MoreNowadays, building houses with vernacular style method does not seem to be used anymore in rural area. However, some still remain by slight changes in their architecture. The purpose of this study is to review and document developing vernacular patterns of houses in the village along with providing proposed plans adapting these changes. According to applied purpose of the article which maintain vernacular style in rural area a descriptive-analytical method has been utilized obtaining initial data, current plans and modification of houses through library-documentary and field studies. In this study five houses with a common initial pattern were targeted by purposeful and non-probabilistic selection among 20 vernacular houses in Toularoud Bala village in the period of years 2019-2021. Possible patterns and modified houses were analyzed through space syntax and its factors. Space syntax theory has been utilized for analyzing data. By comparative comparison of the space syntax factors on characteristics of vernacular houses, some proposed patterns were selected and presented while preserving the vernacular feature of the houses through conductive reasoning. Results indicate that modified vernacular houses reserving characteristics of shallow-depth(level: 1) and high-integration of the porch (average rate:7) and by porch being located in the first layer of the house(layer 1-2) match with vernacular features of their prototype. Proposed developmental patterns of the vernacular house which are presented in accordance with the residents` needs could replace the new urban construction patterns for constructing housing for the villagers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Effect of Price Changes in Main Commodity Groups on Rural Households Welfare Based on Linear Expenditure System
samad hekmati farid soleiman feizi nafiseh saadatThis paper is to evaluate the effect of price changes in 8 main commodity groups on rural households during 2001-2012. To estimate subsistence level, rural households' data issued by Iranian Statistics Center is used. In addition, by the the results of linear expenditur MoreThis paper is to evaluate the effect of price changes in 8 main commodity groups on rural households during 2001-2012. To estimate subsistence level, rural households' data issued by Iranian Statistics Center is used. In addition, by the the results of linear expenditure system, the price and income elasticities is calculated along with the compensation and equivalent variations of Iranian Rural households. The results represent that subsistence level for Rural households is 40637 thousand Rials in the year 2012. Furthermore, the compensation and equivalent variations calculated by of commodity groups indicate the increase of prices in each commodity group of subsistence level will decrease rural households welfare. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Role of house Loan in Rural Settlement housis resist of Guilan province
مجید یاسوری سیده فاطمه امامیOne of the most important rural development requirements is rural house. Establishing rural resist house and supply house proportional to villagers’ requirement often has been different plans important element. In recent years, government through house loan has su MoreOne of the most important rural development requirements is rural house. Establishing rural resist house and supply house proportional to villagers’ requirement often has been different plans important element. In recent years, government through house loan has supported rural house renew and resist making. The present study main aim is to study house loan role on rural houses resist making. This study was conducted in the Gilan province. Regarding to collected data from the county, 26% rural families (77710 families) could use house loan to make resist houses. Among these, Talesh in 13% has had the most share of house Loan while this city share of unresist house is 7/7%. Rasht in 35% has used lower than one percent house loan. Also Soumae Sara in 6% unresist house, has had 13% Loan share. The research results indicate that in the last decade, house loan has an effective role on county rural areas house resist making, but house Loan distribution is not proportional to rural house resist making requirement and validities has not been suitable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Factors’ Affecting the Motives of Rural Households’ Saving Behavior in North Bench District, Bench Maji Zone of Southern Ethiopia
A Gonosa B Bargissa K Tesfay -
Open Access Article
10 - Impact of Women Empowerment on Food Security among Rural Households in Kwara State, Nigeria
Azeez Muhammad-Lawal Kemi Omotesho Oluwaremilekun Jimoh Nimat Abdulraheem Lvie Loreta Olaghere -
Open Access Article
11 - Perception, Adaptation Strategies and Challenges of Climate Change among Rural Households in Anyigba, Dekina Local Government Area Of Kogi State, Nigeria
Haruna Opaluwa Opeyemi Gbenga Nyamida Mercy -
Open Access Article
12 - Economic Analysis of Cooperative Societies and Agricultural Productivity in Rural Households in Delta State, Nigeria
Peter Emaziye -
Open Access Article
13 - Determinants of Poverty among Rural Households in South Western States, Nigeria
Olubunmi Lawrence Balogun -
Open Access Article
14 - Analysis of Factors Determining Households Food Security in Pastoral Area Oromia Region, Moyale District, in Ethiopia
Amsalu Mitiku Bekabil Fufa Beyene Tadese -
Open Access Article
15 - تأثیر افزایش قیمت برق بر رفاه بخش خانگی مناطق روستایی استان گیلان
حسین صالحی Esfandiar Doshman Ziari Mohammad Sadegh Ziaeiبه منظور بررسی اثر افزایش قیمت برق در بخش خانگی بر رفاه خانوارهای روستایی استان گیلان با استفاده از سیستم تقاضای تقریبا ایده­آل؛ کشش­ها و تغییرات رفاهی ناشی از افزایش 50 درصدی و افزایش 100 درصدی قیمت برق خانگی و افزایش تدریجی قیمت برق خانگی در چهار سال (هر سال ا Moreبه منظور بررسی اثر افزایش قیمت برق در بخش خانگی بر رفاه خانوارهای روستایی استان گیلان با استفاده از سیستم تقاضای تقریبا ایده­آل؛ کشش­ها و تغییرات رفاهی ناشی از افزایش 50 درصدی و افزایش 100 درصدی قیمت برق خانگی و افزایش تدریجی قیمت برق خانگی در چهار سال (هر سال افزایش 25 درصدی) با استفاده از دو معیار تغییرات جبرانی و تغییرات معادل طی دوره زمانی 91-1370 محاسبه شده­است. نتایج نشان می­دهد قدر مطلق کشش درآمدی و قیمتی برق کوچک­تر از واحد بوده­است. پایین­بودن کشش قیمتی تقاضا از طرفی نشان­دهنده تأثیر جزئی تغییرات قیمت بر روی تقاضای برق در دوره مورد بررسی بوده و از طرف دیگر بیان­گر عدم وجود جانشین مناسب برای برق در بخش خانگی می­باشد.محاسبات تغییرات رفاهی و مقایسه­ی آنها با سهم برق از یارانه­ی پرداختی، نشان میدهد که با افزایش 50 و 100 درصدی قیمت برق خانگی پول پرداختی به خانوار کمتر از میزان مبلغ به­دست آمده­است و می­توان گفت که اثر مستقیم واقعی­کردن قیمت برق خانگی (افزایش قیمت) جبران نشده­است. در واقع میزان رفاهی که خانوار در اثر افزایش قیمت برق از دست داده­است بیش­تر از رفاهی است که به­دست آورده­است و لذا خانوارها متضرر شده­اند. اما در مورد سناریوی افزایش تدریجی قیمت، مبلغ CV به­دست­آمده کمتر از میزان دریافتی خانوار بوده و به این دلیل در واقع تنها با اعمال این سیاست قیمتی است که خانوار متضرر نشده و رفاه آن افزایش یافته­است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - پیش بینی سطوح امنیت غذایی خانوارهای روستایی بر مبنای عوامل اقتصادی ـ اجتماعی : مورد مطالعه شهرستان نهاوند
سعدی فتح الهی گلام بحری حسین شعبانعلی فمی علی اسدینقش تغذیه در سلامت، افزایش کارایی و ارتباط آن با توسعه اقتصادی، طی تحقیقات گسترده در سطح جهانی با مبانی علمی و شواهد تجربی مورد تایید قرار گرفته است. بنابراین دسترسی به امنیت غذایی از محورهای اساسی توسعه است. از این رو هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، بررسی نقش عوامل اقتصادی ـ اجتم Moreنقش تغذیه در سلامت، افزایش کارایی و ارتباط آن با توسعه اقتصادی، طی تحقیقات گسترده در سطح جهانی با مبانی علمی و شواهد تجربی مورد تایید قرار گرفته است. بنابراین دسترسی به امنیت غذایی از محورهای اساسی توسعه است. از این رو هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، بررسی نقش عوامل اقتصادی ـ اجتماعی مؤثر بر امنیت غذایی خانوارهای روستایی در شهرستان نهاوند می­باشد. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل 26599 خانوار روستایی شهرستان نهاوند بود که تعداد 255 نفر با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و روش نمونه­گیری طبقه‏ای، به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزار اصلی پژوهش پرسشنامه‏ای بود که روایی آن توسط اعضای هیئت علمی گروه مدیریت و توسعه کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران و پایایی آن توسط ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تأیید گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‏ها در دو بخش آمار توصیفی و استنباطی با استفاده از نرم افزارSPSSwin21 انجام شد. نتایج حاصل از آزمون F نشان داد که بین سطوح مختلف درآمد خانوار از نظر سطح ناامنی غذایی اختلاف معنی­دار آماری در سطح یک درصد وجود دارد. هم­چنین نتایج حاصل از تحلیل رگرسیون لجیت (پروبیت) حاکی از آن است که متغیرهای توان تصمیم­گیری و آگاهی تغذیه­ای سرپرست خانوار و درآمد خانوار بیشترین تاثیر را بر روی میزان امنیت غذایی خانوارهای روستایی داشته­اند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Impact of Youth Commercial Agricultural Development Programme on Poverty Status of Rural Households in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Adetomiwa Kolapo Olanrewaju Adebayo Olanipekun یوآنده بوبولا آکانده Matthew Kolawole Opeyemi Muhammed -
Open Access Article
18 - Effect of Access to Health Facilities on the Health Status of Rural Households at Kermanshah Province (Case Study: Bisotoun District)
Zahra Korani Fateme Pourghasem Tahereh EmamiThe main purpose of this study was to investigate effect of access to health facilities on the health status of rural households at Kermanshah Province. Statistical pupation of this study consisted of all heads of rural households at Bisotoun district in Harsin Township MoreThe main purpose of this study was to investigate effect of access to health facilities on the health status of rural households at Kermanshah Province. Statistical pupation of this study consisted of all heads of rural households at Bisotoun district in Harsin Township, Kermanshah Province, Iran (N=1020), that 278 of them were selected by the cluster random sampling method. The main instrument of this study was a questionnaire which its validity confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that the health status of rural households was medium at the given district. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that 36% of the dependent variable (health status) is explained by five following variables: level of water availability, level of sewer system availability, and level of access to health services (e.g. toilet, bath, health home, etc.), access to resources and communication and information channels and the level of waste disposal system availability. The results of this study can be considered by authorities and politicians so that they can pay more attention to the rural health issues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - اثر تغییرات آب و هوا بر هزینههای مواد غذایی خانوارهای روستایی ایران
علیرضا کرباسی چیمن صیادیاین پژوهش به بررسی تغییرات آب و هوا بر هزینه مواد غذایی خانوارهای روستایی در ایران میپردازد. هزینه موادغذایی خانوارهای روستایی ایران به عنوان تابعی از متوسط درآمد خانوارهای روستایی، شاخص قیمت خرده فروشی مواد غذایی، هزینه موادغذایی خانوارهای روستایی، سطح زیرکشت و آب و Moreاین پژوهش به بررسی تغییرات آب و هوا بر هزینه مواد غذایی خانوارهای روستایی در ایران میپردازد. هزینه موادغذایی خانوارهای روستایی ایران به عنوان تابعی از متوسط درآمد خانوارهای روستایی، شاخص قیمت خرده فروشی مواد غذایی، هزینه موادغذایی خانوارهای روستایی، سطح زیرکشت و آب و هوا با استفاده از روش پانل پویا و نرمافزار Stata11برای 26 استان کشور بررسی شده است. بارندگی، دما و رطوبت نسبی به عنوان شاخص­هایی برای متغیر آب و هوا در نظر گرفته شده است. نتایج نشاندهنده تأثیر معنیدار و مثبت متوسط درآمد خانوارهای روستایی، شاخص قیمت خرده فروشی مواد غذایی، هزینه مواد غذایی خانوارهای روستایی با یک وقفه و بارندگی بر هزینه مواد غذایی خانوارهای روستایی است، سطح زیرکشت و رطوبت نسبی بر هزینههای مواد غذایی خانوارهای روستایی اثر نداشته است و دما اثر منفی و معناداری بر هزینههای مواد غذایی خانوارهای روستایی دارد. در پایان با توجه به تأثیری که هر کدام از متغیرهای گفته شده به طور صریح بر هزینه مواد غذایی خانوارهای روستایی و بطور ضمنی بر امنیت غذایی این خانوارها دارند پیشنهادهایی برای حفظ و همچنین بهبود امنیت غذایی در خانوارهای روستایی ارائه شده است. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Family Income and Cash Flow of Rural Households in South East Nigeria: A Comparative and Gender – Based Analysis
Olajide O. Adeola W. DopplerThis study focused on the income generating capacity of farm family’s own resources and examined the vulnerability to financial risk among the remote and peri-urban farming systems of Imo state. Primary data was collected using the farming and rural systems approa MoreThis study focused on the income generating capacity of farm family’s own resources and examined the vulnerability to financial risk among the remote and peri-urban farming systems of Imo state. Primary data was collected using the farming and rural systems approach to randomly select and interview 120 households. Descriptive statistics and Mann whitney test were used in assessing between group differences while regression analysis was used to test the determinants of family income spread within the households. The results showed that the farming systems differed significantly in terms of rewards to resource use and efficiency. It also showed that remotely located households were more likely to be vulnerable to financial risks. A comparison of Male and Female Headed Households showed that the households had similar income generating potentials but with the cash flow analysis a safe conclusion may be reached that Female Headed Household were more financially unhealthy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Shocks and Coping Strategies of Rural Households: Evidence from Ogo-Oluwa Local Government, Oyo State, Nigeria
Seyi Olalekan Olawuyi Olapade-Ogunwole Fola Raufu Mufutau OyedapoRural households in Nigeria are vulnerable to shock because of their limited capacity to make informed decision on secured coping strategies which is further aggravated by some households’ specific socio-economic characteristics. Attempts were made to identify sho MoreRural households in Nigeria are vulnerable to shock because of their limited capacity to make informed decision on secured coping strategies which is further aggravated by some households’ specific socio-economic characteristics. Attempts were made to identify shocks being faced by households’ heads and coping strategies. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 80 respondents and well structured questionnaire was used to collect data through in-depth interview. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics to describe households’ socio-economic variables; Probit analysis was also used to determine the relationship between personal socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, shocks and choice of coping actions. The results revealed that a large share of households experience multidimensional shocks, which are mainly associated to ecological but also suffer from other economic, demographic and social factors. Majority of households undertake coping actions in response to shocks; coping strategies employed but not limited to include borrowing, distress sales of assets, remittances, adjustment in food intake, drawing on savings. Educational status, household size, per capita income, shocks type, coping strategies, among others are found to significantly affect the choice of coping actions and are likely to have implications for households’ future welfare status. Manuscript profile
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