List of Articles necessity

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  1 - Solving a new mathematical fuzzy multi-objective for supply chain of based on fuzzy necessity measure.
  Alireza Mansori sulaiman Iranzadeh Abdollah Hadi
  The Supply Chain is considered a necessity for the success of organizations seeking the most economic, environmental and social impacts. In addition, the implementation and suitable execution of this supply chain seems to be necessary. Considering the importance of the More

  The Supply Chain is considered a necessity for the success of organizations seeking the most economic, environmental and social impacts. In addition, the implementation and suitable execution of this supply chain seems to be necessary. Considering the importance of the social impacts of this supply chain, a fuzzy multi-objective mathematical model is provided such that, in addition to considering the environmental and economic impacts, social impacts are also considered. In order to approximate the provided model to real-world conditions, some parameters are considered under conditions of uncertainty and in the form of triangular fuzzy numbers. A two-step method is provided to solve the proposed model. In the first step, the model converges to a determinate multi- objective problem using the necessity measure and in the second step the model is solved using the cumulative function method .Finally, to show the applicability of the proposed method, a real industrial case study is provided. Manuscript profile
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  2 - One of the most important juridical rules derived from a Quranic verse is the principle of no hardship which is applied in different jurisprudential topics from purity to blood money. Although this principle is presented by jurists alongside other principles such as the “principle of no harm” and permissibility of forbidden acts in urgent and emergency situations in inferring legal commandments, the question that needs to be examined is that with
  Khatereh Shahinfard Saeed Nazari Tavakkoli Reza Omani Samani Ahmad Abedini
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  3 - The survey of the prohibition and lawfulness theories about surrogacy in Imamites
  Vahid Zarei Sharif
  This writing investigates the prescriptive judgement about surrogacy forwhich four theories are found including: permission, prohibition, apparentexemption and lawfulness. The said theories are based on the validImamites references. Those who believe in prohibition argu More

  This writing investigates the prescriptive judgement about surrogacy forwhich four theories are found including: permission, prohibition, apparentexemption and lawfulness. The said theories are based on the validImamites references. Those who believe in prohibition argue thatsurrogacy is illegal. They refer to sermons and arguments, and believe inthe necessity of keeping the pudendum safe, or taking care of if, also, theyargue about the prohibition of putting sperm in the others, wombs andthey think the kinship should be prevented, too. Some jurisprudentsbelieve in its being lawful based on permission and exemption principles.The fourth theory calls it contingent jast as a medical treatment and underspecific conditions. Having investigated the afore-mentioned theories andthe Imamites. Jurisprudents, beliefs and same dependable reasanings, weare led to believe that none of the sermons and narrations aboutprohibition believes in surrogacy and the third theory which is about theexemption, despite the existence of real prevention, is not clear-cut. Thelast theory has no investigatory basis, as it deals with public permission, ifneeded, and also because it presents no independent theory aboutsurrogacy. As a result, in this survey, we will be led to the second theory,that is, the lawfulness based on the real permission. Manuscript profile
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  4 - Difference between Permissible Contracts and the Institution of Permission
  Ahmad Reza Tavakoli
  Permission (Eznieh) contracts are important parts of legal deeds thatare used in a vast level of social relations.Familiarity with these contracts’ nature and the investigation ofexisting disagreement about their nature are necessary with regardto extensive use of More

  Permission (Eznieh) contracts are important parts of legal deeds thatare used in a vast level of social relations.Familiarity with these contracts’ nature and the investigation ofexisting disagreement about their nature are necessary with regardto extensive use of these contracts. Because legal effects andcommandments of these deeds have direct relationship with theirnature. Disagreement about the nature of permission (eznieh)contracts results from different attitudes about the nature of thecontracts and similarity of these contracts to permission. Somebelieve necessity is one of contracts’ components. Accordingly,permission (eznieh) contracts are not followed by necessity so theyare not considered as contracts and their nature are more sililar tolegal quality of permission. In contrast, some believe necessity isnot a valid component of the contract and the contract is a reversiblewritten promise. These people believe permission (eznieh) contractshave contract nature.On the other hand, there is not enough discussion about legal andreligious sources of permission and its meaning. The effects of thislegal quality has been emphasized. In this writing, we offer differentdefinitions of contract and permission in religion and law. Then, weinvestigate the nature of permission (eznieh) contracts with regardto the definitions. In the investigation of permission (eznieh)contracts’ nature, legal and religious definitions of these contractsand their differences with legal quality of permission areconsidered Manuscript profile
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  5 - The situation of abortion in the current society and the need for preventive measures
  Esmat Savadi Nafiseh Fayazbakhsh Zahra Hosseinabadi
  10.30495/jisds.2007.21344
  Illegal abortion in Iran is one of the most important social harms, but unfortunately, due to its hidden occurrence, accurate statistics are not available, and this issue has caused the lack of attention of the relevant authorities in related planning. This issue, which More

  Illegal abortion in Iran is one of the most important social harms, but unfortunately, due to its hidden occurrence, accurate statistics are not available, and this issue has caused the lack of attention of the relevant authorities in related planning. This issue, which is one of the major threats to the physical and mental health of the individual, family and community, has grown exponentially over the past ten years. Has studied the jurisprudential and legal aspects of abortion on the one hand and also analyzed the current situation of the country on the other hand and while preparing statistical information, analyzed and examined the very serious damage of this problem on the physical and mental body of society (including: hidden deaths, depression , Suicide, etc.) and considers the need to review the existing laws on abortion and preventive measures, including: implementation of laws related to hijab and chastity and facilitating youth marriage to solve this great social problem. Manuscript profile
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  6 - Laws and Necessity
  امیر کرباسی زاده
  In this paper, I offer a view of laws as descriptions oranalyses of fundamental dispositions. As analyses of dispositions,laws are metaphysically necessary truths. In the first section Iexplain what I mean by laws being property description. In thesecond section, I cons More

  In this paper, I offer a view of laws as descriptions oranalyses of fundamental dispositions. As analyses of dispositions,laws are metaphysically necessary truths. In the first section Iexplain what I mean by laws being property description. In thesecond section, I consider the possibility of being some necessarytruth can be known a posteriori and I claim laws of nature have thisepistemic status. In the last two sections, I try to accommodate myview on laws of nature with the modal intuitions about physicalnecessity that have lead many to reject necessary laws. Manuscript profile
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  7 - A review of Water, Energy, and Food Nexus in Iran: Necessity, Challenges and Suggested Solutions
  Reyhaneh Loni Mahdi Sharifzadeh
  Background and Propose: Due to the world's population grows, water, energy and food supply will be one of the most important challenges in the future. The predictions show the water, energy, and food crisis in the future of Iran and the world. The aim of this study is t More

  Background and Propose: Due to the world's population grows, water, energy and food supply will be one of the most important challenges in the future. The predictions show the water, energy, and food crisis in the future of Iran and the world. The aim of this study is to review the global challenges as well as challenges in Iran in providing the required water, energy and food resources in the coming years for human societies. The water, energy and food nexus is an overall vision of sustainability that seeks to strike a balance between different goals, interests and needs of people and the environment. The water, energy, and food nexus can be a guide for sustainable development policy in the country to overcome the environmental and water crises in the future. Research Method: In this study, while reviewing the researches conducted regarding the water, energy and food nexus in Iran and the world, it has investigated the challenges and the necessity of investigating this nexus in Iran and the world. Finding: Among the results of this research, the main challenges in the implementation of water, energy and food nexus in Iran can be mentioned, which include: sectorial policies and lack of integrated management, lack of financial resources to carry out projects related to water, energy and food nexus, lack of related information sources and lack of drafting upstream laws in the field of development of water, energy and food nexus. Discussion and Conclusion: In the end, among the conclusions of this study, it is possible to point out suggestions for the development of water, energy, and food nexus, which include: development of cooperation and coordination of all related bodies, including ministries, Islamic Council, universities, associations, companies, determining an institution for policy making and reaching a common consensus, creating and developing the infrastructure of the clearing market of affiliates, developing the digital economy for the development of new technologies related to implementation correlation plans for water, energy and food nexus, land preparation and systematic assessment of natural, social, economic and cultural factors. The reviews and results of this review article can unravel the problems predicted in the future of Iran and the world through correct management and policy. Manuscript profile
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  8 - Comparative investigation of the nature of causality of Mulla Sadra and hume
  zinab darvishi mohamadhosain irandoost
  The principle of causality , according to which any phenomenon requires a cause , One of the less known , the philosopher is not paid to the discussion. This paper describes the analytical methods , with the aim of evaluating and comparing the nature of causality Vnqady More

  The principle of causality , according to which any phenomenon requires a cause , One of the less known , the philosopher is not paid to the discussion. This paper describes the analytical methods , with the aim of evaluating and comparing the nature of causality Vnqady documents written hume Sadra. It seems , denial of causality Drmnzrhyvm the epistemological roots in the attitude to foreign and subjective realities , the empirical basis of the relationship was. The hume and asdra , causation is a philosophical principle and deep understanding not only of the philosophical wisdom comes from. Therefore , its appearance is deeper than experience , and the world is rational. Therefore , the interpretation of the observation and induction Aznzrsdra path goes further and becomes a philosophical principle where the effect is possible due to the kind of poverty. Mulla Sadra has ontological principle of causality to the theory of theophany. This theory can be considered mystical approach to causation. Manuscript profile
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  9 - To maintain quality in relation to the obligation to provide complete cause-effect Analogically of sadra
  zinab darvishi hadi vasei
  One of the branches of the principle of causality , necessity implies the negation of the negation of Mulla Sadra Analogically the principle of causality In terms of some speakers this rule , for reasons algebraic Now , the autonomous agents , after the fulfillment of a More

  One of the branches of the principle of causality , necessity implies the negation of the negation of Mulla Sadra Analogically the principle of causality In terms of some speakers this rule , for reasons algebraic Now , the autonomous agents , after the fulfillment of all components due to open the subject selection available , reserved. Intellectual unaware of the rule , not attributable. Some of theologians causal necessity of autonomous agents and also Draynkh discussion is the need Allah created the universe , becomes problematic In discussing the subject of autonomous and origination of the world is problematic It is therefore necessary to replace them priority Ali have. Some contemporary scholars generally deny the causal necessityeither someone else and what Analogically And to negate the necessary evidence has been adduced. He would accept the necessity Ali all subjects will be We are well established in this article Mulla Sadra's claim to keep control of the complete cause-effect relationship with the obligation Analogically Manuscript profile
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  10 - The Rule of Necessity which Measures its necessity
  Hossain Javar Marzieh Ganjeali Darani Mohammad Ali Afshari
  The Rule of Necessity which Measure its necessity is one of the rational and religious rules that jurists have spoken less about it. This is also due to the clarity of the matter, for by the clear wisdom of reason; whenever master (Mola) is due to his servant's urgency, More

  The Rule of Necessity which Measure its necessity is one of the rational and religious rules that jurists have spoken less about it. This is also due to the clarity of the matter, for by the clear wisdom of reason; whenever master (Mola) is due to his servant's urgency, In opposition to some of its imperative laws, He commended him and gave him leave. This release will remain as long as necessary, and with the destruction of the state of emergency, the release is also canceled. This permission of the departure of the original sentence due to necessity, Wisdom, has two constraints, time and amount. and it means, that the distress to a certain amount and only as long as adjusted the title of urgency. The permit for departing from the original sentence due to necessity, the wisdom of reason, has two limitations. Limit the amount and the time limit. This means that the detriment can only be used in a certain amount and only as long as its condition is called urgency and necessity. Manuscript profile
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  11 - Explaining the Previous necessity, and Previous and next impossible for Existing Creatures from the Perspective of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli
  Mohammad Hosein Irandoost Azar Sepahvand
  The topic Previous necessity, and Previous and next impossible, and understanding of beings is one of the most important and challenging topics that has long been the source of views and views among Islamic scholars. Famous theologians believe that the cause can never n More

  The topic Previous necessity, and Previous and next impossible, and understanding of beings is one of the most important and challenging topics that has long been the source of views and views among Islamic scholars. Famous theologians believe that the cause can never necessitate its disability. On the contrary, the famous Islamic philosophers believe that the principle of necessity is an obvious principle and, accordingly, the existence of an effect is necessary and irrefutable in the assumption of the existence of a universal cause. In this article, we try to describe the necessity and the refusal of the former and to rely on existing from the point of view of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli by descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile
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  12 - Philosophical and Mystical Analysis Of Necessity and Possibility in Selected Lyricsby Beedel Dehlavi
  Leili Abbassi Montazeri Hossein Arian
  One of the essential characteristics of literature, apart from the mental and spiritual rejoice, includes the fundamental and general principles of various sciences and interdisciplinary issues as a whole. In this regard, the philosophical debates such as the reality an More

  One of the essential characteristics of literature, apart from the mental and spiritual rejoice, includes the fundamental and general principles of various sciences and interdisciplinary issues as a whole. In this regard, the philosophical debates such as the reality and origin of the world and heavens, continuity and cause, as well as the genesis and creation of creatures and created ones and the like, is of utmost importance within the past and present words of orators and composers. Especially once these issues are investigated mystically and metaphysically in a way that their relationship with the special worldview of mystics and Sufis is analyzed. Beedel Dehnavi is one of the few poets who have achieved his own style in poetry through the combination of philosophical foundations as well as mystical and educational mysticism, thereby his own remarks deserves reflection and scrutiny. He has supposed poetry to be the reflection of philosophy and philosophical consideration, and despite the mystics' ideas over the inability of words to convey meaning, he has well been able to draw the picture the realities in the form of difficult and rare Indian style metaphors and terminologies. This paper tries to analyze and study over the existence and non-existence philosophical and mystical roots within ten selected lyrics out of his own Divan-e-Ghazaliyat (Anthology of Lyrics). In fact, it is tries to analyze the special and exclusive worldview in combination with the two topics of philosophy and mysticism, especially involving necessity and possibility Manuscript profile
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  13 - Explaining the Triple Necessities of Perfect Man from the Ibn Arabi and Allameh Tabatabai
  Abdolah Salavati Fatemeh Kookaram
  A long time ago the great thinkers have been attract to recognize the perfect man and find out his aspects in order to follow him. This subject is one of the main pillars Islamic mysticism. The authors intend to begin explaining the necessities for triple from the Ibn A More

  A long time ago the great thinkers have been attract to recognize the perfect man and find out his aspects in order to follow him. This subject is one of the main pillars Islamic mysticism. The authors intend to begin explaining the necessities for triple from the Ibn Arabi and Allameh Tabatabai. The main question of study is that what is the necessity of the perfect man from Ibn Arabi and Allameh Tabatabai? The necessity of the perfect man not only for the human kind, but also it’s for the whole of the world, therefore a human not only for during the path to perfection we need a perfect human, but all of the world for the survival and its retain needs to the perfect man. At first, we studied positions of existence from the Allameh Tabatabai in this study. Then his special attention expressed to the world of the divine names. Allameh knows that each of the creatures is the name of the divine names which between the “the humen” is the comprehensive all of the divine names. According to the approach of Al`asma science of Ibn Arabi, he expresses about the explain God connection, the perfect man and the world. From Ibn Arabi the perfect man is the closest manifestation of God and he says the perfect man is inductor blessing of God`s creature. In addition, Allameh knows the perfect man who is that he reached to the position of the divine province and the creatures follow up from him. His approach based on the Quran verses, intellectual principles and foundation. One of the achievements of this research is the authors in addition to existence necessity of the perfect man, that its often the basis of topics the necessity bearing, the necessity knowledge and the necessity epistem and each of the reasons to prove of the perfect man necessity at world. Manuscript profile
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  14 - Creation in time of material world according to Proclus' philosophy
  Mazdak Rajabi
  The issue of cosmos occurrence has always been one of the most essential philosophical topics. This topic was so many important for Proclus as well as the other philosophers. This paper has tried to make clear his special point of view about this topic by analyzing his More

  The issue of cosmos occurrence has always been one of the most essential philosophical topics. This topic was so many important for Proclus as well as the other philosophers. This paper has tried to make clear his special point of view about this topic by analyzing his fundamental ideas. The most important platonic cosmological concept is The Demieurgous, and this paper has analyzed Proclus' comment of Demieurgous and creation of material world. Manuscript profile
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  15 - Quranic foundations of the necessity of resistance in Persian poems
  sayyd hosin formibaf kamal khajepour aboalghasem asi moznab
  10.30495/rpcl.2023.699917
  Resistance is one of the natural things that its necessity has been beautifully discussed in Persian poetry and the principles of this necessity have been emphasized in the verses of the Qur'an. God Almighty, on the one hand, forbids Muslims from compromising and surren More

  Resistance is one of the natural things that its necessity has been beautifully discussed in Persian poetry and the principles of this necessity have been emphasized in the verses of the Qur'an. God Almighty, on the one hand, forbids Muslims from compromising and surrendering to their opponents, and on the other hand, emphasizes the need for patience and perseverance in the face of enemies. The Qur'an and Islamic traditions consider the cost of compromise and surrender to the enemies to be much heavier than resistance and perseverance. Islam is a religion of moderation and resistance and stability against the factors that upset the balance of society - both internally and externally. In Persian poetry, resistance is considered necessary both for its current goodness and for having divine goals and social effects. These matters are among the intellectual foundations and ideas of resistance which are clearly explained and detailed in the Qur'an. The present article deals with the descriptive and analytical method of the Quranic principles of the necessity of resistance that have been raised in Persian poems. The results show the need for resistance in Persian poetry in various aspects of the current goodness such as purposefulness, holiness and .... and having divine goals such as preventing false domination, the dignity of the religion of God and ... and social effects such as community pride, the spread of justice Nourishes. Manuscript profile
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  16 - A Study of the Theory of Consideration in Iranian Law with a Look at British Law
  Hossein Tafvizi Seyed Pedram Khandani
  Hossein Tafvizi[1] Seyed Pedram Khandani[2]   Abstract:   In Iranian law, the role of contracts in the binding aspect of contracts is not very specific, and this has caused concern among legal authors about the necessity and the permissibility of contracts. Ho More

  Hossein Tafvizi[1] Seyed Pedram Khandani[2]   Abstract:   In Iranian law, the role of contracts in the binding aspect of contracts is not very specific, and this has caused concern among legal authors about the necessity and the permissibility of contracts. However, whether there is a logical relationship between the non-exchangeability of a contract and the contractuality of the contract, and the necessity of that contract, is the subject of this article. In contrast, in English law the contract is generally recognized as valid and necessary in two respects. The first being formal and impor- tant, and the second being to back it up, since the principle is that the contracts are non-formal, in English law, instead, it has a decisive role in distinguishing binding contracts from mere promises. Therefore, if the theory of change is accepted in Iranian law, it can be one of the complementary rules in interpreting private contracts and determining the obligations of the parties. [1] PhD Student in Law, Islamic Azad University, Branch, h.tafvizi@yahoo.com [2] Professor, Faculty of Law, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Spkhandani@gmail.com Manuscript profile
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  17 - The Analysis of Staff Training Skills Effectiveness: A Case Study of VPMC
  Hassan Mirazei Ahranjani Morteza Mousakhani Ameneh Akbari
  Training and improvement of manpower Leads to deep insights and visions, higher Knowledge and awareness, and more abilities and skills of staffing organization in order to implement their tasks and job duties at a higher level. The organizations are required to exploit More

  Training and improvement of manpower Leads to deep insights and visions, higher Knowledge and awareness, and more abilities and skills of staffing organization in order to implement their tasks and job duties at a higher level. The organizations are required to exploit adequate instructional planning and this needs to be materialized in such a way that with development on skills and knowledge of individuals as well as meeting the professional needs of the staff and work difficulties, it can respond to variable organizational environment.  In the present study, the researchers aim to probe the question whether  training courses offered to experts are indeed compatible with their training needs. The methodology is descriptive – correlative. The data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using S.P.S.S software. The results attested to the gap between theatrical knowledge and skill in terms of effectiveness of training courses. It can also be claimed that the experts of the above-mentioned company have been able to build up their skills using training courses whereas they have scored lower marks in terms of theoretical knowledge Manuscript profile
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  18 - The difficulty of compulsion and its legal effects in contractual obligations
  Ali ALAHYARI Ali Gharibe
  The aim of the parties in concluding a contract is to obtain the objective of the parties mentioned as the subject of contract and the terms of the concluded contract. Sometimes, the occurrence of the general and personal states in the undertaker causes to the condition More

  The aim of the parties in concluding a contract is to obtain the objective of the parties mentioned as the subject of contract and the terms of the concluded contract. Sometimes, the occurrence of the general and personal states in the undertaker causes to the conditions that the undertakers cannot fulfill his obligations. In this regard, one of these states is difficulty in implementation of the contract that in this case, the compulsion of the undertaker to implement the contract items causes his difficulty and insolvency.Examining the rule of difficulty and insolvency in fulfillment of obligations showed that implementation of this rule in the contractual obligations sometimes leads to exemption of the undertaker from fulfillment of obligation and sometimes, the primary governing rules are changed and shifted and the secondary rules are enacted which include the issue of divorce. In this article, this subject matter of the contract and its legal effects have been investigated in detail. Manuscript profile
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  19 - Compulsive Murder in Shiite Jurisprudence
  kiyoumars kalantari morteza jalilzadeh
  Necessary murder was not discussed specially among Jurists, but some of them debated to this subject, among are Jurisprudential issues for the commission of murder and they said necessity isn’t license to commit murder. Their main reason is Rule of La Taghiyeh Fi Dema More

  Necessary murder was not discussed specially among Jurists, but some of them debated to this subject, among are Jurisprudential issues for the commission of murder and they said necessity isn’t license to commit murder. Their main reason is Rule of La Taghiyeh Fi Dema. However, they accepted to this general rule and in some cases, they allowed murder committed in necessary condition. One of these exceptional required the general conditions that among them we can pointed to the certainly death danger for person in necessary condition, person in necessary condition doesn’t has out law (Yaghi and Baghi), the murder commission was permitted until existence of necessary condition. Cases that necessary murder is authorized consisted of: 1- murder as necessity to food belonging to another person. 2- Necessity for killing fetus that has Soul. 3- Duress to murder. 4 Necessary murder in contention duties at crowd out important 5- Necessary murder for protecting of important person’s life. In this article, we tried to making clear every one of mentioned above cases with leaning on the religious jurisprudence texts. Manuscript profile
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  20 - Justifications for Commiting Suicide in Viewpoints of Criminal Law and Jurisprudence
  Seyed Reza Ehsanpour
  10.22034/ijrj.2022.689845
  There is no doubt that suicide is forbidden in Shariat. It is based on many verses and traditions and has been claimed by consensus. However, there may be cases where suicides occur not because of the usual motives but as a result of the person being placed under specif More

  There is no doubt that suicide is forbidden in Shariat. It is based on many verses and traditions and has been claimed by consensus. However, there may be cases where suicides occur not because of the usual motives but as a result of the person being placed under specific situations. Suicides in the form of punishment, or committing it due to excitement and panic, being the victim, preserving chastity, torture-related suicide and also for the sake of superior interests cannot be regarded as other types of suicide. Here the concept of suicide and its implications is beyond doubt. If the suicide committed as a result of absence of intention, the legal and juridical effects of suicide would be eliminated and the cause of it would be responsible. Jurists have different views on suicides due to necessity. Some consider the necessity applicable but for homicide and some consider this rule to be applicable to all, including suicide. The author believes in the latter. In the case of suicide for the sake of supreme interest, if the benefit is Islam and Islamic Government, suicide will be permitted in the enclosure of two injunctions (suicide and disclosure of secrets) with regard to the principle of the most important. Manuscript profile
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  21 - The Legal and Juridical Study of the Concept and Conditions of Necessity and its Effect on Civil Liability
  Hamid Abhary Mohammad Farzanegan Somayeh Zohori
  10.22034/ijrj.2018.538448
  Necessity is the one of the circumstances that causes one person to avoide an existence or near risk enter to damage on the other person. For realization, the necessity must exist in some conditions and with existing these conditions, at the time of enforcing of waver o More

  Necessity is the one of the circumstances that causes one person to avoide an existence or near risk enter to damage on the other person. For realization, the necessity must exist in some conditions and with existing these conditions, at the time of enforcing of waver of article 55 of the former Islamic penalty code, there will be different opinions among the lawyers. With elimination that waver in new penalty code, the question is that whether necessity is one of factors that raises the civil liability or not? In this article, the author consider the concept, conditions, effects and cases of necessity in civil liability. Manuscript profile
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  22 - The study of Legal and Judicial Necessity Effects in Non-Contractual Liability (A Comparative Study(
  Yasser Abdi
  10.22034/ijrj.2018.540068
  The substantiation of some titles is justifying and legitimating of harmful act and in other words, eliminating fault. One of these categories is necessity in non-contractual civil liability. Unlike contractual civil liability that referred to in Article 206 of Civil co More

  The substantiation of some titles is justifying and legitimating of harmful act and in other words, eliminating fault. One of these categories is necessity in non-contractual civil liability. Unlike contractual civil liability that referred to in Article 206 of Civil code, It has not been raised on the necessity in law expressly. Without any doubt, necessity removed the fault from the harmful act and action which is illegitimated in the normal position and is unlawful and makes it lawful and permissible. But whether committing damaging action in necessity mode, exempts from civil liability or not, there are two views. In the first view, necessity does not remove civil liability and must be compensated damage. In the second view, necessity removes civil liability because of prevention of harmfulness around yourself or others. This article accepts the First view.  Manuscript profile
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  23 - A look at the jurisprudential challenges of the philosophy of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil
  Narges Fooladi AbbasAli Heydari Mehdi Fallah
  The issue of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil is one of the most key and fundamental Islamic issues. Many verses and narrations have emphasized this religious, social and political doctrine and have studied and warned about its various dimensions. It has alway More

  The issue of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil is one of the most key and fundamental Islamic issues. Many verses and narrations have emphasized this religious, social and political doctrine and have studied and warned about its various dimensions. It has always been forgotten and even one step above it has been neglected and neglected. Enjoining the good and forbidding the evil is a very sensitive issue and should be accompanied by compassion and choosing the best moral methods. When a person deals with the thesis of his soul, this action of his is a good ground for cultivating inner capacity and, consequently, mental health. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to accurately implement the commandment of the good and the prohibition of the bad, and since the commandment of the good and the prohibition of the bad is directly related to religion and the world and the reputation of individuals, it has a special sensitivity. Obviously, just as abandoning this divine obligation is destructive and dangerous, its implementation will be harmful without observing the limits and paying attention to the conditions, levels, morale and capacity of individuals. In the present era, which threatens the all-round health of human beings, returning to religious teachings is the guarantor of the all-round health of the Islamic society. And this divine duty is a suitable cover for the protection of the individual and society. Manuscript profile
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  24 - Legitimate trade from the perspective of Islamic law
  Maryam Ebn Torab
  The issue of economics and earning money is one of the most important issues in the world today, as it is one of the most powerful weapons in the Cold War. Although trade has been common among human beings since ancient times, but at any time, based on how the relations More

  The issue of economics and earning money is one of the most important issues in the world today, as it is one of the most powerful weapons in the Cold War. Although trade has been common among human beings since ancient times, but at any time, based on how the relations between people in society and progress in various scientific fields, has taken on a new face. For example, e-commerce is a new form of it in today's society. One of the issues in Islamic societies is the adaptation of day-to-day business practices to the rules of the holy sharia of Islam, and the answer to the question: Is it lawful to earn money in emerging ways? The present study aims to express the characteristics of legitimate business, in order to distinguish legitimate businesses from others. Examining the jurisprudential and legal books, these results were obtained: First, it respects private property according to the rule of Islamic domination, and every owner has the right to seize his property, except in cases where it has been prohibited for a reason. Another is that the purpose of the legal teachings of Islam about trade is not to express a specific type of trade and income among Muslims, but the characteristics of legitimacy are mentioned as conditions for the parties to the contract and the contract, to avoid possible differences and losses. The Islamic community should be prevented, so indefinite contracts have also been accepted. Also, the permissible conditions that the parties to the contract want. On the other hand, adherence to obligations and contracts is an inalienable principle of Islamic law, and contracts can be terminated only in special circumstances and based on the wishes of the parties or based on the protection of individual and social interests. Manuscript profile
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  25 - The role of concise knowledge in determining the actuality of rulings from the perspective of Akhund Khorasani and Imam Khomeini
  Khadijah Ahmadi Bighash
  In the science of principles, science is divided into two categories of details and conciseness. These two sciences help the mujtahid and the jurist in expressing and discovering the religious rules. Detailed science means that the principle of the task is clear, but co More

  In the science of principles, science is divided into two categories of details and conciseness. These two sciences help the mujtahid and the jurist in expressing and discovering the religious rules. Detailed science means that the principle of the task is clear, but concise science means comprehensive knowledge with doubt in its place of establishment. So, there is a consensus that this science is as comprehensive as its homework, but the task of concise science is more controversial than more comprehensive. Now the question is what are the effects of the necessity of definite agreement or the sanctity of definite opposition in general science, from the point of view of Akhund Khorasani and Imam Khomeini in expressing the rulings. A descriptive-analytical study of this issue shows that Akhund Khorasani (RA) in general science, my act is in all respects, so his definite opposition is forbidden, and his definite agreement is obligatory. But if the concise knowledge of Lamen's actuality had all aspects, the concise knowledge in both positions includes task-making. Imam Khomeini (ra), unlike the late mullah (ra), believes that with the existence of concise knowledge in the necessity of definite agreement, definite opposition is forbidden and a possible agreement is sufficient. That is, there is no need to leave everyone around the issue. This makes it not permissible to commit an ugly act in the event of a conflict with a stronger corruptor.         Manuscript profile
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  26 - Analysis of “the Paradox of Sensory Knowledge” in Aristotle’s Philosophy
  کرامت ورزدار Ahad Faramarz Gharamaleki Abd AlRasool Kashfi
  In Aristotle's philosophy, knowledge begins with the senses, and sensory perceptions bring knowledge to man through the activity of the "nous" faculty. Unlike Plato, Aristotle denies any innate knowledge; but on the other hand, he clearly states that sensory perceptions More

  In Aristotle's philosophy, knowledge begins with the senses, and sensory perceptions bring knowledge to man through the activity of the "nous" faculty. Unlike Plato, Aristotle denies any innate knowledge; but on the other hand, he clearly states that sensory perceptions do not belong to knowledge and one cannot acquire knowledge to the senses. This creates a paradox in Aristotle's philosophy. If sensory perceptions do not belong to knowledge, how does knowledge arise from "what does not belong to knowledge" and because of the lack of which component of "knowledge", these perceptions do not belong to "knowledge"? According to the authors, the solution to this paradox goes back to the definition of "knowledge" and the possible role of sensory perceptions in the emergence of knowledge in Aristotle. Aristotle does not consider knowledge to be merely "justified true belief" but narrows the scope of "knowledge" to other conditions such as necessity and causality. Therefore, although belief in sensations is a true belief, but these perceptions do not belong to "knowledge" due to the lack of the condition of generality and causality. Manuscript profile
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  27 - Studying Mollasadra’s Viewpoint on Authority and Cause and Effect Necessity
  Keygobad Daneshian Kananlou Ebrahim Aghazadeh Tavvakol Kouhi gabalo
  Authority and its relationship with the philosophical principle of cause and effect necessity is known as one of the most essential and challenging topical issues among philosophers and Islamic orators. Each of the scholars in the field has tried to express his own defi More

  Authority and its relationship with the philosophical principle of cause and effect necessity is known as one of the most essential and challenging topical issues among philosophers and Islamic orators. Each of the scholars in the field has tried to express his own definition of the issue regarding his own line of thought.The present study deals with the problem regarding a library study data collection and using a descriptive-analytic method and it is fundamental considering the aim of the study. This research intends to investigate the viewpoints of Sadr-al-Motaallehin Shirazi regarding authority and cause and effect principle necessity. After probes of works and writings of Sadra, it was concluded that Sadra’s ideas were rooted in philosophical mysticism principles and he tried to represent authority compatible with cause and effect principle necessity. Believing in such a principle not only does not deny authority but also approves it. It accepts the principle that there isn’t any obligation but one can choose from among different options and this represents the borderline between responsibility and authority clearly and considers authority to be synonymous with being a follower. Manuscript profile
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  28 - The Effect’s Need for a Cause in Avicenna’s Viewpoint
  مهدی نجفی افرا
  From Avicenna’s viewpoint, the contingency is the cause of effect’s need for a cause. But he has not meant the contingency which is equally related to existence and non-existence. Instead, by the contingency he has meant the contingent whose existence become More

  From Avicenna’s viewpoint, the contingency is the cause of effect’s need for a cause. But he has not meant the contingency which is equally related to existence and non-existence. Instead, by the contingency he has meant the contingent whose existence becomes necessary upon the existence of its cause. So he believed that not only inception (huduth) is not able to justify effect’s need for a cause in the continuance, but it cannot make clear its need in coming to existence. Therefore, he insists on existence strictly as an essential factor of effect’s need for a cause, the existence which acquires its necessity through its cause. This expression is very close to Mulla Sadra’s viewpoint on existential contingency even both are the same. Manuscript profile
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  29 - Jurisprudential documents on the necessity of the convergence of the Muslims of the world
  Akram Hashemzadeh Hossein Izadi
  Ever since the Prophet's mission and the presentation of Islam to humanity, the Qur'an and the infallibles have always emphasized the necessity of achieving convergence between Muslims, and reformers emphasized on its realization from the very beginning of Islam. The ne More

  Ever since the Prophet's mission and the presentation of Islam to humanity, the Qur'an and the infallibles have always emphasized the necessity of achieving convergence between Muslims, and reformers emphasized on its realization from the very beginning of Islam. The necessity of convergence is due to the fact that, unfortunately, harm has been caused to convergence and that is; According to the reasons that have a much lower strength and jurisprudential identity compared to the reasons for convergence, people beat the barrel of divergence. The main question of the current research is what are the jurisprudential foundations of Muslim convergence. The present article tries to comprehensively explain the issue of convergence and its necessity by using the descriptive-analytical method and by collecting information in a library and by referring to the books and articles written in this field. The results of the research show that in the discussion of convergence, reference to the book (Qur'an), Sunnah and the use of the consensus of the discoverer of the Sunnah and finally, reference to reason and the use of independent and non-independent intellectuals are pervasive and inevitable. Manuscript profile
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  30 - An analysis of the status of precedence over necessity in the execution of contracts in Iranian law and Islamic jurisprudence
  abdolkarim golgoun هرمز اسدی کوه باد Mohammad rasoul  Ahangaran
  The principle of necessity in contracts means that people adhere to their obligations and agreements and consider them to be respectable and enforceable. The legislator has also introduced these common principles and rules under the title of "General Rules of Contracts" More

  The principle of necessity in contracts means that people adhere to their obligations and agreements and consider them to be respectable and enforceable. The legislator has also introduced these common principles and rules under the title of "General Rules of Contracts" and reviewed them. The first principle that the legislator has addressed in these materials is the principle of necessity, which is interpreted as "asala allozoom" in jurisprudence. Despite the statement of the legislator and also the contract parties regarding adherence to the contract, sometimes this adherence to the provisions of the contract causes some or all of the contract parties to suffer severe problems or bear unusual losses, in such a way that the implementation The contract is impossible for the person or incurs irreparable damage. It is in this case that there is a conflict between the principle of necessity and the circumstances of the accident, which is the rule of lahraj. In this research, which is analytical and descriptive, in this particular situation, which principle and rule has the right of priority is examined, and presenting the rule based on multiple principles is introduced as the achievement of the research. On the one hand, in the reconciliation of the jurisprudence between Imamiyyah and Sunni jurisprudence, the difference between some Sunnis and Imamiyyah includes the absence of the rule of the principle of necessity on the Ma'atati contract, and on the other hand, the opposite of this opinion, the lack of rule of necessity on the principle of necessity up to the point of not having the effect of the right resulting from termination in Majlis and... are essential for the government. Manuscript profile